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Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a harmful cultural practice with significant health consequences for affected women and girls. Due to migration and human mobility, an increasing number of women with FGM/C are presenting to healthcare facilities of western countries (including Australia) where the practice is non-prevalent. Despite this increase in presentation, the experiences of primary healthcare providers in Australia engaging and caring for women/girls with FGM/C are yet to be explored. The aim of this research was to report on the Australian primary healthcare providers' experiences of caring for women living with FGM/C. A qualitative interpretative phenomenological approach was utilised and convenience sampling was used to recruit 19 participants. Australian primary healthcare providers were engaged in face-to-face or telephone interviews, which were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. Three major themes emerged, which were: exploring knowledge of FGM/C and training needs, understanding participants' experience of caring for women living with FGM/C, and mapping the best practice in working with women. The study shows that primary healthcare professionals had basic knowledge of FGM/C with little or no experience with the management, support, and care of affected women in Australia. This impacted their attitude and confidence to promote, protect, and restore the target population's overall FGM/C-related health and wellbeing issues. Hence, this study highlights the importance of primary healthcare practitioners being skilled and well-equipped with information and knowledge to care for girls and women living with FGM/C in Australia.

Background: Participation of culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) women from migrant and refugee backgrounds in cervical screening is crucial to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem within the next 20 years. However, CALD women report low participation in cervical screening. Barriers to participation can be addressed with culturally tailored, community-based programs. There is a need for research to explore the process, feasibility, acceptability and barriers to cultural tailoring in the delivery and evaluation of cervical screening health education., Methods: CALD community health workers took part in a 2 day training program then co-designed, culturally tailored and co-facilitated cervical screening health promotion forums within their communities. Forums were delivered to a total of seven groups, involving 12 sessions and 71 CALD women. The forums were evaluated for feasibility, acceptability, implementation and effectiveness using a survey, interviews and observations. Data were collected from CALD women, facilitators and researchers., Results: The co-design and co-delivery of cervical screening health promotion forums was time and resource intensive however allowed for deeper cultural tailoring resulting in engagement with 'hard to reach' CALD women, improved health literacy and intention to screen. Flexibility in the intervention implementation was crucial to ensure forums were responsive to community interests and needs. Online delivery of the forums in response to the COVID-19 pandemic was acceptable to most groups., Conclusions: Co-designed, culturally tailored cervical screening health promotion forums are feasible and acceptable to CALD women, in both face-to-face and online formats. Adjustments to the intervention protocol were recommended to improve future implementation., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Using the transformational learning theory and action research method, this study captured the experiences of students from health-related disciplines in the cultural immersion program From the World to Western. A total of nine students participated in the pilot program with four host families from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) backgrounds, and four cultural facilitators who connected the host families and students. The findings of this research showed that it was beneficial for students in health-related disciplines to engage in the cultural immersion program to further prepare them for culturally competent care in their future roles as healthcare professionals. In addition, the students indicated the need for the cultural immersion program to be part of the curriculum for future students to develop cultural skills, awareness and encounters with diverse populations.

