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Food security is a significant global concern as a result of the burden that the fast-expanding global population has placed on finite resources, such as arable land for farming. Additionally, the hunt for more nutritious food alternatives has been prompted by a growing understanding of health, nutrition, and diet. Seaweeds are simple-to-grow aquatic plants that are underused for food and medicine. Recent studies have focused on gaining access to and using these readily available natural resources for nutrition and medicinal objectives. This review systematically evaluated trends of recent research on seaweed, for therapeutic possibilities and product development. After examining several documents, this analysis discovered that seaweeds are incredibly beneficial algae for both nutrition and medicine, and may be further explored in innovative food products, in meeting the increasing global need for food.

Digitalization is the process of utilizing digital technologies and digitized data to enable or improve forest operations. Digitalization lowers expenses while increasing productivity and efficiency and the existing forestry processes and operations are improved by digitalization. There is little or no knowledge about the use of modern technology in Nigeria which has led to low level or optimum effective and efficient utilization of forest products in a sustainable developmental way. Therefore, there is a need for technology transfer and research development in forestry industry management in Nigeria. Forestry in Nigeria is still majorly managed by the government in view to cater for the welfare of the society rather than the profitability of the forest industry and few private forestry plantations. The adoption and implementation of digitalization in the forestry industry in Nigeria will revolutionize and cause a significant, positive shi&, and increase the forest management and productivity of forest operations, which will further improve the forest yields on sustainable basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed at determining the prevalence of malaria and anemia among children in rural community of Okada, Edo State Nigeria, as well as to assess the level of use of Insecticide treated bed nets and its impact on prevalence of malaria and anemia among study population. Methods: Thick blood films from 226 children with signs and symptoms of malaria in Okada community were stained and examined for presence of malaria parasites. Hemoglobin concentration of all children was also determined using standard method. Result: A total of 185 (81.9%) children were infected with malaria parasite. Malaria parasitaemia was significantly affected by age (P =0.003). A significantly higher number of positive cases of malaria and anemia was observed in rainy season as compared to dry season (P<0.05). The prevalence of anemia in children was 47.3%. Malaria was a risk factor for development of anemia in children (OR=2.551; 95% CI=1.227, 5.305; P=0.015). Use of insecticide treated bed nets was recorded in 11(4.9%) of children studied, and did not significantly reduce the prevalence of malaria and anemia. However among malaria parasite infected children, its use significantly reduced the prevalence of anemia (OR=0.126; 95%CI = 0.015, 1.047; P= 0.031). Conclusion: Malaria and anemia among children was high malaria intervention progammes by relevant agencies is strongly advocated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer interest in dietary fiber has continued to increase potential impact on health as more information about the nutritional benefits of this are being made available. Among the underutilized crops in Nigeria is tigernut which could find useful application in food industry because of its high level of dietary fibre and other inherent properties. Proximate composition and functional properties of wheat flour (WF) substituted with tigernut flour (TF) at varying proportions (100:0; 90:10; 80:20; 70:30) were carried out. Chinchin was produced based on prepared composite flour. Proximate composition and sensory properties of the product were carried out. The results of the protein were from 11.1 to 14.9%, while the crude fibre content ranged from 0.3 to 2.0% respectively. Increase in water absorption capacity and bulk density of the samples which ranged from 4.25 to 6.40 g/g and 0.51 to 0.62 g/ml respectively were also observed. Most of the parameters of proximate composition assessed increased with increase in tigernut flour for snacks making. Sensory evaluation showed that acceptable chinchin with qualities similar to 100% wheat chinchin can be produced with 10% tigernut flour replacement.

Post-harvest losses of fruits and vegetables are very critical in developing countries and processing excess fruits into vinegar which can be used for preservation of some foods and snacks is a helpful strategy in reducing these losses. This study was carried out to evaluate production and quality of vinegar from mango. Mango was processed into mango juice which was used for vinegar production. The mango juice was divided into two batches; the first batch was supplemented with 20% sugar for primary fermentation while the second batch was not supplemented with sugar. Saccharomyces cerevisae was then added to the juice in the two batches for primary fermentation. This was done for 15 days after which acetic acid bacteria was added and then allowed to ferment for 15 days to form vinegar. Analyses carried out on the product include colour and physico-chemical properties while sensory evaluation was carried on the cake product preserved with the vinegar. Results showed that pH, alcoholic content and garlic acid were 4.02, 6.17 and 0.513 g/ml respectively. The results of sensory evaluation revealed that the cake preserved with the vinegar was unacceptable to the panellists. Hence, the vinegar produced cannot be used for cake preservation.

