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Background Globally, millions of people are affected annually by health-care-associated infections, many of which could be avoided by strict compliance with standard infection prevention and control (IPC) protocols. Aim This study assessed the knowledge and practice of IPC among secondary health-care workers (HCWs) in Southern Cross River State. Materials and methods A structured questionnaire was used in conjunction with a descriptive cross-sectional design to collect data from 336 health-care personnel. IBM SPSS Statistics version 25 was used to analyse the generated data. Results The results show that 58% of the respondents had a high knowledge level of IPC and 52.4% exhibited a high level of standard IPC practice. About 53% reported that IPC protocols were available in their facility. No association was found between sociodemographic characteristics of HCWs and their practice of standard IPC practice except for sex. A significant association was found between sex and level of IPC practice (P = 0.015), the male HCWs had higher practice of IPC than their female counterparts. Although no association was found between knowledge and practice of IPC among the HCWs, the level of practice was, however, higher among the doctors than the nurses who had a higher level of knowledge on IPC. A logistic regression analysis further showed that only sex was significant (P = 0.021) in influencing a high level of IPC practice among the HCWs in this study. Conclusion It is, therefore, imperative for health-care facility leadership to organise training and retraining programs on IPC to improve knowledge and compliance among HCWs, especially in the face of emerging infectious diseases in Nigeria.

The discovery of antibiotics and the subsequent realization that these medications are the most effective treatments for a wide range of illnesses affecting the health of humans and animals constituted a revolution in medical history.

A cassava starch extraction machine was designed and fabricated to perform a quadruplet action of grating, washing, sieving and separation. The study was necessitated based on concerns that most locally manufactured cassava processing machines are without provision for the extraction of starch. Food processors mainly depend on the manual pressing of cassava to obtain starch and this has significantly increased the cost of the product in the local market. Materials for construction were locally sourced and the machine was powered by a 2 hp electric motor through a v-belt-pulley transmission system and operating at a speed of 547 rpm. Fresh cassava tubers were harvested from Ikot Akpaden, a rural community in Mkpat Enin, Akwa Ibom, South-South of Nigeria, and used for the experiment. Results from the experiment showed that the quantity of wet starch extracted increased from 0.64 to 1.48 kg as the volume of water mixed with 2 kg of the product increased from 1 to 5 Liters. The rate of water usage and throughput capacity increased from 0.0005 to 0.0025 m3/kg and 35.29 to 46.75 kg/h respectively as volume of water increased. The optimum machine efficiency was 74%. The machine was fabricated at a cost of N 150,200 (equivalent of $100). Minimal time consumption, ease of operation and low production cost were some of the features that made the machine economically viable when compared to other conventional methods of extracting starch from cassava.

Background: Strokes occur in sickle cell disease (SCD), and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of strokes amongst children with SCD, and document the major clinical features, complications, effect of treatment with chronic transfusion therapy (CTT) and outcome. Methods: A descriptive retrospective study of SCD children with strokes seen at the National Hospital Abuja, Nigeria over a 2.5 year period from January 2009 – June 2012. Data was collected by scrutinizing case files obtained from the hospital medical records unit. Information obtained included demographic data, clinical features, packed cell volume (PCV), brain imaging, long term neurologic deficits, effect of CTT, stroke recurrence and outcome. Results: There were 31 children with strokes among 596 children with SCD documented in the register, giving a prevalence of 5.2%. Twenty six (26) case notes were retrieved. There were 12 males and 14 females, M: F ratio of 0.9:1; mean age was 6.4 years (SD 3.4) range: 1 year 7 months – 14 years; mean PCV at the time of strokes was 21.1% (SD 3.9) range 14 – 29%. All (100%) had Haemoglobin SS on electrophoresis. Presentations were convulsions 18, inability to use limbs 11, weakness of limbs 10; long term neurological deficits were hemiplegia 11, cognition loss 11. Three (3) children had no deficits. Brain imaging (Computed Tomography Scan and Magnetic Resonance Imaging) done in 16 (61.5%) children showed cerebral atrophy in 10, acute cerebral infarcts in 9, chronic cerebral infarcts in 6, acute intra cranial haemorrhage in 1 and normal imagings in 4 children. Twelve (12) children (46.2%) children had recurrences of stroke ranging in number from 1 to 4, which occurred 6 months to 3 years after the initial stroke. There were no statistical significant differences between the children with recurrences of stroke compared to those without regarding the age, sex, weight or PCVs p > 0.05. Fifteen (15) children (57.7%) were enrolled in CTT. Two (2) out of 7children (28.6%) that had reglar CTT had stroke recurrence; compared to 5 out of 11 children (45.4%) with no CTT (p > 0.05). Four (4) out of 6 (66.7%) children with irregular CTT and 1 of 2 children who stopped CTT had stroke recurrence. Outcome: 17 children were alive, 7 were lost to follow up, 1 died and 1 was referred to another center. Conclusion: Strokes were an important cause of morbidity in Nigerian children with SCD, with major long term neurologic deficits. CTT appeared beneficial in preventing stroke recurrences. Primary prevention strategy by Trans Cranial Doppler ultrasound studies of the cerebral arteries, with the aim of promptly initiating appropriate preventive therapy for stroke is strongly advocated.

Study’s Novelty Excerpt • This study presents a novel optimization of cellulase production by Trichoderma harzianum PK5 using the One Factor at a Time (OFAT) approach, highlighting significant advancements in enzyme yield through precise adjustments of fermentation parameters. • By identifying copra meal and KNO₃ as the optimal carbon and nitrogen sources and establishing key environmental conditions, the research achieves a notable enzyme titre of 252.54±7.73 U/gds in solid-state fermentation. • These findings contribute to cost-effective cellulase production methodologies, enhancing the commercial viability and industrial application of microbial cellulases. Full Abstract Cellulases are considered to be among the most important enzymes in the commercial market and in various industries. Their applications are widespread, leading to increased demand and high associated costs. This necessitates the search for more cost-effective cellulases from microorganisms. Therefore, the aim of this study was to optimize cellulase production by Trichoderma harzianum PK5 using the One Factor at a Time (OFAT) approach. The effects of carbon, nitrogen, and various environmental factors were studied in both submerged and solid-state fermentation setups by adjusting one factor at a time based on the optimal conditions established from the previous condition. Copra meal and KNO3 were identified as the best complex carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, for cellulase production by Trichoderma harzianum PK5. The optimal pH of 4.0, moisture concentration of 125% (v/w), inoculum size of 8%, temperature of 30°C, and an incubation time of 7 days were determined as the optimal conditions for cellulase production by this isolate, resulting in an enzyme titre of 252.54±7.73 U/gds in solid-state fermentation. It was found that cellulase enzyme production by the isolate was constitutive. In conclusion, cellulase production by T. harzianum PK5 was significantly optimized using the OFAT approach

