82 results on '"Offshore windfarm"'
Search Results
2. Assessing the Welfare of Technicians during Transits to Offshore Wind Farms
- Author
-
Tobenna D. Uzuegbunam, Rodney Forster, and Terry Williams
- Subjects
human factors ,offshore windfarm ,operations and maintenance ,whole-body acceleration ,welfare assessment ,seasickness ,Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
Available decision-support tools rarely account for the welfare of technicians in maintenance scheduling for offshore wind farms. This creates uncertainties, especially since current operational limits might make a wind farm accessible but the vibrations from transits might be unacceptable to technicians. We explore technician exposure to vibration in transit based on the levels of discomfort and the likelihood of seasickness occurring on crew transfer vessels (CTVs). Vessel motion monitoring systems deployed on CTVs operating in the North Sea and sea-state data are used in a machine learning (ML) process to model the welfare of technicians based on operational limits applied to modelled proxy variables including composite weighted RMS acceleration (aWRMS) and motion sickness incidence (MSI). The model results revealed poor to moderate performance in predicting the proxies based on selected model evaluation criteria, raising the possibility of more data and relevant variables being needed to improve model performance. Therefore, this research presents a framework for an ML approach towards accounting for the wellbeing of technicians in sailing decisions once the highlighted limitations can be addressed.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. A combined tactical and operational framework for maintenance scheduling and routing in offshore wind farms.
- Author
-
Irawan, Chandra Ade, Ouelhadj, Djamila, Bakken Sperstad, Iver, and Jones, Dylan
- Subjects
OFFSHORE wind power plants ,SCHEDULING ,WEATHER forecasting - Abstract
This article proposes a framework for the integration of tactical and operational optimisation models for maintenance scheduling and routing at offshore windfarms. A tactical model is formulated to find the optimal schedule for preventive maintenance over a medium-term planning horizon (one month). The schedule is produced assuming a weather forecast for the entire planning horizon, which in practice will be uncertain. However, for each day, an operational maintenance routing model is solved to obtain optimal vessel routes with a one-day planning horizon, assuming an updated weather forecast for that day. In the operational routing model, the turbines scheduled for preventive maintenance are provided by the tactical scheduling model, whereas the turbines requiring corrective maintenance are provided by information about failures and alarms updated on a daily basis. In the case that the solution generated by the routing model contains turbines that cannot be maintained, the monthly maintenance activities are rescheduled by solving the tactical scheduling model considering the delayed activities. As the routing problem is too time consuming to solve exactly, we propose efficient matheuristic solution methods incorporating Variable Neighbourhood Search and an exact method. Computational experiments have been carried out to assess the performance of the tactical-operational framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Offshore Wind Farms: A Special Tax Regime
- Author
-
Morawski, Wojciech, Kałążny, Adam, Morawski, Wojciech, and Kałążny, Adam
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Mapping marine ecosystem services in a multifunctional seascape: the case of Grande Vasière (Bay of Biscay)
- Author
-
Gaël Lavialle, Germain Boussarie, Dorothée Kopp, Marie Morfin, and Maud A. Mouchet
- Subjects
ecosystem services ,marine spatial planning ,conservation ,offshore windfarm ,sand extraction ,fisheries ,Science ,General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution ,QH1-199.5 - Abstract
IntroductionCoastal and continental shelf ecosystems are among the most productive, yet exploited, ecosystems. The Grande Vasière (GV) covers most part of the French Northern part of the Bay of Biscay, a crucial fishing ground for metropolitan France. It is the place of numerous uses, especially fishing, and will soon shelter sand extraction activities and offshore windfarms. All these activities may compete for space and resources and put pressure on habitats, biodiversity and subsequent ecosystem services (ES). Current management strategies integrate these activities and biodiversity conservation schemes but no ES.MethodsTo fill that gap, we quantified and mapped nine indicators of ecosystem processes (EP), used as proxies of four ES (i.e. sea food provisioning, biological control, regulation of environmental conditions and life cycle maintenance). Due to the complexity of ES, we investigated several EP by ES. Then we identified hotspots and coldspots of supply and spatial overlap among EP and other uses (conservation, fishing, offshore windfarms and sand extraction).ResultsEP mapping suggests a higher capacity of supply of the chosen ES in the Northern part of the GV. We found a strong spatial heterogeneity among the EP related to the same ES, underlining a point of vigilance when designing management measures to sustain ES supply. Northern EP hotspots overlap with high amounts of bottom trawl fishing effort. Higher levels of commercial species diversity and sole spawning grounds in the South overlap with higher amounts of gillnet fishing effort. Areas of sand extraction prospection and offshore windfarms under construction should not overlap with hotspots of EP, at the exception of the sole spawning ground and the commercial species diversity hotspots. Finally, we highlight an overlap of more than 20% of four EP hotspots with Natura 2000 areas, while the Marine Natural Park in the South covers more EP coldspots (i.e. hake nursery, encounter rate, trophic links diversity) than hotspots.DiscussionIncorporating such a multifunctional spatial approach with hotspots and coldspots opens new perspective for marine spatial planning, pointing out the potential strengths and weaknesses of areas currently defined or prioritized for future uses like conservation, sand extraction or emerging activities like offshore windfarms.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Local scour at offshore windfarm monopile foundations: A review
- Author
-
Da-wei Guan, Yu-xuan Xie, Zi-shun Yao, Yee-Meng Chiew, Ji-sheng Zhang, and Jin-hai Zheng
- Subjects
Offshore windfarm ,Monopile foundation ,Scour mechanisms ,Scour depth prediction ,Numerical modeling ,Field observation ,River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General) ,TC401-506 - Abstract
In this article, current research findings of local scour at offshore windfarm monopile foundations are presented. The scour mechanisms and scour depth prediction formulas under different hydrodynamic conditions are summarized, including the current-only condition, wave-only condition, combined wave-current condition, and complex dynamic condition. Furthermore, this article analyzes the influencing factors on the basis of classical equations for predicting the equilibrium scour depth under specific conditions. The weakness of existing researches and future prospects are also discussed. It is suggested that future research shall focus on physical experiments under unsteady tidal currents or other complex loadings. The computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method and artificial intelligence technique are suggested being adopted to study the scour at offshore windfarm foundations.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Impact of pile‐driving and offshore windfarm operational noise on fish chorusing
- Author
-
Shashidhar Siddagangaiah, Chi‐Fang Chen, Wei‐Chun Hu, and Nadia Pieretti
- Subjects
