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La enseñanza del tiempo y clima, de sus eventos extremos y del proceso de calentamiento climático planetario se ha convertido en un tema prioritario en el contexto actual. La geografía es la disciplina científica que mejor puede presentar de forma didáctica la complejidad de unos procesos atmosféricos que condicionan la vida del ser humano. La aparición de normativas, generales y educativas, que obligan a considerar el cambio climático y sus extremos atmosféricos asociados en la vida cotidiana (territorio, economía, sociedad, educación) permite proponer ideas sobre la manera de transmitir estos procesos en la educación de los diferentes niveles educativos. El trabajo hace repaso a las experiencias didácticas más destacadas que se han desarrollado en España en los últimos años para la enseñanza del clima y el cambio climático. En este sentido se presentan las propuestas didácticas llevadas a cabo desde la Universidad de Alicante (Laboratorio de Climatología) que han resultado exitosas para la transmisión, de forma sencilla, de unos procesos físicos de gran complejidad., The teaching of weather and climate, its extreme events and the process of global warming has become a priority issue in the current context. Geography is the scientific discipline that can best present didactically the complexity of atmospheric processes that condition human life. The emergence of general and educational regulations, which require the consideration of climate change and its associated atmospheric extremes in daily life (territory, economy, society, education) allows us to propose ideas on how to transmit these processes in education at different levels. The article reviews the most outstanding teaching experiences developed in Spain in recent years for the teaching of climate and climate change. In this sense, we present the teaching proposals carried out through the University of Alicante (Climatology Lab) that have been successful in conveying highly complex physical processes simply., L’enseignement sur la météo et le climat, ses événements extrêmes et le processus de réchauffement climatique mondial est devenu un sujet prioritaire dans le contexte actuel. La géographie est la discipline scientifique qui peut le mieux présenter de manière didactique la complexité des processus atmosphériques qui conditionnent la vie humaine. L’émergence de réglementations générales et éducatives qui nécessitent de prendre en compte le changement climatique et les extrêmes atmosphériques associés dans la vie quotidienne (territoire, économie, société, éducation) permet de proposer des idées sur la manière de transmettre ces processus dans l’éducation des différents niveaux d’éducation. . L’ouvrage passe en revue les expériences pédagogiques les plus remarquables développées en Espagne ces dernières années pour l’enseignement du climat et du changement climatique. En ce sens, sont présentées les propositions didactiques réalisées par l’Université d’Alicante (Laboratoire de Climatologie) qui ont réussi à transmettre, de manière simple, des processus physiques très complexes.

En la actualidad, los contenidos sobre los riesgos naturales están teniendo un interés notable en el ámbito educativo debido a la acción formativa y de concienciación de los más jóvenes. El objetivo de este trabajo es examinar las imágenes que se recopilan en los libros de texto de Ciencias Sociales (3er ciclo de Educación Primaria) que hacen referencia a riesgos naturales, con la finalidad de analizar el tipo de riesgo, grado de catastrofismo, y el contexto territorial al que se adscriben para explicar estos fenómenos en España. A partir de la revisión de las principales editoriales españolas (Anaya, Bromera, Santillana, SM, Vicens Vives), los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto que, de 640 imágenes identificadas, la mayoría hacen referencia a las sequías (38,2%) e inundaciones (29,4%). Respecto al grado de catastrofismo, el 67,6% se presentan con esta finalidad, y en cuanto al contexto territorial, en la mayoría (79,4%), no se identifica la localización geográfica. Como conclusión cabe destacar que la educación para el riesgo en las etapas formativas iniciales es fundamental en el contexto actual de cambio climático para la formación de sociedades más resilientes, pero debe estar basada en el rigor científico de los mensajes a comunicar., Currently, the content on natural hazards has been attracting significant interest from the educational field due to the awareness-raising and training efforts carried out among the younger cohorts. The objective of this research is to analyze the images that are inserted in the school textbooks of Social Sciences (3rd cycle of Primary Education) that refer to natural hazards, the type of risk, the degree of catastrophism, and the territorial context to which they are assigned to explain these phenomena in Spain. Based on a review of the main publishers used in Spain (Anaya, Bromera, Santillana, SM, Vicens Vives), the results obtained show that, out of 640 images identified, most of them refer to droughts (38.2%) and floods (29.4%). Regarding the degree of catastrophism, 67.6% are presented with this purpose, and as for the territorial context, in the majority (79.4%) the geographical location is not known. In summary, risk education in the initial training stages is essential in the current climate change context for the formation of more informed and safer societies. However, the messages to be communicated must be based on scientific rigor.

