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Alkaloids are a complex class of biologically active compounds with a broad spectrum of health-related applications. Particularly the alkaloids of indole, steroidal, terpenoids, isoquinoline, and bisbenzylisoquinoline have been extensively investigated. Ultimately, substantial advancement has been highlighted in the investigation of chemical constituents and the therapeutic benefits of plant alkaloids, particularly during the last ten years. A total of 386 alkaloids have been isolated from over 40 families, including Apocynaceae, Annonaceae, Rubiaceae, Menispermaceae, Ranunculaceae, Buxaceae, Papaveraceae, Magnoliaceae, Rutaceae and Phyllanthaceae. This paper will investigate several alkaloids that have been isolated from botanical medicines as well as offer an in-depth analysis of their cytotoxic properties., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The genus Landolphia (P. Beauv.) belongs to the Apocynaceae family with over 65 species distributed all over the tropical regions. This genus has a considerable number of documented medicinal, industrial, and ecologically beneficial effects. Therefore, this review is tailored towards the appraisal of the traditional significance, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of the genus Landolphia . This will help researchers understand future research trends by bridging the gaps between documented literature and contemporary uses. Relevant information was obtained from selection of scientific databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Wiley. From documented literature, different parts of Landolphia have been used to improve fertility, lessen menstrual pain, boost sex libido, cure malaria and typhoid. Several classes of bioactive constituents such as terpenoids, phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, fatty acids, saponins, phytosterol and phenylpropanoid, volatile compounds, lignans and coumarins have been isolated from this genus. These secondary metabolites could be responsible for the reported antimicrobial, antimalarial, aphrodisiac, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and anticancer activities exhibited by this genus. The leaves, flower, bark and root of this genus have a wide range of essential nutrients and antinutrients which are essential for normal growth and development in living organisms. Despite all findings indicating the economical, industrial and pharmacological activities of Landolphia species, secondary metabolites and pharmacological potency of Landolphia of this genus are not adequately documented. Therefore, bioassay-guided isolation on the Landolphia extracts with proven biological activities should be prioritised in order to isolate pharmacophores with unique structural frameworks., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Antibiotic pollution is an ever-growing concern that affects the growth of plants and the well-being of animals and humans. Research on antibiotics remediation from aqueous media has grown over the years and previous reviews have highlighted recent advances in antibiotics remediation technologies, perspectives on antibiotics ecotoxicity, and the development of antibiotic-resistant genes. Nevertheless, the relationship between antibiotics solution chemistry, remediation technology, and the interactions between antibiotics and adsorbents at the molecular level is still elusive. Thus, this review summarizes recent literature on antibiotics remediation from aqueous media and the adsorption perspective. The review discusses the principles, mechanisms, and solution chemistry of antibiotics and how they affect remediation and the type of adsorbents used for antibiotic adsorption processes. The literature analysis revealed that: (i) Although antibiotics extraction and detection techniques have evolved from single-substrate-oriented to multi-substrates-oriented detection technologies, antibiotics pollution remains a great danger to the environment due to its trace level; (ii) Some of the most effective antibiotic remediation technologies are still at the laboratory scale. Thus, upscaling these technologies to field level will require funding, which brings in more constraints and doubts patterning to whether the technology will achieve the same performance as in the laboratory; and (iii) Adsorption technologies remain the most affordable for antibiotic remediation. However, the recent trends show more focus on developing high-end adsorbents which are expensive and sometimes less efficient compared to existing adsorbents. Thus, more research needs to focus on developing cheaper and less complex adsorbents from readily available raw materials. This review will be beneficial to stakeholders, researchers, and public health professionals for the efficient management of antibiotics for a refined decision., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A mini survey was employed in the search of herbs and spices which people believe could prevent them from contracting COVID-19. Phytochemicals which have been earlier implicated for the bioactivity of the afore-mentioned herbs and spices were identified through literature search. The phytochemicals were then subjected to pharmacore modelling, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation in order to identify phytochemicals that could serve as inhibitors of 3-Chymotryprin-like protease and RNA dependent-RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2. The drug-likeness and toxicity profile of the phytochemicals were afterwards predicted via ADMET studies. The mini survey showed ginger, garlic, bitter cola, as the lead-herbs which could find application in anti- COVID-19 therapy. Literature search revealed 27 phytochemicals were implicated for bioactivity of these herbs. Of these 27 phytoconstituents that were docked with 3-chymotrypsin-like protease and RNA dependent-RNA polymerase, the constituents of bitter cola had lower docking scores than other phytochemicals. MD simulation results showed that Garcinia biflavonoid I displayed less comformational changes and the better binding free energy. Also, the garcinia biflavonoids had relatively safe ADMET predictions. Hence, Garcinia biflavonoids and some other constituents of bitter cola could be further modified so as to obtain safe pharmaceutical intervention for the COVID-19 challenge.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Results: The presence of alkaloids, fats and oils, phenolic, and flavonoids was detected via the qualitative test which was confirmed from the result obtained from the GC-MS chromatogram of ethanolic leaves extract. The GC-MS chromatogram of the constituents analogous to the twenty peaks was analyzed as follows: dodecanoic acid (1.94%), 2-undecanone (3.42%), hexadecanoic acid (44.84%), oleic acid (7.45%), octadecanoic acid (8.41%), narcissidine (2.38%), 1-dotriacontanol (2.38%), α -sitosterol (2.02%), and lupeol (1.42%). The total phenolics and flavonoids of 118 and 23.3702 mg/g were analyzed in the leaves extract. The leave extract exhibited inhibitory activity of 73.49% against free radicals which could lead to inflammation. The extracts and chloroquine-treated groups showed significant decrease in percentage parasitaemia with pronounced activity observed in chloroquine groups., Conclusion: The curative and scavenging potencies of studied plant could be attributed to the metabolites analyzed and could guide the formulation of new pharmacophores against malaria infections and inflammations., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Abimbola Peter Oluyori et al.)

