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Hiriek zeregin garrantzitsua dute biztanleriaren, urbanizazioaren eta azpiegituren gaineko inpaktu klimatikoak identifikatzeko, baina baita nola, zenbat eta noiz egokitu behar dugun erabakitzeko ere. Gaur egun Espainiako hiri handienetan indarrean dauden klima-aldaketara egokitzeko tokiko 11 planetan identifikatutako klima-inpaktuen azterketa aurkezten dugu hemen. Klima-inpaktu horiek 7 klima-mehatxuren inguruan sailkatzen ditugu: itsas mailaren igoera, muturreko olatuak, prezipitazio handia, prezipitazioen jaitsiera, tenperaturen igoera, bero-boladak eta haizeteak. Ebaluazio mota horien emaitzak, mugak eta aukerak eztabaidatzen ditugu, eta hobetu beharreko arloak proposatzen ditugu inpaktuen ebaluazioan eta klima- ldaketarako tokiko egokitzapenaren plangintzan., Cities play an important role in identifying climate impacts on population, urbanization and infrastructure, and in making decisions regarding how, how much and when we should adapt. We present here an analysis of the climatic impacts identified in 11 local climate change adaptation plans which are currently in force in the largest Spanish cities. We categorize these climatic impacts around 7 climatic threats: sea-level rise, storm surges, intense rainfall, rainfall decrease, temperature increase, heatwaves and strong winds. We discuss the results, limitations and opportunities for these types of assessments, and propose improvement areas for both climate impact assessment and local climate change adaptation planning practice., Las ciudades tienen un papel importante en la identificación de impactos climáticos sobre la población, la urbanización y las infraestructuras, y en la toma de decisiones relativas a cómo, cuánto y cuándo debemos adaptarnos. Presentamos aquí un análisis de los impactos climáticos identificados en 11 planes de adaptación local al cambio climático actualmente en vigor en las mayores ciudades españolas. Categorizamos estos impactos climáticos en torno a 7 amenazas climáticas: aumento del nivel del mar, oleaje extremo, precipitación intensa, descenso de las precipitaciones, aumento de las temperaturas, olas de calor y vendavales. Discutimos los resultados, limitaciones y oportunidades en este tipo de evaluaciones, y proponemos áreas de mejora en la práctica de la evaluación de impactos y planificación de la adaptación local al cambio climático.

The climate challenge is especially important in cities as reflected in the New Urban Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals. This chapter discusses the key aspects of the urban climate challenge with a double perspective: cities as the source of the problem and as systems highly vulnerable to climate change. These challenges are described through a review of urban trends and their consequences in terms of emissions and climate risks. In order to establish guidelines for a just, sustainable and resilient urban transformation, the chapter discusses the main types of climate action, the inherent urban conditioning factors that explain the need to think locally, and, eventually, the key principles of climate action: flexibility, integration and transdisciplinarity. The chapter ends with a review of the progress of local climate action globally and concludes by calling to the co-responsibility of local governments, companies, citizens and users of cities, in the transition towards low-carbon urban models which are resilient to climate change., El reto climático es especialmente importante en las ciudades y así lo trasladan la Nueva Agenda Urbana y los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible. En este capítulo se discuten las claves locales del reto climático con una doble perspectiva: las ciudades como parte del problema y como sistemas altamente vulnerables al cambio climático. Se describen estos retos a través de un repaso de las tendencias urbanas y sus consecuencias en términos de emisiones y riesgos climáticos. Con el objetivo de establecer las pautas para una transformación urbana justa, sostenible y resiliente, se discuten los principales tipos de medidas climáticas, los condicionantes intrínsecos urbanos que explican la necesidad de pensar desde lo local, y los principios clave de la acción climática: flexibilidad, integración y transdisciplinariedad. El capítulo termina con un repaso al progreso de la acción climática local y concluye aludiendo a la co-responsabilidad de los gobiernos locales, de las empresas, ciudadanos y usuarios de las urbes, en el tránsito hacia modelos urbanos bajos en carbono y resilientes al cambio climático.

