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type:text, Aerosol particle filtration in most penetrating particle size (MPPS) region is of great challenge for conventional nonwoven filter mats. The present work, therefore, redesigns conventional filter mats by introducing porous structure. A combination of thermally induced phase separation and breath figure mechanism was employed to synthesize porous cellulose triacetate fibers, in conjunction with the volatile solvent methylene chloride. The ambient humidity, the concentration of the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) secondary polymer, and the ethanol cosolvent were all adjusted to modify the Taylor cone formation, jet stability,and fiber porosity. After fiber formation, the PVP was removed to obtain a superhydrophobic material. To distinguish the effect of pores, the performance of porous and nonporous nanofibers having similar sizes was conducted. Tests were performed using various dust particle sizes, and the results show that the collection efficiency of the porous fibers, resulting from particle diffusion, inertial impaction, and interception, was improved. Interestingly, the efficiency of the porous fibers in the MPPS region was exceptionally enhanced (up to 95%), demonstrating that the presence of dynamic pores greatly contributes to particle capture., This research was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid numbers 26709061 and 16K13642 and by the Center for Functional Nano Oxides at Hiroshima University.

type:text, AC/SiO composite was produced from 3-aminophenol and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) by a synthesis protocol that involved microwave irradiation. This protocol featured simultaneous 3-aminophenol polymerization and TEOS hydrolysis and condensation, which were achieved rapidly in a microwave reactor. The SiO2 component was formed from low-concentration TEOS confined in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide micelles. We demonstrated a control of the SiO2 particle size, ranging from 20 to 90 nm, by varying the 3-aminophenol concentration. The carbon component provided a microporous structure that greatly contributed to the high specific surface area, 375 m2/g, and served as a host for the nitrogen functional groups with a content of 5.34%, 74% of which were pyridinic type. The composite formation mechanism was clarified from time-series scanning electron microscopy images and dynamic light scattering analysis. An understanding of the composite formation mechanism in this protocol will enable the design of composite morphologies for specific applications., This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 26709061 and 16K13642 and was partly supported by the Center for Functional Nano Oxides at Hiroshima University.

Aerosol particle filtration in most penetrating particle size (MPPS) region is of great challenge for conventional nonwoven filter mats. The present work, therefore, redesigns conventional filter mats by introducing porous structure. A combination of thermally induced phase separation and breath figure mechanism was employed to synthesize porous cellulose triacetate fibers, in conjunction with the volatile solvent methylene chloride. The ambient humidity, the concentration of the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) secondary polymer, and the ethanol cosolvent were all adjusted to modify the Taylor cone formation, jet stability,and fiber porosity. After fiber formation, the PVP was removed to obtain a superhydrophobic material. To distinguish the effect of pores, the performance of porous and nonporous nanofibers having similar sizes was conducted. Tests were performed using various dust particle sizes, and the results show that the collection efficiency of the porous fibers, resulting from particle diffusion, inertial impaction, and interception, was improved. Interestingly, the efficiency of the porous fibers in the MPPS region was exceptionally enhanced (up to 95%), demonstrating that the presence of dynamic pores greatly contributes to particle capture., This research was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid numbers 26709061 and 16K13642 and by the Center for Functional Nano Oxides at Hiroshima University.

AC/SiO composite was produced from 3-aminophenol and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) by a synthesis protocol that involved microwave irradiation. This protocol featured simultaneous 3-aminophenol polymerization and TEOS hydrolysis and condensation, which were achieved rapidly in a microwave reactor. The SiO2 component was formed from low-concentration TEOS confined in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide micelles. We demonstrated a control of the SiO2 particle size, ranging from 20 to 90 nm, by varying the 3-aminophenol concentration. The carbon component provided a microporous structure that greatly contributed to the high specific surface area, 375 m2/g, and served as a host for the nitrogen functional groups with a content of 5.34%, 74% of which were pyridinic type. The composite formation mechanism was clarified from time-series scanning electron microscopy images and dynamic light scattering analysis. An understanding of the composite formation mechanism in this protocol will enable the design of composite morphologies for specific applications., This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 26709061 and 16K13642 and was partly supported by the Center for Functional Nano Oxides at Hiroshima University.

Aerosol particle filtration in most penetrating particle size (MPPS) region is of great challenge for conventional nonwoven filter mats. The present work, therefore, redesigns conventional filter mats by introducing porous structure. A combination of thermally induced phase separation and breath figure mechanism was employed to synthesize porous cellulose triacetate fibers, in conjunction with the volatile solvent methylene chloride. The ambient humidity, the concentration of the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) secondary polymer, and the ethanol cosolvent were all adjusted to modify the Taylor cone formation, jet stability,and fiber porosity. After fiber formation, the PVP was removed to obtain a superhydrophobic material. To distinguish the effect of pores, the performance of porous and nonporous nanofibers having similar sizes was conducted. Tests were performed using various dust particle sizes, and the results show that the collection efficiency of the porous fibers, resulting from particle diffusion, inertial impaction, and interception, was improved. Interestingly, the efficiency of the porous fibers in the MPPS region was exceptionally enhanced (up to 95%), demonstrating that the presence of dynamic pores greatly contributes to particle capture., This research was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid numbers 26709061 and 16K13642 and by the Center for Functional Nano Oxides at Hiroshima University.