In this study of gas hydrate inhibition, the bio-active components (phytochemicals) and the influence of functional moieties and chemical structures on selected bio-inhibitors' performance were investigated by advanced analytical techniques. The agro-waste materials of interest are: orange mesocarp (Citrus sinensis (L)) extract (OME), red onion skin (Allium cepa) extract (ROSE), kolanut tesla (Cola acuminata) extract (KTE), coconut coir dusk (Cocos nucifera) extract (CCDE) and peanut skin (Arachis hypogea) extract (PSE). A CO2-enhanced supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technique was used to extract the bioactive components from their parent materials. After the extraction, advanced analytical techniques including FTIR, NMR and HP-TLC with densitometry were used to identify and isolate functional groups, structurally characterize and quantify the bioactive compounds in the extracts primarily focusing on phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannins. A Bruker 500MZ NMR spectrometer and a CAMAG-semi-automatic HP-TLC system were used for the structural characterization and quantification respectively. Based on the number of anti-oxidants and radicals scavenging characteristics of the individual extracts' polyphenolic and tannin components, the expected hydrates inhibition capacities of the bio-extracts are in the magnitude: CCDE > ROSE > PSE > OME > KTE. The extracts are readily biodegradable and non-toxic and therefore do not pose ecological threat unlike PVP with only 31.50% biodegradation rate and may result in serious ecological risks in offshore environments. Lastly, the numbers of hydroxyl (OH) and meth-oxyl (MeoH) groups are the principal factors that influence the bio-inhibitors performance with hydroxyl group number being more important than that of the meth-oxyl group.

Background: Abnormal insertion of the umbilical cord (UC) into the placenta may initiate fetal growth restriction and potentially complicates labor with intrapartum hemorrhage. The aim of this study was to sonographically determine the relationship between umbilical cord insertion types and estimated fetal weight (EFW). Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was done in a 7-month period and recruited 220 pregnant women with 27 to 37 weeks gestation attending the antenatal clinic of the Hospital. Ultrasound scan was done on the women to determine UC insertion and EFW. Data was analyzed using SPSS 23.0. Results: Peripheral UC had significantly higher EFW, age and BMI (P=0.000), (P=0.009) and (P=0.003). The difference in EFW between peripheral UC and central UC in BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 was significant within the 31st – 32nd week of gestation (P=0.001) and 33rd – 34th week of gestation (P=0.034). EFW was least in velamentous UC subtype (1.385±0.12 kg) compared to central UC type (1.95±0.65 kg), eccentric UC subtype (2.29±0.77 kg) and marginal UC subtype (2.47±0.83 kg). Peripheral UC was significantly associated with BMI (P=0.000), employment status (P=0.048), past history of CS (P=0.000) and placental location (P=0.001). Conclusion: Fetal weight, in the third trimester, is greater in obese pregnant women with peripheral umbilical cord insertion, except with velamentous cord insertion, and this is significant between 31st and 34th weeks of gestation. Peripheral umbilical cord insertion is significantly associated with high maternal BMI, posterior placental location, past history of cesarean section and being employed.

This study concerns the prediction of the hardness of reinforced high-density polyethylene waste (HDPEw) composites. The locally sourced palm inter-fruitlet membrane served as the reinforcing (filler) material while the Yoghurt Can wastes constituted the polymer matrix. The palm inter-fruitlet membrane, used for the study were pulverized and sieved to fine particle sizes. All filler particles passed through a mesh of 250 μm. Consequently, the filler sample was characterized using DTA, TGA, and FTIR techniques whereas SEM was used to study the morphology of the produced composite. Different weight-percentage compositions of the filler were used to produce the examined samples with the following formulations: 100 % LDPEw, 6wt.%, 12wt.%, 18wt.%, and 24wt.% filler composites using the compression moulding method. On the other hand, hardness, flexural, tensile, and impact strengths were conducted to understand the mechanical behaviour of the produced composites. Multiple regression and artificial neural networks were used to predict the experimental hardness values in consideration of other independent variables like composite formulations, tensile, flexural, and impact strengths. The result of the TGA analysis showed the weight loss and degradation of the organic constituents in the filler while the DTA study revealed a variety of thermal occurrences and transitions indicating dehydration, phase change, and filler disintegration. The maximum hardness value of 76.67 HV was recorded for the composite with 24 wt.% filler while the composite formulation with 12 wt.% filler had the highest flexural and impact strengths of 41.87 MPa and 0.4979 J/mm2 respectively. The composite composition with 18 wt.% filler gave the highest tensile strength of 39.04 MPa. The unequal distribution of the filler within the HDPEw matrix was revealed by the SEM micrographs. The more uniformly dispersed composites with 12 and 18 wt.% fillers were seen to have improved mechanical properties whereas the reverse was the case for the 24 wt.% filler composite formulation which was found to exhibit directional reinforcement zones. The mean squared error assessment of the predicted hardness values indicated that predictions by multiple regression were more accurate than those that were obtained by ANN. This outcome could be caused by the relative linearity of the examined variables.

Corchorus olitorius is a leafy vegetable cultivated for the mucilage in its leaves. Leaf greenness, leaf number, leaf length, and leaf width are popular market traits for this vegetable. Little is known about the direct and indirect contribution of traits to leaf number and seed yield. Forty-two accessions were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications during the 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons. The findings showed that accessions 25, 19, and 28 performed best for leaf length, accessions 31, 22, and 23 for the number of leaves/plant, accessions 4, 18, and 27 for the number of seeds/capsule and accessions 8, 11, and 7 for seed mass. The seed mass was positively related to leaf length, leaf width, and plant height at maturity, the number of seeds/capsule, the number of seeds/capsule and 100-seed mass. The number of leaves/plant was influenced by leaf length, leaf width, and branch length. The path analysis for seed mass showed that the number of branches/plant, seed mass/capsule, the number of seeds/capsule and capsule mass made a large contribution to seed yield. The indirect contribution of traits to the number of leaves/plant was small compared to the direct effect. The leaf length had the largest direct effect on the number of leaves/plant with its largest indirect effect by reducing seed mass. The direct contribution of leaf length to the number of leaves/plant was masked by the phenotypic expression of petal width. The number of branches/plant is a reliable index of seed yield improvement. Hybridization among the best-performing accessions for leaf number, leaf chlorophyll and seed yield will produce new varieties through selection.