Aims and Objectives: To report primary healthcare providers' perspectives on elimination of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C)., Background: Eradication of FGM/C by 2030 is one of the United Nations Sustainable Development goals. World Health Organization recognises the unique role of nurses and other primary healthcare providers. However, their voices on the current legislative approach are underreported. These voices are important in informing directions that can expedite achievement of the global goal., Design: Qualitative interpretivist phenomenology., Methods: This qualitative study used purposive sampling approach and involved 19 individual interviews conducted face to face or by telephone with Australian primary healthcare providers. Data collected between October and December 2019 were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. Three themes exploring Australian healthcare providers' perspectives on elimination of FGM/C were identified, namely understanding Australian laws against FGM/C; perspectives on culturally sensitive education; and exploring public awareness raising activities in Australia. This study was guided by Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research, the checklist for qualitative studies., Results: "Understanding Australian laws against FGM/C" identified participants' knowledge that FGM/C is illegal in Australia and that mandatory reporting applies if a child is or at risk of being taken oversees for the procedure. Through "Perspectives on culturally sensitive education," the participants argued that education is the key to questioning the practice of FGM/C. "Exploring public awareness-raising activities in Australia" described the need for collective action germane to FGM/C eradication., Conclusions: This study emphasised that laws and legislation prohibiting FGM/C need to be complemented with culturally sensitive education and public awareness-raising activities, to produce optimal outcome for the elimination of FGM/C in Australia., Relevance to Clinical Practice: Voices of these healthcare providers are crucial for FGM/C to be eradicated. Listening and acting on these voices are important in achieving the global sustainable development goal of eradicating FGM/C., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Many women living in Middle Eastern countries report negative, dehumanising experiences of childbirth. Finding effective ways of changing maternity care to improve women's experience is needed but is challenging., Aim: This paper explores the potential strategies to improve birthing experiences of women in Jordan and identifies the facilitators and obstacles to change., Method: A qualitative interpretive research design underpinned by a feminist approach was used. Seventeen community women, 14 midwives and midwifery leaders were engaged in workshops and face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Data were transcribed verbatim and thematic analysis undertaken., Results: An overarching theme "From hopelessness to some hope" emerged from data analysis and comprised of two themes: 'It's hopeless-there are so many obstacles'; and 'Finding some hope for the way forward'. The community women were unhappy with the current maternity services but accepted the situation. Midwives offered explanations for the way women are treated, including that women have no voice. For these participants, the obstacles seemed almost insurmountable; however, there was some hope expressed about potential for small changes to occur., Conclusions: This study highlights the value of women and midwives sharing experiences and listening to the stories of women. Listening to women's birth stories may also be an important element of undergraduate and continuing education in Jordan. Small changes, such as promoting women's dignity by ensuring they are covered during birth are possible, but real change needs to be generated at a professional and societal level., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Privacy is related to a person's sense of self and the need to be respected and it is a key factor that contributes to women's satisfaction with their birth experiences., Aim: To examine the meaning of privacy for Jordanian women during labour and birth., Method: A qualitative interpretive design was used. Data were collected through face-to-face semi-structured interviews with 27 Jordanian women. Of these women, 20 were living in Jordan while seven were living in Australia (with birthing experience in both Jordan and Australia). Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data., Results: The phrase 'there is no privacy' captured women's experience of birth in Jordanian public hospitals and in some private hospital settings. Women in public hospitals in Jordan had to share a room during their labour with no screening. This experience meant that they were, "lying there for everyone to see", "not even covered by a sheet" and with doctors and others coming in and out of their room. This experience contrasted with birth experienced in Australia., Conclusions: This study explicates the meaning of privacy to Jordanian women and demonstrates the impact of the lack of privacy during labour and birth. Seeking a birth in a private hospital in Jordan was one of the strategies that women used to gain privacy, although this was not always achieved. Some strategies were identified to facilitate privacy, such as being covered by a sheet; however, even simple practices are difficult to change in a patriarchal, medically dominated maternity system., (Copyright © 2019 Australian College of Midwives. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Overwhelmingly, women in Middle Eastern countries experience birth as dehumanising and disrespectful. Women's stories can be a very powerful way of informing health services about the impact of the care they receive and can promote practice change. The aim of this study is to examine Jordanian women's experiences and constructions of labour and birth in different settings (home, public and private hospitals in Jordan, and Australian public hospitals), over time and across generations., Method: A qualitative interpretive design was used. Data were collected by face-to-face semi-structured interviews with 27 Jordanian women. Of these women, 20 were living in Jordan (12 had given birth in the last five years and eight had birthed over 15 years ago) while seven were living in Australia (with birthing experience in both Jordan and Australia). Interview data were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically., Results: Women's birth experiences differed across settings and generations and were represented in the four themes: 'Birth at home: a place of comfort and control'; 'Public Hospital: you should not have to suffer'; 'Private Hospital: buying control' and 'Australian maternity care: a mixed experience'. In each theme, the concepts: Pain, Privacy, the Personal and to a lesser extent, Purity (cleanliness), were present but experienced in different ways depending on the setting (home, public or private hospital) and the country., Conclusions: The findings demonstrate how meanings attributed to labour and birth, particularly the experience of pain, are produced in different settings, providing insights into the institutional management and social context of birth in Jordan and other Middle Eastern countries. In the public hospital environment in Jordan, women had no support and were treated disrespectfully. This was in stark contrast to women birthing at home only one generation before. Change is urgently needed to offer humanised birth in the Jordanian maternity system.

