Search

This paper summarizes the relevant theoretical developments, outlines some ideas to improve experimental searches for free neutron-antineutron oscillations, and suggests avenues for future improvement in the experimental sensitivity., Comment: Submitted to Physics Reports

This report, prepared for the Community Planning Study - Snowmass 2013 - summarizes the theoretical motivations and the experimental efforts to search for baryon number violation, focussing on nucleon decay and neutron-antineutron oscillations. Present and future nucleon decay search experiments using large underground detectors, as well as planned neutron-antineutron oscillation search experiments with free neutron beams are highlighted., Comment: Report of the Community Summer Study (Snowmass 2013), Intensity Frontier -- Baryon Number Violation Group

This paper summarizes discussions of the theoretical developments and the studies performed by the NNbarX collaboration for the 2013 Snowmass Community Summer Study., Comment: A white paper for the 2013 Snowmass Community Summer Study

This is a draft of my brief note on the early history of $n\bar{n}$ oscillations written for the Project X at the request of Chris Quigg in March 2013., Comment: 4 pages

Some recollections on the recent history of the concepts of vacuum and mass and the search for higgs. According to the widely spread terminology the Higgs field permeates vacuum and serves as the origin of masses of all fundamental particles including the Higgs Boson -- the higgs., Comment: 8 pages

This note is an attempt to explain in simple words why the famous relation $E=mc^2$ misrepresents the essence of Einstein's relativity theory. The note is addressed to high-school teachers, and a part of it - to those university professors who permit themselves to say that the mass of a body increases with its velocity or momentum and thus mislead the teachers and their students. ----- Contains both English and Russian versions., Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure in English (9 pages, 1 figure in Russian)

It is shown that the most important effects of special and general theory of relativity can be understood in a simple and straightforward way. The system of units in which the speed of light $c$ is the unit of velocity allows to cast all formulas in a very simple form.The Pythagorean theorem graphically relates energy, momentum and mass. The paper is addressed to those who teach and popularize the theory of relativity., Comment: 19

The article traces the way Einstein formulated the relation between energy and mass in his work from 1905 to 1955. Einstein emphasized quite often that the mass $m$ of a body is equivalent to its rest energy $E_0$. At the same time he frequently resorted to the less clear-cut statement of equivalence of energy and mass. As a result, Einstein's formula $E_0=mc^2$ still remains much less known than its popular form, $E=mc^2$, in which $E$ is the total energy equal to the sum of the rest energy and the kinetic energy of a freely moving body. One of the consequences of this is the widespread fallacy that the mass of a body increases when its velocity increases and even that this is an experimental fact. As wrote the playwright A N Ostrovsky "Something must exist for people, something so austere, so lofty, so sacrosanct that it would make profaning it unthinkable.", Comment: 20 pages

The evolution of the Sakata model is described on the basis of personal recollections, proceedings of international conferences on high energy physics and some journal articles., Comment: 17 pages. To be published in the Proceedings of the International Symposium PNLambda50 `The Jubilee of the Sakata Models'. November 25-26, 2006, Nagoya University, Japan

This review describes the history of discovery of violation of spatial parity P, charge conjugation parity C, combined parity CP. The hypothesis of existence of mirror particles was called upon by its authors to restore the symmetry between left and right. The review presents the emergence and evolution of the concepts ``mirror particles'' and ``mirror matter''. It could serve as a concise guide to the ``mirror-land''. An important part of the review is the list of about 250 references with their titles., Comment: v.2: major changes of the text and references

The talk consists of three parts. ``History'' briefly describes the emergence and evolution of the concept of photon during the first two decades of the 20th century. ``Mass'' gives a short review of the literature on the upper limit of the photon's mass. ``Charge'' is a critical discussion of the existing interpretation of searches for photon charge. Schemes, in which all photons are charged, are grossly inconsistent. A model with three kinds of photons (positive, negative and neutral) seems at first sight to be more consistent, but turns out to have its own serious problems., Comment: 8 pages, Presented at the International Conference on the Structure and Interactions of the Photon ``Photon 2005: its first hundred years and the future'', Warsaw University, 31.08.--04.09.2005