Eastern Taiwan Strait ,fish choruses ,offshore windfarm ,passive acoustic monitoring ,pile driving ,underwater noise ,Technology ,Ecology ,QH540-549.5 - Abstract
Abstract Offshore windfarms have recently emerged as a renewable energy solution. The effects of pile‐driving and long‐term impacts of operational noises on fish chorusing still, however, remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the variations of fish chorusing intensity and duration during the construction (2016) and operational phases (2017–2018) of a windfarm at the Eastern Taiwan Strait (ETS). At the ETS, two types of fish choruses (Types 1 and 2) were found to repeat over a diurnal pattern. In the 2 days after the pile driving, Type 1 chorusing showed lower intensity and longer duration, while Type 2 chorusing exhibited higher intensity and no changes in its duration. During the operational phases in 2017 and 2018, both choruses were longer in duration (2–3 h for Type 1; 0.5–1 h for Type 2). The intensity of Type 1 chorus increased by 5–10 dB, but no significant variation was recorded for Type 2. Our findings document, for the first time, different behavioral responses of two chorusing types exposed to pile‐driving and windfarm noise pressure. Fish choruses have been associated with several behavioral functions. Deviation from a regular pattern might affect fish reproductive success, cause migration, augmented predation, or physiological alterations. Because offshore windfarms installations are growing in magnitude and capacity worldwide, this study provides essential insights for policymakers and constitutes an important reference for assessing the effects of noise from pile driving and windfarms on fishes.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Power control, fault analysis and protection of series connected diode rectifier and VSC based MTDC topology for offshore application
- Author
-
Abdul-Rahim, Ghaith Ali, Luk, Patrick Chi-Kwong, and Economou, John T.
- Subjects
HVDC ,offshore windfarm ,MTDC ,VSC ,diode rectifier ,dc fault ,ac fault ,symmetrical fault ,unsymmetrical fault ,protection ,DSC ,DCCB ,monopolar topology ,VSC control ,symmetrical components ,dual controller ,bipolar topology ,negative sequence dq - Abstract
A multiterminal high-voltage dc (MTDC) system is a promising method for transmitting energy generated from an offshore windfarm (OWF). The creation of MTDC systems became easier by the introduction of voltage source converter (VSC) due to the flexibility and controllability it provides. This technology is newer than the line-commutated converter technology (LCC). Power systems can include any number of windfarms together with converters for both offshore and onshore power conversion. Therefore, this thesis suggests a three-terminal MTDC model of two offshore windfarms and one onshore inverter. The electric energy generated by the two windfarms is rectified into dc and transmitted to the shore using dc cable. Although a VSC or a diode rectifier (DR) can convert ac to dc, a series connection of a VSC and two DRs was proposed at the windfarm side to convert the generated power to achieve controllability of the uncontrollable diode rectifiers and reduces the high cost of badditional VSCs. The proposed topology converts the ac power by dividing the windfarm power so that one-third is the share of the VSC and two-thirds is the share of the DRs. The same topology is used to convert the power produced from the other windfarm. Then, the dc power is transmitted via an undersea dc cable to the onshore location, and is then inverted into ac before it is supplied to the neighbouring ac grid using a grid-side VSC. The proposed topology has many advantages, including a significant save in windfarm VSC (WFVSC) capital cost and a significant reduction in the loss of power of the converter without losing the overall controllability. However, although this topology is suitable for windfarm applications, it might not be suitable for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) that requires bidirectional power flow unless making changes to the topology such as disconnecting the diode rectifiers. Furthermore, fault analyses were investigated, including dc faults and ac faults. Ac faults are categorised as symmetrical or unsymmetrical faults. For comparison purposes, a Simulink model was designed, implemented, and simulated as a reference model. The reference model can operate as VSC-, DR-based MTDC, or a mix of both in a way that any component can be added to or removed from the model at any time during the simulation run. The contribution to the dc fault current from various parts such as dc capacitor and the adjacent feeder was investigated thoroughly, and detailed mathematical formulae were developed to compute fault current from these contributors. In addition, the results of the system response due to both fault types are illustrated and discussed. Both symmetrical and unsymmetrical ac faults were initiated on the onshore grid side, and the system response results are presented for those faults. A generalised control scheme (GCS) was proposed in this thesis, which add the ability the model to control the reactive power and is suitable for both balanced and unbalanced ac faults conditions. A protection against faults was investigated and implemented using dc circuit breakers. The protection system was built to ensure safe operation and to fulfil the grid code requirements. Many grid codes are available and presented in the literature, such as Spanish, British, and Danish; however, a grid code by E.ON was chosen. The protection scheme in VSC-based MTDC networks plays a vital role during dc faults. It is vital that this protection be sensitive, selective, fast, and reliable. Specifically, it must isolate the fault reliably from the system within a short time after the fault occurrence, while maintaining the remaining components of the system in a secure operational condition. For optimal performance, the protection scheme discussed in this thesis employs solid-state circuit breakers. A literature survey relevant to the tasks mentioned above was conducted.
- Published
- 2018
9. Case studies on suction caisson foundations in offshore wind farms in China.
- Author
-
He, Ben, Yang, Shaoli, and Sturm, Hendrik
- Abstract
Suction caissons are cylindrical-shaped foundation elements closed at the top and open at the bottom which are almost completely embedded with their cylindrical part in the soil. The main advantage of this foundation compared to other commonly used foundation concepts is its fast, ease, and almost noiseless installation, as well as the effortless removal at the end of the lifetime. Suction caissons supporting three- or four-legged jackets have been employed successfully in several recent offshore windfarm projects around the world. The study presented herein investigates the general suitability of suction caissons in the south china sea at three representative sites. The results show that suction caisson foundations are technically feasible. Sizes can be large and may vary between 13 m to 15 m in diameter and 10 m to 13 m in length, which, however, may reduce noticeably when considering load redistribution in the design, typically done in a FEED and detailed design. The main challenges of suction caisson application are the very soft soil conditions and possible liquefaction potential due to large earthquake events. Although technically feasible, the economic viability of suction caissons needs to be investigated on project-specific basis. For that purpose, the authors provide an overview of general aspects which need to be considered in such an evaluation. This study gives realistic case studies for research and industry in offshore wind farm development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Risk, regulation and offshore windfarms: Ways to manage environmental uncertainty and over-precaution.
