Search

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the anatomical variations and morphometric characteristics of the sulci in the dural venous sinuses within the intracranial cavity, with a particular focus on sex differences and asymmetry. Methods: Thirty fixed cadaveric heads were used to measure the dimensions (length, width, and depth) and spatial relationships of the dural venous sinus sulci within the intracranial cavity, including the distance to the midline, distance to each other, and lateral margin of the skull. Comparisons were made between sexes and sides of the body. Results: A significant difference was observed in the length of the marginal sinus on the right side between sexes (p = 0.028). Various measurements, including the width of the transverse sinus, origin and insertion sites of the superior petrosal sinus, and distances between the sinuses and midline, showed statistically significant differences between the left and right sides (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the width of the inferior petrosal sinus and depth of the sigmoid sinus were notably higher on the right side (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results suggest an asymmetric distribution of the sigmoid, superior/inferior petrosal, and transverse sinuses in terms of diameter and distance from the midline. Surgeons should consider these anatomical variations during procedures in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During routine dissection of the anterior compartment of the arm region, we encountered several variations in the muscular and neural structures in the right upper extremity of a female cadaver. We observed one superiorly positioned extramuscular head with fibers originating from both the biceps brachii (BB) and coracobrachialis (CB) muscles and one inferiorly positioned extramuscular head with fibers solely from the BB muscle. The musculocutaneous nerve did not penetrate the CB muscle, but instead provided a muscular branch that communicated with the median nerve (MN). Both the MN and brachial artery (BA) flow beneath the extra head. This case suggests that the described variations may contribute to the entrapment of the MN and compression of the BA. Understanding these variations is crucial before surgical intervention. The failure to recognize such anatomical nuances could lead to inadvertent nerve injury or compromised vascular perfusion, emphasizing the need for preoperative planning and intraoperative vigilance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key objective of this review is to summarize the available information on the effects of medical ozone therapy in COVID-19 and its therapeutic potentials. An electronic literature search was performed using the PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Ovid Medline, J Stage and China Knowledge Resource Integrated (CNKI) databases to September 2021. In total, 1833 articles were identified. Twenty-six articles were selected out of 667 articles. The most preferred and effective administration method for COVID-19 is major autohemotherapy (MAHT), followed by rectal insufflation and minor autohemotherapy (MiAHT). However, other methods, including ozonized oils and ozonated saline, are also used for COVID-19 due to ease of application, prophylactic and therapeutic effects. In studies, 850 patients were treated with ozone therapy as a complementary treatment. The effectiveness of ozone concentrations below 20 μg/mL or above 45 μg/mL for MAHT are yet to be proven in the COVID-19 patient population, and may be less effective. Complementary ozone therapy combined with antivirals increase the activity of antivirals against COVID-19. Large-scale, multicenter randomized clinical trials are needed to be able to isolate the effect of ozone therapy where the clinical variables are distributed more homogeneously. Also, an extended period of follow-up of COVID-19 patients may give more accurate indications about the effectiveness of the treatment in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural polyphenols have been investigated and are claimed to be mediators of the relationship between dopamine (DA) and memory. Therefore, we aimed to measure and evaluate the effect of syringic acid (SA) on DA expression by behavioral tests related to short-term and recognition memory in Wistar rats. Rats were randomly assigned to control (0.5 cc corn oil, n = 10), SA (25 mg/kg/day, o.g, n = 10), Deltamethrin (DTM) (1.28 mg/kg/day o.g, n = 10) and DTM (1.28 mg/kg/day o.g, n = 10) + SA (25 mg/kg/day) groups. The Y-maze and Novel Object Recognition (NOR) tests were performed to assess cognitive and behavioral functions in the rats. Dopamine levels in the hippocampus were measured by mass spectrometry. Syringic acid significantly increased DA (5.45 ± 1.06 ng/ml, p = 0.0026, p < 0.05) compared with the other groups. SA increased the percent alternation (34.85 ± 0.72%, p < 0.05), time spent in the novel arm (2.88 ± 0.18 min, p < 0.05), and frequency of novel arm entries (44.91 ± 2.28%, p < 0.05), of the rats after the Y-maze test. The SA elevated the discrimination index (70.42 ± 3.59%, p < 0.001), and exploration time (30.44 ± 1.8 sec, p < 0.05) in the NOR test, and increased the short term and recognition memory in behavioral tests. Our findings support the hypothesis that SA-induced DA levels of the hippocampus may facilitate recognition and short-term memory in Wistar rats through the activation of dopaminergic receptors or pathways during the learning process, and that this can be seen in the cognitive behavior of SA-treated rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Detailed anatomical knowledge of the accessory tendons of the dorsal compartments of the wrist is crucial for understanding the effects of tendon injury due to external trauma or rupture. This study was performed to investigate the variations of the extensor compartments of the wrist and a relation between the thickness of extensor digiti minimi (EDM) and abductor pollicis