Various facets of the concept of mass are discussed. The masses of elementary particles and the search for higgs. The masses of hadrons. The pedagogical virus of relativistic mass., Comment: 19 pages, Presented at the 12th Lomonosov conference on Elementary Particle Physics, Moscow State University, August 25-31

We consider a thought experiment, in which a neutrino is produced by an electron on a nucleus in a crystal. The wave function of the oscillating neutrino is calculated assuming that the electron is described by a wave packet. If the electron is relativistic and the spatial size of its wave packet is much larger than the size of the crystal cell, then the wave packet of the produced neutrino has essentially the same size as the wave packet of the electron. We investigate the suppression of neutrino oscillations at large distances caused by two mechanisms: 1) spatial separation of wave packets corresponding to different neutrino masses; 2) neutrino energy dispersion for given neutrino mass eigenstates. We resolve contributions of these two mechanisms., Comment: 7 pages

We analyze neutrino oscillations in a thought experiment in which neutrinos are produced by electrons on target nuclei. The neutrinos are detected through charged lepton production in their collision with nuclei in detector. Both the target and the detector are assumed to be crystals. The neutrinos are described by propagators. We find that different neutrino mass eigenstates have equal energies. We reproduce the standard phase of oscillations and demonstrate that at large distance from the production point oscillations disappear.

The papers setting upper bounds on the value of electric charge of the photon are briefly reviewed. The theoretical framework of these bounds is shown to be incomplete. Hence the bounds seem to be unreliable.

Invited report at the 8th Meeting of the Working Group ``Base units and fundamental constants'' of the French Academy of Sciences. June 14, 2004. The text consists of seven sections: 1. Great importance of SI. 2. The necessity of updating SI. 3. Special relativity: four-dimensional quantities. 4. Maxwell equations in vacuum in CGSG units. 5. Maxwell equations in vacuum in SI. 6. $c \hbar$ units. 7. Systems CGSG and $c \hbar$ should be legalized., Comment: 4 pages, no figures

We analyze a thought neutrino oscillation experiment in which neutrinos are produced by electrons colliding with atomic nuclei of a target. The neutrinos are detected by observing charged leptons, which are produced by neutrinos colliding with nuclei of the detector. We consider the case when both the target and detector nuclei have finite masses. (The case of infinitely heavy nuclei was considered in the literature earlier.), Comment: 10 pages, 1 figure (2 references added; a few misprints corrected)

Manipulation with ill-defined notions creates an illusion of a simple derivation of the standard phase of neutrino oscillations in hep-ph/0311241 and hep-ph/0312180., Comment: 2 pages, no figures

It is shown that the derivation of standard oscillation phase in the plane wave approximation without equal energy assumption is fraught with inconsistencies., Comment: 2 pages, no figures

The problem of fundamental units is discussed in the context of achievements of both theoretical physics and modern metrology. On one hand, due to fascinating accuracy of atomic clocks, the traditional macroscopic standards of metrology (second, metre, kilogram) are giving way to standards based on fundamental units of nature: velocity of light $c$ and quantum of action $h$. On the other hand, the poor precision of gravitational constant $G$, which is widely believed to define the ``cube of theories'' and the units of the future ``theory of everything'', does not allow to use $G$ as a fundamental dimensional constant in metrology. The electromagnetic units in SI are actually based on concepts of prerelativistic classical electrodynamics such as ether, electric permitivity and magnetic permeability of vacuum. Concluding remarks are devoted to terminological confusion which accompanies the progress in basic physics and metrology., Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures, LaTeX, style files included; Talk at the Seminar "Astrophysics, Clocks and Fundamental Constants" (302. WE-Heraues-Seminar, Bad Honnef, Germany, 16-18 June 2003)