AC/SiO composite was produced from 3-aminophenol and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) by a synthesis protocol that involved microwave irradiation. This protocol featured simultaneous 3-aminophenol polymerization and TEOS hydrolysis and condensation, which were achieved rapidly in a microwave reactor. The SiO2 component was formed from low-concentration TEOS confined in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide micelles. We demonstrated a control of the SiO2 particle size, ranging from 20 to 90 nm, by varying the 3-aminophenol concentration. The carbon component provided a microporous structure that greatly contributed to the high specific surface area, 375 m2/g, and served as a host for the nitrogen functional groups with a content of 5.34%, 74% of which were pyridinic type. The composite formation mechanism was clarified from time-series scanning electron microscopy images and dynamic light scattering analysis. An understanding of the composite formation mechanism in this protocol will enable the design of composite morphologies for specific applications., This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 26709061 and 16K13642 and was partly supported by the Center for Functional Nano Oxides at Hiroshima University.

Despite the strong recent revival of Magnéli phase TiOx as a promising conductive material, synthesis of Magnéli phase TiOx nanoparticles has been a challenge because of the heavy sintering nature of TiO2 at elevated temperatures. We have successfully synthesized chain-structured Magnéli phases TiOx with diameters under 30 nm using a thermal-induced plasma process. The synthesized nanoparticles consisted of a mixture of several Magnéli phases. A post-synthesis heat-treatment was performed to reduce the electrical resistivity without changing the particle morphology. The resistivity of the heat-treated particle was as low as 0.04 Ω.cm, with a specific surface area of 52.9 m2 g−1. The effects of heat-treatment on changes in the crystal structure and their correlation with the electron conductivity are discussed based on transmission electron microscopy images, X-ray diffraction spectra, and X-ray adsorption fine structure spectra. Electrochemical characterization using cyclic voltammetry and potentiodynamic scan shows a remarkable electrochemical stability in a strongly oxidizing environment., This work was partially supported by a Hosokawa Grant for Promising Researchers from Hosokawa Powder Technology Foundation, JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 2670906, Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists B (15K182570A), and Center for Functional Nano Oxide at Hiroshima University.

type:text, Highly crystalline single-domain magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) are important, not only for fundamental understanding of magnetic behaviour, but also for their considerable potential applications in biomedicine and industry. Fe3O4 NPs with sizes of 10–300 nm were systematically investigated to reveal the fundamental relationship between the crystal domain structure and the magnetic properties. The examined Fe3O4 NPs were prepared under well-controlled crystal growth conditions using a large-scale liquid precipitation method. The crystallite size of cube-like NPs estimated from X-ray diffraction pattern increased linearly as the particle size (estimated by transmission electron microscopy) increased from 10 to 64.7 nm, which indicates that the NPs have a single-domain structure. This was further confirmed by the uniform lattice fringes. The critical size of approximately 76 nm was obtained by correlating particle size with both crystallite size and magnetic coercivity; this was reported for the first time in this study. The coercivity of cube-like Fe3O4 NPs increased to a maximum of 190 Oe at the critical size, which suggests strong exchange interactions during spin alignment. Compared with cube-like NPs, sphere-like NPs have lower magnetic coercivity and remanence values, which is caused by the different orientations of their polycrystalline structure., This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 26709061 and 16K13642. This work was partly supported by the Center for Functional Nano Oxide at Hiroshima University. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) of Japan for providing scholarships (C. W. K.).

Highly crystalline single-domain magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) are important, not only for fundamental understanding of magnetic behaviour, but also for their considerable potential applications in biomedicine and industry. Fe3O4 NPs with sizes of 10–300 nm were systematically investigated to reveal the fundamental relationship between the crystal domain structure and the magnetic properties. The examined Fe3O4 NPs were prepared under well-controlled crystal growth conditions using a large-scale liquid precipitation method. The crystallite size of cube-like NPs estimated from X-ray diffraction pattern increased linearly as the particle size (estimated by transmission electron microscopy) increased from 10 to 64.7 nm, which indicates that the NPs have a single-domain structure. This was further confirmed by the uniform lattice fringes. The critical size of approximately 76 nm was obtained by correlating particle size with both crystallite size and magnetic coercivity; this was reported for the first time in this study. The coercivity of cube-like Fe3O4 NPs increased to a maximum of 190 Oe at the critical size, which suggests strong exchange interactions during spin alignment. Compared with cube-like NPs, sphere-like NPs have lower magnetic coercivity and remanence values, which is caused by the different orientations of their polycrystalline structure., This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 26709061 and 16K13642. This work was partly supported by the Center for Functional Nano Oxide at Hiroshima University. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) of Japan for providing scholarships (C. W. K.).