longus (APL) tendons and accessory extensor digiti quinti proprius (EDQP) slip to the little finger. Methods: Fourteen fixed wrists of adult cadavers were dissected. The tendon variations in the extensor compartments of the wrist and their abnormal insertion sites were recorded, and the number, length, width, and type of accessory tendons were also recorded. Results: A double tendon of the extensor digiti minimi was detected in one female cadaver out of the 14 fixed cadavers. Ulnar and radial tendons of the EDM were detected in the right wrist of one female cadaver. The radial tendon was accepted as an accessory EDQP but did not join the extensor digitorum (ED), and the ulnar tendon was normal. Four out of fourteen wrists (28.5%) had APL tendon variations. The lateral was accepted as the main APL and the medial as the accessory tendon. A thin accessory tendon was detected from the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) at the ulnar styloid process. Conclusion: Tendon variations of the dorsal compartments of the wrist and the relationship between the ED slip and accessory tendons should be considered when planning surgical treatment. The presence of accessory tendons might assist in finding alternative tendon sources for tendon grafts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to provide reference data about the density and distribution of muscle spindles (MS) in certain mimic muscles on human cadavers. Methods: Orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, zygomaticus major and buccinator muscles were obtained from 16 cadavers on both sides, and they were dissected into pieces according to muscle mass. Routine tissue processing procedures were applied to all samples. Dewaxed serial sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson's Trichrome staining to determine muscle spindles. They were examined and photographed under a light microscope. Results: The mean numbers of MS in the buccinator muscle were 2.22 (H&E), 2.37 (Masson's) on the right side and 2.42 (H&E), 2.16 (Masson's) on the left side. The following numbers (0.5 and 1.33) were detected on both sides for orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris muscles, respectively. The mean numbers of MS were 2.1 (H&E), 1.85 (Masson's) on the right and 0.5 on the left for zygomaticus major. Light microscopic examination of 72 samples revealed that perimysium enclosing fascicles, skeletal muscle fibers, peripherally located nuclei, endomysium, blood vessels, and peripheral nerves were intact. External and internal connective tissue capsules and intrafusal muscle fibers were observed in the muscle spindles inside the perimysium and fascicles. Conclusion: The differences in density and distribution of muscle spindles were presented in certain mimic muscles. Therefore these differences may provide a basis to explain the mechanisms related to movement disorders of mimic muscles and functional indicators of pathological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was designed to study the anatomy of the ethmoidal foramina in adult human dry skulls. In addition to investigate the number of ethmoidal foramina that can be found on the orbital wall, we also addressed their classification and symmetry. The analysis of 1089 orbits demonstrated that the average number of ethmoidal foramina/orbit was 2.07 (range 0 to 4). As for their classification, we devised the relative depth index (RDI) to differentiate the anterior from the posterior ethmoidal foramina. The index represents the ratio “distance of the foramen from the anterior lacrimal crest/length of the medial orbital wall". The average index of the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina were 0.53±0.04 and 0.84±0.06 respectively. As the mean of the two indexes was 0.685, we used the latter value as a sort of numerical watershed to define the domains of the anterior and of the posterior ethmoidal foramina on the orbital wall. Thus all ethmoidal foramina with an RDI ≤ 0.68 were considered anterior ethmoidal foramina and all ethmoidal foramina with an RDI ≥ 0.69 were considered posterior ethmoidal foramina. In this way it is possible to properly classify foramina on orbits with 1, 3 or 4 ethmoidal foramina. As for their symmetry, in contrast to what had been previously reported, we observed that in most cases ethmoidal foramina have a highly symmetric arrangement both in terms of number of foramina on fellow orbits and of position along the orbital wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Endoscopy is now being used for diagnosis and surgical treatment of disorders of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Direct observations of mucociliary clearance patterns have shown that there are clear cut pathways in the sinuses, with secretions always trying to leave through the natural ostia.' Maxillar ostia is exists behind the upper part of the medial wall and often at intersection region of the rear lower infindubulum and lower front surface of the ethmoid bulla. Accessory ostium exists at the 25-30% of the general population instead of the natural ostium. There are some features that differentiate the accessory ostium and natural ostium. Methods: To determine the incidence and location of the accessory ostium 29 fromaldehyde fixed adult cadaver was examined with endoscope. Results: The accessory ostium is encountered at 8 cases (13.8%). These are located at rare-middle, front-middle and rear in 2 (0.03%), 3 (0.05%), 3 (0.05%) cases respectively. Recognition of the maxillary ostia is tedious while performing endoscopic procedures which accounts for a high rate of orbital complications for a novice performing surgery in this region. Conclusion: It is therefore imperative to know the landmarks in this regions which may be obliterated by disease. Radiologist should be aware of this entity as it can appear as communication between the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity on sinus imaging examinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]