Coastal retreat processes are usually associated with many anthropogenic actions, such as the regulation of river basins, the construction of hydraulic storm defence works in coastal areas and the building of housing on the beach. To all of this, we should also add the increase in sea levels due to the effect of climate change. The chosen area of study corresponds to the coastal area of the municipality of Guardamar del Segura, belonging to the Segura River Basin. The methodology applied in this study comprised the gathering of historical information, the extraction of data using GIS, the compiling of data using official organisations and the analysis of all these data from a geographical perspective. The obtained results show the chronology of the regulation works in the Segura Basin and their relationship with the reduction and negative trend in average ordinary flows (1940–2023) and the extraordinary, swelled flows recorded in the period 1994–2023. Furthermore, the coastlines from 1923 to 2023 were mapped, enabling us to determine the evolution of the coastline retreat processes experienced in the dune ridge of Guardamar del Segura and the increase in the frequency of impacts due to storms on Babilonia Beach. Finally, data on wind, waves and marine currents recorded at a gauging station were incorporated, enabling us to understand their impact on this coastal sector. The results obtained are discussed, and they indicate the need to incorporate data on sediment into the study in order to complete it. The conclusions reveal the existence of a relationship between all these anthropogenic elements in the beach erosion processes experienced in the village of Guardamar del Segura.