Endophytic fungi play crucial roles in promoting plant growth and enhancing stress tolerance, making them valuable allies in agriculture. This reviewer explores the advantageous roles and implications of endophytic fungi in plant stress tolerance, focusing on hormonal regulation, nutrient uptake, and their management of various abiotic and biotic stresses. Endophytic fungi influence the production of plant hormones such as auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins; thus, contributing to enhanced growth and stress resilience. They also assist in nutrient uptake, solubilizing minerals, and fixing atmospheric nitrogen; thereby improving overall plant nutrition. This reviewer discusses the mechanism of endophytic fungi’s effectiveness in managing biotic and abiotic stresses, including; high CO2 levels, waterlogging/drought, salinity, high temperatures, salinity, heavy metal stress as well as plant pathogens and parasitic attacks. Furthermore, the bio-control capabilities of endophytic fungi against biotic stresses are highlighted, showcasing mechanisms such as induced resistance, mycoparasitism, antibiosis, and competition. The biological activities of recently isolated compounds and associated endophytic fungi are also discussed. Thus, as research in this field progresses, harnessing the full potential of endophytic fungi holds promise for promoting resilient and sustainable agriculture in the face of changing environmental conditions.

In this present study, an in vivo experiment was carried out to determine the tendencies of a naturally occurring high-phenolic compound red-onion skin extract (HPC-ROSE) and conventional N-Vinylcaprolactam (N-VCAP) kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) to bio-accumulate in offshore environment through the analysis of their uptake and depuration kinetics by a Fish-Chemical Model using Cyprinus carpio marine invertebrate. This test was performed in the laboratory in a flow through experimental set up according to the guidelines by [49] (Fish-chemical exposure test). The uptake duration was 10 days with a depuration period of twenty days. The inhibitor toxicity test was evaluated by determining the 50 % lethal concentration (LC50) as highlighted by OSPAR Commission protocols. The solubility of the inhibitors was determined by a column elution technique. Similarly, a proton-enabled nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) technique was used to measure the partitioning characteristics of the inhibitors in an immiscible mixture of octanol and water (Kow) by 1HNMR spectroscopy using a benchtop low-field NMR spectrometer. OSPAR Commission and ASTM standard protocols were used for the laboratory investigation of the static sediment toxicity tests. A reference chemical substance of known BCF and solubility (Ethyl Acetate, EtOAc) was used as control to check the experimental progression. The stock solution was prepared by solid phase desorption mechanisms. The HPC-ROSE does not constitute environmentally significant risk to aquatic life owing to its lower BCF values between 215 L/kg - 251.5L/Kg, Log-Kow of 1.2 and higher lethal concentration of 25140 mg/L. Unlike the NVCAP which is very toxic with lower lethal concentration of 1280 mg/L and higher BCF values in the range of 442.5L/Kg to 485 L/kg with Log-Kow of 1.5. Furthermore, Nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) is a simple and reliable method of estimating partition coefficient characteristics (Kow) because the obtained Log-Kow values showed good agreements with that of shake flask and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques. Also, the chemical concentration in water has an inverse relationship with uptake rate constant (K1) and steady-state bioconcentration factor (BCFss). Finally, the theoretically estimated BCFs were higher than the steady-state (BCFss) values that were obtained from laboratory experiments for the different inhibitor samples and at all concentrations. This is due to the route by which Log-Kow was estimated since most of the empirical models are usually one-factor model consisting of partition coefficient and BCF.

This study aims to comprehensively investigate the current advances in water treatment technologies for the elimination of heavy metals using biomass-based adsorbents. The enhancement of adsorption capacity in biomass materials is achieved through surface modification, which increases their porosity and surface area. The study therefore focuses on the impact of different surface modification techniques on the adsorption capacity, as well as the evaluation of adsorptive removal techniques and the analysis of various isotherm and kinetics models applied to heavy metal contaminants. The utilization of kinetic and isotherm models in heavy metal sorption is crucial as it provides a theoretical background to understand and predict the removal efficiency of different adsorbent materials. In contrast to previous studies, this research examines a wide range of adsorbent materials, providing a comprehensive understanding of their efficacy in removing heavy metals from wastewater. The study also delves into the theoretical foundations of the isotherm and kinetics models, highlighting their strengths, limitations, and effectiveness in describing the performance of the adsorbents. Moreover, the study sheds light on the regenerability of adsorbents and the potential for their engineering applications. Valuable insights into the state-of-the-art methods for heavy metal wastewater cleanup and the resources required for future developments were discussed.

Previous research on applying electronic media learning tools to learning has focused on a diversity of other subjects rather than environmental education. One of the first studies to evaluate the use of electronic media learning tools for environmental education pedagogy in Nigerian tertiary institutions is the one that is currently underway. We anchored the study on constructivist learning theory and e-learning methodology. We adopted the descriptive survey research design. We employed a convenience sampling technique to sample all 35 environmental educators from the University of Calabar and the College of Education in Akamkpa, where they run environmental education programs. We raised three research questions to guide the study. We employed a 31-question survey utilizing a 4-point Likert scale with distinct response options for each section. Through this, we observed a high level of internal consistency, as indicated by a Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.88. we conducted thorough statistical assessments to confirm its reliability and validity, including face and content validity evaluations. Therefore, we can confidently assert that this questionnaire is a reliable and valid tool for our research investigation. Frequency counts and straightforward percentages were used to examine the data, which was then displayed in bar charts. The significant findings from the study include the following: only some electronic media learning facilities were available to lecturers and owned mainly by them. Considerable utilization is made of available electronic media learning technologies. Several constraints bedevil the availability and utilization status of electronic media learning technologies. Based on the study's findings, we recommended that the federal, state governments and tertiary institution proprietors make adequate budgetary allocations to provide robust electronic media learning technologies in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. Compensate lecturers who own and utilize these technologies for classes. In contrast, environmental education lecturers should, as a matter of necessity, update their knowledge of electronic media learning technologies and apply them in their classes for curriculum effectiveness.