- Author
-
Nicholson, S.
- Subjects
OFFSHORE wind power plants ,GREENHOUSE gases ,OFFSHORE structures ,EVIDENCE gaps ,GLOBAL warming ,SCIENTIFIC knowledge ,CLIMATE change - Abstract
Globally there are concerns over a warming climate and the UK has declared a climate and ecological emergency and has an ambitious programme for the growth of offshore windfarms to contribute to commitments to achieving a legally binding Net Zero for greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Offshore windfarm consenting is comparatively mature in the UK but evidence gaps to inform impact assessment and uncertainty to inform decision making has led to a precautionary approach that slows the speed of consent decisions. This paper examines the approach to UK offshore windfarm consenting, reviews the precautionary but risk-based approach that environmental decision makers have adopted in light of evidence gaps, and summarises how the collection of empirical data and reviews of evidence collected from operational windfarms has improved scientific knowledge and focussed decision making. A summary is also provided of the enduring legislative safeguards that apply during the lifetime of any consent and recommendations are made on the risk appetite that advisers and decision makers should adopt in view of policy that seeks to accelerate sectoral growth whilst enhancing nature recovery. • The UK has an ambitious programme for the construction of offshore windfarms. • Environmental evidence gaps lead to a precautionary approach that slows consenting. • Consenting should use a risk-based approach and an appropriate risk-appetite. • Empirical data and reviews of evidence are needed to improve scientific knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Impact of pile‐driving and offshore windfarm operational noise on fish chorusing.
- Author
-
Siddagangaiah, Shashidhar, Chen, Chi‐Fang, Hu, Wei‐Chun, Pieretti, Nadia, Lecours, Vincent, and Risch, Denise
- Subjects
OFFSHORE wind power plants ,PILES & pile driving ,NOISE ,BAIT fishing ,BIOLOGICAL fitness ,UNDERWATER noise - Abstract
Offshore windfarms have recently emerged as a renewable energy solution. The effects of pile‐driving and long‐term impacts of operational noises on fish chorusing still, however, remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the variations of fish chorusing intensity and duration during the construction (2016) and operational phases (2017–2018) of a windfarm at the Eastern Taiwan Strait (ETS). At the ETS, two types of fish choruses (Types 1 and 2) were found to repeat over a diurnal pattern. In the 2 days after the pile driving, Type 1 chorusing showed lower intensity and longer duration, while Type 2 chorusing exhibited higher intensity and no changes in its duration. During the operational phases in 2017 and 2018, both choruses were longer in duration (2–3 h for Type 1; 0.5–1 h for Type 2). The intensity of Type 1 chorus increased by 5–10 dB, but no significant variation was recorded for Type 2. Our findings document, for the first time, different behavioral responses of two chorusing types exposed to pile‐driving and windfarm noise pressure. Fish choruses have been associated with several behavioral functions. Deviation from a regular pattern might affect fish reproductive success, cause migration, augmented predation, or physiological alterations. Because offshore windfarms installations are growing in magnitude and capacity worldwide, this study provides essential insights for policymakers and constitutes an important reference for assessing the effects of noise from pile driving and windfarms on fishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Broad-Scale Responses of Harbor Porpoises to Pile-Driving and Vessel Activities During Offshore Windfarm Construction
- Author
-
Aude Benhemma-Le Gall, Isla M. Graham, Nathan D. Merchant, and Paul M. Thompson
- Subjects
anthropogenic disturbance ,cumulative impacts ,offshore windfarm ,passive acoustic monitoring ,underwater noise ,behavioral response ,Science ,General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution ,QH1-199.5 - Abstract
Offshore windfarm developments are expanding, requiring assessment and mitigation of impacts on protected species. Typically, assessments of impacts on marine mammals have focused on pile-driving, as intense impulsive noise elicits adverse behavioral responses. However, other construction activities such as jacket and turbine installation also change acoustic habitats through increased vessel activity. To date, the contribution of construction-related vessel activity in shaping marine mammal behavioral responses at windfarm construction sites has been overlooked and no guidelines or mitigation measures have been implemented. We compared broad-scale spatio-temporal variation in harbor porpoise occurrence and foraging activity between baseline periods and different construction phases at two Scottish offshore windfarms. Following a Before-After Control-Impact design, arrays of echolocation click detectors (CPODs) were deployed in 25 km by 25 km impact and reference blocks throughout the 2017–2019 construction. Echolocation clicks and buzzes were used to investigate porpoise occurrence and foraging activity, respectively. In parallel, we characterized broadband noise levels using calibrated noise recorders (SoundTraps and SM2Ms) and vessel activities using AIS data integrated with engineering records. Following an impact gradient design, we then quantified the magnitude of porpoise responses in relation to changes in the acoustic environment and vessel activity. Compared to baseline, an 8–17% decline in porpoise occurrence was observed in the impact block during pile-driving and other construction activities. The probability of detecting porpoises and buzzing activity was positively related to the distance from vessel and construction activities, and negatively related to levels of vessel intensity and background noise. Porpoise displacement was observed at up to 12 km from pile-driving activities and up to 4 km from construction vessels. This evidence of broad-scale behavioral responses of harbor porpoises to these different construction activities highlights the importance of assessing and managing all vessel activities at offshore windfarm sites to minimize potential impacts of anthropogenic noise.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Offshore Windfarm Footprint of Sediment Organic Matter Mineralization Processes
- Author
-
Emil De Borger, Evgeny Ivanov, Arthur Capet, Ulrike Braeckman, Jan Vanaverbeke, Marilaure Grégoire, and Karline Soetaert
- Subjects