Averiguar los motivos por los cuales los conocimientos científicos sobre el cambio climático no llegan a las aulas escolares es el principal objetivo de este trabajo. Para ello, en este trabajo se evalúa la producción científica del saber académico. Y, a continuación, se contrasta dicho saber con el que entiende y propone el profesorado en activo y en formación de Geografía e Historia de Educación Secundaria. Se presenta un estudio de caso de la Universitat de València (UV, España) dentro del modelo ex post facto, que permite conocer las tendencias que se manifiestan en el comportamiento de las personas que se van a dedicar a la docencia en dicho ámbito. Se ha utilizado una muestra representativa con el profesorado en formación (Máster de Educación Secundaria) y del profesorado en ejercicio (grupo Gea-Clío), a partir del empleo de cuestionarios, entrevistas y grupos focales. Los resultados apuntan a la pervivencia de los estereotipos del conocimiento vulgar que condicionan la representación social de la función docente en las expectativas del futuro profesorado; dos terceras partes de los/as participantes indican la contaminación como el origen del calentamiento global y, respecto a las consecuencias, destacan cuatro principales: extinción de especies, aumento de la temperatura global, desastres naturales y el deshielo. En el caso del profesorado en activo, lo que se observa es un predominio de los mismos factores antropogénicos, pero se dan matices y, sobre todo, una referencia a la forma de informarse. Como conclusión, las concepciones derivadas de los hábitos y sentido práctico de la enseñanza condicionan el aprendizaje de las informaciones de hechos conceptuales. Una situación que se repite de forma rutinaria si no se corrigen estas tendencias., Esbrinar els motius pels quals els coneixements científics sobre el canvi climàtic no arriben a les aules escolars és el principal objectiu d'aquest treball. Per a això, en aquest treball s'avalua la producció científica del saber acadèmic. I, a continuació, es contrasta aquest saber amb el qual entén i proposa el professorat en actiu i en formació de Geografia i Història d'Educació Secundària. Es presenta un estudi de cas de la Universitat de València (UV, Espanya) dins del model ex postfacto, que permet conéixer les tendències que es manifesten en el comportament de les persones que es dedicaran a la docència en aquest àmbit. S'ha utilitzat una mostra representativa amb el professorat en formació (Màster d'Educació Secundària) i del professorat en exercici (grup Gea-Clío), a partir de l'ús de qüestionaris, entrevistes i grups focals. Els resultats apunten a la pervivència dels estereotips del coneixement vulgar que condicionen la representació social de la funció docent en les expectatives del futur professorat; dues terceres parts dels participants indiquen la contaminació com l'origen del calfament global i, respecte a les conseqüències, destaquen quatre principals: extinció d'espècies, augment de la temperatura global, desastres naturals i el desgel. En el cas del professorat en actiu, el que s'observa és un predomini dels mateixos factors antropogènics, però es donen matisos i, sobretot, una referència a la manera d'informar-se. Com a conclusió, les concepcions derivades dels hàbits i sentit pràctic de l'ensenyament condicionen l'aprenentatge de les informacions de fets conceptuals. Una situació que es repeteix de manera rutinària si no es corregeixen estes tendències., Finding out the reasons why scientific knowledge about climate change does not reach school classrooms is the main objective of this work. To this end, this research evaluates the scientific production of academic knowledge. And then, this knowledge is contrasted with that understood and proposed by active and in-training teachers of Geography and History of Secondary Education. A case study of the University of Valencia (UV, Spain) is presented within the ex post facto model, which allows us to know the trends that are manifested in the behavior of people who are going to dedicate themselves to teaching in said field. A representative sample has been used with teachers in training (Master of Secondary Education) and teachers in practice (Gea-Clío group), using questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups. The results point to the survival of stereotypes of vulgar knowledge that condition the social representation of the teaching function in the expectations of future teachers; two thirds of the participants indicate pollution as the origin of global warming and, regarding the consequences, four main ones stand out: extinction of species, increase in global temperature, natural disasters and melting ice. In the case of active teachers, what is observed is a predominance of the same anthropogenic factors, but there are nuances and, above all, a reference to the way of obtaining information. In conclusion, the conceptions derived from the habits and practical sense of teaching condition the learning of information about conceptual facts. A situation that repeats itself routinely if these trends are not corrected.

The increase in anthropic activities and floods of coastal and river origin put the proper functioning of coastal cities at risk. Benidorm (Spain), an international tourist destination, is no exception to the effects of climate change. Maritime storms intensified, with an increase in wave height by 61% in the last 10 years. Likewise, changes in atmospheric circulation patterns have maximized the irregularity and torrentiality of rainfall in the study area, finding that 2 of the 3 years with the highest number of days of daily precipitation >30 mm have occurred in recent years (2017 and 2019). All these changes will accelerate the beach erosion process. Therefore, it was necessary to act, implementing natural solutions that increase the resilience of the coastal city. The innovative construction of a vegetated urban dune parallel to the promenade was proposed to protect it from the 3 m flood level during the most unfavourable maritime storm. The dune must favour the drainage of sea water and be compatible with the recreational activities carried out in its surroundings. The solutions proposed here are a recommendation so that Public Administrations in other parts of the world can design their climate adaptation plans using nature-based solutions.

The global warming process is altering the atmospheric dynamics at mid-latitudes, fostering an increase in the frequency of extreme events. Of these events, floods are those that cause the greatest loss of human life and economic damage in Spain. Education is a key element in preventing these hazards. The objective of this study is to analyze the training, knowledge, and perception that school children (Primary and Secondary education, Baccalaureate) in the Region of Valencia (Spain) have of floods. The research was based on a questionnaire that was administered in different schools and in which 926 students participated. The main results show that only 36.1% have received training in these phenomena, and more than half (54.2%) do not know whether floods are explained in the textbooks. With respect to the perception of these risks, half of the respondents indicate that climate change is increasing the damage caused by floods, and 57.6% believe that it will accelerate them in the future. The study advances the knowledge necessary to establish learning contents and guidelines at the basic levels of education on natural hazards and disaster prevention.

