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One of the plant-specific transcription factor families that play an important role in responses to nitrogen deficiency is NODULE INCEPTION-like (NIN-like) proteins (NLPs). However, the properties and evolutionary relationships of NIN genes in P. vulgaris, which enable nodule formation naturally, have not been studied yet. 12 Pvul-NIN genes have been identified in this study and the approximate positions of these genes have been determined. At the same time, several biochemical and physicochemical properties of NIN-like proteins have been elucidated. Comparisons between both monocot and dicot, but also nodule binding and non-nodule binding species were considered when investigating the evolutionary relationships of NIN genes. 16 duplication events (14 segmental and 2 tandem) have been shown to play a role in the expansion of the NIN gene family in P. vulgaris. In addition, comparative expression analysis of NIN genes was performed by processing publicly available RNAseq data and different levels of Pvul-NIN gene expression under both salt and drought stress were detected, suggesting the roles of Pvul-NIN gene for abiotic stress response. Expression levels of NIN genes have also been investigated in different plant tissues and have been shown to be intensely expressed in nodules and root tissues. This is the first study on the in-silico detection and characterization of Pvul-NIN genes to examine gene expression levels in common bean. The results could therefore provide the basis for future studies of functional characterization of Pvul-NIN genes.

Plants are platforms where recombinant proteins and other biopharmaceuticals can be produced easily, cheaply and safely and can be purified back. Recently, many recombinant proteins such as growth hormone, antibody milk proteins, serum albumin and various industrial enzymes produced in bacterial or mammalian cell cultures have been produced in plant tissue or in plant cell culture. Plant tissues provide suitable post-translational modifications for production of recombinant viral and bacterial antigens and show the same biological activity as the recombinant vaccines produced in microorganisms. All of these have paved the way for their usage in vaccine production. Production of recombinant protein in plants requires stable or transient integration of target gene sequence depending on the location in the plant cell. While the biolistic method is used for the stable transformation of the target gene in the nucleus or chloroplast, plant pathogen Agrobacterium sp. mediated gene transfer method is used for transient gene transfer. Plants are extremely suitable expression vectors for industrial production of pharmaceutical proteins, with their proven production capacity and economic feasibility., Bitkiler, rekombinant proteinlerin ve diğer biyofarmasotiklerin kolay, ucuz ve güvenli üretiminin sağlanabildiği ve geri saflaştırılabildiği platformlardır. Günümüzde bakteri ya da memeli hücre kültürlerinde üretilen büyüme hormonu, antikor süt proteinleri, serum albumini ve çeşitli endüstriyel enzimler gibi birçok rekombinant proteinin bitkisel dokuda ya da bitki hücre kültüründe üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bitkisel dokuların rekombinant viral ve bakteriyel antijenlerin üretimleri için uygun post-translasyonel modifikasyonları sağlamaları ve mikroorganizmalarda üretilen rekombinant aşılar ile aynı biyolojik aktiviteyi göstermeleri, aşı üretiminde kullanılmalarının önünü açmıştır. Bitkisel rekombinant protein üretimi, hedef gen dizisinin bitki hücresindeki konumuna bağlı olarak stabil veya geçici entegrasyonunu gerektirir. Biyolistik yöntemi hedef genin çekirdek veya kloroplastta stabil transformasyonu için kullanılırken, bir bitki patojeni olan Agrobacterium sp. aracılı gen transferi yöntemi, geçici gen transferi için kullanılmaktadır. Bitkisel sistemler kanıtlanmış üretim kapasiteleri ve ekonomik fizibiliteleri ile farmasotik proteinlerin endüstriyel boyutta üretimleri için son derece uygun ekspresyon vektörleridir.