Post-harvest rot symptoms caused by complex airborne fungi are nowadays the most serious threatening disease affecting orange fruits in Nigeria and presumably in many African countries. Experimental trials were conducted at the Department of Biological Sciences (Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria) from January to December 2022 to ascertain the pathogens associated with postharvest fruit rot of oranges (Citrus aurantium L.). Results of the pathogenic test revealed that Fusarium sp. and Penicillium sp. are pathogenic and produced the highest lesion diameter (38.67 and 40.33 mm, respectively) and disease severity index (88.67 and 94.33%, respectively). The frequency occurrence of Fusarium sp. (69.14%) and Penicillium sp. (50.62%) was the highest. Two aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica Juss. leaves and Zingiber officinale Roscoe rhizomes (at 80% concentration) were evaluated for their antifungal activities against the pathogenic isolates under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The results revealed that A. indica and Z. officinale aqueous extracts exhibited the highest mycelial growth inhibition (>90%) of Fusarium sp. and Penicillium sp. Similarly, under in vivo assay minimum lesion diameter (≤ 6.37 mm) and disease severity index (≤11.13%) were recorded in these aqueous extracts. In conclusion, the application of A. indica and Z. officinale can provide an alternative to fungicides against Penicillium sp. + Fusarium sp.

The adsorption of bisphenol A into untreated montmorillonite clay, doped titanium composite and cationic polymer modified tripartite magnetic montmorillonite composite was investigated under different conditions. The magnetic property of the modified adsorbent was ascertained by action of external magnetic field on the materials when dispersed in aqueous media. The XRD results for the unmodified and modified adsorbents showed that interlayer spacing of the clay material increases due to intercalation of the precursor molecules. The textural properties of the adsorbents from BET analysis showed that pore size and specific surface area of the tripartite magnetic composite was calculated to be 288.08 m2/g while that of the unmodified clay was 90.39 m2/g. The TGA results showed the tripartite magnetic composite was more stable with the lowest percentage mass loss compared to the unmodified montmorillonite. The tripartite magnetic composite showed higher adsorption capacity. Adsorption was best described by the Freundlich isotherm model, which confirmed that the adsorption process was multilayer coverage unto the uneven surface of the adsorbents. Kinetic treatment of the adsorption data confirmed the the process followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model and predominantly chemisorption process. The standard Gibb’s free energy computed for the adsorbents showed that the adsorption processes were favourably spontaneous with highly negative energy values of −336.70, −533.76 and −1438.38 KJ/mol, respectively, for the unmodified montmorillonite, doped titanium composite and the tripartite magnetic composite. It was observed that the addition of cationic aromatic moiety to the clay material increased pollutant-adsorbent interactions and improved adsorption capacity for micro-pollutants in a simulated industrial effluent.

Rapid industrial developments and rising population are mounting concerns, leading to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and resultant climate change. Therefore, to curb such drastic trends, it is necessary to adopt and develop a sustainable environment. Among the most effective ways to lower GHG emissions is carbon capture. Absorption is one of the most mature methods of reducing CO2 due to its high processing capacity, excellent adaptability, and reliability. This study aims to evaluate the most recent advancements in various CO2 capture techniques, with an emphasis on absorption technology. The techno-economic analyses of absorption-based CO2 capture processes were meticulously discussed. These include studies on solvent screening as well as techno-economic analysis methods. Economic estimators such as the payback period, rate of return and net present value are discussed. The research progress in absorption-based capture compared to other separation methods, is elucidated. Advances in the applications of various absorption solvents including aqueous, phase change solvents and deep eutectic solvents are presented. Finally, key recommendations are provided to tackle the challenges for efficient utilization of the absorption technique.

The purpose of this study was to examine plasma-activated buffer solution (PABS) and plasma-activated water (PAW) combined with ultrasonication (U) treatment on the reduction of chlorothalonil fungicide and the quality of tomato fruits during storage. To obtain PAW and PABS, an atmospheric air plasma jet was used to treat buffer solution and deionized water at different treatment times (5 and 10 min). For combined treatments, fruits were submerged in PAW and PABS, then sonicated for 15 min, and individual treatment without sonication. As per the results, the maximum chlorothalonil reduction of 89.29% was detected in PAW-U10, followed by 85.43% in PABS. At the end of the storage period, the maximum reduction of 97.25% was recorded in PAW-U10, followed by 93.14% in PABS-U10. PAW, PABS, and both combined with ultrasound did not significantly affect the overall tomato fruit quality in the storage period. Our results revealed that PAW combined with sonication had a significant impact on post-harvest agrochemical degradation and retention of tomato quality than PABS. Conclusively, the integrated hurdle technologies effectively reduce agrochemical residues, which helps to lower health hazards and foodborne illnesses.

This paper is aimed at studying the concept of multihyperuniformity and applying it to the design of shared-aperture antenna arrays and multi-bit coding metasurfaces. By formulating the theoretical foundation and essential geometric aspects related to this distribution, we create a computational model capable of generating both single hyperuniform and multihyperuniform distributions. Moreover, we put forward specific convergence acceleration techniques that effectively minimize computational time, particularly when dealing with a substantial number of elements. Considering the shape, size, and corresponding geometric constraints of the elements, we generate patterns suitable for practical designs of antenna arrays, as well as metasurfaces. We present an example of a multihyperuniform shared-aperture antenna array as illustration. Specifically, a penta-band circular patch antenna array operating in the C-band with low sidelobes and high realized gain over five different frequency bands is demonstrated. The computational model is also implemented for the design of a multi-bit coding metasurface with scattering reduction attributes.

Students in Nigerian English language classrooms encounter difficulty in writing. However, the utilisation of metacognitive strategies has the potential to aid students in organising their thoughts during writing for better achievement. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of digital graphic organisers on secondary school students’ achievement in expository essay writing and the students’ perceptions of writing challenges and the impact of the strategy. The study adopted a mixed-methods research design consisting of a within-group experimental design and focus group interview. Five research questions and one hypothesis are formulated to guide the study. An intact class size of 38 students is the subject of the study, while an expository essay writing achievement test and a focus group interview were used for data collection. Percentage, mean and standard deviation, and thematic analysis were used in answering the research questions, while a paired sample t-test was used to test the null hypothesis at 0.05 significance. The study found a statistically significant difference between students' mean achievement scores before and after exposure to digital graphic organiser charts when writing expository essays.