There are limited epidemiological data on exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) Australian mothers to advocate for targeted and/or culturally-appropriate interventions. This study investigated the determinants of EBF cessation in the early postnatal period among CALD Australian mothers in Sydney, Australia. The study used linked maternal and child health data from two local health districts in Australia ( N = 25,407). Prevalence of maternal breastfeeding intention, skin-to-skin contact, EBF at birth, discharge, and the early postnatal period (1-4 weeks postnatal), were estimated. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to investigate determinants of EBF cessation in the early postnatal period. Most CALD Australian mothers had the intention to breastfeed (94.7%). Skin-to-skin contact (81.0%), EBF at delivery (91.0%), and at discharge (93.0%) were high. EBF remained high in the early postnatal period (91.4%). A lack of prenatal breastfeeding intention was the strongest determinant of EBF cessation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 23.76, 95% CI: 18.63-30.30, for mothers with no prenatal breastfeeding intention and aOR = 6.15, 95% CI: 4.74-7.98, for those undecided). Other significant determinants of EBF cessation included a lack of partner support, antenatal and postnatal depression, intimate partner violence, low socioeconomic status, caesarean birth, and young maternal age (<20 years). Efforts to improve breastfeeding among women of CALD backgrounds in Australia should focus on women with vulnerabilities to maximise the benefits of EBF.

Objectives: The aim of this meta-ethnographic review was to examine refugee women's experiences negotiating motherhood and maternity services in a new country with a view to identifying the specific needs of refugee women accessing maternity care in high income countries., Design: A meta-ethnographic synthesis of qualitative research., Data Sources: Five databases were searched for papers published in English between January 2000 and January 2017., Review Methods: The synthesis process was guided by the seven steps of meta-ethnography. The quality of included studies was assessed using the COREQ tool., Results: One overarching theme and three major themes emerged from the synthesis. The overarching theme "Living between two cultures" conveyed women's experience of feeling "in between" cultures and described refugee women's experience of striving to maintain a strong cultural identity from their country of origin while simultaneously adapting to their new context and country. This theme permeated the following three major themes: 1) "Constructing maternal identity across cultures" which discusses the cultural conflict experienced by refugees accessing maternity services in their host country; 2) "Understanding in practice" which describes reciprocal issues in communication between women and health professionals; and 3) "Negotiating care" which illustrates a mix of coping mechanisms which refugee women utilise to navigate health services in the context of high income countries., Conclusion: Liminality is a ubiquitous experience for refugee women seeking maternity care in high income countries. It impacts feelings of belonging and connection to services and society. It is often a challenging experience for many women and a time in which they reformulate their identity as a citizen and a mother. This review found that the experience of liminality could be perpetuated by social factors, and inequality of healthcare provision, where communication and cultural barriers prevented women accessing care that was equal, accessible, and meaningful. Findings revealed both positive and negative experiences with maternity care. Continuity, culturally appropriate care, and healthcare relationships played an important role in the positive experiences of women. The review also revealed the damaging effects of disparities in care experienced by refugee women., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Aims and Objectives: To report the challenges faced by the nursing workforce in refugee health., Background: Nurses are in the forefront of care provision for refugees who are recognised as one of the most vulnerable population groups in the world. The number of refugees in Australia is increasing, and more nurses are needed as care providers. Research on the challenges faced by refugee health nurses is sparse., Design: Qualitative research methodology was used to study the experience of refugee health nurses. Using a descriptive qualitative research approach, a better understanding of the ongoing challenges of caring for refugees is presented., Method: Semi-structured interview with a convenience sample of registered nurses who worked in New South Wales refugee health services was conducted and digitally recorded in 2013. Responses were transcribed verbatim and analysed for themes., Results: Six refugee health nurses who have been working in New South Wales refugee health services between 1-8 years participated in this study. A thematic analysis of the data led to three main themes: caring for clients with challenging needs; challenges in the course of caring for refugees; and passion in caring for refugees. Participants reported what it means to be refugee health nurses, they explored their roles and emphasised the need to understand refugee health issues., Conclusions: This study provides more insight into the unique experiences nurses have when caring for refugees. More debriefing opportunities and resources may reduce the challenges of caring., Relevance to Clinical Practice: The refugee health nurses' stories support the need for further role refinement for nurses caring for refugees in the community, rural areas and health clinics. This is essential in promoting their well-being and that of the vulnerable population they are caring for., (© 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Western countries working toward eradication of female genital mutilation require better inclusion of women originally from countries where the practice is prevalent. However, few authors have examined the knowledge, attitudes, and experiences of circumcised African migrant women in western countries. Our findings from 40 responses from self-reported survey and five in-depth interviews show that the participating African migrant women know the reasons behind female genital circumcision (FGC), are living with the negative consequences of FGC, and have a zero tolerance attitude toward the practice. Circumcised women are in the best position to define their health needs and champion global efforts to eradicate FGC.