Recent nanotechnology research has been enhancing or creating new applications that have the potential to advance the diagnosis or therapy of diseases. These contributions to the field of nanomedicine have so far been focused on creating the new technologies rather than focusing on particular diseases in order to improve their outcomes. For the latter to occur, we recommend the following: (1) creation of interdisciplinary research funding that awards collaborations between biological, medical, clinical, and pharmaceutical scientists with their colleagues in engineering, physics, and chemistry, (2) increasing the training of bio- and medical students in the field of nanotechnology, and (3) focusing on specific diseases for creating nano-based solutions. In this review, we focus on ovarian cancer as an example of a disease that could benefit from advances in nanotechnology to enhance its understanding, diagnosis, and therapy. We also stress the need to train biological, medical, clinical, and pharmaceutical students in the field of nanotechnology with presenting results on such training in USA pharmacy schools.

Introduction: Tobacco remains the world's leading preventable cause of death, with the majority of tobacco-caused deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries. The first global health treaty, the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), outlines a set of policy initiatives that have been demonstrated as effective in reducing tobacco use. Article 11 of the FCTC focuses on using the tobacco package to communicate tobacco-caused harms; it also seeks to restrict the delivery of misleading information on the pack about the product.The objective of his study is to establish a surveillance system for tobacco packs in Nigeria to assess pack compliance with in-country health warning label requirements. The Tobacco Pack Surveillance System (TPackSS) monitors whether required health warnings on tobacco packages are being implemented as intended and identifies pack designs that might violate the communication of harm-related information and undermine the impact of the country's tobacco packaging laws., Methods: Tobacco cigarette packs were collected in three cities in 2019-2020. The intention was, to the extent possible, to construct a census of 'unique' pack presentations available for purchase in Nigeria. We implemented the TPackSS standardized Protocol for acquiring packs from 36 diverse neighborhoods across three cities. At the time of purchase, data on the price and place of acquisition of each pack were recorded. We photographed packs, coded, and archived them. Each pack was coded for compliance according to the current health warning label laws. Each pack was coded by two independent coders consistently. We routinely measured intercoder reliability and only retained variables for which a good level of reliability was achieved., Results: Across the three cities in Nigeria, the team collected 90 tobacco packs. Overall, 77% of packs evaluated for HWL compliance complied with all the relevant common indicators of HWL compliance. There was a 92% compliance with the location of the HWL (e.g. top or bottom of pack, front or back panel) with in-country requirements. Of the four compliance indicators, the size of the HWL (the minimum required coverage) showed the lowest compliance (31%) (i.e. the HWL was too small on most of the packs). Label elements (such as color contrast or content of warnings) showed 85% compliance overall., Conclusions: The analysis of the packs showed various levels of compliance with Health Warning Label provisions for Nigeria. Periodic evaluations are required to ensure that minimum requirements are met., Competing Interests: The authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest and none was reported., (© 2023 Owopetu O. F. et al.)

