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31st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1330-1332, Sputtering deposition is one of the cost effective method of producing CIGS solar cell. The process can be done in two steps. First one is the preparation of Cu-In-Ga precursor on SLG covered by 1μm Mo layer. In order to obtain optimized atomic ratio of CIGS absorber the CuGa/In/Cu layers with different thickness ratio were deposited by sequential sputtering of CuGa, In and CuSe targets. Different configuration of the layers deposition were tested. The surface morphology as well as EDS analysis were investigated to find sufficient thickness and good uniformity of the layers. The optimized thickness ratio of the metallic precursors was found. After this optimization the precursor layer was covered with selenium deposited from Se target in sputtering process.

29th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 4098-4101, This paper presents the analysis of PV investments development in Lublin Region. Lack of law regulations for the RES sector in Poland allow investors to assess the viability of PV investments, and thus to their construction, as is the case in other EU countries. However, the situation may look differently at the regional level. Lublin Region, as the most insolated area in Poland, due to the high ecological awareness of regional authorities, becomes a leader in the amount of power of produced photovoltaic systems. In the near future, because of the co-investment from regional units, in the Lublin Region about 40 PV farms will be built, with total capacity – 37 MWp. Taking into consideration the fact that so far in Poland there were built only two farms – with a capacity of 1 MWp in the Malopolska Region (Wierzchoslawice - near Tarnow [1]), and 1.2 MWp in the central Poland (Czerniewice - near Lodz), this situation puts Lublin Region on the position of the leader of PV investments in Poland.

29th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2639-2641, This paper shows the results of 10 years analysis of PV system work installed in the south-eastern Poland. Multicrystalline modules made by SOLARA, installed on the roof of the auditorium at Lublin University of Technology were subjected to the analysis. The system of continuous record of PV modules work parameters, installed in 2004, allowed to determine amount of electricity produced during 10 years, as well as to evaluate the potential efficiency of PV investments in Lublin Region.

28th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 4676-4679, This paper presents the mechanisms in Poland delaying the entry into force of the Act on renewable energy sources. Despite declaring our country fulfills EU directives, to date, no investors have developed mechanisms to guarantee predictable operation of the RES market.

27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 4717-4720, Fast progress in introducing electric energy originated from photovoltaic conversion of solar radiation in Europe as well as in the world, for a long time has presented Poland in an unfavourable light. Despite the fact that our country entered the European Union, all the time we were deviating from indicators of renewable sources of energy depicted their participation in general energetic balance. This situation resulted from many reasons but mainly from the strong influence of coal lobby. The energy industry of Poland in more than 90% is based on coal energy. However, wide-ranging propaganda, led in frameworks of EU IEE “PVs in Bloom” Project, which approximated PV issue to local governors and decision makers in Poland. Quantifiable effect of this was activation of the first photovoltaic farm with power of 1.8 MWp in September last year. It was opened in one borough of Malopolska - Wierzchoslawice. While opening the investment, there was the Vice- Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland presented - Waldemar Pawlak, who at the same time was the minister responsible for energy industry. Simulation of benefits from producing PV energy, convinced the Minister of Economy about the purposefulness of this kind of investments in Poland. Certainly, at current stage Poland has not introduced economic mechanisms supporting these investments, that is why, time of paying back of costs eliminated their profitability. Hence, as a suggestion of this occurrence, the Ministry of Economy compiled programme of improvement in this sector, editing the Act about the renewable sources of energy, which bill saw the light of day on December 2011. Although the bill predicts supporting mechanisms via green certificates, not feed-in tariffs (FiT), but this is step forward in a right direction. This support would be concentrated mainly on dispersed systems - so called micro power stations, for which coefficient of green certificates would come to 2.5. There are also very significant 15-year guarantees for this systems of support functioning. It gives us hope that these would be the green light for development of this sector.

26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 4693-4696, Ensuring energy security is one of the fundamental objectives of both the world economy and our country. Energy security also needs to diversify sources of supply of raw materials. Poland today does not have a strong alternative to coal-based power generation, which fills more than 90% of this sector of the economy. Fortunately, Poland, as an EU member must fulfill accession obligations in the RES sector. By the end of 2010, those obligations should amount to 7.5%. Unfortunately, these indicators have not been reached, which necessitated the revision of the assumptions Polish Energy Strategy to 2030. The projected document proposes several variants of solutions, including the introduction of FiT for PV industry. This gave hope for rapid development of this sector in our country, because insolation conditions are similar to those that prevail in Germany - the world leader in this field. It appeared, however, that the final shape of the project proposed the development of alternative renewable energy sources with marginal treatment of the photovoltaics industry. As a partner in the European project “IEE - PVs in Bloom”, so we began extensive grassroots activities aimed at demonstrating the benefits of using solar energy for electricity generation in Poland. Such actions were directed to groups of both government and business. The main objective of the project is to demonstrate the possibilities for the use PVPPs on marginal areas. As it turned out the analysis of such space in almost every area of Polish administration is much more than enough space for PV farms to protect the electrical power demand of the area.