In this literature review, we present a synthesis of interventions for intimate partner violence (IPV) among migrants. Searching through five databases for relevant articles published between 2005 and 2016, we report findings from ten relevant articles with focus on process, outcomes, and challenges encountered. Our reported interventions mainly targeted survivors, perpetrators, and primary level of prevention. The authors argued that grounding interventions on IPV within the cultural context of migrant population is crucial in increasing participants' engagement and obtaining a positive outcome. We suggest culturally appropriate IPV interventions with embedded strategies for evaluation among migrants.

Review Question/objective: The objective of this systematic review is to identify, critically appraise and synthesize the literature regarding the experiences of African women who have migrated to a developed country and have encountered domestic violence.

Female genital mutilation (FGM) or female circumcision is a global health issue with increasing international migration of affected women and girls to countries unfamiliar with the practice. Western health care providers are unfamiliar with FGM, and managing obstetric care presents challenges to midwives who are in the forefront of care provision for the women. The participants in this Heideggerian qualitative interpretive study elucidated the strategies they used in overcoming the particular physical, emotional, and gynecological health issues with which mutilated women present. Ongoing emphases on women-centered, culturally competent maternity care are germane to optimal maternity care of circumcised women.

Background: The Breast Cancer Screening Beliefs Questionnaire (BCSBQ) has been designed as a culturally appropriate instrument for assessing women's beliefs, knowledge and attitudes to breast cancer and breast cancer screening practices. While it has proved to be a reliable instrument when applied to women of Chinese, Arabic and Korean origin living in Australia, its psychometric properties among women from African backgrounds have not been tested. The aim of this study is to examine the psychometric properties of the BCSBQ among African Australian women., Methods: The BCSBQ was administered to 284 African Australian women who were recruited from a number of African community organizations and churches. Factor analysis was conducted to study the factor structure. Construct validity was examined using Cuzick's non-parametric test while Cronbach alpha was used to assess internal consistency reliability., Results: Exploratory factor analysis results demonstrated that the African-Australian BCSBQ can be conceptualized as a 4-factor model. The third factor, viz. "barriers to mammography", was split into two separate factors namely, "psychological" and "practical" barriers. The results indicated that the African-Australian BCSBQ had both satisfactory validity and internal consistency. The Cronbach's alpha of the three subscales ranged between 0.84-0.92. The frequency of breast cancer screening practices (breast awareness, clinical breast-examination and mammography) were significantly associated with attitudes towards general health check-ups and perceived barriers to mammographic screening., Conclusions: Our study provided evidence to support the psychometric properties of the BCSBQ.in African Australian women. The study moreover demonstrated that the use of the instrument can help health professionals to understand the beliefs, knowledge and attitudes to breast cancer among African Australian women and also the factors that impact on their breast cancer screening practices.

