432 results on '"Old World monkey"'
Search Results
2. Molecular Baraminology of Primates.
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Cserhati, Matthew
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PRIMATES , *LEMURS , *HOMINIDS , *DNA analysis , *CERCOPITHECIDAE - Abstract
Twenty-six species of primates were examined by the Gene Content method, and 93 mitochondrial genome sequences were downloaded from the NCBI database, aligned, and analyzed. In total, 96 species were studied, about half of all primates. The Gene Content method predicts at least six putative primate holobaramins: cercopithecines, colobines, New World monkeys, lemurs, great apes, and humans. The mitochondrial DNA analysis predicts sixteen groups, which are likely monobaraminic lineages within the groups predicted by the Gene Content method. This study predicted a larger number of groups compared to a previous study of primates and other vertebrates. Interestingly, examination of the newly sequenced mitochondrial genome of Homo heidelbergensis places it within the human holobaramin, in agreement with previous studies that included it based on morphological data alone. The human holobaramin also clearly separates from all other primate species, even its alleged closest relatives, the great apes. Hylobatidae is possibly a seventh primate group, and Pongo (orangutan) is a possible eighth group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
3. Old World Monkey
- Author
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Vonk, Jennifer, editor and Shackelford, Todd K., editor
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- 2022
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4. Ensiling of maple leaves and its use in winter nutrition of mantled guereza (Colobus guereza).
- Author
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Lasek, Olga, Rajtar, Patrycja, Malec, Andrzej, Bielatowicz, Wojciech, and Przybyło, Marcin
- Abstract
Young leaves are favored by mantled guereza (Colobus guereza) and the gastrointestinal tract of this species is well adapted to such a high fiber diet. Fresh maple leaves are often used in the diets for guereza in captivity but their use in winter feeding time is limited. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of additives on chemical composition and fermentation parameters of maple leaf silage, as well as inclusion of maple leaf silage in the diet for mantled guereza on feed and nutrient intake. Maple leaves were ensiled without additives (MLS), with a mixture of bacterial inoculants (MLS + BI) and with carrot additives (MLS + C). The chemical composition and fermentation parameters were determined in fresh and ensiled material. A group of seven mantled guerezas were fed a standard diet, and afterwards shifted to a diet with maple leaf silage (contained 20% of MLS; as fed). Each diet was fed for 7 days when the feed and nutrient intake were measured. The ensiling process did not change the concentration of most nutrients compared to the fresh material. The inclusion of leaf silage increased dry matter intake by guereza (125.3 vs. 163.3 g dry matter/day). Therefore, higher nutrient intake (crude protein, NDF, ADF) was observed when maple leaf silage was included in the diet. In conclusion, the ensiling process (even without additives) proved to be a good conservation method for maple leaves. Furthermore, inclusion of maple leaf silage in the winter diets for guereza, and possibly other folivorous primates, may increase dry matter and nutrients (particularly fiber) intake. Research Highlights: Ensiling (with or without additives) was a good conservation method for maple leavesMaple leaf silage was readily consumed by mantled guerezaMaple leaf silage inclusion in the diet may result in higher NDF and ADF intake in captive mantled guereza and possibly other folivorous primates [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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5. Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein(a): high frequency of small size apolipoprotein(a) isoforms
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Enkhmaa, Byambaa, Abbuthalha, Adnan, Anuurad, Erdembileg, Zhang, Wei, Tarantal, Alice F, and Berglund, Lars
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Veterinary Sciences ,Agricultural ,Veterinary and Food Sciences ,Cardiovascular ,Atherosclerosis ,Genetics ,Alleles ,Animals ,Apolipoprotein A-I ,Genetic Variation ,Humans ,Lipoprotein(a) ,Macaca mulatta ,Protein Isoforms ,Species Specificity ,apo(a) phenotype ,K4 repeat ,non-human primate ,Old World monkey ,Zoology ,Virology ,Veterinary sciences - Abstract
BackgroundLevels of lipoprotein(a), Lp(a), a genetically regulated independent cardiovascular risk factor present in humans and Old World monkeys, are impacted by the apolipoprotein(a), apo(a), gene. Allele-specific apo(a) levels, taking both the apo(a) genotypic and phenotypic characteristics into account, are useful markers to determine atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk.MethodsWe determined (i) the genetic variability of apo(a), (ii) Lp(a) levels, and (iii) allele-specific apo(a) levels in rhesus monkeys (n = 95).ResultsLp(a) levels differed substantially between animals (range: 4-247 nmol/l) with a skewed distribution toward lower levels. Lp(a) and allele-specific apo(a) levels were inversely related to the number of apo(a) Kringle 4 (K4) repeats. The median apo(a) size was 23 K4 repeats, and the prevalence of a small size apo(a) (≤22 K4) was 43%.ConclusionsDistribution of Lp(a) and allele-specific apo(a) levels in rhesus monkeys reflected the corresponding human patterns, but with a high prevalence of smaller apo(a) sizes.
- Published
- 2015
6. Analysis of Simian Endogenous Retrovirus (SERV) Full-Length Proviruses in Old World Monkey Genomes
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Antoinette C. van der Kuyl
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endogenous ,retrovirus ,SERV ,Old World monkey ,phylogeny ,evolution ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
Simian endogenous retrovirus, SERV, is a successful germ line invader restricted to Old World monkey (OWM) species. (1) Background: The availability of high-quality primate genomes warrants a study of the characteristics, evolution, and distribution of SERV proviruses. (2) Methods: Cercopithecinae OWM genomes from public databases were queried for the presence of full-length SERV proviruses. A dataset of 81 Cer-SERV genomes was generated and analyzed. (3) Results: Full-length Cer-SERV proviruses were mainly found in terrestrial OWM, and less so in arboreal, forest- dwelling monkeys. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the existence of two genotypes, Cer-SERV-1 and Cer-SERV-2, with Cer-SERV-1 showing evidence of recent germ-line expansions. Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) variation indicated that most proviruses were of a similar age and were estimated to be between lys3 and Cer-SERV-2 using PBSlys1,2, and the recent gain of LTR motifs for transcription factors active during embryogenesis in Cer-SERV-1. (4) Conclusions: sequence analysis of 81 SERV proviruses from Cercopithecinae OWM genomes provides evidence for the adaptation of this retrovirus to germ line reproduction.
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- 2022
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7. Macaca arctoides gammaherpesvirus 1 (strain herpesvirus Macaca arctoides): virus sequence, phylogeny and characterisation of virus-transformed macaque and rabbit cell lines.
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Krumbholz, Andi, Roempke, Janine, Liehr, Thomas, Groth, Marco, Meerbach, Astrid, Schacke, Michael, Maschkowitz, Gregor, Fickenscher, Helmut, Klapper, Wolfram, Sauerbrei, Andreas, Wutzler, Peter, and Zell, Roland
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STUMP-tailed macaque , *HERPESVIRUSES , *PHYLOGENY , *LYMPHOBLASTOID cell lines , *LYMPHOMAS - Abstract
Herpesvirus Macaca arctoides (HVMA) has the propensity to transform macaque lymphocytes to lymphoblastoid cells (MAL-1). Inoculation of rabbits with cell-free virus-containing supernatant resulted in the development of malignant lymphomas and allowed isolation of immortalised HVMA-transformed rabbit lymphocytes (HTRL). In this study, the HVMA genome sequence (approx. 167 kbp), its organisation, and novel aspects of virus latency are presented. Ninety-one open reading frames were identified, of which 86 were non-repetitive. HVMA was identified as a Lymphocryptovirus closely related to Epstein-Barr virus, suggesting the designation as 'Macaca arctoides gammaherpesvirus 1' (MarcGHV-1). In situ lysis gel and Southern blot hybridisation experiments revealed that the MAL-1 cell line contains episomal and linear DNA, whereas episomal DNA is predominantly present in HTRL. Integration of viral DNA into macaque and rabbit host cell genomes was demonstrated by fluorescence in situ hybridisation on chromosomal preparations. Analysis of next-generation sequencing data confirmed this finding. Approximately 400 read pairs represent the overlap between macaque and MarcGHV-1 DNA. Both, MAL-1 cells and HTRL show characteristics of a polyclonal tumour with B- and T-lymphocyte markers. Based on analysis of viral gene expression and immunohistochemistry, the persistence of MarcGHV-1 in MAL-1 cells resemble the latency type III, whereas the expression pattern observed in HTRL was more comparable with latency type II. There was no evidence of the presence of STLV-1 proviral DNA in MAL-1 and HTRL. Due to the similarity to EBV-mediated cell transformation, MarcGHV-1 expands the available in vitro models by simian and rabbit cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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8. Cerebral Sulcal Asymmetry in Macaque Monkeys
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Kazuhiko Sawada
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non-human primate ,Old World monkey ,evolution ,evolutionary expansion ,gyrification ,Mathematics ,QA1-939 - Abstract
The asymmetry of the cerebral sulcal morphology is particularly obvious in higher primates. The sulcal asymmetry in macaque monkeys, a genus of the Old World monkeys, in our previous studies and others is summarized, and its evolutionary significance is speculated. Cynomolgus macaques displayed fetal sulcation and gyration symmetrically, and the sulcal asymmetry appeared after adolescence. Population-level rightward asymmetry was revealed in the length of arcuate sulcus (ars) and the surface area of superior temporal sulcus (sts) in adult macaques. When compared to other nonhuman primates, the superior postcentral sulcus (spcs) was left-lateralized in chimpanzees, opposite of the direction of asymmetry in the ars, anatomically-identical to the spcs, in macaques. This may be associated with handedness: either right-handedness in chimpanzees or left-handedness/ambidexterity in macaques. The rightward asymmetry in the sts surface area was seen in macaques, and it was similar to humans. However, no left/right side differences were identified in the sts morphology among great apes, which suggests the evolutionary discontinuity of the sts asymmetry. The diversity of the cortical lateralization among primate species suggests that the sulcal asymmetry reflects the species-related specialization of the cortical morphology and function, which is facilitated by evolutionary expansion in higher primates.
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- 2020
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9. Comprehensive phylogenomic analysis reveals a novel cluster of simian endogenous retroviral sequences in Colobinae monkeys.