El objetivo de esta investigación es presentar los principales efectos climáticos ya constatados que se manifiestan en la región mediterránea y, por otro, analizar la percepción que tiene el profesorado en formación (Universidad de Valencia, España) sobre estos efectos. Los resultados indican que la mayoría de los/as participantes perciben principalmente cambios atmosféricos (75,8%). Asimismo, se ha comprobado que no existen diferencias de percepción entre el profesorado de Educación Primaria y Secundaria. Los resultados resultan de notable interés ya que puede condicionar la enseñanza del cambio climático en la región mediterránea en torno al “qué enseñar” (contenidos) y “cómo enseñar” (metodologías y recursos).

España es un país de riesgo en el contexto europeo. La combinación de una peligrosidad natural alta, especialmente por eventos de causa atmosférica, y una ocupación del espacio geográfico intensa en amplias zonas de su territorio, condicionan un nivel de riesgo elevado que precisa de actuaciones múltiples para su mitigación. A ello se une la realidad de un contexto climático actual complejo que favorece el desarrollo frecuente de eventos meteorológicos extremos, debido a la alteración que el calentamiento atmosférico ocasiona en la circulación general. La reducción del riesgo precisa de un conjunto de actuaciones que persiguen minimizar el impacto de los peligros naturales en los territorios. Es necesaria la activación de medidas efectivas para la prevención y la adaptación que pasan por el establecimiento de un sistema de avisos meteorológicos en las fases iniciales de los episodios extremos, por la eficaz gestión de las emergencias y por acciones de adaptación que pasan, en unos casos, por el desarrollo de medidas de tipo estructural y, en otros, por la planificación racional de los usos del suelo para reducir la exposición y la vulnerabilidad ante los eventos naturales de carácter extremo. La educación en cambio climático y riesgos es, por último, fundamental para fomentar actitudes y buenas prácticas ciudadanas frente al cambio climático y sus extremos asociados. El trabajo hace revisión del estado de la cuestión de los riesgos naturales más destacados (inundaciones, sequías, temporales, incendios forestales), de las actuaciones de prevención y adaptación llevadas a cabo en España en los últimos años, señalando la necesidad de ir desarrollando medidas integrales que incorporen los efectos del cambio climático., Spain is a risk country in the European context. The combination of a high natural danger, especially due to atmospheric events, and an intense occupation of geographical space in large areas of its territory, generate a high level of risk that requires multiple actions for its mitigation. In addition to this, there is the current complex climate context that favors the frequent development of extreme meteorological events, due to the alteration that atmospheric warming causes in general circulation. Risk reduction requires a set of actions that seek to minimize the impact of natural hazards on the territories. It is necessary to activate effective measures for prevention and adaptation, which would involve the establishment of a meteorological warning system in the initial phases of extreme episodes, the effective management of emergencies and adaptation actions with, in some cases, the development of structural measures and, in others, by the rational planning of land uses to reduce exposure and vulnerability to extreme natural events. Education on climate change and risks is, finally, essential to promote altitudes and good citizen practices regarding climate change and its associated extremes. This work reviews the state of the art of the most notable natural risks (floods, droughts, storms, forest fires), as well as the prevention and adaptation actions carried out in Spain in recent years, pointing out the need to develop comprehensive measures that incorporate the effects of climate change.

