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1. Explainable AI: A Neurally-Inspired Decision Stack Framework

Author

Olds, J. L., Khan, M. S., Nayebpour, M., and Koizumi, N.

Subjects
Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition
Abstract

European Law now requires AI to be explainable in the context of adverse decisions affecting European Union (EU) citizens. At the same time, it is expected that there will be increasing instances of AI failure as it operates on imperfect data. This paper puts forward a neurally-inspired framework called decision stacks that can provide for a way forward in research aimed at developing explainable AI. Leveraging findings from memory systems in biological brains, the decision stack framework operationalizes the definition of explainability and then proposes a test that can potentially reveal how a given AI decision came to its conclusion.

Published
2019

5. General Notes

Author

Tyson, Edwin L., Davis, Malcolm, Olds, J. M., Jaeger, Edmund C., Peterson, Arthur Ward, Jones,, J. Knox, Hoyt, Southgate Y., Hoyt, Sally F., Greene, Howard C., Banfield, A. W. F., Baldwin, Paul H., Orr, Robert T., Goodpaster, Woodrow, Hoffmeister, Donald F., Olive, John R., Beidleman, Richard G., Arvey, M. Dale, Glass, Bryan P., Wright, Philip L., Schantz, Viola S., Jenkins, James H., Johnston, David W., Barbour, Roger W., Kelly, Arthur L., Penner, Lawrence R., Pickard, Rawson J., Negus, Norman C., Halloran, Arthur F., Blanchard, Willard E., Hudson, George E., Allen, E. Ross, Neill, Wilfred T., and Rausch, Robert

Published
1950
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7. A Review of the Literature of: 1966, On Wastewater and Water Pollution Control

Author

Weiss, C. M., Engelbrecht, R. S., Alspaugh, T. A., Banerji, S. K., Berger, B. B., Boros, J. A., Bunch, R. L., Christman, R. F., Dick, R. I., Dukes, L. S., Dutton, C. S., Ewing, B. B., Foehrenbach, J., Gaffney, P. E., Gates, W. E., Gaudy,, A. F., Geldreich, E. E., Gellman, I., Grune, W. N., Harding, H. G., Ingols, R. S., Ingram, W. M., Katz, M., Kittrell, F. W., Lau, L. S., Loucks, D. P., Lynn, W. R., Mancy, K. H., McJunkin, F. E., Miorin, A. F., Mulik, J., Oglesby, R. T., Olds, J., Pohland, F. G., Porges, R., Robeck, G. G., Selleck, R. E., Straub, C., Symons, J. M., Tsivoglou, E. C., Walters, J. V., Weber,, W. J., and Weiner, D. J.

Published
1967

8. A Review of the Literature of: 1965, On Wastewater and Water Pollution Control

Author

Okun, D. A., Weiss, C. M., Alspaugh, T. A., Berger, B. B., Boros, J. A., Buell, N. S., Bunch, R. L., Christman, R. F., Clarke, N. A., De Martini, F. E., Dukes, L. S., Dutton, C. S., Engelbrecht, R. S., Ewing, B. B., Foulke, D. G., Gaffney, P. E., Gaudy,, A. F., Gellman, I., Gloyna, E. F., Grune, W. N., Harding, H. G., Ingram, W. M., Katz, M., Lau, L. S., Lynn, W. R., Mancy, K. H., McJunkin, F. E., Miorin, A. F., Mulik, J., Oglesby, R. T., Olds, J., Porges, R., Robeck, G. G., Selleck, R. E., Skrinde, R. T., Steffen, A. J., Straub, C., Symons, J. M., Tsivoglou, E. C., Walters, J. V., Weber,, W. J., and Weiner, D. J.

Published
1966

9. A Review of the Literature of: 1963, On Wastewater and Water Pollution Control

Author

Okun, D. A., Weiss, C. M., Alspaugh, T. A., Berger, B. B., Boros, J. A., Bunch, R. L., Chasick, A. D., Clark, H. F., Connell, C. H., De Martini, F. E., Dobbins, W. E., Engelbrecht, R. S., Ettinger, M. B., Ewing, B. B., Foulke, D. G., Furman, T. deS., Gaffney, P. E., Gellman, I., Gloyna, E. F., Grune, W. N., Harding, H. G., Ingols, R. S., Ingram, W. M., Kabler, P. W., Katz, M., Kittrell, F. W., Luley, H. G., Lynn, W. R., McGauhey, P. H., Mulik, J., Nusbaum, I., Olds, J., Oglesby, R. T., Porges, R., Skrinde, R. T., Steffen, A. J., Symons, J. M., Straub, C., Trebler, H. A., and Tsivoglou, E. C.

