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The lack of internal democracy in many political parties in Nigeria has created a general loss of confidence in voters toward the electoral process and democratic consolidation. This paper examines the extent to which political parties have adhered to or deviated from the relevant Constitutional and electoral law provisions in Nigeria toward achieving internal democracy and how this has affected voters? attitudes and confidence in the electoral process and Nigerian democracy generally. To achieve this objective, the researchers utilize the doctrinal research method in examining the relevant provisions of the 1999 Constitution on internal party democracy, the relevant Electoral laws, and judicial decisions. During the work, it is observed that political party leadership in Nigeria rarely heed the relevant constitutional provisions and laws on internal party affairs. The paper finds that judicial decisions concerning this issue have not followed a similar pattern, which has greatly eroded voters? confidence. It recommended a compelling need for the judiciary to follow legally valid precedents established in earlier judgments in deciding new cases arising from intra-party affairs, especially concerning the substitution of candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high seas are posing new challenges for mankind. This is hinged on the availability of new technology not only to delimit the continental shelf and other maritime zones, but also because the huge amount of hydrocarbon and other mineral resources which has brought States to negotiate a leeway out of dispute, and sometimes failing agreement, have resorted to arm struggle. Whether in negotiating or, deciding which principle to adopt in the delimitation of maritime boundary, both States and the International Court of Justice (ICJ), as well as the International Tribunal of the Law of the Seas (ITLOS) have had to grapple with the principle suitable for delimitation of maritime boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]