Background: A great number of modern medicines derived from plants are considered as important sources of medicinal agents to treat different diseases. J. tanjorensis belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae, which is known for various medicinal uses. Purpose: The hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of J. tanjorensis Euphorbiaceae and maintenance of electrolytes balance in aspirin-induced hepatotoxic condition in Wistar rats was studied. Methods: 20 Wistar rats of both sexes weighing between (180–200 g) were divided into 4 groups of 5 rats each. normal rat (group 1); J. tanjorensis Euphorbiaceae (200 mg/kg group 2); aspirin (250 mg/kg group 3); aspirin (250 mg/kg) + J. tanjorensis Euphorbiaceae (200 mg/kg group 4). Serum levels of the enzymes aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl−, and HCO3−) was assessed at the end of treatment which lasted twelve (12) weeks. Results: When compared to control, J. tanjorensis Euphorbiaceae - treated, and aspirin+ J. tanjorensis Euphorbiaceae - treated groups, blood electrolyte results in aspirin-treated group indicated a significant decrease (p

The need for Novel antimicrobial drugs aim at combating the essential elements of bacterial metabolism including cell walls, DNA gyrase, DNA-directed RNA polymerase, protein synthesis, and enzymes is very imperative considering the vast resistant of microbes and bacteria to modern drugs. This study looks at the evaluation of the biological activity and density functional theory (DFT) calculations of methyl 2,8-dichloro-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate (CMDP 2) in order to ascertain its usefulness in antibacterial therapy. The frontier molecular orbitals (FMO), Density of state (DOS), and natural bond orbital (NBO) were investigated using DFT at 6-311++G(d,p) basis set with different functionals (ωB97XD, TPSSTPSS and PBEPBE) for the elucidation of the molecular structural properties of the title molecule. Notably, the experimental and theoretical reported wavelength of absorption of the respective functional group are in good agreement. CMDP 2 shows highest interaction with ωB97XD functional. The investigated compounds' lowest binding energies ranged from −6 to −7 Kcal/mol, with CMPD 2 (−7 Kcal/mol) producing the best binding pose in its interaction with amino acid residues of 2NCJ, 5BS3 and 6RKU which is a satisfactory antibacterial property compared to 2-chloroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde (CMPD 1). CMPD 2 was also found to be both a non-substrate and non-inhibitor of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 in the analysis, suggesting that the compound could be metabolized in the liver. CMDP 2 could serve as a good starting material for the development of further therapeutically effective antibacterial drugs.

The present research article examined how the learning space correlated with students' collaboration and educational outcomes: in science students. The study investigated the foundation of psychological, social, and physical mediators that impress on students' scholarship, collaboration, and interest. The study had a sample size of 548 science students randomly selected from eleven secondary schools from a population of 985 science students in Akamkpa Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. The research design that was used in study was a cross-sectional observational type of survey. A questionnaire named Learning Space and Students Outcome Questionnaire (LPSOQ) was the tool employed in the study. The questionnaire was divided into two parts. Part A sought for student's demographic variable like age and gender. Part B had variables like physical space (seating arrangement and acoustic), psychological (self-efficacy and extrinsic motivation) and students' outcome (academic grade, collaboration and students' interest). LPSOQ reliability results ranged from 0.79 to 0.89 for Cronbach alpha and 0.81 for Kuder Richardson's formula-20. Data collected were analyzed by employing regression statistics, percentages, and mean. The regression statistics showed that the t values of seating arrangement, for academic grade (t = 5.311, p

In this investigation, Clam, Periwinkle and Oyster shells were separately treated, calcined and ball-milled into nano powder. Each nano powder material was fabricated into disc of various lengths in three replicates. In each case, the electrical characteristics of the discs were determined. Electrical resistivity values obtained for test samples developed from Clam, Periwinkle and Oyster shells were found to be (6.024 ± 0.009) x 105 Om, (6.823 ± 0.030) x 105 Om, and (4.916 ± 0.007) x 105 Om respectively at a temperature of (25.0 ± 1.0oC). Also, electronic activation energy values were found to be 0.68eV, 0.61eV, and 0.76eV, while thermal sensitivity index values were obtained as 7850K, 7058K, and 8814K respectively for the samples fabricated from the shells of Clam, Periwinkle, and Oyster. The shell samples exhibit a negative temperature coefficient of resistance with values of - 8.83%/K, -7.94%/K and -9.92%/K for Clam, Periwinkle and Oyster shells respectively. These results provide data base on the electrical characteristics for the shells. It can be adjudged from the results that the shells are potential raw materials for NTC thermistor production. They have high sustainability and can be considered to be economically cheap since they are discarded as waste.

Abstract Background Isolated scrotal gunshot injuries are uncommon. Even more so when they are self-inflicted. The extent of the injury is determined by the caliber of the weapon. Established management protocols when followed yields excellent results. Case presentations We present two male patients, aged 41 and 51 years old, who sustained gunshot injuries to the scrotum following accidental discharges from hand guns stored in their trouser pockets. The first (41 years) sustained grade 5 American Association for Surgery of Trauma (AAST) left testicular injury and was managed by unilateral orchidectomy. The second (51 years old) sustained bilateral grade 4 AAST testicular injuries and had both testes salvaged by primary repair after meticulous debridement. Conclusion Isolated scrotal gunshot injuries can occur when low velocity guns are placed adjacent to the genitalia and accidentally discharged. The testes are endangered and can be devitalized requiring orchidectomy or salvaged by meticulous debridement and primary repair when viability is not compromised.

We solved a one-dimensional time-dependent Feinberg–Horodecki equation for an improved Wei molecular energy potential function using the parametric Nikiforov–Uvarov method. The quantized momentum and the corresponding wave functions were obtained. With the help of the wave functions obtained, we calculated Shannon entropy for both the position space and momentum space. The results were used to study four molecules. The results of Shannon entropy were found to be in excellent agreement with those found in the literature. For more usefulness of these studies, the quantized momentum obtained was transformed into an energy equation with certain transformations. The energy equation was then used to calculate some thermodynamic properties such as vibrational mean energy, vibrational specific heat, vibrational mean free energy, and vibrational entropy via computation of the partition function. The thermodynamic properties studied for CO, NO, CH, and ScH showed that for a certain range of the temperature studied, the molecules exhibited similar features except for the vibrational entropy.