offshore windfarm ,early diagenesis ,modeling ,organic carbon ,filtration ,Science ,General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution ,QH1-199.5 - Abstract
Offshore windfarms (OWFs) offer part of the solution for the energy transition which is urgently needed to mitigate effects of climate change. Marine life has rapidly exploited the new habitat offered by windfarm structures, resulting in increased opportunities for filter- and suspension feeding organisms. In this study, we investigated the effects of organic matter (OM) deposition in the form of fecal pellets expelled by filtering epifauna in OWFs, on mineralization processes in the sediment. OM deposition fluxes produced in a 3D hydrodynamic model of the Southern Bight of the North Sea were used as input in a model of early diagenesis. Two scenarios of OWF development in the Belgian Part of the North Sea (BPNS) and its surrounding waters were calculated and compared to a no-OWF baseline simulation. The first including constructed OWFs as of 2021, the second containing additional planned OWFs by 2026. Our results show increased total mineralization rates within OWFs (27–30%) in correspondence with increased deposition of reactive organic carbon (OC) encapsulated in the OM. This leads to a buildup of OC in the upper sediment layers (increase by ∼10%) and an increase of anoxic mineralization processes. Similarly, denitrification rates within the OWFs increased, depending on the scenario, by 2–3%. Effects were not limited to the OWF itself: clear changes were noticed in sediments outside of the OWFs, which were mostly opposite to the “within-OWF” effects. This contrast generated relatively small changes when averaging values over the full modeling domain, however, certain changes, such as for example the increased storage of OC in sediments, may be of significant value for national / regional carbon management inventories. Our results add to expectations of ecosystem-wide effects of windfarms in the marine environments, which need to be researched further given the rapid rate of expansion of OWFs.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Mapping marine ecosystem services in a multifunctional seascape: the case of Grande Vasière (Bay of Biscay)
- Author
-
Lavialle, Gaël, Boussarie, Germain, Kopp, Dorothee, Morfin, Marie, Mouchet, Maud A., Lavialle, Gaël, Boussarie, Germain, Kopp, Dorothee, Morfin, Marie, and Mouchet, Maud A.
- Abstract
IntroductionCoastal and continental shelf ecosystems are among the most productive, yet exploited, ecosystems. The Grande Vasière (GV) covers most part of the French Northern part of the Bay of Biscay, a crucial fishing ground for metropolitan France. It is the place of numerous uses, especially fishing, and will soon shelter sand extraction activities and offshore windfarms. All these activities may compete for space and resources and put pressure on habitats, biodiversity and subsequent ecosystem services (ES). Current management strategies integrate these activities and biodiversity conservation schemes but no ES. MethodsTo fill that gap, we quantified and mapped nine indicators of ecosystem processes (EP), used as proxies of four ES (i.e. sea food provisioning, biological control, regulation of environmental conditions and life cycle maintenance). Due to the complexity of ES, we investigated several EP by ES. Then we identified hotspots and coldspots of supply and spatial overlap among EP and other uses (conservation, fishing, offshore windfarms and sand extraction). ResultsEP mapping suggests a higher capacity of supply of the chosen ES in the Northern part of the GV. We found a strong spatial heterogeneity among the EP related to the same ES, underlining a point of vigilance when designing management measures to sustain ES supply. Northern EP hotspots overlap with high amounts of bottom trawl fishing effort. Higher levels of commercial species diversity and sole spawning grounds in the South overlap with higher amounts of gillnet fishing effort. Areas of sand extraction prospection and offshore windfarms under construction should not overlap with hotspots of EP, at the exception of the sole spawning ground and the commercial species diversity hotspots. Finally, we highlight an overlap of more than 20% of four EP hotspots with Natura 2000 areas, while the Marine Natural Park in the South covers more EP coldspots (i.e. hake nursery, encounter rate, trophic links
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Supply Chain Simulation of Offshore Wind Farm Monopile Installation: Performance of different supply chain configurations under dynamic weather influences
- Author
-
Schuring, Roman (author) and Schuring, Roman (author)
- Abstract
A monopile installation project consists of the whole process of loading monopiles to vessels, transporting monopiles to the wind farm and drilling monopiles in the seabed. Each installation project has different characteristics as the weather at the installation location, the distances to the suppliers and the vessels that are available differ between projects. Different project characteristics require different choices to be made when planning a typical installation project in order to optimally plan or reduce the expected cost of a project. One of these choices is determining which supply chain configuration will be used to get the monopiles from the supplier to the offshore wind farm. The choice of configuration is important as it determines the type of vessels that are required and if intermediate storage ports need to be rented, which requires initial investments. The purpose of the research study is to assess the performance of different supply chain configurations. The performance of these different configurations is assessed on the key performance indicators project cost, project duration, utilization of the vessels and the waiting on weather duration. In order to assess the effect of using different supply chain configurations on the key performance indicators, 6 different experiments were performed within a developed simulation model. Planners can use the qualitative insights of this report as a starting point for the choice of the preferred supply chain configuration when planning an offshore wind farm installation project. This will enable planners to make educated choices in the planning phase and give these planners insight into the different factors that are important in the supply chain of offshore wind farm installation projects. From a theoretical point of view, this report contributes to the sparse literature on the supply chain and logistical decisions in the field of offshore wind farm installation. Next to these insights, th, https://github.com/scurom/LOGSIM Code repository for the run simulation model, Civil Engineering