- Author
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Ikeda, Masaki, Satomura, Kazuhiro, Sekizuka, Tsuyoshi, Hanada, Kentaro, Endo, Toshinori, and Osada, Naoki
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RETROVIRUS diseases , *COLOBINE monkeys , *CERCOPITHECIDAE , *SIMIAN viruses , *GENOMES , *RHINOPITHECUS - Abstract
Simian retrovirus (SRV) is a type‐D betaretrovirus infectious to the Old World monkeys causing a variety of symptoms. SRVs are also present in the Old World monkey genomes as endogenous forms, which are referred to as Simian endogenous retroviruses (SERVs). Although many SERV sequences have been identified in Cercopithecinae genomes, with potential of encoding all functional genes, the distribution of SERVs in genomes and evolutionary relationship between exogeneous SRVs and SERVs remains unclear. In this study, we comprehensively investigated seven draft genome sequences of the Old World monkeys, and identified a novel cluster of SERVs in the two Rhinopithecus (R. roxellana and R. bieti) genomes, which belong to the Colobinae subfamily. The Rhinopithecus genomes harbored higher copy numbers of SERVs than the Cercopithecinae genomes. A reconstructed phylogenetic tree showed that the Colobinae SERVs formed a distinct cluster from SRVs and Cercopithecinae SERVs, and more closely related to exogenous SRVs than Cercopithecinae SERVs. Three radical amino acid substitutions specific to Cercopithecinae SERVs, which potentially affect the infectious ability of SERVs, were also identified in the proviral envelope protein. In addition, we found many integration events of SERVs were genus‐ or species‐specific, suggesting the recent activity of SERVs in the Old World monkey genomes. The results suggest that SERVs in Cercopithecinae and Colobinae monkeys were endogenized after the divergence of subfamilies and do not transmit across subfamilies. Our findings also support the hypothesis that Colobinae SERVs are direct ancestors of SRV‐6, which has a different origin from the other exogenous SRVs. These findings shed novel insight into the evolutionary history of SERVs, and may help to understand the process of endogenization of SRVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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10. TAENIA CRASSICEPS CYSTICERCOSIS IN A NILGIRI LANGUR (SEMNOPITHECUS JOHNII).
- Author
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Bleyer, Martina, Risch, Tina, Roos, Christian, Kaup, Franz-Josef, and Mätz-Rensing, Kerstin
- Abstract
A captive-born adult female Nilgiri langur (Semnopithecus johnii) developed an edematous swelling of the left thigh and a firm mass around the right ankle joint. The animal also suffered from lethargy and anorexia and was euthanized because of poor general condition. Necropsy revealed that the skeletal muscle of the left thigh had been replaced by a multilocular cystic mass containing numerous sand-grain-sized whitish structures. Small cysts were also present in the lung and the myocardium. The mass of the right ankle joint was histologically consistent with a myxosarcoma. In contrast, the cystic masses from the left thigh, the lung, and the myocardium represented metacestode tissue with evidence of numerous larval cestodes consistent with cysticerci. Cysticerci showed morphological characteristics of Cysticercus longicollis, the larval form of Taenia crassiceps, which was confirmed by genetic analysis. This is the first documented case of a Taenia crassiceps cysticercosis in an OldWorld monkey species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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11. Evolution of Melanoma Antigen-A11 (<italic>MAGEA11</italic>) During Primate Phylogeny.
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Willett, Christopher S. and Wilson, Elizabeth M.
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PRIMATE genetics , *MELANOMA , *ANTIGENS , *PHYLOGENY , *BIOLOGICAL evolution - Abstract
Melanoma antigen-A11 (MAGE-A11) is an X-linked and primate-specific steroid hormone receptor transcriptional coregulator and proto-oncogenic protein whose increased expression promotes the growth of prostate cancer. The
MAGEA11 gene is expressed at low levels in normal human testis, ovary, and endometrium, and at highest levels in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Annotated genome predictions throughout the surviving primate lineage show thatMAGEA11 acquired three 5′ coding exons unique within theMAGEA subfamily during the evolution of New World monkeys (NWM), Old World monkeys (OWM), and apes. MAGE-A11 in all primates has a conserved FXX IF coactivator-binding motif that suggests interaction with p160 coactivators contributed to its early evolution as a transcriptional coregulator. An ancestral form of MAGE-A11 in the more distantly related lemur has significant amino acid sequence identity with human MAGE-A11, but lacks coregulator activity based on the absence of the three 5′ coding exons that include a nuclear localization signal (NLS). NWM MAGE-A11 has greater amino acid sequence identity than lemur to human MAGE-A11, but inframe premature stop codons suggest thatMAGEA11 is a pseudogene in NWM. MAGE-A11 in OWM and apes has nearly identical 5′ coding exon amino acid sequence and conserved interaction sites for p300 acetyltransferase and cyclin A. We conclude that the evolution ofMAGEA11 within the lineage leading to OWM and apes resulted in steroid hormone receptor transcriptional coregulator activity through the acquisition of three 5′ coding exons that include a NLS sequence and nonsynonymous substitutions required to interact with cell cycle regulatory proteins and transcription factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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12. Crucial information for efficient face searching by humans and Japanese macaques.
- Author
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Nakata, Ryuzaburo, Eifuku, Satoshi, and Tamura, Ryoi
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MACAQUE behavior , *SOCIAL cognition theory (Communication) , *FREQUENCY curves , *PROBABILITY theory , *DISTRACTION - Abstract
Humans can efficiently detect a face among non-face objects, but few studies of this ability have been conducted in animals. Here, in Japanese macaques and humans, we examined visual searching for a face and explored what factors contribute to efficient facial information processing. Subjects were asked to search for an odd target among the different numbers of distracters. Faces of the subjects' own species, the backs of the head of the subjects' own species, faces of the subjects' closely related species or race, and faces of species that are clearly different from the subjects' own species were used as the target. Both the macaques and humans detected a face of their own species more efficiently than a face from a clearly different species. Similar efficient detections were confirmed for the faces of the subjects' closely related species or race. These results suggest that conspecific faces and faces that share morphological similarity with conspecific faces can be detected efficiently among non-face objects by both humans and Japanese macaques. In another experiment, facial recognition efficiency was observed when the subjects searched for own-species faces that had lower-spatial-frequency components compared to faces with higher-spatial-frequency components. It seems reasonable that the ability to search efficiently for faces by using holistic face processing is derived from fundamental social cognition abilities that are broadly shared among species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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13. Ancestral resurrection of anthropoid estrogen receptor β demonstrates functional consequences of positive selection.
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Weckle, Amy, McGowen, Michael R, Xing, Jun, Chen, Caoyi, Sterner, Kirstin N, Hou, Zhuo-Cheng, Romero, Roberto, and Wildman, Derek E
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PRIMATES , *ESTROGEN receptors , *PALEONTOLOGY , *NEW World monkeys , *AMINO acid sequence - Abstract
Anthropoid primates arose during the Eocene approximately 55 million years ago (mya), and extant anthropoids share a most recent common ancestor ∼40 mya. Paleontology has been very successful at describing the morphological phenotypes of extinct anthropoids. Less well understood is the molecular biology of these extinct species as well as the phenotypic consequences of evolutionary variation in their genomes. Here we resurrect the most recent common ancestral anthropoid estrogen receptor β gene ( ESR2 ) and demonstrate that the function of this ancestral estrogen receptor has been maintained during human descent but was altered during early New World monkey (NWM) evolution by becoming a more potent transcriptional activator. We tested hypotheses of adaptive evolution in the protein coding sequences of ESR2 , and determined that ESR2 evolved via episodic positive selection on the NWM stem lineage. We separately co-transfected ESR2 constructs for human, NWM, and the anthropoid ancestor along with reporter gene vectors and performed hormone binding dose response experiments that measure transactivation activity. We found the transactivation potentials of the ancestral and human sequences to be significantly lower (p < 0.0001 in each comparison) than that of the NWM when treated with estradiol, the most prevalent estrogen. We conclude the difference in fold activation is due to positive selection in the NWM ERβ ligand binding domain. Our study validates inferential methods for detecting adaptive evolution that predict functional consequences of nucleotide substitutions and points a way toward examining the functional consequences of positive Darwinian selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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14. Molecular cloning of the myo-inositol oxygenase gene from the kidney of baboons.
- Author
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GONZÁLEZ-ÁLVAREZ, RAFAEL, PÉREZ-IBAVE, DIANA CRISTINA, GARZA-RODRÍGUEZ, MARÍA LOURDES, LUGO-TRAMPE, ÁNGEL, DELGADO-ENCISO, IVÁN, TEJERO-BARRERA, MARÍA ELIZABETH, MARTÍNEZ-DE-VILLARREAL, LAURA ELIA, GARZA-GUAJARDO, RAQUEL, SÁNCHEZ-CHAPARRO, MARÍA MARISELA, RUIZ-AYMA, GABRIEL, BARBOZA-QUINTANA, ORALIA, BARRERA-SALDAÑA, HUGO ALBERTO, DEL REFUGIO ROCHA-PIZAÑA, MARÍA, and RODRÍGUEZ-SÁNCHEZ, IRÁM PABLO
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RENAL enzymes , *MOLECULAR cloning , *INOSITOL , *OXYGENASES , *ALDO-keto reductases - Abstract
The enzyme myo-Inositol oxygenase (MIOX) is also termed ALDRL6. It is a kidney-specific member of the aldo-keto reductase family. MIOX catalyzes the first reaction involved in the myo-inositol metabolism signaling pathway and is fully expressed in mammalian tissues. MIOX catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of myo-Inositol and its epimer, D-chiro-Inositol to D-glucuronate. The dioxygen-dependent cleavage of the C6 and C1 bond in myo-Inositol is achieved by utilizing the Fe2+/Fe3+ binuclear iron center of MIOX. This enzyme has also been implicated in the complications of diabetes, including diabetic nephropathy. The MIOX gene was amplified with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from baboon tissue samples, and the product was cloned and sequenced. MIOX expression in the baboon kidney is described in the present study. The percentages of nucleotide and amino acid similarities between baboons and humans were 95 and 96%, respectively. The MIOX protein of the baboon may be structurally identical to that of humans. Furthermore, the evolutionary changes, which have affected these sequences, have resulted from purifying forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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15. Contemporary Distribution, Estimated Age, and Prehistoric Migrations of Old World Monkey Retroviruses
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Antoinette C. van der Kuyl, AII - Infectious diseases, and Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention
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0303 health sciences ,Old World ,biology ,030306 microbiology ,viruses ,Endogenous retrovirus ,Simian foamy virus ,Old World monkey ,Simian immunodeficiency virus ,Simian ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virology ,Virus ,03 medical and health sciences ,Retrovirus ,medicine ,030304 developmental biology - Abstract
Old World monkeys (OWM), simians inhabiting Africa and Asia, are currently affected by at least four infectious retroviruses, namely, simian foamy virus (SFV), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), simian T-lymphotropic virus (STLV), and simian type D retrovirus (SRV). OWM also show chromosomal evidence of having been infected in the past with four more retroviral species, baboon endogenous virus (BaEV), Papio cynocephalus endogenous virus (PcEV), simian endogenous retrovirus (SERV), and Rhesus endogenous retrovirus-K (RhERV-K/SERV-K1). For some of the viruses, transmission to other primates still occurs, resulting, for instance, in the HIV pandemic. Retroviruses are intimately connected with their host as they are normally spread by close contact. In this review, an attempt to reconstruct the distribution and history of OWM retroviruses will be made. A literature overview of the species infected by any of the eight retroviruses as well as an age estimation of the pathogens will be given. In addition, primate genomes from databases have been re-analyzed for the presence of endogenous retrovirus integrations. Results suggest that some of the oldest retroviruses, SERV and PcEV, have travelled with their hosts to Asia during the Miocene, when a higher global temperature allowed simian expansions. In contrast, younger viruses, such as SIV and SRV, probably due to the lack of a primate continuum between the continents in later times, have been restricted to Africa and Asia, respectively.