Generating pressure transient response for an interpretation model to describe essential features of a reservoir system accurately is often difficult. It is generally due to the inaccessibility of standard pressure transient analysis tools due to the cost, and even when accessible, they are constrained to its workflow and limitations. This study presents an alternative to standard industry tools to determine transient pressure response for a given rate history. A reservoir model for a single well with constant skin and wellbore storage producing a varying step rate in a semi-infinite acting reservoir with a sealing fault was used as a case study. The well is also assumed to be producing above saturation pressure from a reservoir saturated with slightly compressible fluid hence having constant fluid properties. The method discussed in this study can be applied to well-test interpretation models with an analytical constant terminal rate solution producing at variable step rates from a reservoir having constant rock and fluid properties. The results show conformance with that of standard industry software, and diagnostic plots of the simulated data set can help engineers plan well-test jobs and study the behavior of different reservoir models. Moreover, the program can be modified and used to regress observed pressure response with a selected model. The approach suggested by this study is a perfect alternative where time and cost are constraints.

Abstract Gas hydrate inhibition is very key and has become more sensitive as oil and gas exploration goes into deeper terrains especially deep offshore as a result of technological advancement. Use of chemicals has been the most efficient and cost effective in these areas. These chemicals add to the cost of doing oil and gas business and also cause harm to the environment; hence, research has been going on for more eco-friendly and cost-efficient inhibitors. This study takes a look at a locally sourced surfactant as one of such inhibitors. Varying weight percentages of the LSS were screened in a locally fabricated laboratory mini flow loop of 39.4 m with an internal diameter of 0.5 inch mounted on an external frame work. The various pressure plots (pressure vs. time, change in pressure vs. time, initial and final pressures vs. time) show that the LSS used in very small percentages performed better than the synthetic inhibitor methanol (MeOH) used in higher weight percentage than the LSS. The final pressures for MeOH for 1–5 wt% were 104, 111, 123, 120 and 123 psi while those of the LSS were 115, 128, 125, 127 and 131 psi, respectively, for 0.01–0.05 wt%, respectively. This means that the system with LSS had more stable pressure values than those of MeOH. Similarly, the change in pressure at the end of 120 min for MeOH was 46, 39, 27, 30 and 27 psi against 35, 22, 25, 23 and 19 psi for LSS. This was an indication that more gas was used up in the system with MeOH than in the system with LSS. The mitigation capacity of the LSS in percentage was calculated to be 69.30, 80.71, 78.07, 79.82 and 83.3% for 0.01–0.05 wt% while MeOH had values of 59.65, 65.79, 76.32, 73.68 and 76.32% for 1–5 wt%, respectively. This showed that the LSS inhibited hydrates better than MeOH in all the weight percentages considered. There is need to harness and develop the LSS for gas hydrate mitigation because it performed better than MeOH which is a known toxicant to man, terrestrial and aquatic habitat.

Linear (first-order) and non-linear (Weibull, biphasic, and log-logistic) models were evaluated for predicting the inactivation kinetics of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes on grass carp treated by a novel technique (UPFB) combining ultrasound (US) with plasma functionalized buffer (PFB). Results showed that UPFB was more effective for inactivating bacteria when compared with individual applications of US or PFB with reductions of 3.92 and 3.70 log CFU/g for Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes, respectively. Compared with the linear model, the three non-linear models presented comparable performances and were more suitable for describing the inactivation kinetics with superior adj-R2 (0.962–0.999), accuracies (0.970–1.006) and bias factors (0.995–1.031), and by assessing the strengths of evidence, weights of evidence and evidence ratios for the models, the biphasic model was identified as the best fit model. The current study provided new insights into the effective evaluation of decontamination methods.

The effects of plasma functionalized water (PFW) and its combination with ultrasound (UPFW) on the functional and bioactive properties of small yellow croaker protein hydrolysates (SYPHs) produced from three enzymes were investigated. Fluorescence and UV–Vis spectroscopy indicated that SYPHs tended to unfold with increasing intensity and shift in wavelengths to more flexible conformations under PFW and UPFW treatments. Particle size distribution and microstructure analysis revealed that treatments could disrupt aggregation of protein molecules to increase the roughness, specific surface area, and decrease the particle size of peptides during hydrolysis. The partially denatured structure of SYPHs induced by treatments increased the susceptibility of the fish proteins to exogenous enzymes, thereby accelerating the hydrolytic process to yield peptides with improved solubility, decreased emulsifying and foaming properties, and improved enzyme-specific antioxidant properties. The results revealed that the functionality of SYPHs was influenced by the treatment method and the enzyme type employed.

This study investigated the willingness of residents to use bicycles for intra-city transportation in Calabar, South-South Nigeria. Administered questionnaires were successfully retrieved (82%) from residents of all income and employment groups in the 22 political wards of the study area. Stratified sampling technique was used to select survey participants. Initial socioeconomic characteristics of respondents in intercept only model was used to predict the willingness of respondents to ride in the city. Twelve problems of bicycle transportation were further presented to participants who rated them using a six-point scale (1-6), highly unwilling to highly willing to ride, respectively. Logistic Regression Analysis was employed to predict the probability that a respondent would be willing to ride. The predictor variables were respondents’ gender, age, education, occupational status, 12 bicycle infrastructure characteristics and dummy variables coding each socioeconomic scenario. A test of the full model versus a model with intercept only was statistically significant, χ2 (24, N = 315) = 50.5, p < .001 and χ2 (19, N = 315) = 36.5, p < .001. The model was able to correctly classify 86% of those willing to ride and 29.1% of those unwilling to ride, for an overall success rate of 66.2%. The study revealed that there is no gender sensitivity in the willingness of residents to ride in the city. In model 2, the odd ratio of some bicycle infrastructure characteristics such as bicycle lanes (1.181), conflicts with motorist (1.338), lack of respect for cycling (1.078), culture/stigma (1.046), weather (1.013), potholes (1.222), safety issues (1.280), and illumination (1.241) are more significant in predicting the probability of respondents to ride bicycles. The study recommended designated bicycle paths/trails to motivate residents to ride bicycles in the city.