The Mediterranean Sea is a climate change hotspot since it provides a magnified warming signal. Heavily populated areas (e.g., Spanish Mediterranean coasts) are vulnerable to negative socio-economic impacts. This is particularly important for climate-related economic sectors such as coastal tourism, the focus of this paper. To promote a sustainable development of these activities and provide key information to stakeholders, it is necessary to anticipate changes in climate. Thus, it is fundamental to use climate modelling tools which account for air-sea interactions, which largely determine the climate signal of the Mediterranean coasts. In this paper, a set of regional air-sea coupled climate model simulations from Med-CORDEX are used to (i) study the climatic conditions on the Spanish Mediterranean coasts in the next decade(s) and (ii) to assess the possibility of extending the coastal tourist season towards spring-fall. We show that climate conditions are getting warmer and drier in the area, especially in summer. Heat waves and heavy precipitation will become more frequent. Thermal discomfort will increase in summer and summer conditions are extending towards spring and fall. Our work remarks the urgent need of adaptation measures of the sector, including the extension of the high tourist season to spring-fall, especially in the long term. We make a special effort to compile a set of adaptation measures for stakeholders. This study is part of the project ECOAZUL-MED, which aims to create a climate service tool to optimize the management of relevant sectors of the blue economy in the Spanish Mediterranean coasts.

La provincia de Alicante, y en general el litoral mediterráneo español, se constituye como la región-riesgo más importante de Europa. En este trabajo queda patente la influencia y los efectos provocados por el proceso actual de cambio climático: aumento de las temperaturas, cambios en el régimen de precipitación, aumento de la temperatura del mar Mediterráneo o el incremento de la intensidad y frecuencia de los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos. Esta región del sureste peninsular, caracterizada por su elevada peligrosidad natural, en el caso de las inundaciones, el continuo proceso urbanizador, desde la década de los años 80 y 90 del siglo pasado, ha implicado el aumento de la superficie artificializada y la ocupación de zonas inundables. Como resultado a la continua transformación territorial se ha incrementado la exposición y el riesgo de inundación en este ámbito geográfico. En este contexto, resulta necesario promover medidas de adaptación para afrontar los efectos del cambio climático y reducir la vulnerabilidad de esta área. En relación con este aspecto el objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las medidas de gestión de la escorrentía en casos de estudio en la provincia de Alicante, enfocándose en la adaptación de áreas urbanas al cambio climático y la gestión de inundaciones. Para lograr esto, se busca comprender los problemas de inundación existentes en los diferentes municipios objeto de estudio: Benidorm, Alicante, Torrevieja, Rojales, San Fulgencio y Daya Nueva. Ante la nueva realidad climática, resulta interesante examinar los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos de precipitación que suponen un perjuicio para los actuales sistemas de drenaje urbano de las ciudades. Asimismo, se analizan los patrones sinópticos más recurrentes ante eventos de precipitación torrencial porque su conocimiento permite anticiparse y prevenir las situaciones de riesgo derivadas de estos. Ante el cambio climático y la escasez de agua en zonas mediterráneas, se destaca la import

Historical cartography is one of the principal tools used in correct flood adaptation and management based on territorial planning. In fact, Directive 2007/60/EC on the assessment and management of flood risks includes the analysis and inventory of historical floods in a river basin for assessing the flood hazard and risk existing in a geographical space. This study seeks to analyse the largest flood registered in the Segura basin, occurring on 14–15 October 1879, which attracted enormous interest on a national and international level. The methodology applied is based on the consultation of historical sources and historical cartography, and the elaboration of maps using GIS, enabling comparisons to be made with current flood zones. The results show that the Santa Teresa flood was very similar to the Spanish National Cartographic Systems for Flood Areas (SNCZI) map for a 500-year return period. Furthermore, it allows the identification of the sensitive points along the course of the river or those prone to burst banks or overflowing, which practically coincide with the current maps and modelling conducted by the official bodies. Furthermore, the buildings in the floodable area in the historical cartography have been counted and reconstructed on a GIS map and the SNCZI. Massive anthropic occupation through the construction of settlements and infrastructures (hospitals, schools, centers for the elderly, roads and railways) in the Guadalentín valley and the Segura River increases the risk of flooding in the study area, despite the numerous control and regulation works carried out in the Segura River basin.