Published
1964

10. A Review of the Literature of: 1964, On Wastewater and Water Pollution Control

Author

Okun, D. A., Weiss, C. M., Alspaugh, T. A., Berger, B. B., Bunch, R. L., Chasick, A. H., Clark, H. F., Connell, C. H., DeMartini, F. E., Dutton, C. S., Engelbrecht, R. S., Ewing, B. B., Foulke, D. G., Clarke, N. A., Christman, R. E., Gaffney, P. E., Gellman, I., Gloyna, E. F., Grune, W. N., Harding, H. G., Ingram, W. M., Katz, M., Kittrell, F. W., Lau, L. S., Luley, H. G., Lynn, W. R., Gaudy,, A. F., Miorin, A. F., Mulik, J., Nusbaum, I., Olds, J., Oglesby, R. T., Porges, R., Robeck, G. G., Selleck, R. E., Skrinde, R. T., Steffen, A. J., Straub, C., Symons, J. M., Trebler, H. A., Tsivoglou, E. C., and Weber,, W. J.

Published
1965

11. A Review of the Literature of: 1962, on Wastewater and Water Pollution Control

Author

Okun, D. A., Weiss, C. M., Alspaugh, T. A., Berger, B. B., Chasick, A. H., Clark, H. F., Connell, C. H., DeMartini, F. E., Dobbins, W. E., Engelbrecht, R. S., Ettinger, M. B., Foulke, D. G., Furman, T. deS., Gaffney, P. E., Gellman, I., Gloyna, E. F., Harding, H., Ingols, R. S., Ingram, W. M., Kabler, P. W., Katz, M., Kittrell, F. W., Lamb,, J. C., Lardieri, N. J., Luley, H. G., Lynn, W. R., McGauhey, P. H., Nusbaum, I., Oglesby, R. T., Olds, J., Porges, R., Shuval, H., Steffen, A. J., Straub, C., Surber, E., Symons, J. M., Tarzwell, C. M., Trebler, H. A., Tsivoglou, E. C., Vath, C., Westgarth, W. C., Woodward, R. L., and Yahn, I. G.

Published
1963

12. A Review of the Literature of: 1961, on Wastewater and Water Pollution Control

Author

Okun, D. A., Weiss, C. M., Alspaugh, T. A., Berg, E. J., Berger, B. B., Clark, H. F., Connell, C. H., De Martini, F. E., Dobbins, W. E., Edwards, G. P., Engelbrecht, R. S., Ettinger, M. B., Foulke, D. G., Furman, T. deS., Gaffney, P. E., Gellman, I., Gloyna, E. F., Harding, H. G., Helwig, J. D., Hoak, R. D., Ingols, R. S., Ingram, W. M., Kabler, P. W., Katz, M., Kittrell, F. W., Lardieri, N. J., Luley, H. G., Lynn, W. R., McGauhey, P. H., Olds, J., Porges, R., Shuval, H., Steffen, A. J., Straub, C., Surber, E., Tarzwell, C. M., Teletzke, G. H., Towne, W. W., Trebler, H. A., Tsivoglou, E. C., Weisberg, E., and Woodward, R. L.

Published
1962

17. Economic Development of Space (EDS) Project Update: Examining and Simulating the Space Marketplace

Author

Charania, A., Olds, J., Bradford, J., Jonathan Wallace, and Depasquale, J.