The Paris Agreement requires measurement of the progress made on adaptation. Tracking the progress made by governments through analysis of policies provides insight into the goals and means to achieve adaptation targets. Here we show the current state-of-the-art in public adaptation planning affecting 136 of the largest coastal port urban agglomerations, covering 68 countries. We identify 226 adaptation policies: 88 at national level, 57 at regional/state level and 81 at city/metropolitan level. This set of adaptation policies can be considered the latest, most up-to-date database of governmental and public-led adaptations. Our analyses show that (1) in one half of cases, there is no evidence of policy implementation, (2) in almost 85% of cases, planned adaptation actions are not driven by present or future climatic impacts or risks, and (3) formal adaptation planning is relatively recent and is concentrated in more developed areas and countries.

The Paris Agreement aims to limit global mean temperature rise this century to well below 2 degrees C above pre-industrial levels. This target has wide-ranging implications for Europe and its cities, which are the source of substantial greenhouse gas emissions. This paper reports the state of local planning for climate change by collecting and analysing information about local climate mitigation and adaptation plans across 885 urban areas of the EU-28. A typology and framework for analysis was developed that classifies local climate plans in terms of their alignment with spatial (local, national and international) and other climate related policies. Out of eight types of local climate plans identified in total we document three types of stand-alone local climate plans classified as type Al (autonomously produced plans), A2 (plans produced to comply with national regulations) or A3 (plans developed for international climate networks). There is wide variation among countries in the prevalence of local climate plans, with generally more plans developed by central and northern European cities. Approximately 66% of EU cities have a type Al, A2, or A3 mitigation plan, 26% an adaptation plan, and 17% a joint adaptation and mitigation plan, while about 33% lack any form of stand-alone local climate plan (i.e. what we classify as Al, A2, A3 plans). Mitigation plans are more numerous than adaptation plans, but planning for mitigation does not always precede planning for adaptation. Our analysis reveals that city size, national legislation, and international networks can influence the development of local climate plans. We found that size does matter as about 80% of the cities with above 500,000 inhabitants have a comprehensive and stand-alone mitigation and/or an adaptation plan (Al). Cities in four countries with national climate legislation (A2), i.e. Denmark, France, Slovakia and the United Kingdom, are nearly twice as likely to produce local mitigation plans, and five tim

Resilience is a multi-faceted concept frequently used across a wide range of disciplines, practices, and sectors. There is a growing recognition of the utility of resilience as a bridging concept that can facilitate inter-and transdisciplinary approaches to tackle complexities inherent in decision making under conditions of risk and uncertainty. Such conditions are common in urban planning, infrastructure planning, asset management, emergency planning, crisis management, and development processes where systemic interdependencies and interests at stake influence decisions and outcomes. A major challenge that can undermine the use of resilience for guiding planning activities is the value-laden and contested nature of the concept that can be interpreted in a variety of ways. Because resilience is context-specific and generally depends on local aspirations, this issue can be partially tackled by adopting participatory approaches for the conceptualization of resilience. This paper provides an example of how co-design methods can be employed for conceptualizing resilience. The Structured Interview Matrix was used as a technique to facilitate discussions among a diverse group of researchers and practitioners attending the International Workshop on Tools and Indicators for Assessing Urban Resilience. Participants deliberated on issues related to constituent elements of urban resilience, including its position vis-s-à-vis concepts such as adaptation and sustainability, institutional factors that can enable/constrain resilience building, and the challenges of conducting and operationalizing urban resilience assessment. This paper can be considered as an initial step towards further exploration of participatory approaches for clarifying the underlying dimensions of complex concepts such as resilience. Keywords: urban resilience; knowledge co-design; knowledge co-production; bottom-up approach; participatory methods; Structured Interview Matrix; adaptation; sustainability; tra