The effects of the health crisis associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, which overlapped with the consequences of the 2008 economic crisis, have had a major social and economic impact on the monofunctional tourist territories. Urban and tourism development has been possible on the Alicante coast thanks to environmental and urban planning regulations that permit an intense occupation of the coast and pre-coastal area. The real estate crisis gave rise to a change in paradigm, and regulatory reforms have been implemented based on the guiding principle of environmental sustainability and balanced territorial development. This study aims to evaluate whether this paradigm shift in territorial planning has translated into urban planning and has modified urban-touristic dynamics on the Alicante coast. To achieve this, we have analyzed official statistical information, municipal and regional-scale territorial planning documents and conducted interviews with stakeholders (government authorities, private sector representatives, civil society groups, and experts in territorial and tourism planning). The results reveal that the actions have not been uniform along the coast. The different responses (return to pre-pandemic conditions, that is, the continuous growth of the activity as opposed to the containment of the urban and tourist development in line with policies to ensure sustainability and climate change adaptation) reveal the existence of conflicts and tension between the different sectors and social agents., Los efectos de la crisis sanitaria asociada a la pandemia COVID-19, que se han superpuesto a las consecuencias de la crisis económica de 2008, han tenido un gran impacto social y económico en los territorios turísticos monofuncionales. En el litoral de Alicante el desarrollo urbanístico y del turismo ha sido posible gracias a una normativa ambiental y urbanística orientada a permitir una intensa ocupación del litoral y el prelitoral. La crisis inmobiliaria supuso un cambio de paradigma y se sucedieron reformas normativas auspiciadas por el principio rector de la sostenibilidad ambiental y el desarrollo territorial equilibrado. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo evaluar si este cambio de paradigma en la planificación territorial se ha trasladado a la planificación urbana y ha modificado las dinámicas urbano-turísticas en el litoral de Alicante. Para ello se ha analizado información estadística oficial, documentos de planificación territorial a escala municipal y regional y se han realizado entrevistas con las partes implicadas (administración, sector privado, grupos de la sociedad civil, y expertos en planificación territorial y turística). Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que las acciones no han sido uniformes en todo el litoral turístico. Las diferentes respuestas (vuelta a las condiciones pre-pandemia, es decir, crecimiento continuo de la actividad frente a una contención del crecimiento urbano y turístico en línea con las políticas de sostenibilidad y adaptación al cambio climático) evidencian, asimismo, la existencia de conflictos y tensiones entre los sectores y agentes sociales interesados.

Semi-arid and arid regions are characterized by their water scarcity, which leads territories to seek ways of increasing the water resources available to meet their demands (urban, agricultural, industrial, leisure and tourism, etc.). For this reason, this article proposes the term “wastewater use basin”; the concept of the “wastewater use basin” is presented as a working unit of a smaller scale than traditional river basins, which allows for a better management of the water collected in the sewerage network and rainwater of urban agglomerations. It is a geographically-focused proposal for the integrated management of wastewater and stormwater that ends up in a wastewater treatment plant for treatment and reuse. The study area is located in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula, Spain; specifically, the Campo of Cartagena-Mar Menor district (Murcia) and Vega Baja district (Alicante). The results show the trend behaviour of rainfall in the Segura river basin in recent episodes of torrential rainfall. There is a clear tendency for these episodes to occur in the coastal and pre-coastal areas, so that the water does not reach the headwaters where the reservoirs are located. For this reason, the proposed concept includes the area of the basin that would be formed by the wastewater and rainwater collectors which, in short, are intended to be treated in a treatment plant for subsequent reuse. The calculations made on the basis of the capacity of the environmental tanks executed and projected amount to four cubic hectometers which could be added to the hydrological planning of the Segura basin. In conclusion, the collection of rainwater allows the incorporation of an additional volume of water that complements and increases the resources offered by the treatment plants in the hydrological planning. It also serves as a measure of adaptation to climatic extremes (droughts and floods) and to the effects of climate change, supporting a circular management of the use of resourc