- Published
- 2023
16. Vessel noise prior to pile driving at offshore windfarm sites deters harbour porpoises from potential injury zones.
- Author
-
Benhemma-Le Gall, Aude, Thompson, Paul, Merchant, Nathan, and Graham, Isla
- Subjects
HARBOR porpoise ,PILES & pile driving ,MARINE mammal populations ,OFFSHORE wind power plants ,UNDERWATER noise ,MARINE mammals - Abstract
Efforts to meet climate change targets are resulting in rapid and global expansion of offshore windfarms. In many regions, development areas are also used by protected marine mammals, requiring the assessment and mitigation of any risk of injury during construction and operation. For small cetaceans such as the harbour porpoise, there is particular concern over the risk of injury from impulsive noise should individuals remain within near-field injury zones during the installation of pile driven turbine foundations. Currently, this risk is assessed by comparing predicted noise levels at the start of piling with baseline estimates of animal density, which are, in turn, based on data collected at least one year earlier. However, vessel-based preparation work immediately prior to piling may displace animals, thus reducing any risk of injury when pile-driving begins. We investigated the effects of pre-piling activities on local soundscapes and harbour porpoise occurrence during the construction of two deep-water offshore windfarms in NE Scotland. Arrays of echolocation click detectors deployed at a sub-set of turbine sites were used to assess porpoise occurrence within a 5 km buffer during a 48-h period prior to the initiation of piling. In parallel, we characterised local vessel activity using AIS data and underwater broadband noise levels. We then used daily engineering records to characterise variation in construction activities and explore how porpoise occurrence varied during the 48 h prior to piling. On average, vessels arrived onsite 11–15 h before the start of pile-driving activities at both windfarms. In both installation campaigns, harbour porpoise acoustic detection gradually declined by up to 33% during the 48 h prior to piling. This decrease in detections was associated with increased levels of vessel and pre-piling installation activities, and increased local underwater broadband noise levels. These results provide strong evidence of porpoise displacement prior to active mitigation activities, highlighting the need to account for disturbance from multiple sources when optimising mitigation measures aimed at reducing impacts of windfarm construction on protected marine mammal populations. • Activities prior to piling may deter marine mammals reducing the number of animals within the predicted injury zone • Harbour porpoise occurrence gradually decreased several hours prior to piling • Harbour porpoise displacement was associated with increased levels of vessel activity and broadband noise • Accounting for animal displacement before piling may help optimise mitigation measures aimed at reducing cumulative impacts [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Unidirectional DC/DC modular multilevel converter for offshore windfarm with the control strategy based on stationary frame
- Author
-
He Liu, Mohamed Dahidah, Ramasamy Thaiyal Naayagi, Matthew Armstrong, and James Yu
- Subjects
offshore installations ,wind power plants ,power generation control ,invertors ,DC-DC power convertors ,HVDC power transmission ,control system synthesis ,rectifiers ,power transformers ,offshore windfarm ,advanced unidirectional DC/DC modular multilevel converter ,high-voltage direct current transmission system ,single-phase MMC ,series-connected rectifier modules ,multiple medium frequency transformers ,conventional dq control method ,stationary reference frame ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 - Abstract
This paper presents the design and control of an advanced unidirectional DC/DC modular multilevel converter (MMC) that facilitate the integration of off-shore windfarms with the high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system. The proposed converter deploys a single-phase MMC inverter coupled with series-connected rectifier modules through multiple medium frequency transformers. Unlike the conventional dq control method, which involves multiple transformations, this paper also proposes a simple control strategy that directly acts on the AC output of the MMC, under the stationary reference frame.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Unidirectional DC/DC modular multilevel converter for offshore windfarm with the control strategy based on stationary frame.
- Author
-
Liu, He, Dahidah, Mohamed, Naayagi, Ramasamy Thaiyal, Armstrong, Matthew, and Yu, James
- Subjects
DC-to-DC converters ,WIND power plants ,HIGH-voltage direct current transmission ,CONVERTERS (Electronics) ,ELECTRIC inverters ,ELECTRIC current rectifiers - Abstract
This paper presents the design and control of an advanced unidirectional DC/DC modular multilevel converter (MMC) that facilitate the integration of off-shore windfarms with the high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system. The proposed converter deploys a single-phase MMC inverter coupled with series-connected rectifier modules through multiple medium frequency transformers. Unlike the conventional dq control method, which involves multiple transformations, this paper also proposes a simple control strategy that directly acts on the AC output of the MMC, under the stationary reference frame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Underwater noise abatement: Economic factors and policy options.
- Author
-
Merchant, Nathan D.
- Subjects
UNDERWATER noise ,ENVIRONMENTAL economics ,ABATEMENT (Atmospheric chemistry) ,OFFSHORE wind power plants ,AQUATIC ecology - Abstract
Highlights • Underwater noise is becoming recognised as a significant pollutant globally. • Noise abatement measures (reducing noise emitted at source) are still scarce. • Significant noise-emitting industries include shipping, offshore wind, oil and gas. • Viable policy options for noise abatement are available. • Noise abatement can reduce cumulative pressure on aquatic ecosystems. Abstract Underwater noise pollution is becoming globally recognised as a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems and the resources they provide. The effects of noise pollution extend from blue whales to zooplankton, impacting threatened species and affecting key industries including fisheries and ecotourism. In response, policymakers in some jurisdictions have made substantive high-level commitments to address noise pollution, however the implementation of noise reduction measures (noise abatement) remains limited. To support the development of effective noise management policies, this paper explores the economic and policy context to noise abatement in three major noise-generating industries: shipping, offshore windfarm construction, and seismic surveying for oil and gas. In each case, tractable policy options are identified which make considered use of command-and-control and incentive-based measures in light of the available noise abatement methods. Drawing on instructive examples from terrestrial noise management and other sectors, it is concluded that such measures offer the most promising long-term solution to deliver existing and future policy commitments to manage cumulative levels of underwater noise pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Local scour at offshore windfarm monopile foundations: A review
- Author
-
Guan, Da-wei, Xie, Yu-xuan, Yao, Zi-shun, Chiew, Yee-Meng, Zhang, Ji-sheng, Zheng, Jin-hai, and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- Subjects
Offshore windfarm ,River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General) ,TC401-506 ,Civil engineering [Engineering] ,Offshore Windfarm ,Monopile Foundation ,Numerical modeling ,Scour mechanisms ,Scour depth prediction ,Ocean Engineering ,Monopile foundation ,Field observation ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
In this article, current research findings of local scour at offshore windfarm monopile foundations are presented. The scour mechanisms and scour depth prediction formulas under different hydrodynamic conditions are summarized, including the current-only condition, wave-only condition, combined wave-current condition, and complex dynamic condition. Furthermore, this article analyzes the influencing factors on the basis of classical equations for predicting the equilibrium scour depth under specific conditions. The weakness of existing researches and future prospects are also discussed. It is suggested that future research shall focus on physical experiments under unsteady tidal currents or other complex loadings. The computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method and artificial intelligence technique are suggested being adopted to study the scour at offshore windfarm foundations. Published version This work was supported by the Major International Joint Research Project POW3M of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51920105013) and the General Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52071127).