Highly crystalline single-domain magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) are important, not only for fundamental understanding of magnetic behaviour, but also for their considerable potential applications in biomedicine and industry. Fe3O4 NPs with sizes of 10–300 nm were systematically investigated to reveal the fundamental relationship between the crystal domain structure and the magnetic properties. The examined Fe3O4 NPs were prepared under well-controlled crystal growth conditions using a large-scale liquid precipitation method. The crystallite size of cube-like NPs estimated from X-ray diffraction pattern increased linearly as the particle size (estimated by transmission electron microscopy) increased from 10 to 64.7 nm, which indicates that the NPs have a single-domain structure. This was further confirmed by the uniform lattice fringes. The critical size of approximately 76 nm was obtained by correlating particle size with both crystallite size and magnetic coercivity; this was reported for the first time in this study. The coercivity of cube-like Fe3O4 NPs increased to a maximum of 190 Oe at the critical size, which suggests strong exchange interactions during spin alignment. Compared with cube-like NPs, sphere-like NPs have lower magnetic coercivity and remanence values, which is caused by the different orientations of their polycrystalline structure., This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 26709061 and 16K13642. This work was partly supported by the Center for Functional Nano Oxide at Hiroshima University. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) of Japan for providing scholarships (C. W. K.).

Highly crystalline single-domain magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) are important, not only for fundamental understanding of magnetic behaviour, but also for their considerable potential applications in biomedicine and industry. Fe3O4 NPs with sizes of 10–300 nm were systematically investigated to reveal the fundamental relationship between the crystal domain structure and the magnetic properties. The examined Fe3O4 NPs were prepared under well-controlled crystal growth conditions using a large-scale liquid precipitation method. The crystallite size of cube-like NPs estimated from X-ray diffraction pattern increased linearly as the particle size (estimated by transmission electron microscopy) increased from 10 to 64.7 nm, which indicates that the NPs have a single-domain structure. This was further confirmed by the uniform lattice fringes. The critical size of approximately 76 nm was obtained by correlating particle size with both crystallite size and magnetic coercivity; this was reported for the first time in this study. The coercivity of cube-like Fe3O4 NPs increased to a maximum of 190 Oe at the critical size, which suggests strong exchange interactions during spin alignment. Compared with cube-like NPs, sphere-like NPs have lower magnetic coercivity and remanence values, which is caused by the different orientations of their polycrystalline structure., This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 26709061 and 16K13642. This work was partly supported by the Center for Functional Nano Oxide at Hiroshima University. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) of Japan for providing scholarships (C. W. K.).

AC/SiO composite was produced from 3-aminophenol and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) by a synthesis protocol that involved microwave irradiation. This protocol featured simultaneous 3-aminophenol polymerization and TEOS hydrolysis and condensation, which were achieved rapidly in a microwave reactor. The SiO2 component was formed from low-concentration TEOS confined in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide micelles. We demonstrated a control of the SiO2 particle size, ranging from 20 to 90 nm, by varying the 3-aminophenol concentration. The carbon component provided a microporous structure that greatly contributed to the high specific surface area, 375 m2/g, and served as a host for the nitrogen functional groups with a content of 5.34%, 74% of which were pyridinic type. The composite formation mechanism was clarified from time-series scanning electron microscopy images and dynamic light scattering analysis. An understanding of the composite formation mechanism in this protocol will enable the design of composite morphologies for specific applications., This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 26709061 and 16K13642 and was partly supported by the Center for Functional Nano Oxides at Hiroshima University.

Aerosol particle filtration in most penetrating particle size (MPPS) region is of great challenge for conventional nonwoven filter mats. The present work, therefore, redesigns conventional filter mats by introducing porous structure. A combination of thermally induced phase separation and breath figure mechanism was employed to synthesize porous cellulose triacetate fibers, in conjunction with the volatile solvent methylene chloride. The ambient humidity, the concentration of the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) secondary polymer, and the ethanol cosolvent were all adjusted to modify the Taylor cone formation, jet stability,and fiber porosity. After fiber formation, the PVP was removed to obtain a superhydrophobic material. To distinguish the effect of pores, the performance of porous and nonporous nanofibers having similar sizes was conducted. Tests were performed using various dust particle sizes, and the results show that the collection efficiency of the porous fibers, resulting from particle diffusion, inertial impaction, and interception, was improved. Interestingly, the efficiency of the porous fibers in the MPPS region was exceptionally enhanced (up to 95%), demonstrating that the presence of dynamic pores greatly contributes to particle capture., This research was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid numbers 26709061 and 16K13642 and by the Center for Functional Nano Oxides at Hiroshima University.