We consider a few thought experiments of radial motion of massive particles in the gravitational fields outside and inside various celestial bodies: Earth, Sun, black hole. All other interactions except gravity are disregarded. For the outside motion there exists a critical value of coordinate velocity ${\rm v}_c = c/\sqrt 3$: particles with ${\rm v} < {\rm v}_c$ are accelerated by the field, like Newtonian apples, particles with ${\rm v} > {\rm v}_c$ are decelerated like photons. Particles moving inside a body with constant density have no critical velocity; they are always accelerated. We consider also the motion of a ball inside a tower, when it is thrown from the top (bottom) of the tower and after classically bouncing at the bottom (top) comes back to the original point. The total time of flight is the same in these two cases if the initial proper velocity $v_0$ is equal to $c/\sqrt 2$., Comment: 13 pages

The life of Isaak Yakovlevich Pomeranchuk was short (20.05.1913 -- 14.12.1966). But the impact of his personality and his works on physics and physicists is remarkable. The talk describes the biography of I.Ya. Pomeranchuk, his major contibutions to condenced matter physics, nuclear and elementary particle physics. The talk is appended by a complete bibliography of I.Ya. Pomeranchuk's publications., Comment: Introductory talk given at the conference "I. Ya. Pomeranchuk and physics at the turn of centuries". To be published by "World Scientific"

The dependence of the Z-resonance shape on the location of the threshold of the N\bar{N} production (N is the 4th generation neutrino) is analyzed. The bounds on the existence of 4th generation are derived from the comparison of the theoretical expression for the Z-lineshape with the experimental data. The 4th generation is excluded at 95% C. L. for m_N<46.7\pm 0.2 GeV., Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, LaTex; references added

The present volume is the collection of contributions by friends of Holger Bech Nielsen for his 60th birthday. Contents: 1.Unified internal space of spins and charges (N. Mankoc Borstnik) 2.Semitopological Q-Rings (M. Axenides) 3.Non-local axial anomalies in the Standard model (D. Melikhov, B. Stech) 4.Could there be a fourth generation? (C.D. Froggatt) 5.Another complex Bateman equation (D.B. Fairlie) 6.Non-associative loops for Holger Bech Nielsen (P.H. Frampton) 7.Particles, fluids and vortices (J.W. van Holten) 8.Results on 2D current algebras (J.L. Petersen) 9.Phase transition in gauge theories and the Planck scale physics (L.V. Laperashvili and D.A. Ryzhikh) 10.Some remarks on the 'classical' large N limit (P. Olesen) 11.String theory and the size of hadrons (L. Susskind) 12.Relativity and $c/sqrt3$ (S.I. Blinnikov, L.B. Okun and M.I. Vysotsky) 13.Vortices (Jeff Greensite), Comment: The proceedings includes 13 papers of different authors. Editors were N. S. Mankoc Borstnik, C. D. Froggatt, D. Lukman

Attempts to modify the standard expression for the phase in neutrino oscillations by an extra factor of two are based on misuse of quantum mechanics. Claims to present Bruno Pontecorvo and his coauthors as ``godfathers'' of this ``extra 2'' factor are easily disproved by unbiased reading their articles., Comment: 5 pages, two sentences at the end of the paper are deleted and two are added

Classification of effects of violation of seven symmetries -- C, P, T, CP, PT, TC, and CPT -- is discussed. A graphic mnemonic scheme -- CPT-cube -- is suggested and illustrated by simple examples., Comment: 9 pages, 8 .eps figures, latex style file blois2002.tex, Talk at the Conference XIVth Rencontres de Blois 16th-22nd June 2002 "Matter-antimatter asymmetry", Chateau de Blois (France)

The predicted value of the higgs mass $m_H$ is analyzed assuming the existence of the fourth generation of leptons ($N, E$) and quarks ($U, D$). The steep and flat directions are found in the five-dimensional parameter space: $m_H$, $m_U$, $m_D$, $m_N$, $m_E$. The LEPTOP fit of the precision electroweak data is compatible (in particular) with $m_H \sim 300$ GeV, $m_N \sim 50$ GeV, $m_E \sim 100$ GeV, $m_U +m_D \sim 500$ GeV, and $|m_U -m_D| \sim 75$ GeV. The quality of fits drastically improves when the data on b- and c-quark asymmetries and new NuTeV data on deep inelastic scattering are ignored., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures

Max Planck introduced four natural units: h, c, G, k. Only the first three of them retained their status, representing the so called cube of theories, after the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics were created and became the pillars of physics. This short note is a little pebble on the tombstone of Michael Samuilovich Marinov., Comment: 7 pages, to be published in ``Multiple facets of quantization and supersymmetry'', Michael Marinov Memorial Volume, Eds. M. Olshanetsky and A. Vainshtein, World Scientific, 2002

By using fundamental units c, h, G as conversion factors one can easily transform the dimensions of all observables. In particular one can make them all ``geometrical'', or dimensionless. However this has no impact on the fact that there are three fundamental units, G being one of them. Only experiment can tell us whether G is basically fundamental., Comment: 2 pages

Recollections about a few episodes from the history of physics of vacuum, connected with the names of Pomeranchuk, Landau, Zeldovich, Sakharov and Kirzhnits. The text of the talk will be published in the Proceedings of the International Conference ``From the Smallest to the Largest Distances'', Tribute to Jean Tran-Thanh-Van, May 24-26, 2001 (``Surveys in High Energy Physics'', Taylor and Francis, 2002, v.16, No.3)., Comment: 10 pages

An extended text of the talk given at the conference ``2001: A Spacetime Odyssey'', to be published in the Proceedings of the Inaugural Conference of the Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 21-25 May 2001, M.J. Duff and J.T. Liu eds., World Scientific, Singapore, 2002; and of Historical Lecture ``Vacuum as seen from Moscow'' at the CERN Summer School, 10 August, 2001. Contents: Introduction; Pomeranchuk on vacuum; Landau on parity, P, and combined parity, CP; Search and discovery of $K_L^0 \to \pi^+ \pi^-$; "Mirror world"; Zeldovich and cosmological term; QCD vacuum condensates; Sakharov and baryonic asymmetry of the universe, BAU; Kirzhnits and phase transitions; Vacuum domain walls; Monopoles, strings, instantons, and sphalerons; False vacuum; Inflation; Brane and Bulk; Acknowledgments; References., Comment: 17 pages, 2 figures

We define the critical coordinate velocity v_c. A particle moving radially in Schwarzschild background with this velocity, v_c= c/sqrt 3, is neither accelerated, nor decelerated if gravitational field is weak, r_g << r, where r_g is the gravitational radius, while r is the current one. We find that the numerical coincidence of v_c with velocity of sound in ultrarelativistic plasma, u_s, is accidental, since two velocities are different if the number of spatial dimensions is not equal to 3, Comment: 6 pages; PS with an essential reference added. Contribution to Holger Nielsen festschrift

Transparencies of the 18th Henry Primakoff lecture at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA, April 11, 2001 and of the Special lecture given at the 7th International Workshop on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics, TAUP 2001, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Italy, September 9, 2001; to be published by Elsevier Nucl. Phys. B (Proceedings supplements). Various aspects of the concept of mass in modern physics are discussed: 1. Mass in Special Relativity, 2. Atoms in Static Gravity, 3. Photons in Static Gravity, 4. Misleading Terminology, 5. Unsolved Problems of mass., Comment: 5 pages

It is shown that additional chiral generations are not excluded by the latest electroweak precision data if one assumes that there is no mixing with the known three generations. In the case of ``heavy extra generations'', when all four new particles are heavier than $Z$ boson, quality of the fit for the one new generation is as good as for zero new generations (Standard Model). In the case of neutral leptons with masses around 50 GeV (``partially heavy extra generations'') the minimum of $\chi^2$ is between one and two extra generations., Comment: 10 pages, TeX. An additional reference and P.P.S. about heavy higgs are added

This paper consists of three separate articles on the number of fundamental dimensionful constants in physics. We started our debate in summer 1992 on the terrace of the famous CERN cafeteria. In the summer of 2001 we returned to the subject to find that our views still diverged and decided to explain our current positions. LBO develops the traditional approach with three constants, GV argues in favor of at most two (within superstring theory), while MJD advocates zero., Comment: Version appearing in JHEP; 31 pages latex