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Chromolaena species, of the Asteraceae family, are distributed across the tropical and the temperate regions of Africa, the Americas, southern Asia, and Australia. Despite "falling out of favour" among the people because of their "weedy" nature, Chromolaena species have indisputable long medicinal history in the treatment of malaria, nasal congestion, inflammation, eye disorders, asthma, cough, flu, headache, and cold., Aim of the Review: The aim of this review is to systematically summarize the current knowledge on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and real-time scientific applications of the genus Chromolaena after its re-classification from genus Eupatorium, as well as to proffer integrated approaches in maximizing their therapeutic values despite their "weedy" nature., Materials and Methods: First, the current species in the genus were verified by "The Plant List" (http://www.theplantlist.org) and "Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Missouri Botanical Garden" (http://mpns.kew.org/mpns-portal/). Second, the relevant information on each of the identified species was gathered from following databases: Google Scholar, Online Wiley library, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, Scopus, PubMed. Scientific literature was searched from inception till August 2021., Results: More than 190 phytochemicals have been isolated and identified from 27 species of the genus, including flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids, diterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, steroids, fatty acids, and coumarins among others. Pharmacological investigations, both in vitro and in vivo, have shown that the extracts and the compounds have antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activities among others., Conclusions: Many species of genus have potential therapeutic values, and hence they are more than "wandering" weeds. In addition, there is growing interest in the real-time scientific applications of the genus in the production of pharmacological polyherbal products, and this should serve as a stimulus to strategically develop integrated control approaches for preserving these species, with a view of maximizing their therapeutic values and reducing their cost of eradication., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Ethnopharmacology Relevance: Morinda lucida is an ethnopharmacologically important plant that has traditionally been used to treat malaria in the Southwest of Nigeria. The aim of this study is to look into the antiplasmodial properties of different solvent extracts of Morinda lucida bark and leaves., Materials and Methods: The antiplasmodial model, (or curative assay), was tested against Plasmodium berghei NK65, a chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei strain. In experimental mice, parasitaemia, percentage inhibition, weight changes, and packed cell volume were measured and compared to chloroquine (10 mg kg -1 ). Standard phytochemical procedures were used to evaluate the extracts' chemo-profile., Results and Discussion: Phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, phenols, and alkaloids, among other metabolites. The highest quantities of total phenolic, total tannins, and total flavonoid content were found in 50% ethanolic extracts. There was significant decrease in the body weight of the mice after inoculation, however, after administration of crude extracts, an increase in weight was observed. A negative variation (-3.00 g) was observed in group without treatment. The ethanolic crude extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly increased the packed cell volume compared to other extracts. CQ treated experimental mice showed 100% inhibition with activity greater than extracts treated groups. The lowest inhibitory effect was observed in 200 mg/kg ethanolic bark extract treated group with activity of 72.16%. The antiplasmodial activities exhibited by these extracts could be linked to the chemical constituents investigated., Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest the use of M. lucida leaves and bark as a medicinal agent for malaria treatment and as a potential source of effective antimalarial templates. Further research is needed to determine the safety and toxicological profile of these extracts in vivo., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2021 The Author(s).)