- Published
- 2021
16. Melengestrol acetate contraceptive implant use in colobus monkeys ( Colobus guereza ): Patterns through time and differences in reproductive potential and live births
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Monica M. McDonald, Mary K. Agnew, David M. Powell, and Cheryl S. Asa
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medicine.drug_class ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Physiology ,Fertility ,Old World monkey ,Colobus ,Biology ,Melengestrol acetate ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Pregnancy ,Contraceptive Agents, Female ,medicine ,Animals ,Melengestrol Acetate ,Survival analysis ,media_common ,Drug Implants ,Reproduction ,General Medicine ,Stillbirth ,biology.organism_classification ,Contraception ,chemistry ,Reproductive potential ,Animals, Zoo ,Female ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Implant ,Contraceptive implant ,Progestin - Abstract
Melengestrol acetate (MGA) implants are progestin-based reversible contraceptives used to manage fertility in zoo populations. Although it is recommended that MGA implants should be replaced every 2 years, the duration of efficacy has not been systematically evaluated in most species. Anecdotal reports for Old World monkeys indicate that reproduction may be suppressed longer if the implant is not removed. This study uses Guereza colobus monkey (Colobus guereza) as a model Old World monkey species to examine the effects of MGA implants on reproductive potential. In particular, we investigate whether the probability of reproducing (pR) and rates of stillbirth differ among (1) non-implanted females, (2) females who have had MGA implants removed, and (3) females whose implants were left in past expiration. We found no significant difference in pR between non-implanted and implant-removed groups, but when implants were left in past expiration, the pR was significantly lower than in other groups. Both parity and age significantly impacted pR for the non-implanted group (i.e., younger females and those who were parous increased pR), but neither were significant factors for the implant-removed group. Stillbirth rates were significantly higher post-contraception as compared with pre-contraception. These results support similar analyses in other taxa that show a shorter time to reversal after MGA contraception when implants are removed, making this a good contraceptive option for females likely to receive a breeding recommendation, especially when a more predictable time to reversal is important.
- Published
- 2020
17. Evolution of HLA-F and its orthologues in primate species: a complex tale of conservation, diversification and inactivation
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Otting, N., De Groot, N. G., Bontrop, R. E., Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, and Sub Theoretical Biology
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Primates ,0301 basic medicine ,HLA-F ,Pseudogene ,Immunology ,Sequence Homology ,Old World monkey ,Evolution, Molecular ,Gene product ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Species Specificity ,biology.animal ,Gene duplication ,Genetics ,Animals ,Primate ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Gene ,Phylogeny ,Nonhuman primates ,New World monkey ,Polymorphism, Genetic ,Base Sequence ,biology ,Histocompatibility Antigens Class I ,High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ,Marmoset ,biology.organism_classification ,030104 developmental biology ,Evolutionary biology ,Original Article ,MHC ,Comparative genetics ,030215 immunology - Abstract
HLA-F represents one of the nonclassical MHC class I molecules in humans. Its main characteristics involve low levels of polymorphism in combination with a restricted tissue distribution. This signals that the gene product executes a specialised function, which, however, is still poorly understood. Relatively little is known about the evolutionary equivalents of this gene in nonhuman primates, especially with regard to population data. Here we report a comparative genetic analysis of the orthologous genes of HLA-F in various great ape, Old World monkey (OWM), and New World monkey (NWM) species. HLA-F-related transcripts were found in all subjects studied. Low levels of polymorphism were encountered, although the length of the predicted gene products may vary. In most species, one or two transcripts were discovered, indicating the presence of only one active F-like gene per chromosome. An exception was provided by a New World monkey species, namely, the common marmoset. In this species, the gene has been subject to duplication, giving rise to up to six F-like transcripts per animal. In humans, great apes, and OWM, and probably the majority of the NWM species, the evolutionary equivalents of the HLA-F gene experienced purifying selection. In the marmoset, however, the gene was initially duplicated, but the expansion was subjected afterwards to various mechanisms of genetic inactivation, as evidenced by the presence of pseudogenes and an array of genetic artefacts in a section of the transcripts.
- Published
- 2020
18. Characterization of monkey adenoviruses with three fiber genes.
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Podgorski, Iva I., Harrach, Balázs, Benkő, Mária, and Papp, Tibor
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CERCOPITHECIDAE , *ADENOVIRUSES , *RHESUS monkeys , *MONKEYS , *MACAQUES , *GENES , *FIBERS , *CERCOPITHECUS aethiops - Abstract
Although the occurrence of three fiber genes in monkey adenoviruses had already been described, the relatedness of the "extra" fibers have not yet been discussed. Here we report the genome analysis of two simian adenovirus (SAdV) serotypes from Old World monkeys and the phylogenetic analysis of the multiple fiber genes found in these and related AdVs. One of the newly sequenced serotypes (SAdV-2), isolated from a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), was classified into species Human mastadenovirus G (HAdV-G), while the other serotype (SAdV-17), originating from a grivet (Chlorocebus aethiops), classified to Simian mastadenovirus F (SAdV-F). We identified unique features in the gene content of these SAdVs compared to those typical for other members of the genus Mastadenovirus. Namely, in the E1B region of SAdV-2, the 19K gene was replaced by an ITR repetition and a copy of the E4 ORF1 gene. Among the 37 genes in both SAdVs, three genes of different lengths, predicted to code for the cellular attachment proteins (the fibers), were found. These proteins exhibit high diversity. Yet, phylogenetic calculations of their conserved parts could reveal the probable evolutionary steps leading to the multiple-fibered contemporary HAdV and SAdV species. Seemingly, there existed (a) common ancestor(s) with two fiber genes for the lineages of the AdVs in species SAdV-B, -E, -F and HAdV-F, alongside a double-fibered ancestor for today's SAdV-C and HAdV-G, which later diverged into descendants forming today's species. Additionally, some HAdV-G members picked up a third fiber gene either to the left-hand or to the in-between position from the existing two. A SAdV-F progenitor also obtained a third copy to the middle, as observed in SAdV-17. The existence of three fiber genes in these contemporary AdVs brings novel possibilities for the design of optimised AdV-based vectors with potential multiple target binding abilities. • First full genome analyses of simian adenovirus serotypes with three fiber genes. • Unique features in the gene content of SAdV-2 in E1B region. • High diversity of the fiber proteins in both SAdV-2 and SAdV-17. • Fiber-based phylogeny reveal evolutionary steps of 2nd and 3rd gene acquisitions. • Higher number of fiber genes gives a possibility for the design of optimised AdV-based vectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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19. Baboon bearing resemblance in pigmentation pattern to Siamese cat carries a missense mutation in the tyrosinase gene
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Chiemi Hisakawa, Akihiko Koga, and Miki Yoshizawa
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0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Tyrosinase ,biology.animal_breed ,Mutation, Missense ,Skin Pigmentation ,albinism ,Biology ,primate ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,biology.animal ,Old World monkey ,Genetics ,Animals ,Missense mutation ,Molecular Biology ,Hamadryas baboon ,Gene ,body color ,Monophenol Monooxygenase ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Body hair ,melanin ,Phenotype ,030104 developmental biology ,Cats ,Siamese cat ,Papio ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Biotechnology ,Baboon - Abstract
An infant hamadryas baboon exhibiting an albino phenotype —white body hair and red eyes— was born to parents with wild-type body color. Pigmentation on some parts of its body surfaced during childhood and progressed with age. This baboon in adulthood has gray hair on parts of its body, such as the tail, distal portion of the legs, and face, with the remainder being white. This pigmentation pattern resembles that of the Siamese cat and the Himalayan variants of the mouse and the mink. The distinguishing phenotypes in these animals are known to be caused by a temperature-sensitive activity of tyrosinase, an enzyme essential for biosynthesis of melanin. We sequenced all the five exons of the tyrosinase (TYR) gene of this albino baboon, which were amplified by PCR, and found a base substitution leading to alteration of the 365th amino acid from Ala to Thr. Tyrosinase requires copper as a cofactor for its enzyme function. It has two copper-binding sites, the second of which contains His residues in positions 363 and 367 that are critical to its function. Thus, p.(Ala365Thr) due to a mutation in the TYR gene is a likely candidate for the cause of the albino phenotype in this baboon., シャム猫のような体色パターンをもつマントヒヒの遺伝子変異を同定 --メラニン合成を担う酵素の遺伝子が変化--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2020-03-17.
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- 2020
20. The draft genome of mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx): An Old World monkey
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Ye Yin, Sunil Kumar Sahu, Xuanmin Guang, Yaolei Zhang, Ziheng Huang, Huan Liu, Ting Yang, Wenliang Wang, Karsten Kristiansen, and Yue Song
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0301 basic medicine ,lcsh:Medicine ,Old World monkey ,Biology ,Genome ,Article ,Evolutionary genetics ,Evolution, Molecular ,Major Histocompatibility Complex ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,Genome Size ,biology.animal ,Gene family ,Sequencing ,Animals ,Humans ,lcsh:Science ,Gene ,Genome size ,Phylogeny ,Multidisciplinary ,Contig ,lcsh:R ,Cercopithecidae ,Molecular Sequence Annotation ,Genomics ,biology.organism_classification ,Mandrillus sphinx ,030104 developmental biology ,Evolutionary biology ,Multigene Family ,lcsh:Q ,Mandrillus ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Reference genome - Abstract
Mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) is a primate species, which belongs to the Old World monkey (Cercopithecidae) family. It is closely related to human, serving as a model for human health related research. However, the genetic studies on and genomic resources of mandrill are limited, especially in comparison to other primate species. Here we produced 284 Gb data, providing 96-fold coverage (considering the estimated genome size of 2.9 Gb), to construct a reference genome for the mandrill. The assembled draft genome was 2.79 Gb with contig N50 of 20.48 Kb and scaffold N50 of 3.56 Mb. We annotated the mandrill genome to find 43.83% repeat elements, as well as 21,906 protein-coding genes. The draft genome was of good quality with 98% gene annotation coverage by Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO). Based on comparative genomic analyses of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) of the immune system in mandrill and human, we found that 17 genes in the mandrill that have been associated with disease phenotypes in human such as Lung cancer, cranial volume and asthma, barbored amino acids changing mutations. Gene family analyses revealed expansion of several genes, and several genes associated with stress environmental adaptation and innate immunity responses exhibited signatures of positive selection. In summary, we established the first draft genome of the mandrill of value for studies on evolution and human health.