Due to renewed interest in fruit residue application, cashew apple pomace and other fruit pomace are receiving unparallel attention as substitute for food ingredient or food enrichment options. This necessitates this study to investigate drying as vital approach in preserving and conditioning cashew apple pomace. In this study, cashew apple fruits were blended in fruit blender and filtered through 150 microns filter; the filtrate was further tightened in a fabric material and pressed with manual hydraulic press to further express the juice in it. The pomace was stored in a refrigerator at 3 °C for 18 h to homogenise the moisture. The pomace was divided into nine equal weights, a portion was fed into hot air oven dryer at 60 °C and constant circulating air velocity of 2.2 m/s, the changes in mass was measured using digital mass balance after every 10 minutes. The procedure was repeated at 70 and 80 °C and in triplicate; in each case the mass of the samples was measured. It was found that cashew pomace dry under a single falling rate period, effective moisture diffusivity increased with increasing drying temperature and ranges from 9.02015Ч10-9 to 2.12177Ч10-8, activation energy was estimated as 41.880 kJ/K, specific drying energy consumption decreased with increasing drying temperature and ranges from 24.1 to 45.3 MJ/kg. Our proposed drying model was found to adequately simulate the drying kinetics of cashew apple pomace.

This paper explored the relationship between graffiti arts and civic education among young people in Nigeria. A mixed methods approach was employed to generate and synthesize empirical data. The study was guided by Barbara Rogoff's social constructivism theory. Findings indicated that graffiti arts and artists were present in Nigeria, driven by desires for self-expression, financial gain, and training opportunities sponsored by NGOs for up-and-coming artists. Writing styles varied, but drawing, mural painting, and styles uniquely African remained dominant. Despite the difficulty of acceptance of graffiti as an art form due to its earlier association with transgressive activities, its engagement as a method for emancipatory, participatory, cultural literacy, dialectical relations, and creative learning tools in both formal and informal settings demonstrated its educational-supportive capacity for young adults. The values that graffiti express can help reorient young adults in their thinking and social agency. To this end, this paper recommends rethinking the way we view and relate to graffiti arts and writers; incorporating graffiti art education into school curriculum reforms in Nigeria; and using an interactive approach, including new media, to understanding graffiti art produced and displayed by young adults.

Background: Low-income earners are particularly vulnerable to mental health, consequence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown restrictions, due to a temporary or permanent loss of income and livelihood, coupled with government-enforced measures of social distancing. This study evaluates the mental health status among low-income earners in southwestern Uganda during the first total COVID-19 lockdown in Uganda.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was undertaken amongst earners whose income falls below the poverty threshold. Two hundred and fifty-three (n = 253) male and female low-income earners between the ages of 18 and 60 years of age were recruited to the study. Modified generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7), Spielberger's State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) tools as appropriate were used to assess anxiety, anger, and depression respectively among our respondents.Results: Severe anxiety (68.8%) followed by moderate depression (60.5%) and moderate anger (56.9%) were the most common mental health challenges experienced by low-income earners in Bushenyi district. Awareness of mental healthcare increased with the age of respondents in both males and females. A linear relationship was observed with age and depression (r = 0.154, P = 0.014) while positive correlations were observed between anxiety and anger (r = 0.254, P < 0.001); anxiety and depression (r = 0.153, P = 0.015) and anger and depression (r = 0.153, P = 0.015).Conclusion: The study shows the importance of mental health awareness in low resource settings during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Females were identified as persons at risk to mental depression, while anger was highest amongst young males.

Introduction: Insecticide treated net (ITN) is pivotal to malaria control but reports show a relatively low ITN utilization when compared to household ownership. It is important to explore the determinants of ITN utilization in order to bridge this gap. Objectives: To determine the factors associated with ITN utilization among under-fives. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted from February to April 2015 among under-fives in Afaha Ikot Obio Nkan in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select 494 households from which 413 under-fives were recruited. Information on ITN utilization was obtained using a WHO validated tool. The independent predictors of ITN utilization were determined. Result: ITN was mainly used to prevent mosquito bites (48.3%) and malaria (29.2%). Non-utilization was mainly attributed to heat (38.5%), ‘no reason’ (11.5%) and low mosquito activity (11.1%). Household head of 30-39 years, the presence of two under-fives in a household and the number of ITNs observed hanging over bed spaces were the independent of predictors utilization. Conclusion: Caregivers aged 30 – 39 years, presence of two under-five children in a household and the number of ITNs observed hanging over bed spaces were the predictors of ITN utilization.

A novel method of thermoultrasound-assisted plasma functionalized buffer (PFB) for decontaminating grass carp was evaluated using the Box–Behnken design (BBD) with processing variables including PFB generating voltage (PV), ultrasound treatment time (UT) and temperature (TP). The predicted models were found to be significant (p 0.05) lack of fit and high coefficient of determination (R2≥0.97) values. The optimum decontamination conditions for the responses of S. putrefaciens and S. Typhimurium were PV of 66 V, UT of 14.90 min and TP of 60 ℃, achieving reductions of 4.40 and 3.97 log CFU/g, respectively, with a desirability of 0.998. Among the variables, temperature presented higher significance for inactivating bacteria and the production of volatile basic nitrogen and lipid peroxidation under the optimized conditions were within the limits of freshness for grass carp. Additionally, the effects of PFB and the optimized thermoultrasound-assisted PFB decontamination were mild on the microstructure of grass carp with slight ruptures and loose myofibril structures, indicating the potential of thermoultrasound-assisted PFB for seafood products decontamination with reduced processing time.

A novel technique for treating grass carp by combining plasma functionalized liquids and ultrasound to inactivate bacteria was developed. The effects of the plasma functionalized liquids (PFL) including plasma functionalized water (PFW) and buffer (PFB) and their respective combination with ultrasound treatment (USPFW and USPFB) on the oxidative and physical qualities of grass carp were also investigated. Individual applications of PFW and PFB significantly reduced the populations of Escherichia coli and Shewanella putrefaciens in the range of 0.31–1.18 log CFU/g, compared with the control with a reduction of 0.18 log CFU/g, while combined treatments of USPFW and USPFB presented additional reductions of 0.05–0.65 log CFU/g, with potential synergy demonstrated for PFW and ultrasound. The treatment resulted in improved biomedical index and nutritional value of fatty acids and lipids, protein structural unfolding, increased lipid oxidation and protein degradation with values within the acceptable limits, and the combined treatment was more effective for retarding the hardness reduction in grass carp, while the colour change was also significantly affected, resulting in increased whiteness. The results indicated that the combined treatments may be a promising approach to improving the quality of seafood products.

Aim/purpose – This study aims at investigating the incidence of procedural justice, job satisfaction, and organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) of employees within small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria. The main thrust of the study is to provide justification for the possible link between these behavioural factors with a view to establishing their roles in fostering SMEs.