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: The fruits of Phyllanthus emblica Linn or Emblica officinalis Gaertn (Phyllanthaceae), (FPE) commonly known as Indian gooseberry or Amla, gained immense importance in indigenous traditional medicinal systems, including Ayurveda, for its medicinal and nutritional benefits. It is used to cure several diseases such as common cold, fever, cough, asthma, bronchitis, diabetes, cephalalgia, ophthalmopathy, dyspepsia, colic, flatulence, hyperacidity, peptic ulcer, erysipelas, skin diseases, leprosy, hematogenesis, inflammation, anemia, emaciation, hepatopathy, jaundice, diarrhea, dysentery, hemorrhages, leucorrhea, menorrhagia, cardiac disorders, and premature greying of hair., Aim of the Study: In the present review, we presented a comprehensive analysis of the ethnopharmacology, bioactive composition, and toxicity of P. emblica to identify the gap between research and the current applications and to help explore the trends and perspectives for future studies., Materials and Methods: We collected the literature published before April 2021 on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of FPE. Literature in English from scientific databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley, Springer, and Google Scholar, books. These reports were analyzed and summarized to prepare this review. The plant taxonomy was verified by "The Plant List" database (http://www.theplantlist.org)., Results and Conclusion: s: FPE have been used as a rich source of vitamin C, minerals, and amino acids. Several bioactive molecules were isolated and identified from FPE such as tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, alkaloids, ascorbic acid etc. The in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies on FPE revealed its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anticancer, radioprotective, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, anti-venom, wound healing, HIV-reverse transcriptase effect. Toxicological studies on fruits indicated the absence of any adverse effect even at a high dose after oral administration., Conclusions: Although FPE showed remarkable therapeutic activities against several diseases such as diabetes, cancer, inflammation, hepatitis B virus, and malaria, there were several drawbacks in some previous reports including the lack of information on the drug dose, standards, controls, and mechanism of action of the extract. Further in-depth studies are required to explain the mechanism of action of the extracts to reveal the role of the bioactive compounds in the reported activities., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Stellaria media Vill. is a representative of Caryophyllaceae family. The plant is widely dispersed all over the world and has been used as therapeutic substance since time immemorial. This review is aimed at exploring the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of S. media . The findings revealed important secondary metabolites such as flavonoid, oligosaccharide stellariose, anthraquinone derivatives, fatty acid, steroid saponins and phenolic compounds. These bioactive metabolites displayed diverse pharmacological activities such as anti-obesity, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic and anxiolytic activities. All findings revealed that S. media is a major species of Caryophyllaceae family. However, bioactive constituents and pharmacological potential of are not well appraised. Hence, extracts with established pharmacological activities should be subjected to bioassay guided isolation so as to obtain compounds with novel structural moieties prior to toxicogenetic appraisals., (© 2020 The Author(s).)

Materials and Methods: For this study, relevant information was procured from the inhabitants via a structured questionnaire to procure the general knowledge of antimalarial medicinal plants. Results and Discussion . A total of 90 interviewees (44 men and 46 women) were involved in this survey. A total of 59 medicinal species were identified, which were dispersed in 33 families (Asteraceae (6), Apocynaceae (5), Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Meliaceae, Poaceae, and Rubiaceae (3 each), Phyllanthaceae (2)) totaling 49% of the cited species. The most cited plants are Azadirachta indica (42), Mangifera indica (38), Carica papaya (28), Cymbopogon citratus (27), Cassia fistula (15), Morinda lucida (14), Anacardium occidentale and Vernonia amygdalina (13 each), Helianthus annuus (11), Enantia chlorantha (10), and Moringa oleifera (9) A total of 105 citations were recorded for the plant parts used (leaf (46), bark (17), fruits (9), root (9), latex (11), stem (11), and inflorescence (2)) while decoction (59%), maceration (25%), infusion (9%), and exudation (7%) were the methods of preparation. Use Values (UVs) of 0.47 to 0.11 were recorded for the frequently used antimalarial plants. The Efficiency Levels (ELs) of 11 different medicinal plants stated by the respondents were Azadirachta indica , Cassia fistula and Morinda lucida (12), Chromolaena odorata (10), Mangifera indica, Enantia chlorantha and Helianthus annuus (8), Cymbopogon citratus (7), Gossypium arboretum (4), Landolphia dulcis (3), and Aloe vera (2) Cocos nucifera , Curcuma longa , Forkia biglobosa , and Musa acuminate are mentioned for the first time in the study area with little or no reported antiplasmodial activities., Conclusion: The study appraised the commonly used antimalarial plants in the study areas. Therefore, commitment to scientifically explore the bioactive compounds, antimalarial potential and toxicological profile of these plants is inevitable as they could lead to novel natural products for effective malaria therapy., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the submission and publication of this article., (Copyright © 2020 Oluwole Solomon Oladeji et al.)

Senna alata is a medicinal herb of Leguminosae family. It is distributed in the tropical and humid regions. The plant is traditionally used in the treatment of typhoid, diabetes, malaria, asthma, ringworms, tinea infections, scabies, blotch, herpes, and eczema. The review is aimed at unveiling the ethnobotanical description and pharmacological activities of S. alata. Different parts of the plant are reported in folk medicine as therapeutic substances for remediation of diverse diseases and infections. The extracts and isolated compounds displayed pronounced pharmacological activities. Display of antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, dermatophytic, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antilipogenic, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antimalarial, anthelmintic, and antiviral activities could be due to the array of secondary metabolites such as tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, anthraquinone, saponins, phenolics, cannabinoid alkaloids, 1,8-cineole, caryophyllene, limonene, α -selinene, β -caryophyllene, germacrene D, cinnamic acid, pyrazol-5-ol, methaqualone, isoquinoline, quinones, reducing sugars, steroids, and volatile oils present in different parts of the plant. The review divulges the ethnobotanical and pharmacological activities of the plant and also justifies the ethnomedical claims. The significant medicinal value of this plant necessitates a scientific adventure into the bioactive metabolites which constitute various extracts., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Oluwole Solomon Oladeji et al.)