Malignant cells leave their initial tumor of growth and disperse to other tissues to form metastases. Dispersals also occur in nature when individuals in a population migrate from their area of origin to colonize other habitats. In cancer, phylogenetic biogeography is concerned with the source and trajectory of cell movements. We examine the suitability of primary features of organismal biogeography, including genetic diversification, dispersal, extinction, vicariance, and founder effects, to describe and reconstruct clone migration events among tumors. We used computer-simulated data to compare fits of seven biogeographic models and evaluate models' performance in clone migration reconstruction. Models considering founder effects and dispersals were often better fit for the clone phylogenetic patterns, especially for polyclonal seeding and reseeding of metastases. However, simpler biogeographic models produced more accurate estimates of cell migration histories. Analyses of empirical datasets of basal-like breast cancer had model fits consistent with the patterns seen in the analysis of computer-simulated datasets. Our analyses reveal the powers and pitfalls of biogeographic models for modeling and inferring clone migration histories using tumor genome variation data. We conclude that the principles of molecular evolution and organismal biogeography are useful in these endeavors but that the available models and methods need to be applied judiciously., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Summary: Metastases cause a vast majority of cancer morbidity and mortality. Metastatic clones are formed by dispersal of cancer cells to secondary tissues, and are not medically detected or visible until later stages of cancer development. Clone phylogenies within patients provide a means of tracing the otherwise inaccessible dynamic history of migrations of cancer cells. Here, we present a new Bayesian approach, PathFinder, for reconstructing the routes of cancer cell migrations. PathFinder uses the clone phylogeny, the number of mutational differences among clones, and the information on the presence and absence of observed clones in primary and metastatic tumors. By analyzing simulated datasets, we found that PathFinder performes well in reconstructing clone migrations from the primary tumor to new metastases as well as between metastases. It was more challenging to trace migrations from metastases back to primary tumors. We found that a vast majority of errors can be corrected by sampling more clones per tumor, and by increasing the number of genetic variants assayed per clone. We also identified situations in which phylogenetic approaches alone are not sufficient to reconstruct migration routes.In conclusion, we anticipate that the use of PathFinder will enable a more reliable inference of migration histories and their posterior probabilities, which is required to assess the relative preponderance of seeding of new metastasis by clones from primary tumors and/or existing metastases., Availability and Implementation: PathFinder is available on the web at https://github.com/SayakaMiura/PathFinder., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Tumors harbor extensive genetic heterogeneity in the form of distinct clone genotypes that arise over time and across different tissues and regions in cancer. Many computational methods produce clone phylogenies from population bulk sequencing data collected from multiple tumor samples from a patient. These clone phylogenies are used to infer mutation order and clone origins during tumor progression, rendering the selection of the appropriate clonal deconvolution method critical. Surprisingly, absolute and relative accuracies of these methods in correctly inferring clone phylogenies are yet to consistently assessed. Therefore, we evaluated the performance of seven computational methods. The accuracy of the reconstructed mutation order and inferred clone groupings varied extensively among methods. All the tested methods showed limited ability to identify ancestral clone sequences present in tumor samples correctly. The presence of copy number alterations, the occurrence of multiple seeding events among tumor sites during metastatic tumor evolution, and extensive intermixture of cancer cells among tumors hindered the detection of clones and the inference of clone phylogenies for all methods tested. Overall, CloneFinder, MACHINA, and LICHeE showed the highest overall accuracy, but none of the methods performed well for all simulated datasets. So, we present guidelines for selecting methods for data analysis.

Background : Alcohol and other drug (AOD) abuse is a major public health challenge disproportionately affecting marginalised communities. Involving communities in the development of responses can contribute to acceptable solutions. Objectives : To: (1) document forms, processes, and contexts of engaging communities to nominate health concerns and generate new knowledge for action; (2) further build participation in the local health system by reflecting on and adapting the process. Methods : PAR was progressed with 48 community stakeholders across three rural villages in the MRC/Wits Agincourt Health and Socio Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) in Mpumalanga, South Africa. A series of workshops explored community-nominated topics, systematised lived experience into shared accounts and considered actions to address problems identified. Photovoice was also used to generate visual evidence. Narrative and visual data were thematically analysed, situated within practice frameworks, and learning and adaption elicited. Results : AOD abuse was identified as a topic of high priority. It was understood as an entrenched social problem with destructive effects. Biopsychosocial impacts were mapped and related to unemployment, poverty, stress, peer pressure, criminal activity, corruption, and a proliferating number of taverns. Integrated action agendas were developed focussed on demand, supply, and harm reduction underpinned by shared responsibility among community, state, and non-state actors. Community stakeholders appreciated systematising and sharing knowledge, taking active roles, developing new skills in planning and public speaking, and progressing shared accountability processes. Expectations required sensitive management, however. Conclusion : There is significant willingness and capacity among community stakeholders to work in partnership with authorities to address priority health concerns. As a process, participation can help to raise and frame issues, which may help to better inform action and encourage shared responsibility. Broader understandings of participation require reference to, and ultimately transfer of power towards, those most directly affected, developing community voice as continuous processes within social and political environments.

In the title mol-ecule, C(12)H(11)N(3)O(2), the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the naphthalene and carboxamide groups is 28.9 (8)°. The hydrazine N atoms are twisted slightly out of the plane of the carboxamide group [C-C-N-N torsion angle = -175.06 (13)°]. The crystal packing is influenced by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonding which includes a bifurcated hydrogen bond between the amide N atom and nearby carboxyl and hydroxyl O atoms. A second bifurcated hydrogen bond occurs between the hydroxyl O atom and nearby amide (inter-molecular) and hydrazine (intra-molecular) N atoms. As a result, mol-ecules are linked into a co-operative hydrogen-bonded network of infinite one-dimensional O-H⋯O-H⋯O-H chains along the (101) plane of the unit cell in a zigzag pattern, the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the naphthalene groups of adjacent mol-ecules in the chain being 86.9 (2)°. A MOPAC PM3 calculation provides support to these observations.