25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 5370-5373, South-eastern area of Poland (Lublin region) is one of the sunniest areas of our country. Average number of sunny hours per year exceeds 1700. However, this potential is not fully used for photovoltaic investments. Our team is taking part in the European project code-name “PVs in Bloom” which gives us the opportunity to invest in photovoltaic power plants in Lublin region. The project also aims to develop a strategy for optimal selection of a marginal land in the area for a PV power plants (PVPPs).

24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 21-25 September 2009, Hamburg, Germany; 4042-4044, Poland is situated in a moderate climate zone and it is characterized by diversity of climate conditions. Lublin’s region is situated in a south-east of Poland where strong continental influence is observed. This area has the best average yearly insolation ratio comparing to the other areas in our country. In our researches we analyze work efficiency of the silicon solar modules installed in 2004. This system works in a different typologies: traditional stationary system installed with an optimal angle due to the average solar insolation, “follow the sun” system, hybrid solar systems combining solar photocollectros and solar modules. We can also change a workload to choose the best working conditions. Parallel to elementary electrical measurements we perform measurements containing composition of the atmosphere made by OPSIS station installed near solar system. To analysis, sunny summer months from 2004-2008 had been chosen. Statistical methods had been used to analyze chosen data. The biggest changes had been observed in a photomodules working in a movable systems with additional cooling but it was not significant due to the statistical analysis.

23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 1-5 September 2008, Valencia, Spain; 3084-3087, This work concerns an experimental investigation of photovoltaic (PV) and photothermal (PT) hybrid systems during four year exploitation in south-eastern Poland conditions. Geographic position is the main criteria in choosing the most suitable renewable energy source. The very important issue in an effective use of solar cells structures is the ability of choosing the best working conditions in specific climatic areas of our globe. Our PV system has possibility to use heat of PT collectors to stabilize its point of work.. The analyzed system is composed of 1.8kWp PV solar modules and 20 kW PT solar collectors. One part of the system is fixed, the second one follows the sun. The influence of the solar tracking system on the flat plate modules photovoltaic power generation in the area of Lublin region has been carried out. The measurements were ranged over the time of the years 2004- 2007.

23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 1-5 September 2008, Valencia, Spain; 2199-2201, Recently, more than 90% of PV technology is based on silicon. A very important aspect of commonness of photovoltaic solutions in the world is the reduction of the production costs of final products by minimization of the amount of materials used. Unfortunately, Si as the indirect band gap semiconductor does not have good conditions for solar light absorption, so to increase an efficiency of PV conversion, it needs more bulk substrates. The use of classic thin film layers technology, from this point of view is not rational. However, it is possible to solve this problem by ELO (epitaxial lateral overgrowth) application, increasing optical path of solar light. In our investigation the liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) technology was applied. This work presents the results of ELO layers crystallization by means of standard (horizontal) LPE method and in temperature gradient field (vertical variant). In vertical variant, the two-zone furnace (TransTemp Company) was used. Experiments were conducted in H2 and Ar atmosphere.

23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 1-5 September 2008, Valencia, Spain; 2258-2260, Epitaxial Lateral Overgrowth (ELO) is a method which enables to grow epitaxial layers using liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) on a growth substrate partly covered by a dielectric film. This method is used to obtain layers of better quality than the original growth substrate, due to the dielectric film which prevents defects propagation into the ELO layer. This feature makes it a promising technology to obtain good silicon thin film for photovoltaic applications, using low quality Si substrate. Solar cells were fabricated using ELO structures prepared with different growth conditions allowing coalescence between the different seeding windows. I-V, external quantum efficiency and Light Beam Induced Current characterizations were performed. Analysis of these results shows that there is a strong recombination effect at the interface between ELO and the dielectric film. We demonstrate that it is due to a small gap existing between them caused by the growth mechanism. We discuss on the possibility to overcome this problem.