Anna Wawruszak,1 Ewelina Gumbarewicz,1 Estera Okon,1 Witold Jeleniewicz,1 Jakub Czapinski,1,2 Marta Halasa,1 Karolina Okla,3,4 Jolanta Smok-Kalwat,5 Artur Bocian,6 Adolfo Rivero-Muller,1,7,* Andrzej Stepulak1,* 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; 2School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; 3The First Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; 4Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; 5Department of Clinical Oncology, Holy Cross Cancer Centre, Kielce, Poland; 6Department of Oncological Surgery, Holy Cross Cancer Centre, Kielce, Poland; 7Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Andrzej Stepulak; Adolfo Rivero-MullerDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, Lublin 20-093, PolandTel +48 81 448 6350Fax +48 81 448 6350Email andrzej.stepulak@umlub.pl; adolfo.rivero-muller@umlub.plIntroduction: Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) are a group of compounds that exhibit anticancer activity, but their significance and usefulness in breast cancer (BC) treatment are still controversial. The ability of cancer cells to invade and migrate is augmented by the acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype – a process known as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Changes in the expression level of different cadherins, so-called cadherin switches, have been used to monitor the EMT process in development and tumor progression, in particular migration and invasion potential. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of two HDIs – valproic acid (VPA) and vorinostat (SAHA) – on the migration potential of different BC cell types, as well as on EMT, or its reverse process – mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition, progression by means of shift in epithelial and mesenchymal marker expression.Methods: HDI treatment-induced expression of E- and N-cadherin at the mRNA and protein levels was evaluated by qPCR, Western blotting and immunostaining methods, respectively. BC cell proliferation and migration were assessed by BrdU, xCELLigence system and wound-healing assay.Results: VPA and SAHA inhibited the proliferation and migration in a dose- and time-dependent manner, regardless of the BC cell type. Unawares, BC cells having a more mesenchymal phenotype (MDA-MB-468) were found to overexpress N-cadherin, whereas BC lines having an epithelial phenotype (T47D, MCF7) responded to HDI treatment by a significant increase of E-cadherin expression.Discussion: We suggest that HDAC inhibition results in a more relaxed chromatin concomitant to an increase in the expression of already expressing genes.Conclusion: By using multiple cancer cell lines, we conclude that HDI induction or reversal of EMT is not a universal mechanism, yet inhibition of cell migration is, and thus EMT should not be considered as the only measurement for tumor aggressiveness.Keywords: breast cancer, HDIs, VPA, SAHA, EMT, migration

Segment videos were produced at different peaks to reflect different sampling criteria like land use characteristics, trails, Ciclocarrils and Ciclovia. Each segment was filmed for 20–40 seconds during bicycle rides at a speed of about 5km/h with a camera strapped, at an angle of 45 degrees, on the head. Curb lane variables such as bicycle pathway widths, curb lane motorised volume (veh/h) and vehicle speed (km/h), bicycle volume on segment, and median width were recorded in addition to secondary data. About 1,360 ratings were acquired from study participants and used in the estimation process. Ordered probability models were used to estimate random parameters of cyclists LOS perception to account for unobserved heterogeneity for all respondents. The deviance (1.085) and Pearson Chi-Square (2.309) with 1,635 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance shows that our model provides a better fit of the data. The study observed that BLOS was strongly influenced by side path separation, vehicle speed, motorised traffic volume and conflicts with pedestrians. However, many other factors were found to have high probabilities to influence level of service with unit change. They include bicycle lane width, wide outside lane, pavement conditions, trees and benches, daylight, gender and experience of cyclist. The impact of the variety of observed factors affecting bicyclists reveal the nature and character of urban transportation in Bogota which suggests a range of important trade-offs in further planning and management of the Cicloruta bicycle paths.

Leprosy reduces quality of life of affected persons. Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species may play a vital role in the pathogenesis of leprosy. This study evaluated anthropometric indices, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), lipid profile, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total plasma peroxide (TPP), oxidative stress index (OSI), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdg) in leprosy patients. Sixty test participants of both genders, aged 18-65years and diagnosed of multibacillary leprosy and 30 apparently healthy controls were consecutively recruited for this study. The test participants comprised of 30 patients on multidrug therapy (MDT) and 30 patients relieved from therapy (RFT). Body mass index (BMI), Waist-hip ratio (WHR), FPG, lipid profile, TAC, TPP, OSI, MDA, GSH and 8-OHdg were determined using appropriate methods. Data were analyzed using Analysis of variance; p

The effectiveness of a local reagent as gas hydrate inhibitor has been evaluated using a bench scale high pressure apparatus. The effectiveness of methanol (MeOH) a conventional gas hydrate inhibitor was used as a bench mark for the evaluation of the Local Reagent's (LR) effectiveness. Various weight percentages of the local reagent were experimented in a 0.5-inch internal diameter 316 stainless steel pipe bench-scale high pressure apparatus enclosed in a 4-inch PVC pipe and skid mounted on an external metal frame work. Pressure and temperature profiles and inhibition efficiency plots showed that the Local Reagent (LR) performed better than the conventional inhibitor methanol in almost all the weight percentages (except 1 wt.%). The optimum weight percentage for inhibition required was shown to be 2 wt.%. The average inhibition efficiency of the LR is 80%, MeOH is 66% while that of 3 and 4 wt.% is 80.7%. The LR locally sourced, is obtained from plant material (Phyto chemical analysis showed the presence of phenolic compound such as tannins, phenols, saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids that aided its effectiveness) and is less expensive than methanol which is toxic to both the environment and living things. The LR is recommended for further development as gas hydrate inhibitor.

Uterine fibroid is the commonest benign tumour of the female reproductive tract. It occurs in 20–40% of women, whereas the estimated incidence in pregnancy is 0.1–3.9%. Uterine fibroid in pregnancy is usually asymptomatic with complications occurring in 10–30% of cases. The first line of management is conservative with counselling for myomectomy after delivery. However, in the presence of intractable symptoms, both antepartum myomectomy and caesarean myomectomy have been reported to be successfully performed in carefully selected cases. We report a case of large subserous uterine fibroid in pregnancy that was referred to our centre at 14 weeks of gestation. She developed generalized body weakness, backache, and breathlessness at 27 weeks gestation. Thus, she was admitted and managed conservatively for eight weeks with significant relief of symptoms. She eventually had a caesarean myomectomy at 35 weeks of gestation; the outcome was a live female baby with a birth weight of 2.3 kg and a large subserous fibroid weighing 9.5 kg. We can therefore say that caesarean myomectomy can be safely performed in carefully selected cases.