Gauge invariance is the basis of the modern theory of electroweak and strong interactions (the so called Standard Model). The roots of gauge invariance go back to the year 1820 when electromagnetism was discovered and the first electrodynamic theory was proposed. Subsequent developments led to the discovery that different forms of the vector potential result in the same observable forces. The partial arbitrariness of the vector potential A brought forth various restrictions on it. div A = 0 was proposed by J. C. Maxwell; 4-div A = 0 was proposed L. V. Lorenz in the middle of 1860's . In most of the modern texts the latter condition is attributed to H. A. Lorentz, who half a century later was one of the key figures in the final formulation of classical electrodynamics. In 1926 a relativistic quantum-mechanical equation for charged spinless particles was formulated by E. Schrodinger, O. Klein, and V. Fock. The latter discovered that this equation is invariant with respect to multiplication of the wave function by a phase factor exp(ieX/hc) with the accompanying additions to the scalar potential of -dX/cdt and to the vector potential of grad X. In 1929 H. Weyl proclaimed this invariance as a general principle and called it Eichinvarianz in German and gauge invariance in English. The present era of non-abelian gauge theories started in 1954 with the paper by C. N. Yang and R. L. Mills., Comment: final-final, 34 pages, 1 figure, 106 references (one added with footnote since v.2); to appear in July 2001 Rev. Mod. Phys

In order to directly demonstrate that in static gravitational field the rate of clocks increases with their distance from the source a simple thought experiment is proposed., Comment: 4 pages, LaTeX, no figures

The influence of static gravitational field on frequency, wave-length and velocity of photons and on the energy levels of atoms and nuclei is considered in the most elementary way. The interconnection between these phenomena is stressed., Comment: LaTeX, 9 pages, no figures, the end of section 5 is modified

The existence of extra chiral generations with all fermions heavier than $M_Z$ is strongly disfavored by the precision electroweak data. The exclusion of one additional generation of heavy fermions in SUSY extension of Standard Model is less forbidden if chargino and neutralino have low degenerate masses with $\Delta m \simeq 1$ GeV. However the data are fitted nicely even by a few extra generations, if one allows neutral leptons to have masses close to 50 GeV. Such heavy neutrino can be searched in the reaction $e^+ e^- \to N\bar{N}\gamma$ at LEP-200 with total final luminosity of $2600 pb^{-1}$., Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures, Proceedings ICHEP2000 Osaka conference

The so-called equal velocity prescription for neutrino oscillations is forbidden kinematically., Comment: 2 pages, 0 figures

Using the computer code CompHEP we estimate the number of events and the background, at LEP II and TESLA, for the reaction $e^+ e^- \to N\bar{N}\gamma$, where $N$ is a hypothetical Dirac neutrino with mass of the order of 50 GeV., Comment: Standard LaTeX, 9 pages, 2 tables, 3 figures

The existence of extra chiral generations with all fermions heavier than M_Z is strongly disfavoured by the precision electroweak data. However the data are fitted nicely even by a few extra generations, if one allows neutral leptons to have masses close to 50 GeV. The data allow inclusion of one additional generation of heavy fermions in SUSY extension of Standard Model if chargino and neutralino have masses close to 60 GeV with \Delta m =~ 1 GeV., Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures

The classical phenomenon of the redshift of light in a static gravitational potential, usually called the gravitational redshift, is described in the literature essentially in two ways: on the one hand the phenomenon is explained through the behaviour of clocks which run the faster the higher they are located in the potential, whereas the energy and frequency of the propagating photon do not change with height. The light thus appears to be redshifted relative to the frequency of the clock. On the other hand the phenomenon is alternatively discussed (even in some authoritative texts) in terms of an energy loss of a photon as it overcomes the gravitational attraction of the massive body. This second approach operates with notions such as the "gravitational mass" or the "potential energy" of a photon and we assert that it is misleading. We do not claim to present any original ideas or to give a comprehensive review of the subject, our goal being essentially a pedagogical one., Comment: latex, 16 pages, to be published in American Journal of Physics