- Published
- 2022
21. Directional hydrophone clusters reveal evasive responses of small cetaceans to disturbance during construction at offshore windfarms
- Author
-
I. M. Graham, D. Gillespie, K. C. Gkikopoulou, G. D. Hastie, P. M. Thompson, University of St Andrews. Arctic Research Centre, University of St Andrews. School of Biology, University of St Andrews. Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews. Sound Tags Group, University of St Andrews. Bioacoustics group, University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland, and University of St Andrews. Centre for Energy Ethics
- Subjects
Evasive response ,Phonotaxis ,MCC ,QL ,QH301 Biology ,Passive acoustic monitoring ,DAS ,QL Zoology ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Acoustic deterrent device ,Offshore windfarm ,QH301 ,Mitigation measures ,SDG 14 - Life Below Water ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences - Abstract
Funding: This study was funded by Moray Offshore Wind Farm (East) Ltd. Mitigation measures to disperse marine mammals prior to pile-driving include acoustic deterrent devices and piling soft starts, but their efficacy remains uncertain. We developed a self-contained portable hydrophone cluster to detect small cetacean movements from the distributions of bearings to detections. Using an array of clusters within 10 km of foundation pile installations, we tested the hypothesis that harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) respond to mitigation measures at offshore windfarm sites by moving away. During baseline periods, porpoise movements were evenly distributed in all directions. By contrast, animals showed significant directional movement away from sound sources during acoustic deterrent device use and piling soft starts. We demonstrate that porpoises respond to measures aimed to mitigate the most severe impacts of construction at offshore windfarms by swimming directly away from these sound sources. Portable directional hydrophone clusters now provide opportunities to characterize responses to disturbance sources across a broad suite of habitats and contexts. Publisher PDF
- Published
- 2023
22. Generator response following as a primary frequency response control strategy for VSC-HVDC connected offshore wind farms.
- Author
-
McGill, R., Torres-Olguin, R., Anaya-Lara, O., and Leithead, W.
- Abstract
As penetration of renewable energy sources increases, the proportion of synchronous generators with rotating masses directly coupled to the grid decreases. In the case of wind generation, the kinetic energy stored in the machine rotor is not available to perform the natural task of frequency support for the AC power system. New active control methods must therefore be developed to synthetically recouple this inertia characteristic to the grid. European offshore windpower is growing and the average distance to shore is increasing. Voltage Source Converter based HVDC (VSC-HVDC) is a promising method for transporting this power to the onshore AC grid over long distances. The fast power transfer capability of VSC-HVDC offers the opportunity for new control strategies to provide frequency support to the AC grid. The authors propose a method for using a VSC-HVDC transmission link to follow and amplify the traditional primary frequency response behavior of a small synchronous generator connected at the point of common coupling (PCC). In terms of frequency support, the onshore grid will then see the HVDC connected offshore windfarm (OWF) and small synchronous generator together as one large synchronous generator with rotor inertia directly coupled to the grid (i.e. synthetic inertia). The method will therefore enable the OWF to provide frequency support services equivalent to that of a traditional power plant at the same rating. Electromagnetic transient simulation is used to investigate the proposed active control strategy. Fiber-optic technology is considered as a method of remote communication between the OWF and the small synchronous generator (SSG). A second communication-less method is also considered which utilizes a cascaded droop frequency to DC voltage control at the Grid Side VSC (GS-VSC) and then DC voltage to frequency at the Windfarm Side VSC (WF-VSC). Simulation results are used to justify the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Impact of pile‐driving and offshore windfarm operational noise on fish chorusing
- Author
-
Shashidhar Siddagangaiah, Nadia Pieretti, Wei Chun Hu, and Chi-Fang Chen
- Subjects
fish choruses ,Underwater noise ,Technology ,Passive acoustic monitoring ,Ecology ,pile driving ,Eastern Taiwan Strait ,passive acoustic monitoring ,Chorus effect ,Noise ,offshore windfarm ,underwater noise ,Environmental science ,%22">Fish ,Submarine pipeline ,Computers in Earth Sciences ,Pile ,QH540-549.5 ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation ,Marine engineering - Abstract
Offshore windfarms have recently emerged as a renewable energy solution. The effects of pile‐driving and long‐term impacts of operational noises on fish chorusing still, however, remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the variations of fish chorusing intensity and duration during the construction (2016) and operational phases (2017–2018) of a windfarm at the Eastern Taiwan Strait (ETS). At the ETS, two types of fish choruses (Types 1 and 2) were found to repeat over a diurnal pattern. In the 2 days after the pile driving, Type 1 chorusing showed lower intensity and longer duration, while Type 2 chorusing exhibited higher intensity and no changes in its duration. During the operational phases in 2017 and 2018, both choruses were longer in duration (2–3 h for Type 1; 0.5–1 h for Type 2). The intensity of Type 1 chorus increased by 5–10 dB, but no significant variation was recorded for Type 2. Our findings document, for the first time, different behavioral responses of two chorusing types exposed to pile‐driving and windfarm noise pressure. Fish choruses have been associated with several behavioral functions. Deviation from a regular pattern might affect fish reproductive success, cause migration, augmented predation, or physiological alterations. Because offshore windfarms installations are growing in magnitude and capacity worldwide, this study provides essential insights for policymakers and constitutes an important reference for assessing the effects of noise from pile driving and windfarms on fishes.
- Published
- 2021
24. A machine learning approach to comfort assessment for offshore wind farm technicians.
- Author
-
Uzuegbunam, Tobenna D., Uzuegbunam, Francis O., and Ibem, Eziyi O.