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- 2020
21. Convergence of human and Old World monkey gut microbiomes demonstrates the importance of human ecology over phylogeny
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Tony L. Goldberg, Rob Knight, Andres Gomez, Joanna E. Lambert, Jessica L. Metcalf, Daniel McDonald, Rebecca M. Stumpf, Nathaniel J. Dominy, Katherine R. Amato, Steven R. Leigh, Larissa Swedell, Elizabeth K. Mallott, and Gillian A. O. Britton
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16S ,lcsh:QH426-470 ,Bioinformatics ,Ecology (disciplines) ,Old World monkey ,Human gut microbiome ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Clinical Research ,Phylogenetics ,RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ,Information and Computing Sciences ,biology.animal ,Genetics ,Animals ,Humans ,Primate ,Microbiome ,Primate gut microbiome ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,Ecosystem ,Phylogeny ,Nutrition ,030304 developmental biology ,Human evolution ,Ribosomal ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,Research ,Human Genome ,Human microbiome ,Cercopithecidae ,Hominidae ,Environmental exposure ,Cercopithecine ,Biological Sciences ,15. Life on land ,biology.organism_classification ,Diet ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,lcsh:Genetics ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,Evolutionary biology ,RNA ,Environmental Sciences ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
BackgroundComparative data from non-human primates provide insight into the processes that shaped the evolution of the human gut microbiome and highlight microbiome traits that differentiate humans from other primates. Here, in an effort to improve our understanding of the human microbiome, we compare gut microbiome composition and functional potential in 14 populations of humans from ten nations and 18 species of wild, non-human primates.ResultsContrary to expectations from host phylogenetics, we find that human gut microbiome composition and functional potential are more similar to those of cercopithecines, a subfamily of Old World monkey, particularly baboons, than to those of African apes. Additionally, our data reveal more inter-individual variation in gut microbiome functional potential within the human species than across other primate species, suggesting that the human gut microbiome may exhibit more plasticity in response to environmental variation compared to that of other primates.ConclusionsGiven similarities of ancestral human habitats and dietary strategies to those of baboons, these findings suggest that convergent ecologies shaped the gut microbiomes of both humans and cercopithecines, perhaps through environmental exposure to microbes, diet, and/or associated physiological adaptations. Increased inter-individual variation in the human microbiome may be associated with human dietary diversity or the ability of humans to inhabit novel environments. Overall, these findings show that diet, ecology, and physiological adaptations are more important than host-microbe co-diversification in shaping the human microbiome, providing a key foundation for comparative analyses of the role of the microbiome in human biology and health.
- Published
- 2019
22. Analysis of Simian Endogenous Retrovirus (SERV) proviruses in Old World Monkey Genomes: Evidence for a Transition to Replication during Embryogenesis
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Antoinette C. van der Kuyl
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biology ,Transition (genetics) ,Endogenous retrovirus ,Old World monkey ,Simian ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Genome ,virology ,carbohydrates (lipids) ,Retrovirus ,Phylogenetics ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,Paleovirology - Abstract
Simian endogenous retrovirus, SERV, is a successful germ line invader restricted to Old World monkey (OWM) species. (1) Background: The availability of high quality primate genomes warrants a study of the characteristics, evolution and distribution of SERV proviruses; (2) Methods: Cercopithecinae OWM genomes from public databases were queried for the presence of full length SERV proviruses. A dataset of 81 Cer-SERV genomes was generated and analyzed; (3) Results: Full length Cer-SERV proviruses were mainly found in terrestrial OWM, and less so in arboreal, forest- dwelling monkeys. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the existence of two genotypes, Cer-SERV-1 and Cer-SERV-2, with Cer-SERV-1 showing evidence of recent germ line expansions. Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) variation indicated that most proviruses were of a similar age, and were estimated to be between
- Published
- 2021
23. Divergence in dimerization and activity of primate APOBEC3C
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Mark A. Hix, Michael Emerman, Danielle R. Williams, Tomas Pelletier, Faruck Morcos, G. Andrés Cisneros, Ben Flath, Linda Chelico, Sana Suhail, Amit Gaba, and Brock Boysan
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Dimer ,Deamination ,HIV Infections ,Old World monkey ,Substrate Specificity ,Evolution, Molecular ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Structural Biology ,Cytidine Deaminase ,Animals ,Humans ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Molecular Biology ,Phylogeny ,030304 developmental biology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,0303 health sciences ,DNA synthesis ,biology ,030302 biochemistry & molecular biology ,Active site ,Uracil ,Cytidine ,biology.organism_classification ,Macaca mulatta ,Amino acid ,HEK293 Cells ,Amino Acid Substitution ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Mutation ,biology.protein ,HIV-1 ,Protein Multimerization ,DNA - Abstract
The APOBEC3 (A3) family of single-stranded DNA cytidine deaminases are host restriction factors that inhibit lentiviruses, such as HIV-1, in the absence of the Vif protein that causes their degradation. Deamination of cytidine in HIV-1 (-)DNA forms uracil that causes inactivating mutations when uracil is used as a template for (+)DNA synthesis. For APOBEC3C (A3C), the chimpanzee and gorilla orthologues are more active than human A3C, and we determined that Old World Monkey A3C from rhesus macaque (rh) is not active against HIV-1. Biochemical, virological, and coevolutionary analyses combined with molecular dynamics simulations showed that the key amino acids needed to promote rhA3C antiviral activity, 44, 45, and 144, also promoted dimerization and changes to the dynamics of loop 1, near the enzyme active site. Although forced evolution of rhA3C resulted in a similar dimer interface with hominid A3C, the key amino acid contacts were different. Overall, our results determine the basis for why rhA3C is less active than human A3C and establish the amino acid network for dimerization and increased activity. Based on identification of the key amino acids determining Old World Monkey antiviral activity we predict that other Old World Monkey A3Cs did not impart anti-lentiviral activity, despite fixation of a key residue needed for hominid A3C activity. Overall, the coevolutionary analysis of the A3C dimerization interface presented also provides a basis from which to analyze dimerization interfaces of other A3 family members.
- Published
- 2021
24. An exceptionally long CA-repeat in the core promoter of SCGB2B2 links with the evolution of apes and Old World monkeys.
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Nikkhah, M., Rezazadeh, M., Khorram Khorshid, H.R., Biglarian, A., and Ohadi, M.
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PROMOTERS (Genetics) , *GENE expression , *CERCOPITHECIDAE , *SHORT tandem repeat analysis , *BONOBO , *AMINO acid sequence , *GENETIC code - Abstract
We have recently reported a genome-scale catalog of human protein-coding genes that contain “exceptionally long” STRs (≥ 6-repeats) in their core promoter, which may be of selective advantage in this species. At the top of that list, SCGB2B2 (also known as SCGBL ), contains one of the longest CA-repeat STRs identified in a human gene core promoter, at 25-repeats. In the study reported here, we analyzed the conservation status of this CA-STR across evolution. The functional implication of this STR to alter gene expression activity was also analyzed in the HEK-293 cell line. We report that the SCGB2B2 core promoter CA-repeat reaches exceptional lengths, ranging from 9- to 25-repeats, across Apes (Hominoids) and the Old World monkeys (CA > 2-repeats were not detected in any other species). The longest CA-repeats and highest identity in the SCGB2B2 protein sequence were observed between human and bonobo. A trend for increased gene expression activity was observed from the shorter to the longer CA-repeats (p < 0.009), and the CA-repeat increased gene expression activity, per se (p < 0.02). We propose that the SCGB2B2 gene core promoter CA-repeat functions as an expression code for the evolution of Apes and the Old World monkeys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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25. Planum Temporale grey matter volume asymmetries in new-born monkeys (Papio anubis)
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Luc Renaud, Yannick Becker, Romane Phelipon, Lionel Velly, Adrien Meguerditchian, Julien Sein, Laboratoire de psychologie cognitive (LPC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Station de primatologie (SP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Language, Communication and the Brain (ILCB), ANR-16-CONV-0002,ILCB,ILCB: Institute of Language Communication and the Brain(2016), and European Project: 716931,GESTIMAGE
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Structural asymmetry ,Histology ,Planum temporale ,Old World monkey ,Grey matter ,Papio anubis ,Functional Laterality ,050105 experimental psychology ,Lateralization of brain function ,03 medical and health sciences ,[SCCO]Cognitive science ,0302 clinical medicine ,biology.animal ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Primate ,Gray Matter ,Brain Mapping ,biology ,General Neuroscience ,[SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience ,05 social sciences ,Haplorhini ,Human brain ,biology.organism_classification ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Anatomy ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
The Planum Temporale (PT) is one of the key hubs of the language network in the human brain. The gross asymmetry of this perisylvian region toward the left brain was considered as the most emblematic marker of hemispheric specialization of language processes in the brain. Interestingly, this neuroanatomical signature was documented also in newborn infants and preterms, suggesting the early brain’s readiness for language acquisition. Nevertheless, this latter interpretation was questioned by a recent report in nonhuman primates of a potential similar signature in newborn baboons Papio anubis based on PT surface measures. Whether this “tip of the iceberg” PT asymmetry is actually reflecting asymmetry of its underlying grey matter volume remain unclear but critical to investigate potential continuities of cortical specialization with human infants. Here we report a population-level leftward asymmetry of the Planum Temporale grey matter volume in in vivo 34 newborn baboons Papio anubis, which showed intra-individual positive correlation with PT surface’s asymmetry measures but also a more pronounced degree of leftward asymmetry at the population-level. This finding demonstrates that PT leftward structural asymmetry in this Old World monkey species is a robust phenomenon in early primate development, which clearly speaks for a continuity with early human brain specialization. Results also strengthen the hypothesis that early PT asymmetry might be not a human-specific marker for the pre-wired language-ready brain in infants.