El siglo XXI es el siglo de la sostenibilidad ambiental y de la lucha contra el cambio climático. El cambio climático va a condicionar políticas públicas y acciones privadas en todo el mundo para alcanzar el objetivo de reducción de emisiones establecido en los acuerdos internacionales (Kyoto, París). El objetivo de este trabajo es llevar a cabo una revisión de los efectos ya constatados del cambio climático en la región mediterránea, así como las medidas de adaptación y mitigación a corto-medio plazo para hacer frente al calentamiento global, como son la adaptación de los espacios urbanos (escala local), y la mejora de la enseñanza sobre este fenómeno. Según la Agenda 2030, y concretamente los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, el nº13 (“Acción por el clima”), establece dos acciones principales que los países deben culminar en 2030: la aprobación de leyes y planes de mitigación y adaptación, y la puesta en marcha de programas educativos., O século XXI é o século da sustentabilidade ambiental e da luta contra as alterações climáticas. As mudanças climáticas condicionam políticas públicas e ações privadas em todo o mundo para atingir o objetivo de redução de emissões estabelecida em acordos internacionais (Kyoto, Paris). O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma revisão dos efeitos já verificados das alterações climáticas na região mediterrânica, bem como das medidas de adaptação e mitigação a curto-médio prazo para fazer face ao aquecimento global, como a adaptação dos espaços urbanos (escala local), e a melhoria do ensino sobre esse fenómeno. De acordo com a Agenda 2030, e especificamente os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, o número 13 (“Ação para o clima”), estabelece duas ações principais que os países devem concluir até 2030: a aprovação de leis e planos de mitigação e adaptação e a implementação de programas educacionais, The 21st century is the century of environmental sustainability and the fight against climate change. Climate change will condition public policies and private actions throughout the world to achieve the objective of reducing emissions enhanced in international agreements (Kyoto, Paris). The objective of this work is to carry out a review of the already verified effects of climate change in the Mediterranean region, as well as the adaptation and mitigation measures in the short-medium term to face global warming, such as the adaptation of urban spaces (local scale), and the improvement of teaching about this phenomenon. According to the 2023 Agenda, the Sustainable Development Goals, specifically n.13 (“Action for the climate”), it establishes two main actions that countries must complete by 2030: the approval of laws and mitigation and adaptation plans, and the implementation of educational programs.

The warming of the global climate system is expected to result in significant socio-economic stress, primarily through the occurrence of extreme weather and climate events, with the potential for severe impacts on societies. This was evidenced by the vulnerability of European nations during the 2003 summer heatwave, which resulted in the death of tens of thousands of individuals due to heat-related complications. In this analysis, we examine the summer of 2022 in Spain, a Mediterranean country that is among the most impacted by the effects of climate change. A distinct pattern of the subtropical ridge in the 500 hPa geopotential height, which is typically linked to the occurrence of heatwaves in the Iberian Peninsula (IP), and the atmospheric blocking in the North Atlantic region facilitated the southerly flow of exceptionally warm air masses from Africa towards the IP, contributing to the sustained high temperatures throughout the summer season. Our results show that Spain experienced record-breaking temperatures in nearly half of the country that favored more frequent, intense, and longer-lasting heatwaves compared to previous historical records available from 1893. In general, despite normal rainfall conditions, the extremely high temperatures led to intense drought conditions in most areas. Finally, the paleoclimatic records suggest that the average summer temperature of 2022 was unprecedented within the last 700 years, and the driest within the last 279 in NE Spain. These findings highlight the need for measures to mitigate the effects of heat on at-risk populations, and to increase resilience and adaptation to climate change in the future.