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James R Palmieri,1 Susan L Meacham,2 Jenna Warehime,1 Sarah A Stokes,1 Janie Ogle,1 Dezarae Leto,1 Maggie Bax,1 Anca M Dauer,1 Janie Milliron Lozovski1 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 2Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA Purpose: This study was to investigate weaning practices used by mothers when transitioning infants from breast milk to complementary foods and to determine the role these foods have in the transmission of gastrointestinal parasites. Participants and methods: On average, of the 175 mothers extensively interviewed, 93% said they had breast-fed their infants. Approximately 20.8% of mothers had added some other liquid to their infant’s diet at 3 months, while most mothers had added other liquids at 6 months (39.0%) and >6 months (32.1%). Some mothers expanded food offerings to infants before 3 months. The percentage of mothers who had added other liquids to their infants’ diet was reported by age of the infant: as early as 1 day (2.5%), 6 months (32.1%). These foods included fruit, vegetables, meat, and grains. The maximum age a child was found to be still breastfeeding was 13 years. Results: Forty percent of mothers involved in this survey reported that their children were diagnosed and/or treated for gastrointestinal parasitic infection. Routes of infection of protozoan and helminth parasites likely resulted from contaminated complementary foods and water given to infants while still breast-feeding or from contaminated foods after breast-feeding had been completed. Contaminated water is a likely source of protozoan parasites. Contaminated water was fed to infants, mixed with formula or complementary foods, or used to wash bottles for infant feeding. There was an absence of hand-washing by children and mothers before eating or while preparing foods. Conclusion: The major source of soil-transmitted helminth infections was likely the result of unwashed or uncooked pureed fruit or vegetables used as complementary foods, unpasteurized animal milk, insanitary food storage, poor living conditions with exposed dirt floors, and exposure to roaming domestic animals. Keywords: breast-feeding, complementary foods, gastrointestinal parasites, Honduras, transition foods, weaning period

This article highlights several issues related to the collection of post-release outcome data in the evaluation of correctional education programs and identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the different methods of collecting data related to recidivism, employment/earnings, and further education/training. The use of traditional follow-up in the evaluation of correctional education programs is also discussed. Specific steps to develop a proactive approach to correctional education program evaluation are provided for correctional education administrators. This article would be of interest to correctional education administrations, individuals responsible for the evaluation of correctional education programs, and correctional education researchers. The information provided in this article can be used for both formative and summative evaluation, program planning, decision making, and determining the future direction of correctional education programs.

Movement behavior is a critical process that interacts with landscape structure to affect population connectivity and persistence in fragmented or altered landscapes. The purpose of our study was to test whether different substrates (forest litter, soil, grass, gravel, and asphalt) found in fragmented forested landscapes affected the movement behavior of the Southern Graycheek Salamander (Plethodon metcalfi Brimley, 1912). Latency period of the salamanders was highest on grass substrate and significantly lower only on soil substrate. Sinuosity of the movement path of salamanders was lowest and contained more turns in grass and was significantly higher than only gravel and asphalt substrates. Velocity of the salamanders was highest on asphalt substrate but was not different from gravel substrate. Velocity was higher on asphalt than on grass, forest, or soil, and velocity was higher on gravel than on grass substrate. The results indicated that P. metcalfi reacted differently to natural and anthropogenic substrates, and we suggest that these behavioral differences could have both positive and negative implications for movement success and habitat resistance in forested landscapes fragmented by roads and development. Key words: amphibian, connectivity, habitat resistance, movement behavior, roads, sinuosity, Southern Graycheek Salamander (Plethodon metcalfi), substrate, velocity. Le comportement de deplacement est un processus cle dont les interactions avec la structure du paysage ont une incidence sur la connectivite et la persistance des populations dans les paysages fragmentes ou modifies. L'etude avait pour but d'evaluer si differents substrats (litiere, terre, herbe, gravier et asphalte) presents dans des paysages forestiers fragmentes avaient une incidence sur le comportement de deplacement de la salamandre Plethodon metcalfi Brimley, 1912. La periode de latence des salamandres etait la plus longue sur l'herbe, mais ce parametre n'etait significativement plus faible que sur le substrat terreux. La sinuosite de la trajectoire des deplacements des salamandres etait la plus faible et comptait le plus grand nombre de virages sur l'herbe, ce nombre n'etant toutefois significativement plus eleve que le nombre de virages sur substrats de gravier et d'asphalte. La vitesse des salamandres etait la plus grande sur le substrat d'asphalte, bien que cette vitesse ne soit pas differente de la vitesse sur gravier. La vitesse etait plus grande sur l'asphalte que sur l'herbe, la litiere et la terre, et la vitesse sur gravier etait plus grande que sur l'herbe. Ces resultats indiquent que les P. metcalfi ont reagi differemment selon que le substrat etait naturel ou artificiel. Nous postulons que ces differences de comportement pourraient avoir des consequences aussi bien positives que negatives sur le succes des deplacements et la resistance de l'habitat dans des paysages forestiers fragmentes par des routes et amenagements. Mots-cles : amphibien, connectivite, resistance de l'habitat, comportement de deplacement, routes, sinuosite, salamandre Plethodon metcalfi, substrat, vitesse. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction The movement of individuals is a critical ecological process that maintains populations through dispersal and connectivity. Successful movement is especially important in fragmented and altered landscapes for rescue of [...]