- Subjects
- *
OFFSHORE wind power plants , *MACHINE learning , *WIND power plants - Abstract
Current maintenance planning strategies in the operations and maintenance of offshore wind farms rarely account for the comfort of technicians during transits. This creates uncertainties as transit from the vessel to structure might be unacceptable to technicians. Here, we model the welfare of technicians using the discomfort from the motions (three-dimensional accelerations) felt on crew transfer vessels (CTVs) during transits from port to wind farm. To explore technician exposure to vibration, acceleration data from vessel motion monitoring systems deployed on CTVs operating in the North Sea was synchronised with sea-state data from an operational ocean model. Processes of dimensionality reduction and machine learning (ML) were used to model the comfort of technicians from operational limits applied to models predicting Composite Weighted RMS Acceleration. Trained models were shown to provide estimations for the comfort variable with an R2 value of 0.67 and an RMSE of 0.06 ms−2. The comfort-based decision-making model is shown to be able to predict sail or not sail decisions for maintenance transits. The proposed model will have applications in maintenance planning for offshore wind farms, able to account for the comfort of technicians once identified limitations have been addressed to improve model predictions. • Comfort assessment for offshore Wind Farm Technicians was modelled. • Dimensionality reduction and machine learning(ML) processes were used. • Data from vessel motion monitoring systems and sea-state were synchronised. • Model predicted sail or not sail comfort variable for Wind Farm Technicians. • Proposed model can be useful in maintenance planning for offshore wind farms once the highlighted limitations are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Commercial cuttlefish exposed to noise from offshore windmill construction show short-range acoustic trauma
- Author
-
Centre Tecnològic de Vilanova i la Geltrú, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. LAB - Laboratori d'Aplicacions Bioacústiques, Solé Carbonell, Marta, Vreese, Steffen de, Fortuño Alós, Jose-Manuel, Van der Schaar, Mike Connor Roger Malcolm, Sanchez Marero, Antonio, André, Michel, Centre Tecnològic de Vilanova i la Geltrú, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. LAB - Laboratori d'Aplicacions Bioacústiques, Solé Carbonell, Marta, Vreese, Steffen de, Fortuño Alós, Jose-Manuel, Van der Schaar, Mike Connor Roger Malcolm, Sanchez Marero, Antonio, and André, Michel
- Abstract
The installation of marine renewable energy devices (MREDs, wind turbines and converters of wave, tidal and ocean thermal energy) has increased quickly in the last decade. There is a lack of knowledge concerning the effects of MREDs on benthic invertebrates that live in contact with the seabed. The European common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) is the most abundant cephalopod in the Northeast Atlantic and one of the three most valuable resources for English Channel fisheries. A project to build an offshore wind farm in the French bay of Saint-Brieuc, near the English Channel, raised concern about the possible acoustic impact on local cuttlefish communities. In this study, consisting of six exposure experiments, three types of noise were considered: 3 levels of pile-driving and 3 levels of drilling. The objectives were to assess possible associated changes in hatching and larva survival, and behavioural and ultrastructural effects on sensory organs of all life stages of S. officinalis populations. After exposure, damage was observed in the statocyst sensory epithelia (hair cell extrusion) in adults compared to controls, and no anti-predator reaction was observed. The exposed larvae showed a decreased survival rate with an increasing received sound level when they were exposed to maximum pile-driving and drilling sound levels (170 dB re 1 µPa2 and 167 dB re 1 µPa2, respectively). However, sound pressure levels's lower than 163 dB re 1 µPa2 were not found to elicit severe damage. Simulating a scenario of immobile organisms, eggs were exposed to a combination of both pile driving and drilling as they would be exposed to all operations without a chance to escape. In this scenario a decrease of hatching success was observed with increasing received sound levels., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)
- Published
- 2022
26. Commercial cuttlefish exposed to noise from offshore windmill construction show short-range acoustic trauma
- Author
-
Marta Solé, Steffen De Vreese, José-Manuel Fortuño, Mike van der Schaar, Antonio M. Sánchez, Michel André, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Iberdrola, Centre Tecnològic de Vilanova i la Geltrú, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. LAB - Laboratori d'Aplicacions Bioacústiques
- Subjects
Física::Acústica::Sons subaquàtics [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC] ,Elèctrodes ,Acústica submarima ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Enginyeria electrònica [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC] ,Decapodiformes ,Acoustic impact ,Drilling ,General Medicine ,Cuttlefish ,Sepia officinalis ,Toxicology ,Fons marins -- Investigació ,Soroll -- Control ,Pollution ,Offshore windfarm ,Sound ,Cefalòpodes ,Acoustic Stimulation ,Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced ,Larva ,Animals ,Pile driving ,Noise ,Marine noise pollution - Abstract
13 pages, 9 figures, supplementary data https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119853.-- Data availability: Data will be made available on request, The installation of marine renewable energy devices (MREDs, wind turbines and converters of wave, tidal and ocean thermal energy) has increased quickly in the last decade. There is a lack of knowledge concerning the effects of MREDs on benthic invertebrates that live in contact with the seabed. The European common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) is the most abundant cephalopod in the Northeast Atlantic and one of the three most valuable resources for English Channel fisheries. A project to build an offshore wind farm in the French bay of Saint-Brieuc, near the English Channel, raised concern about the possible acoustic impact on local cuttlefish communities. In this study, consisting of six exposure experiments, three types of noise were considered: 3 levels of pile-driving and 3 levels of drilling. The objectives were to assess possible associated changes in hatching and larva survival, and behavioural and ultrastructural effects on sensory organs of all life stages of S. officinalis populations. After exposure, damage was observed in the statocyst sensory epithelia (hair cell extrusion) in adults compared to controls, and no anti-predator reaction was observed. The exposed larvae showed a decreased survival rate with an increasing received sound level when they were exposed to maximum pile-driving and drilling sound levels (170 dB re 1 μPa2 and 167 dB re 1 μPa2, respectively). However, sound pressure levels's lower than 163 dB re 1 μPa2 were not found to elicit severe damage. Simulating a scenario of immobile organisms, eggs were exposed to a combination of both pile driving and drilling as they would be exposed to all operations without a chance to escape. In this scenario a decrease of hatching success was observed with increasing received sound levels, We acknowledges the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX 2019-000928-S). Funding for this project was provided by Ailes Marines SAS (Iberdrola Group). Project: Noise influence for cuttlefish invertebrate - St Brieuc Wind Farm Site (Ref. CPCS – 771596). France