Subjects
Economic growth, Engineering, Development plan, Government, business.industry, Competitor analysis, Space (commercial competition), Vision for Space Exploration, Private sector, business, Aerospace, Space exploration
Abstract

*† ‡ § ** Given the limited resources of future public outlays in space, long-term space activities have to be envisioned and implemented with the commercial sector in mind. It is imperative for the government to monitor the commercial marketplace of ideas as well as to fund spinoff technology development activities relevant to that marketplace. Recent examples of such emerging space companies include the birth of suborbital space tourism (Ansari X-Prize competitors), new low cost cargo launch options (SpaceX), and commercial-sector inflatable habitats (Bigelow Aerospace). These influences may have an equal, if not greater impact, upon the ultimate outcome of space exploration than any combination of NASA-specific funded technologies. Such future (and commercially-related) activities could dramatically lower the cost of developing and operating exploration assets. NASA's most recent approach for future human and robotic exploration is documented in the Vision for Space Exploration (VSE). The President’s Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy in June 2004 stressed the imperative of commercial involvement in the VSE. A contribution by SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) to the implementation of the VSE is the Economic Development of Space (EDS): Examination and Simulation project. Begun in April of 2005, this project is funded by NASA's Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD) for the Exploration Systems Research and Technology (ESR&T) office at NASA Headquarters. The EDS project’s aim is to examine NASA's utilization of commercial sector assets and evaluate what changes are needed to NASA requirements to promote the commercial development of space. The EDS project involves workshops attended by relevant thought leaders to address both the potential services that can legitimately be provided by the commercial marketplace and the spin-offs from government exploration missions that could be utilized by the private sector. This project also involves the development and application of the Nodal Economic Space Commerce (NESC) model, an agent-based market simulation of various future space markets (suborbital space tourism, ISS crew/cargo re-supply, space resources, etc.) and the resultant financial case of entities that undertake these projects. The NESC model includes logic for dynamic modeling of interactions within marketplaces including between competitors, different types of market conditions (duopoly, pure competition, etc.), and the impact of the government actions (technology investment, anchor contracts, tax credits, etc.) upon commercial entities. This paper presents an update of Phase I activity of the EDS project. Phase I examines products and services related to human and cargo presence in space such as Earth-to-orbit (ETO) transportation for crew/cargo and commercial infrastructures such as space habitats. Results are presented from the first two EDS workshops that took place in Washington, D.C. and Las Vegas, NV in calendar year 2005. A preview of the NESC model is given along with its development plan. The qualitative and quantitative assessments from the EDS project will help develop a roadmap the government can use to plan the appropriate mix of commercial acquisition and government development required to meet the goals of the VSE.

Published
2005
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20. Effects of anxiety-relieving drugs on unit discharges in hippocampus, reticular midbrain, and pre-optic area in the freely moving rat

Author

Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, Olds, Marianne E., Olds, J., Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, Olds, Marianne E., and Olds, J.

Abstract

The effects on unit discharges of various doses of the compounds chlordiazepoxide, meprobamate, sodium pentobarbital, and diazepam were studied in the unanesthetized, unrestrained rat. Recordings of action potentials were made simultaneously in hippocampus, pre-optic region, and the reticular formation of the midbrain. The doses of chlordiazepoxide were 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg; 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg of sodium pentobarbital; 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg of meprobamate, and finally 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg of diazepam. In the hippocampus, chlordiazepoxide depressed spontaneous activity at every dose used. The reduction ranged from 30 to 50%, but in no case was there inhibition of all discharges. Diazepam also had substantial depressing effects on the activity in this region of the brain. In contrast, sodium pentobarbital had relatively minor effects in the lower dose range, but significant depressing effects at the higher doses. Meprobamate also had comparatively small effects in the hippocampus. In the pre-optic area, chlordiazepoxide and meprobamate depressed spontaneous activity at the higher dose range. There were small effects in the lower dose range. Sodium pentobarbital also had minor depressing effects at all doses. Diazepam caused less depression even at the higher doses than either chlordiazepoxide or meprobamate, and these effects were transient. In the midbrain reticular formation, meprobamate caused substantial depression of spontaneous activity even at the lower doses. Sodium pentobarbital similarly depressed activity, but the onset of effect was less delayed than with meprobamate. Chlordiazepoxide at low doses caused less depression of reticular midbrain neurons than of hippocampal or pre-optic region ones. At high doses, the effect was similar to that of meprobamate. The data suggest the possibility of a mode of action of chlordiazepoxide and diazepam which implicates the hippocampus, whereas in the case of sodium pentobarbital and meprobamate, the mode of action appears t

Published
2006

21. A motivational analyses of the reticular activating system

Author

Department of Psychology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA, Olds, J., Peretz, B., Department of Psychology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA, Olds, J., and Peretz, B.