- Published
- 2021
26. Adaptation by Ancient Horizontal Acquisition of Butyrate Metabolism Genes in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
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Paul J. Planet, Daniel H. Fine, Apurva Narechania, Ahmed M Moustafa, Senthil Kumar Velusamy, and Lidiya Denu
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Time Factors ,Gene Transfer, Horizontal ,Aggregatibacter ,Virulence ,Observation ,Locus (genetics) ,nutritional immunity ,Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ,Microbiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Old World monkey ,Virology ,Anaerobiosis ,Microbiome ,periodontitis ,Gene ,030304 developmental biology ,Genetics ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,030306 microbiology ,biology.organism_classification ,Adaptation, Physiological ,QR1-502 ,Butyrates ,Biofilms ,Horizontal gene transfer ,horizontal gene transfer ,short-chain fatty acid ,Energy source ,Genome, Bacterial - Abstract
There has been considerable interest in the impact of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on inflammatory effects related to the microbiome. Here, we present evidence that SCFAs may also be important in disease by providing an energy source or disease-associated cue for colonizing pathogens., Like the bacterial residents of the human gut, it is likely that many of the species in the human oral microbiota have evolved to better occupy and persist in their niche. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) is both a common colonizer of the oral cavity and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Here, we present a whole-genome phylogenetic analysis of Aa isolates from humans and nonhuman primates that revealed an ancient origin for this species and a long history of association with the Catarrhini, the lineage that includes Old World monkeys (OWM) and humans. Further genomic analysis showed a strong association with the presence of a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) catabolism locus (atoRDAEB) in many human isolates that was absent in almost all nonhuman OWM isolates. We show that this locus was likely acquired through horizontal gene transfer. When grown under conditions that are similar to those at the subgingival site of periodontitis (anaerobic, SCFA replete), Aa strains with atoRDAEB formed robust biofilms and showed upregulation of genes involved in virulence, colonization, and immune evasion. Both an isogenic deletion mutant and nonhuman primate isolates lacking the ato locus failed to grow in a robust biofilm under these conditions, but grew well under the carbohydrate-rich conditions similar to those found above the gumline. We propose that the acquisition of the ato locus was a key evolutionary step allowing Aa to utilize SCFAs, adapt, and modulate subgingival disease.
- Published
- 2021
27. Primitive Old World monkey from the earliest Miocene of Kenya and the evolution of cercopithecoid bilophodonty
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Terry L. Spell, Mathew Macharwas, Benson Kyongo, James B. Rossie, Francis Muchemi, Mercedes Gutierrez, Dawn Reynoso, Neil J. Tabor, Anthony R. Friscia, Ellen R. Miller, John Kappelman, Samuel Muteti, Bonnie F. Jacobs, D. Tab Rasmussen, and Elizabeth Gierlowski-Kordesch
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0106 biological sciences ,History ,010506 paleontology ,Old World ,Old World monkey ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Ancient ,Frugivore ,stomatognathic system ,Extant taxon ,biology.animal ,Old World monkeys ,Animals ,Primate ,10. No inequality ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Multidisciplinary ,Fossil Record ,Dentition ,biology ,Fossils ,Cercopithecidae ,Miocene ,Biological Sciences ,biology.organism_classification ,Molar ,Kenya ,Biological Evolution ,Cercopithecoidea ,Diet ,Plant Leaves ,Evolutionary biology ,Fruit ,Africa ,bilophodonty ,Adaptation ,Tooth - Abstract
Old World monkeys (Cercopithecoidea) are a highly successful primate radiation, with more than 130 living species and the broadest geographic range of any extant group except humans. Although cercopithecoids are highly variable in habitat use, social behavior, and diet, a signature dental feature unites all of its extant members: bilophodonty (bi: two, loph: crest, dont: tooth), or the presence of two cross-lophs on the molars. This feature offers an adaptable Bauplan that, with small changes to its individual components, permits its members to process vastly different kinds of food. Old World monkeys diverged from apes perhaps 30 million years ago (Ma) according to molecular estimates, and the molar lophs are sometimes incompletely developed in fossil species, suggesting a mosaic origin for this key adaptation. However, critical aspects of the group’s earliest evolution remain unknown because the cercopithecoid fossil record before ∼18 Ma consists of only two isolated teeth, one from Uganda and one from Tanzania. Here we describe a primitive Old World monkey from Nakwai, Kenya, dated at ∼22 Ma, that offers direct evidence for the initial key steps in the evolution of the cercopithecoid dentition. The simple dentition and absence of bilophodonty in the Nakwai monkey indicate that the initial radiation of Old World monkeys was first characterized by a reorganization of basic molar morphology, and a reliance on cusps rather than lophs suggests frugivorous diets and perhaps hard object feeding. Bilophodonty evolved later, likely in response to the inclusion of leaves in the diet.
- Published
- 2019
28. Expression Changes of Structural Protein Genes May Be Related to Adaptive Skin Characteristics Specific to Humans
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Ngalla Jillani, Nami Arakawa, Yohey Terai, Daniel Chai, Daisuke Utsumi, Hiroo Imai, Yoko Satta, Akiko Matsumoto-Oda, Kenzo Takahashi, and Atunga Nyachieo
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0106 biological sciences ,primates ,transcriptional regulatory region ,Adaptation, Biological ,Human skin ,Old World monkey ,Collagen Type VIII ,Tetraspanin 24 ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Species Specificity ,Dermis ,Biglycan ,Gene expression ,Genetics ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,rete ridge ,Transcription factor ,Gene ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,CD151 ,Skin ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,integumentary system ,biology ,elastic fibers ,Cercopithecidae ,Hominidae ,biology.organism_classification ,Collagen Type XVIII ,Cell biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Gene Expression Regulation ,epidermal basement membrane zone ,Regulatory sequence ,Laminin ,Research Article - Abstract
Human skin is morphologically and physiologically different from the skin of other primates. However, the genetic causes underlying human-specific skin characteristics remain unclear. Here, we quantitatively demonstrate that the epidermis and dermis of human skin are significantly thicker than those of three Old World monkey species. In addition, we indicate that the topography of the epidermal basement membrane zone shows a rete ridge in humans but is flat in the Old World monkey species examined. Subsequently, we comprehensively compared gene expression levels between human and nonhuman great ape skin using next-generation cDNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). We identified four structural protein genes associated with the epidermal basement membrane zone or elastic fibers in the dermis (COL18A1, LAMB2, CD151, and BGN) that were expressed significantly greater in humans than in nonhuman great apes, suggesting that these differences may be related to the rete ridge and rich elastic fibers present in human skin. The rete ridge may enhance the strength of adhesion between the epidermis and dermis in skin. This ridge, along with a thick epidermis and rich elastic fibers might contribute to the physical strength of human skin with a low amount of hair. To estimate transcriptional regulatory regions for COL18A1, LAMB2, CD151, and BGN, we examined conserved noncoding regions with histone modifications that can activate transcription in skin cells. Human-specific substitutions in these regions, especially those located in binding sites of transcription factors which function in skin, may alter the gene expression patterns and give rise to the human-specific adaptive skin characteristics.
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- 2019
29. High expression of acidic chitinase and chitin digestibility in the stomach of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), an insectivorous nonhuman primate
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Erika Sasaki, Terumi Yurimoto, Masayoshi Sakaguchi, Akinori Kashimura, Satoshi Wakita, Fumitaka Oyama, Eri Tabata, Vaclav Matoska, Peter O. Bauer, Yasusato Sugahara, and Maiko Uehara
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0301 basic medicine ,Mealworm ,lcsh:Medicine ,Chitin ,Old World monkey ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,biology.animal ,Animals ,lcsh:Science ,New World monkey ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Chitinases ,Stomach ,lcsh:R ,Marmoset ,Callithrix ,Feeding Behavior ,biology.organism_classification ,Diet ,030104 developmental biology ,Biochemistry ,chemistry ,Chitinase ,biology.protein ,lcsh:Q ,Digestion ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Chitin is a polymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and a main constituent of insects’ exoskeleton. Insects are rich in protein with high energy conversion efficiency. Recently, we have reported that acidic chitinases (Chia) act as digestive enzymes in mouse, pig and chicken (omnivorous) but not in dog (carnivorous) and bovine (herbivorous), indicating that feeding behavior affects Chia expression levels, and determines chitin digestibility in the particular animals. Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to New World monkey family and provides a potential bridge between mouse models and human diseases. Common marmoset is an insectivorous nonhuman primate with unknown expression levels and enzymatic functions of the Chia homologue, CHIA. Here, we report that common marmoset highly expresses pepsin-, trypsin- and chymotrypsin-resistant CHIA in the stomach. We show that CHIA is most active at pH 2.0 and degrades chitin and mealworm shells into GlcNAc dimers under gastrointestinal conditions. Although common marmoset and crab-eating monkey (Old World monkey) have two CHIA genes in their genomes, they primarily express one gene in the stomach. Thus, this study is the first to investigate expression levels and enzymatic functions of CHIA in a New World primate, contributing to the understanding of dietary adaptation and digestion in this taxon.
- Published
- 2019
30. Progress in understanding the phylogeny of the Plasmodium vivax lineage
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Nobuko Arisue, Tetsuo Hashimoto, Hajime Honma, and Keitaro Kume
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Asia ,Pan troglodytes ,Lineage (evolution) ,Plasmodium vivax ,Old World monkey ,Feces ,Phylogenetics ,parasitic diseases ,Malaria, Vivax ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Parasite hosting ,Clade ,Phylogeny ,biology ,Phylogenetic tree ,DNA, Protozoan ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Ape Diseases ,Infectious Diseases ,Evolutionary biology ,Africa ,Parasitology ,Malaria - Abstract
There has been some controversy about the evolutionary origin of Plasmodium vivax, particularly whether it is of Asian or African origin. Recently, a new malaria species which closely related to ape P. vivax was found in chimpanzees, in addition, the host switches of P. vivax from ape to human was confirmed. These findings support the African origin of P. vivax. Previous phylogenetic analyses have shown the position of P. vivax within the Asian primate malaria parasite clade. This suggested an Asian origin of P. vivax. Recent analyses using massive gene data, however, positioned P. vivax after the branching of the African Old World monkey parasite P. gonderi, and before the branching of the common ancestor of Asian primate malaria parasites. This position is consistent with an African origin of P. vivax. We here review the history of phylogenetic analyses on P. vivax, validate previous analyses, and finally present a definitive analysis using currently available data that indicate a tree in which P. vivax is positioned at the base of the Asian primate malaria parasite clade, and thus that is consistent with an African origin of P. vivax.
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- 2022
31. Expression Pattern of the Rett Syndrome Gene MeCP2 in Primate Prefrontal Cortex
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Schahram Akbarian, Richard Z Chen, Joost Gribnau, Theodore P Rasmussen, Hiu-fai Fong, Rudolf Jaenisch, and Edward G Jones
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transcriptional repression ,gene silencing ,DNA methylation ,Old World monkey ,Macaca mulatta ,frontal lobe ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex may contribute to the autistic features and mental retardation of Rett syndrome, a neuropsychiatric condition caused by mutations of the gene encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2). Because nothing is known about the expression of MeCP2 and other chromatin-associated factors in primate brain, we studied in monkey prefrontal cortex and murine cerebral cortex expression patterns of MeCP2 and of macrohistone H2A (MacroH2A), which like MeCP2 is associated with transcriptionally silent chromatin. In both species, MeCP2 and MacroH2A appeared to be ubiquitously expressed by cortical neurons, including projection neurons and GABAergic interneurons. In the adult monkey, MeCP2 expression was robust throughout all layers of the prefrontal cortex but it was limited in fetal monkeys at embryonic day 110 to the deeper cortical layers and the subplate. These results suggest that MeCP2 may be important for neuronal maintenance in the developing and in the mature primate prefrontal cortex, consistent with the previously reported phenotype of MeCP2-null mutant mice.