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a women's health and human rights issue attracting global interest. My purpose in this qualitative study was to report the knowledge and attitudes of Australian midwives toward FGM. Verbatim transcription and thematic analysis of semistructured interviews with 11 midwives resulted in these themes: knowledge of female genital mutilation and attitude toward female genital mutilation. Significant gaps in knowledge about FGM featured prominently. The midwives expressed anger toward FGM and empathy for affected women. Recommendations include increased information on FGM and associated legislation among midwives and other health providers in countries where FGM may be encountered.

Aims and Objectives: To explore West African migrant women's knowledge, attitude and usage of cancer screening in Australia., Background: Despite strong evidence that cancer screening saves lives through early detection and treatment, there is lack of empirical studies on West African migrant women's knowledge, attitude and usage of cancer screening in Australia., Design: Qualitative naturalistic inquiry., Methods: Twenty-one West African migrant women who consented to participate in the study were recruited through a snowballing technique. These women were engaged in face-to-face audiotaped in-depth interviews which lasted for about 90 minutes. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed., Results: The following three themes emerged from the data: knowledge of cancer screening, attitude towards cancer screening and usage of cancer screening Irrespective of the women's place of birth in Africa, twenty of the participants had no knowledge of cancer screening prior to migration, and most had a negative attitude towards screening. Women who had given birth after migrating to Australia were more likely to have had cervical cancer screening. Women who had passed their child-bearing years or had not presented to healthcare facilities for medical issues were more likely to be unaware of cancer screening., Conclusions: Improved health promotion strategies that provide accessible information and education to West African migrant women regarding cancer screening are required to enhance the uptake of such screening in this migrant group., Relevance to Clinical Practice: Nurses who encounter West African migrant women in their day-to-day practice have the opportunity to provide this group with education related to the importance of cancer screening., (© 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)

Unlabelled: Settling in a new country exposes immigrants to various health risk factors, and the existing literature alludes to immigrant women being more vulnerable than men. This article highlights some of the difficulties faced by West African women while settling into life in Australia. A qualitative, Design: beginning again and experiencing loneliness and isolation. Participants encountered difficulties in developing social networks and obtaining employment, and as a result, they felt lonely and isolated. Therefore, nurses and health care professionals need to incorporate screening for precursors of emotional and social well-being issues when caring for this population.

Aims and Objectives: This study reports the intimate partner violence experiences of West African women living in Australia., Background: Increasing diversity in Australia's population presents new and complex challenges to nurses and other health care providers, particularly in relation to the health needs of immigrant women., Design: A qualitative naturalistic inquiry design was used., Method: A convenience sample of 21 West African immigrant women in Australia who were 18 years and over were engaged in face-to-face, in-depth interviews and asked to talk about their health experiences. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Intimate partner violence was revealed as a major theme in this analysis., Results: Data revealed that eighteen of the women had experienced intimate partner violence. The women's accounts of intimate partner violence were dominated by two subthemes 'suffering in silence' and 'reluctance to seek help.', Conclusion: Findings revealed intimate partner violence as a significant issue for the newly migrated African women who participated in this study., Relevance to Clinical Practice: Intimate partner violence is associated with significant adverse physical and psychological health outcomes. It is important that nurses understand the cultural barriers that can impede immigrant women's ability to seek out and receive appropriate support and intervention and provide opportunities for women to disclose experiences of intimate partner violence., (© 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)