Abstract

In 51 rats electrode pairs were chronically implanted with spacing 1 mm. apart from rat to rat to make a grid of the tegmentum. In each case three tests were made: a self-stimulation test for positive reinforcement; an escape test for negative reinforcement; and an EEG test for cortical arousal. The main results were these: all points yielding escape at very low thresholds were clustered in the dorso-medial tegmentum just below the tectum and just lateral to the central grey; all points yielding self-stimulation at high rates were clustered ventrally, usually below and lateral to the medial lemniscus; and points yielding arousal at very low thresholds were clustered in the lateral tegmentum, half-way up from the ventral surface. As for interactions between the three effects, all points yielding escape at low thresholds also yield arousal at low thresholds; al points yielding self-stimulation at high rates yielded arousal at moderately high thresholds; and some points yielded both moderate escape and moderate self-stimulation. Finally, there definitely were points which yielded arousal at low thresholds and which yielded no other motivational effects.

Published
2006

22. Dissociation of self-stimulation and epileptiform activity

Author

Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., U.S.A., Bogacz, J., St. Laurent, J., Olds, J., Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., U.S.A., Bogacz, J., St. Laurent, J., and Olds, J.

Abstract

1. 1. Ventrolateral tegmental stimulation caused self-stimulation behavior at very high rates but no epileptiform discharges even with much higher current levels. 2. 2. Posterior lateral hypothalamic stimulation caused self-stimulation and (at higher current levels) random spikes which were unrelated to self-stimulation: that is, (a) they did not stop self-stimulation and (b) they appeared even in cases where self-stimulation did not. 3. 3. Anterior lateral hypothalamic stimulation and septal region stimulation caused self-stimulation and (at higher intensity levels) organized epileptiform after-discharges which usually caused self-stimulation behavior to cease for a period during, and a few seconds after the abnormal electrical discharges. 4. 4. Epithalamic and posterior lateral thalamic stimulation sometimes caused self-stimulation; stimulation of these areas also often caused one or the other of the epileptiform patterns described above. 5. 5. For all probes clearly yielding both effects, thresholds for self-stimulation were lower than those for epileptiform discharges during the period of initial tests. However, at a later date (about two months after surgery) epileptiform thresholds were below self-stimulation thresholds in some cases with probes in the anterior lateral hypothalamus or septal area. 6. 6. The random spikes provoked by stimulation in the posterior lateral hypothalamus spread preferentially to tegmental and thalamic probes and much less, if at all, to septal or anterior lateral hypothalamic probes. The organized discharges provoked by stimulation of anterior lateral hypothalamus, septal area, and epithalamus spread preferentially to other members of this triadic group.

Published
2006

41. Experimentation with a Vehicle Platoon Control System

Author

Chang, K.S., primary, Li, W., additional, Devlin, P., additional, Shaikhbahai, A., additional, Varaiya, P., additional, Hedrick, J.K., additional, McMahon, D., additional, Narendran, V., additional, Swaroop, D., additional, and Olds, J., additional

Published
1991
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43. Psychometric analysis of assessment tools used with francophone children.

Author

Bouchard MG, Fitzpatrick EM, and Olds J

Abstract

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Speech-Language Pathology & Audiology is the property of Speech-Language & Audiology Canada and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2009

45. Managing patients with acute liver failure: developing a tool for practitioners.

Author

O'Neal H, Olds J, and Webster N

Subjects
*LIVER failure, *LIVER diseases, *INTENSIVE care units, *INTENSIVE care nursing, *CRITICAL care medicine
Abstract

Patients with acute liver failure (ALF) are treated on the general intensive care unit (ICU) within this regional centre for hepatology and liver transplantation. This group of patients are at high risk of developing cerebral oedema, but because of the associated coagulopathy, intracranial pressure is not measured invasively. The safe management of these patients is vital to their outcome, and yet, there is no national or local guidance on the best practice for this group of patients. An absence of guidelines, or evidence base specific to caring for hepatology patients, was highlighted as we reviewed local clinical practices and those at other liver specialty centres, the British Liver Trust and published literature. We identified a need to develop evidence-based guidance for staff caring for patients with ALF within ICUs. A systematic approach enabled us to identify best practice to support the development of a structured evidence-based approach to care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2006
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