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- 2001
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32. Noninvasive scalp recording of cortical auditory evoked potentials in the alert macaque monkey.
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Itoh, Kosuke, Nejime, Masafumi, Konoike, Naho, Nakada, Tsutomu, and Nakamura, Katsuki
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AUDITORY evoked response , *STIMULUS & response (Biology) , *POLYSTYRENE , *ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY , *EVOKED potentials (Electrophysiology) , *HEARING - Abstract
Scalp-recorded evoked potentials (EP) provide researchers and clinicians with irreplaceable means for recording stimulus-related neural activities in the human brain, due to its high temporal resolution, handiness, and, perhaps more importantly, non-invasiveness. This work recorded the scalp cortical auditory EP (CAEP) in unanesthetized monkeys by using methods that are essentially identical to those applied to humans. Young adult rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta , 5–7 years old) were seated in a monkey chair, and their head movements were partially restricted by polystyrene blocks and tension poles placed around their head. Individual electrodes were fixated on their scalp using collodion according to the 10–20 system. Pure tone stimuli were presented while electroencephalograms were recorded from up to nineteen channels, including an electrooculogram channel. In all monkeys ( n = 3), the recorded CAEP comprised a series of positive and negative deflections, labeled here as macaque P1 (mP1), macaque N1 (mN1), macaque P2 (mP2), and macaque N2 (mN2), and these transient responses to sound onset were followed by a sustained potential that continued for the duration of the sound, labeled the macaque sustained potential (mSP). mP1, mN2 and mSP were the prominent responses, and they had maximal amplitudes over frontal/central midline electrode sites, consistent with generators in auditory cortices. The study represents the first noninvasive scalp recording of CAEP in alert rhesus monkeys, to our knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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33. Personality Structure and Social Style in Macaques.
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Adams, Mark James, Ostner, Julia, Schülke, Oliver, Thierry, Bernard, Widdig, Anja, Majolo, Bonaventura, De Marco, Arianna, Engelhardt, Antje, Gerald, Melissa S., and Weiss, Alexander
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- *
MACAQUE behavior , *MACAQUES , *DIFFERENTIAL psychology , *PHYLOGENY , *JAPANESE macaque , *BARBARY ape , *MACACA tonkeana , *RHESUS monkeys - Abstract
Why regularities in personality can be described with particular dimensions is a basic question in differential psychology. Nonhuman primates can also be characterized in terms of personality structure. Comparative approaches can help reveal phylogenetic constraints and social and ecological patterns associated with the presence or absence of specific personality dimensions. We sought to determine how different personality structures are related to interspecific variation in social style. Specifically, we examined this question in 6 different species of macaques, because macaque social style is well characterized and can be categorized on a spectrum of despotic (Grade 1) versus tolerant (Grade 4) social styles. We derived personality structures from adjectival ratings of Japanese (Macaca fuscata\ Grade 1), Assamese (M. assamensis\ Grade 2), Barbary (M. sylvanus; Grade 3), Tonkean (M. tonkeana; Grade 4), and crested (M. nigra\ Grade 4) macaques and compared these species with rhesus macaques (M. mulatta\ Grade 1) whose personality was previously characterized. Using a nonparametric method, fuzzy set analysis, to identify commonalities in personality dimensions across species, we found that all but 1 species exhibited consistently defined Friendliness and Openness dimensions, but that similarities in personality dimensions capturing aggression and social competence reflect similarities in social styles. These findings suggest that social and phylogenetic relationships contribute to the origin, maintenance, and diversification of personality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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34. Tactical deception to hide sexual behaviour: macaques use distance, not visibility.
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Overduin-de Vries, A., Spruijt, B., de Vries, H., and Sterck, E.
- Subjects
MACAQUES ,SEX customs ,ANIMAL species ,ANIMAL sexual behavior ,ANIMAL classification - Abstract
Although tactical deception (TD) may be employed to hide sexual behaviour, there is as yet no firm evidence for it. Hiding may be guided by cognitive mechanisms consistent with either no, low or high level TD, such as exploiting male peripheral positions (no TD), creating distance (TD level 1) or hiding behind screens (TD level 1.5 which involves visual perspective taking (VPT)). Macaques are capable of VPT in a food context, suggesting that they may employ TD level 1.5. We investigated, in an observational study with temporarily provided hiding screens, which strategy was used to hide sexual behaviour in captive groups of two macaque species ( Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis). Sexual behaviour only sporadically took place near screens, and the few copulations near screens were not systematically hidden from the alpha male, precluding TD level 1.5. Instead, both females and non-alpha males were at a larger distance from the alpha male during sexual interactions than otherwise, consistent with TD level 1. Creating peripheral locations (TD level 1) may be effective in improving sexual opportunities in many species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Crucial information for efficient face searching by humans and Japanese macaques
- Author
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Nakata, Ryuzaburo, Eifuku, Satoshi, and Tamura, Ryoi
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Concealing of facial expressions by a wild Barbary macaque ( Macaca sylvanus).
- Author
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Thunström, Maria, Kuchenbuch, Paul, and Young, Christopher
- Abstract
Behavioural research on non-vocal communication among non-human primates and its possible links to the origin of human language is a long-standing research topic. Because human language is under voluntary control, it is of interest whether this is also true for any communicative signals of other species. It has been argued that the behaviour of hiding a facial expression with one's hand supports the idea that gestures might be under more voluntary control than facial expressions among non-human primates, and it has also been interpreted as a sign of intentionality. So far, the behaviour has only been reported twice, for single gorilla and chimpanzee individuals, both in captivity. Here, we report the first observation of concealing of facial expressions by a monkey, a Barbary macaque ( Macaca sylvanus), living in the wild. On eight separate occasions between 2009 and 2011 an adult male was filmed concealing two different facial expressions associated with play and aggression ('play face' and 'scream face'), 22 times in total. The videos were analysed in detail, including gaze direction, hand usage, duration, and individuals present. This male was the only individual in his group to manifest this behaviour, which always occurred in the presence of a dominant male. Several possible interpretations of the function of the behaviour are discussed. The observations in this study indicate that the gestural communication and cognitive abilities of monkeys warrant more research attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Global view on virus infection in non-human primates and implication for public health and wildlife conservation
- Author
-
Zhijin Liu
- Subjects
Cercopithecus ascanius ,Old World ,biology ,viruses ,biology.animal ,Lemur ,Zoology ,Cross-species transmission ,Old World monkey ,Lophocebus albigena ,biology.organism_classification ,Chlorocebus aethiops ,Virus classification - Abstract
The pandemic outbreak and rapid worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is not only a threat for humans, but potentially also for many animals. Research has revealed that SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses have been transmitted from animals to humans andvice versa, and across animal species, and hence, attracted public attention concerning host-virus interactions and transmission ways. Non-human primates (NHPs), as our evolutionary closest relatives, are susceptible to human viruses, and a number of pathogens are known to circulate between humans and NHPs. Here we generated global statistics of virus infection in NHPs (VI-NHPs). In total, 121 NHP species from 14 families have been reported to be infected by 139 DNA and RNA viruses from 23 virus families; 74.8 percent of viruses in NHPs have also been found in humans, indicative of the high potential for cross species transmission of these viruses. The top ten NHP species with high centrality in the NHP-virus network are two apes (Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus), seven Old World monkeys (Macaca mulatta, M. fascicularis, Papio cynocephalus, Lophocebus albigena, Chlorocebus aethiops, Cercopithecus ascanius, C. nictitans) and a lemur (Propithecus diadema). Besides apes, there is a high risk of virus circulation between humans and Old World monkeys, given the wide distribution of many Old World monkey species and their frequent contact with humans. We suggest epidemiological investigations in NHPs, specifically in Old World monkeys with close contact to humans, and other effective measures to prevent this potential circular transmission.
- Published
- 2020
38. Primate phylogenomics uncovers multiple rapid radiations and ancient interspecific introgression
- Author
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Shwetha C. Murali, Daniel S.T. Hughes, Dan Vanderpool, Kim C. Worley, Donna M. Muzny, Bui Quang Minh, Muthuswamy Raveendran, Richard A. Gibbs, Robert Lanfear, R. Alan Harris, Jeffrey Rogers, and Matthew W. Hahn
- Subjects
Colobus angolensis ,biology ,Phylogenetic tree ,Evolutionary biology ,Phylogenomics ,biology.animal ,Introgression ,Old World monkey ,biology.organism_classification ,Macaque ,Mandrillus leucophaeus ,Reference genome - Abstract
Our understanding of the evolutionary history of primates is undergoing continual revision due to ongoing genome sequencing efforts. Bolstered by growing fossil evidence, these data have led to increased acceptance of once controversial hypotheses regarding phylogenetic relationships, hybridization and introgression, and the biogeographical history of primate groups. Among these findings is a pattern of recent introgression between species within all major primate groups examined to date, though little is known about introgression deeper in time. To address this and other phylogenetic questions, here we present new reference genome assemblies for three Old World Monkey species: Colobus angolensis ssp. palliatus (the black and white colobus), Macaca nemestrina (southern pig-tailed macaque), and Mandrillus leucophaeus (the drill). We combine these data with 23 additional primate genomes to estimate both the species tree and individual gene trees using thousands of loci. While our species tree is largely consistent with previous phylogenetic hypotheses, the gene trees reveal high levels of genealogical discordance associated with multiple primate radiations. We use strongly asymmetric patterns of gene tree discordance around specific branches to identify multiple instances of introgression between ancestral primate lineages. In addition, we exploit recent fossil evidence to perform fossil-calibrated molecular dating analyses across the tree. Taken together, our genome-wide data help to resolve multiple contentious sets of relationships among primates, while also providing insight into the biological processes and technical artifacts that led to the disagreements in the first place.