The precision data on Z boson decays from LEP-I and SLC colliders are compared with the predictions based on the Minimal Standard Theory. The Born approximation of the theory is based on three most accurately known observables: G_mu -- the four fermion coupling constant of muon decay, m_Z -- the mass of the Z boson, and alpha(m_Z) -- the value of the running fine structure constant at the scale of m_Z. The electroweak loop corrections are expressed, in addition, in terms of the masses of higgs, m_H, of the top and bottom quarks, m_t and m_b, and of the strong interaction constant alpha_s(m_Z). The main emphasis of the review is focused on the one-electroweak-loop approximation. Two electroweak loops have been calculated in the literature only partly. Possible manifestations of new physics are briefly discussed., Comment: 80 pages, 16 figures, accepted in Reports on Progress in Physics

The report summarizes the results of the activities of the Working Group on Precision Calculations for the Z Resonance at CERN during 1994., Comment: 158 Latex, including 37 figures (27 eps figures), 30 tables; The report is part of: D. Bardin, W. Hollik, G. Passarino (eds.), Reports of the working group on precision calculations for the Z resonance, CERN 95-03 (31 March 1995)

Conserved muonic number may turn out to be a conserved muonic charge, coupled to muonic photons, gamma_mu. Muons and muonic neutrinos would emit gamma_mu's, which might be discovered by analysing the data from the past and future high energy neutrino experiments (like CHARM II, CCFR, CHORUS, NOMAD, etc.). There are two sources of gamma_mu's in these experiments: 1) internal bremsstrahlung in pion and kaon decays into mu and nu_mu, which provide neutrino beams; 2) external bremsstrahlung of muons in the shielding of the neutrino beam. In both cases the gamma_mu's would pass freely through the shielding and produce narrow muonic pairs in the neutrino detectors. These pairs could be distinguished from the trident events nu_mu + Z -> nu_mu + mu^+ + mu^- + Z by their kinematical properties: small p_t of the muon pair, small invariant mass, etc. All the above processes are quantitatively analysed in this paper., Comment: 12 pages, latex, 14 figures, LaTEX, PS file and figures in EPS format available at http://marwww.in2p3.fr/leptop/mugamma/mugamma.html

A simple way of deriving and analyzing electroweak radiative corrections to the $Z$ boson decays is presented in the framework of the Standard Model. This paper is an updated and revised version of a plenary talk given at the Second Sakharov Conference; Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, May 20-24, 1996., Comment: 13 pages, Latex, to appear in Yad. Fiz. Bounds on Higgs boson mass are corrected; one reference is added

We develop a theory of the EPR-like effects due to neutrino oscillations in the $\pi \to \mu\nu$ decays. Its experimental implications are space-time correlations of neutrino and muon when they are both detected, while the pion decay point is not fixed. However, the more radical possibility of muon oscillations in experiments where only muons are detected (as it has been suggested in hep-ph/9509261), is ruled out. We start by discussing decays of monochromatic pions, and point out a few ``paradoxes''. Then we consider pion wave packets, solve the ``paradoxes'', and show that the formulas for $\mu nu$ correlations can be transformed into the usual expressions, describing neutrino oscillations, as soon as the pion decay point is fixed., Comment: 23 LaTeX pages

A simple way of deriving and analyzing electroweak radiative corrections to the Z boson decays is presented in the framework of the Standard Model. The talk is based on a review article by the authors "Electroweak radiative corrections in Z decays" published in Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, 166 (1996) 539-574, in the May issue dedicated to 75th birthday o f A.D.Sakharov. The English translation of the article may be found on WWW (hep-ph/9606253)., Comment: 7 pages, LaTeX, uses sprocl.sty, Plenary talk at the Second Sakharov Conference. Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, May 20-24, 1996

An introductory talk at a Meeting on results and prospects of collaboration of Russian research organizations with European organization for nuclear research (CERN), which took place at the Ministry of science and technical policy of Russia on 8 July, 1996., Comment: 9 pages, Latex, typo corrected