- Published
- 2020
39. Retraction notice to 'Energy balance but not competitive environment corresponds with allostatic load during development in an Old World monkey' [Horm. Behav. 108 (2019) 30-41]
- Author
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Erin R. Vogel, Marina Cords, Nicole A. Thompson, Michael Heistermann, and James P. Higham
- Subjects
Behavioral Neuroscience ,Endocrinology ,Notice ,biology ,Endocrine and Autonomic Systems ,Energy balance ,Old World monkey ,Psychology ,biology.organism_classification ,Allostatic load ,Cognitive psychology - Published
- 2020
40. Single-cell strand sequencing of a macaque genome reveals multiple nested inversions and breakpoint reuse during primate evolution
- Author
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Miriana Bitonto, Jan O. Korbel, Marta Sabariego Puig, Flavia Angela Maria Maggiolini, Arvis Sulovari, Yafei Mao, Donato Palmisano, Ashley D. Sanders, Evan E. Eichler, Megan Y. Dennis, Claudia Rita Catacchio, Colin J. Shew, Mario Cáceres, Ludovica Mercuri, Mario Ventura, David Porubský, Maria Dellino, and Francesca Antonacci
- Subjects
Cancer Research ,Neurodegenerative ,Macaque ,Genome ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Chromosome Breakpoints ,0302 clinical medicine ,Disease ,Copy-number variation ,Genetics (clinical) ,In Situ Hybridization ,In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ,Segmental duplication ,Recombination, Genetic ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,Genomics ,Biological Sciences ,Rhesus macaque ,Single-Cell Analysis ,Sequence Analysis ,Resource ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Heterozygote ,Hominidae ,Evolution ,Bioinformatics ,Old World monkey ,Fluorescence ,Evolution, Molecular ,03 medical and health sciences ,Genetic ,biology.animal ,medicine ,Genetics ,Animals ,Humans ,030304 developmental biology ,Human Genome ,Cytogenetics ,Molecular ,DNA ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,biology.organism_classification ,Macaca mulatta ,Recombination ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Evolutionary biology ,Chromosome Inversion ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Rhesus macaque is an Old World monkey that shared a common ancestor with human ∼25 Myr ago and is an important animal model for human disease studies. A deep understanding of its genetics is therefore required for both biomedical and evolutionary studies. Among structural variants, inversions represent a driving force in speciation and play an important role in disease predisposition. Here we generated a genome-wide map of inversions between human and macaque, combining single-cell strand sequencing with cytogenetics. We identified 375 total inversions between 859 bp and 92 Mbp, increasing by eightfold the number of previously reported inversions. Among these, 19 inversions flanked by segmental duplications overlap with recurrent copy number variants associated with neurocognitive disorders. Evolutionary analyses show that in 17 out of 19 cases, the Hominidae orientation of these disease-associated regions is always derived. This suggests that duplicated sequences likely played a fundamental role in generating inversions in humans and great apes, creating architectures that nowadays predispose these regions to disease-associated genetic instability. Finally, we identified 861 genes mapping at 156 inversions breakpoints, with some showing evidence of differential expression in human and macaque cell lines, thus highlighting candidates that might have contributed to the evolution of species-specific features. This study depicts the most accurate fine-scale map of inversions between human and macaque using a two-pronged integrative approach, such as single-cell strand sequencing and cytogenetics, and represents a valuable resource toward understanding of the biology and evolution of primate species.
- Published
- 2020
41. Characterization of nuclear mitochondrial insertions in the whole genomes of primates
- Author
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Gargi Dayama, Weichen Zhou, Javier Prado-Martinez, Tomas Marques-Bonet, and Ryan E. Mills
- Subjects
AcademicSubjects/SCI01140 ,AcademicSubjects/SCI01060 ,AcademicSubjects/SCI00030 ,Gorilla ,Standard Article ,Old World monkey ,AcademicSubjects/SCI01180 ,Macaque ,Genome ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,biology.animal ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,Bonobo ,Chromosome ,biology.organism_classification ,Genòmica ,Evolutionary biology ,Primats ,Human genome ,Numt ,AcademicSubjects/SCI00980 ,Genètica ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
The transfer and integration of whole and partial mitochondrial genomes into the nuclear genomes of eukaryotes is an ongoing process that has facilitated the transfer of genes and contributed to the evolution of various cellular pathways. Many previous studies have explored the impact of these insertions, referred to as NumtS, but have focused primarily on older events that have become fixed and are therefore present in all individual genomes for a given species. We previously developed an approach to identify novel Numt polymorphisms from next-generation sequence data and applied it to thousands of human genomes. Here, we extend this analysis to 79 individuals of other great ape species including chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, orang-utan and also an old world monkey, macaque. We show that recent Numt insertions are prevalent in each species though at different apparent rates, with chimpanzees exhibiting a significant increase in both polymorphic and fixed Numt sequences as compared to other great apes. We further assessed positional effects in each species in terms of evolutionary time and rate of insertion and identified putative hotspots on chromosome 5 for Numt integration, providing insight into both recent polymorphic and older fixed reference NumtS in great apes in comparison to human events. Funding: National Institutes of Health (1R01HG007068-01A1 to R.E.M). T.M.B is supported by funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 864203), BFU2017-86471-P (MINECO/FEDER, UE), “Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu”, funded by the AEI (CEX2018-000792-M), Howard Hughes International Early Career, Obra Social "La Caixa" and Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca and CERCA Programme del Departament d’Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (GRC 2017 SGR 880)
- Published
- 2020
42. Energy balance but not competitive environment corresponds with allostatic load during development in an Old World monkey
- Author
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James P. Higham, Marina Cords, Erin R. Vogel, Michael Heistermann, and Nicole A. Thompson
- Subjects
Male ,Competitive Behavior ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Energy balance ,Old World monkey ,Biology ,Cercopithecus ,Social Environment ,Competition (biology) ,Social group ,03 medical and health sciences ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,Feces ,0302 clinical medicine ,Endocrinology ,Juvenile ,Animals ,Humans ,Life history ,Social Behavior ,Glucocorticoids ,media_common ,Behavior, Animal ,C-Peptide ,Endocrine and Autonomic Systems ,Social environment ,Cercopithecidae ,biology.organism_classification ,Grooming ,Allostatic load ,030227 psychiatry ,Allostasis ,Female ,Growth and Development ,Energy Metabolism ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Demography - Abstract
Primates develop slowly relative to their body size, a pattern posited to result from ecological risk aversion. Little is known, however, about how energy balance contributes to allostatic load in juveniles. Using data collected over 8 consecutive months, we examined variation in energy balance (as measured by urinary C-peptide) and how energy balance, life history status, and social competition related to allostatic load (as measured by deviation from baseline fecal glucocorticoid metabolites, dfGCs) in 41 wild juvenile blue monkeys from 3 social groups. Juvenile energy balance was higher among females, older juveniles, when ripe fruit was more available, and when rainfall was lower. Energy balance, but not life history or competitive environments, predicted dfGC concentrations, such that juveniles generally had lower mean dfGCs when they had higher energy balance. An additional exploratory analysis of how dfGCs relate to social strategies revealed that subjects had lower dfGCs when they groomed less, and played more. Time spent grooming interacted with energy balance in predicting dfGC concentrations, so that individuals that groomed more actually had higher dfGCs when they had higher energy balance. Together these results reveal that energetic deficiencies are a true ecological risk factor in blue monkeys, and suggest that navigating the social environment via overt affiliative behavior is potentially both a stress-relieving and stress-inducing endeavor during development.
- Published
- 2019
43. Reflexive gaze following in common marmoset monkeys
- Author
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Peter W. Dicke, Peter Thier, and Silvia Spadacenta
- Subjects
Male ,Joint attention ,genetic structures ,lcsh:Medicine ,Fixation, Ocular ,Old World monkey ,Choice Behavior ,Article ,050105 experimental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Social cognition ,biology.animal ,Reflex ,Reaction Time ,Saccades ,Animals ,Humans ,Attention ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Primate ,lcsh:Science ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,lcsh:R ,05 social sciences ,Marmoset ,Callithrix ,biology.organism_classification ,Gaze ,Object (philosophy) ,Social behaviour ,Fixation (visual) ,Female ,lcsh:Q ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
The ability to extract the direction of the other’s gaze allows us to shift our attention to an object of interest to the other and to establish joint attention. By mapping one’s own expectations, desires and intentions on the object of joint attention, humans develop a Theory of (the other’s) Mind (TOM), a functional sequence possibly disrupted in autism. Although old world monkeys probably do not possess a TOM, they follow the other’s gaze and they establish joint attention. Gaze following of both humans and old world monkeys fulfills Fodor’s criteria of a domain specific function and is orchestrated by very similar cortical architectures, strongly suggesting homology. Also new world monkeys, a primate suborder that split from the old world monkey line about 35 million years ago, have complex social structures. One member of this group, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), has received increasing interest as a potential model in studies of normal and disturbed human social cognition. Marmosets are known to follow human head-gaze. However, the question is if they use gaze following to establish joint attention with conspecifics. Here we show that this is indeed the case. In a free choice task, head-restrained marmosets prefer objects gazed at by a conspecific and, moreover, they exhibit considerably shorter choice reaction times for the same objects. These findings support the assumption of an evolutionary old domain specific faculty shared within the primate order and they underline the potential value of marmosets in studies of normal and disturbed joint attention.HIGHLIGHTSCommon marmosets follow the head gaze of conspecifics in order to establish joint attention.Brief exposures to head gaze are sufficient to reallocate an animal’s attention.The tendency to follow the other’s gaze competes with the attractional binding of the conspecific’s face
- Published
- 2019
44. Evolution of Melanoma Antigen-A11 (MAGEA11) During Primate Phylogeny
- Author
-
Christopher S. Willett and Elizabeth M. Wilson
- Subjects
Primates ,0301 basic medicine ,Nonsynonymous substitution ,Pseudogene ,Old World monkey ,Evolution, Molecular ,03 medical and health sciences ,Exon ,Antigens, Neoplasm ,Genetics ,Animals ,Humans ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Molecular Biology ,Gene ,Peptide sequence ,Phylogeny ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,biology ,Exons ,biology.organism_classification ,Stop codon ,Neoplasm Proteins ,030104 developmental biology ,Melanoma-Specific Antigens ,Nuclear localization sequence - Abstract
Melanoma antigen-A11 (MAGE-A11) is an X-linked and primate-specific steroid hormone receptor transcriptional coregulator and proto-oncogenic protein whose increased expression promotes the growth of prostate cancer. The MAGEA11 gene is expressed at low levels in normal human testis, ovary, and endometrium, and at highest levels in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Annotated genome predictions throughout the surviving primate lineage show that MAGEA11 acquired three 5' coding exons unique within the MAGEA subfamily during the evolution of New World monkeys (NWM), Old World monkeys (OWM), and apes. MAGE-A11 in all primates has a conserved FXXIF coactivator-binding motif that suggests interaction with p160 coactivators contributed to its early evolution as a transcriptional coregulator. An ancestral form of MAGE-A11 in the more distantly related lemur has significant amino acid sequence identity with human MAGE-A11, but lacks coregulator activity based on the absence of the three 5' coding exons that include a nuclear localization signal (NLS). NWM MAGE-A11 has greater amino acid sequence identity than lemur to human MAGE-A11, but inframe premature stop codons suggest that MAGEA11 is a pseudogene in NWM. MAGE-A11 in OWM and apes has nearly identical 5' coding exon amino acid sequence and conserved interaction sites for p300 acetyltransferase and cyclin A. We conclude that the evolution of MAGEA11 within the lineage leading to OWM and apes resulted in steroid hormone receptor transcriptional coregulator activity through the acquisition of three 5' coding exons that include a NLS sequence and nonsynonymous substitutions required to interact with cell cycle regulatory proteins and transcription factors.
- Published
- 2018
45. A comparison of personality in the common and Bolivian squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus and Saimiri boliviensis)
- Author
-
Vanessa A. D. Wilson, Miho Inoue-Murayama, and Alexander Weiss
- Subjects
Male ,0106 biological sciences ,Agreeableness ,Bolivia ,viruses ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Zoology ,Old World monkey ,primate ,phylogeny ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Species Specificity ,biology.animal ,evolution ,parasitic diseases ,Animals ,Cebus ,Personality ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Primate ,050102 behavioral science & comparative psychology ,Saimiri ,Phylogeny ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,media_common ,Behavior, Animal ,biology ,personality structure ,05 social sciences ,Squirrel monkey ,Saimiri sciureus ,Central America ,Brown capuchin ,biology.organism_classification ,Biological Evolution ,Saimiri boliviensis ,Female ,Psychology (miscellaneous) ,psychological phenomena and processes - Abstract
Personality has been studied in all of the great apes, many Old World monkey species, but only a handful of New World monkey species. Because understanding the personalities of New World monkeys is crucial to understanding personality evolution in primates, we used the Hominoid Personality Questionnaire to assess personality in 55 common squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and 40 Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis). We found 4 personality components in each species, and labeled them Openness, Neuroticism, Assertiveness, and Agreeableness. We then, in a genus-level analysis, found 5 components, which we labeled Neuroticism, Openness, Assertiveness, Agreeableness, and Decisiveness. Comparisons of the genus- and species-level structures revealed that common squirrel monkeys had a personality structure that more closely resembled the genus-level structure than did Bolivian squirrel monkeys. We then compared the personality structures of common and Bolivian squirrel monkeys with that of brown capuchin monkeys, Sapajus apella. The personality structure of Bolivian squirrel monkeys more closely resembled that of brown capuchins. These findings suggest that the Bolivian squirrel monkey personality structure is ancestral and that Assertiveness and Openness are ancestral to both the Saimiri genus and brown capuchins; Agreeableness and Neuroticism seem to be derived in Saimiri. We discuss these findings in relation to differences in the social structures and ecologies of these species. (PsycINFO Database Record
- Published
- 2018
46. Direct estimate of the spontaneous germ line mutation rate in African green monkeys
- Author
-
Susanne P. Pfeifer
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Genetics ,Mutation rate ,biology ,Point mutation ,Population genetics ,Old World monkey ,biology.organism_classification ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Germline mutation ,Effective population size ,African Green Monkey ,Vervet monkey ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
Here, I provide the first direct estimate of the spontaneous mutation rate in an Old World monkey, using a seven individual, three-generation pedigree of African green monkeys. Eight de novo mutations were identified within ∼1.5 Gbp of accessible genome, corresponding to an estimated point mutation rate of 0.94 × 10-8 per site per generation, suggesting an effective population size of ∼12000 for the species. This estimation represents a significant improvement in our knowledge of the population genetics of the African green monkey, one of the most important nonhuman primate models in biomedical research. Furthermore, by comparing mutation rates in Old World monkeys with the only other direct estimates in primates to date-humans and chimpanzees-it is possible to uniquely address how mutation rates have evolved over longer time scales. While the estimated spontaneous mutation rate for African green monkeys is slightly lower than the rate of 1.2 × 10-8 per base pair per generation reported in chimpanzees, it is similar to the lower range of rates of 0.96 × 10-8 -1.28 × 10-8 per base pair per generation recently estimated from whole genome pedigrees in humans. This result suggests a long-term constraint on mutation rate that is quite different from similar evidence pertaining to recombination rate evolution in primates.
- Published
- 2017
47. Analysis of Simian Endogenous Retrovirus (SERV) Full-Length Proviruses in Old World Monkey Genomes.
- Author
-
van der Kuyl, Antoinette C.
- Subjects
- *
CERCOPITHECIDAE , *SEQUENCE analysis , *TRANSCRIPTION factors , *BINDING sites - Abstract
Simian endogenous retrovirus, SERV, is a successful germ line invader restricted to Old World monkey (OWM) species. (1) Background: The availability of high-quality primate genomes warrants a study of the characteristics, evolution, and distribution of SERV proviruses. (2) Methods: Cercopithecinae OWM genomes from public databases were queried for the presence of full-length SERV proviruses. A dataset of 81 Cer-SERV genomes was generated and analyzed. (3) Results: Full-length Cer-SERV proviruses were mainly found in terrestrial OWM, and less so in arboreal, forest- dwelling monkeys. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the existence of two genotypes, Cer-SERV-1 and Cer-SERV-2, with Cer-SERV-1 showing evidence of recent germ-line expansions. Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) variation indicated that most proviruses were of a similar age and were estimated to be between <0.3 and 10 million years old. Integrations shared between species were relatively rare. Sequence analysis further showed extensive CpG methylation-associated mutations, variable Primer Binding Site (PBS) use with Cer-SERV-1 using PBSlys3 and Cer-SERV-2 using PBSlys1,2, and the recent gain of LTR motifs for transcription factors active during embryogenesis in Cer-SERV-1. (4) Conclusions: sequence analysis of 81 SERV proviruses from Cercopithecinae OWM genomes provides evidence for the adaptation of this retrovirus to germ line reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Olfactomedin-like 3 ( OLFML3) gene expression in baboon and human ocular tissues: cornea, lens, uvea, and retina.
- Author
-
Rodríguez‐Sánchez, I.P., Garza‐Rodríguez, M.L., Mohamed‐Noriega, K., Voruganti, V.S., Tejero, M.E., Delgado‐Enciso, I., Pérez‐Ibave, D.C., Schlabritz‐Loutsevitch, N.E., Mohamed‐Noriega, J., Martinez‐Fierro, M.L., Reséndez‐Pérez, D., Cole, S.A., Cavazos‐Adame, H., Comuzzie, A.G., Mohamed‐Hamsho, J., and Barrera‐Saldaña, H.A.
- Subjects
- *
OLFACTOMEDIN , *GENE expression , *EYE anatomy , *GLYCOPROTEINS , *POLYMERASE chain reaction , *OPTIC nerve , *NUCLEOTIDE sequence , *OPEN reading frames (Genetics) , *ANIMAL models in research - Abstract
Background Olfactomedin-like is a family of polyfunctional polymeric glycoproteins. This family has at least four members. One member of this family is OLFML3, which is preferentially expressed in placenta but is also detected in other adult tissues including the liver and heart. However, its orthologous rat gene is expressed in the iris, sclera, trabecular meshwork, retina, and optic nerve. Methods OLFML3 messenger amplification was performed by RT- PCR from human and baboon ocular tissues. The products were cloned and sequenced. Results We report OLFML3 expression in human and baboon eye. The full coding DNA sequence has 1221 bp, from which an open reading frame of 406 amino acid was obtained. The baboon OLFML3 gene nucleotidic sequence has 98% and amino acidic 99% similarity with humans. Conclusions OLFML3 gene expression in human and baboon ocular tissues and its high similarity make the baboon a powerful model to deduce the physiological and/or metabolic function of this protein in the eye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. A web-based brain atlas of the vervet monkey, Chlorocebus aethiops
- Author
-
Woods, Roger P., Fears, Scott C., Jorgensen, Matthew J., Fairbanks, Lynn A., Toga, Arthur W., and Freimer, Nelson B.
- Subjects
- *
CERCOPITHECUS aethiops , *BRAIN mapping , *MAGNETIC resonance imaging , *INFORMATION technology , *IMAGE registration , *AUTOMATION , *NEUROSCIENCES - Abstract
Abstract: Vervet monkeys are a frequently studied animal model in neuroscience research. Although equally distantly related to humans, the ancestors of vervets diverged from those of macaques and baboons more than 11 million years ago, antedating the divergence of the ancestors of humans, chimpanzees and gorillas. To facilitate anatomic localization in the vervet brain, two linked on-line electronic atlases are described, one based on registered MRI scans from hundreds of vervets (http://www.loni.ucla.edu/Research/Atlases/Data/vervet/vervetmratlas/vervetmratlas.html) and the other based on a high-resolution cryomacrotome study of a single vervet (http://www.loni.ucla.edu/Research/Atlases/Data/vervet/vervetatlas/vervetatlas.html). The averaged MRI atlas is also available as a volume in Neuroimaging Informatics Technology Initiative format. In the cryomacrotome atlas, various sulcal and subcortical structures have been anatomically labeled and surface rendered views are provided along the primary planes of section. Both atlases simultaneously provide views in all three primary planes of section, rapid navigation by clicking on the displayed images, and stereotaxic coordinates in the averaged MRI atlas space. Despite the extended time period since their divergence, the major sulcal and subcortical landmarks in vervets are highly conserved relative to those described in macaques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Improved capacity of a monkey-tropic HIV-1 derivative to replicate in cynomolgus monkeys with minimal modifications
- Author
-
Saito, Akatsuki, Nomaguchi, Masako, Iijima, Sayuki, Kuroishi, Ayumu, Yoshida, Tomoyuki, Lee, Young-Jung, Hayakawa, Toshiyuki, Kono, Ken, Nakayama, Emi E., Shioda, Tatsuo, Yasutomi, Yasuhiro, Adachi, Akio, Matano, Tetsuro, and Akari, Hirofumi
- Subjects
- *
HIV , *LABORATORY monkeys , *VIRAL replication , *KRA , *RHESUS monkeys , *MACAQUES , *MOLECULAR structure , *ANTIVIRAL agents , *GENETIC regulation - Abstract
Abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) hardly replicates in Old World monkeys. Recently, a mutant HIV-1 clone, NL-DT5R, in which a small part of gag and the entire vif gene are replaced with SIVmac239-derived ones, was shown to be able to replicate in pigtail monkeys but not in rhesus monkeys (RM). In the present study, we found that a modified monkey-tropic HIV-1 (HIV-1mt), MN4-5S, acquired the ability to replicate efficiently in cynomolgus monkeys as compared with the NL-DT5R, while neither NL-DT5R nor MN4-5S replicated in RM cells. These results suggest that multiple determinants may be involved in the restriction of HIV-1 replication in macaques, depending on the species of macaques. The new HIV-1mt clone will be useful for studying molecular mechanisms by which anti-viral host factors regulate HIV-1 replication in macaques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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