- Published
- 2022
27. Commercial cuttlefish exposed to noise from offshore windmill construction show short-range acoustic trauma.
- Author
-
Solé, Marta, De Vreese, Steffen, Fortuño, José-Manuel, van der Schaar, Mike, Sánchez, Antonio M., and André, Michel
- Subjects
ACOUSTIC trauma ,CUTTLEFISH ,WIND power ,SENSE organs ,OFFSHORE wind power plants ,PREDATION ,OCEAN waves - Abstract
The installation of marine renewable energy devices (MREDs, wind turbines and converters of wave, tidal and ocean thermal energy) has increased quickly in the last decade. There is a lack of knowledge concerning the effects of MREDs on benthic invertebrates that live in contact with the seabed. The European common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) is the most abundant cephalopod in the Northeast Atlantic and one of the three most valuable resources for English Channel fisheries. A project to build an offshore wind farm in the French bay of Saint-Brieuc, near the English Channel, raised concern about the possible acoustic impact on local cuttlefish communities. In this study, consisting of six exposure experiments, three types of noise were considered: 3 levels of pile-driving and 3 levels of drilling. The objectives were to assess possible associated changes in hatching and larva survival, and behavioural and ultrastructural effects on sensory organs of all life stages of S. officinalis populations. After exposure, damage was observed in the statocyst sensory epithelia (hair cell extrusion) in adults compared to controls, and no anti-predator reaction was observed. The exposed larvae showed a decreased survival rate with an increasing received sound level when they were exposed to maximum pile-driving and drilling sound levels (170 dB re 1 μPa
2 and 167 dB re 1 μPa2 , respectively). However, sound pressure levels's lower than 163 dB re 1 μPa2 were not found to elicit severe damage. Simulating a scenario of immobile organisms, eggs were exposed to a combination of both pile driving and drilling as they would be exposed to all operations without a chance to escape. In this scenario a decrease of hatching success was observed with increasing received sound levels. • Noise from Windmill operations affects Sepia officinalis at short ranges. • Effects of pile-driving and drilling on hatching, larvae and adults can be monitored. • Mitigation measures may be implemented by establishing threshold noise levels. • Technological developments allow limiting negative effects of human-made noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Are Fast Responses More Random? Testing the Effect of Response Time on Scale in an Online Choice Experiment.
- Author
-
Börger, Tobias
- Subjects
CHOICE (Psychology) ,REACTION time ,SKEPTICISM ,CONSUMER preferences ,PREFERENCE heterogeneity ,INTERNET surveys ,OFFSHORE wind power plants - Abstract
Scepticism over stated preference surveys conducted online revolves around the concerns over 'professional respondents' who might rush through the questionnaire without sufficiently considering the information provided. To gain insight on the validity of this phenomenon and test the effect of response time on choice randomness, this study makes use of a recently conducted choice experiment survey on ecological and amenity effects of an offshore windfarm in the UK. The positive relationship between self-rated and inferred attribute attendance and response time is taken as evidence for a link between response time and cognitive effort. Subsequently, the generalised multinomial logit model is employed to test the effect of response time on scale, which indicates the weight of the deterministic relative to the error component in the random utility model. Results show that longer response time increases scale, i.e. decreases choice randomness. This positive scale effect of response time is further found to be non-linear and wear off at some point beyond which extreme response time decreases scale. While response time does not systematically affect welfare estimates, higher response time increases the precision of such estimates. These effects persist when self-reported choice certainty is controlled for. Implications of the results for online stated preference surveys and further research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Optimization of maintenance strategy of renewable energy production system (REPS) for minimizing production loss.
- Author
-
Nicolas, Tchertchian and Dominique, Millet
- Abstract
The concept of eco-maintenance aims to prolong the lifetime of the system to maintain while minimizing environmental losses due to maintenance. This concept is developed for renewable energy production system (Reps) like wind turbines or photovoltaic panel. REPS generate clean and inexhaustible energy. However the production of this energy is unpredictable because it depends on the weather. Moreover failures that occur on the means of production make the operation less interesting. However the implementation of technical resources (fault detection sensor, vehicles and transfer system for technicians, tools and spare parts) improves the performance of the production system. In this paper a model for REPS with an application on wind energy production system (offshore wind farm + maintenance systems) was developed and simulations have been performed. Hence we show the importance to design and optimize the maintenance the REPS for reducing cost and environmental issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Valuation of ecological and amenity impacts of an offshore windfarm as a factor in marine planning.
- Author
-
Börger, Tobias, Hooper, Tara L., and Austen, Melanie C.
- Subjects
MARINE ecology ,ECOLOGICAL impact ,OFFSHORE wind power plants ,ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis ,PLANNING ,ELECTROMAGNETIC fields - Abstract
Integrated marine planning, which must take into consideration environmental and social impacts, is being introduced widely in Europe, the USA, Australia and elsewhere. Installation of offshore windfarms creates impacts both on local marine ecosystems and the view of the seascape and is one of multiple activities in the marine area that must be addressed by marine planning. The impacts on people's values (and hence welfare) of changes in ecology and amenity that could arise from the installation of a windfarm in the Irish Sea were assessed using a discrete choice experiment administered through an online survey. The ecological changes investigated were: increased species diversity resulting from artificial reef effects, and the effect of electromagnetic fields from subsea cables on marine life; whilst the amenity change was the visibility of offshore turbines from land. Respondents expressed preferences for ecological improvements but had less clear preferences regarding the height and visibility of the turbines. In particular distance decay effects were observed with respondents further away from the coast being less concerned about visual impact created by offshore turbines. Understanding ecological and amenity impacts and how they are valued by people can support the decisions made within marine planning and licensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Unidirectional DC/DC modular multilevel converter for offshore windfarm with the control strategy based on stationary frame
- Author
-
R. T. Naayagi, He Liu, Matthew Armstrong, James Yu, and Mohamed Dahidah
- Subjects
power generation control ,Computer science ,020209 energy ,wind power plants ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,invertors ,02 engineering and technology ,Medium frequency ,law.invention ,law ,advanced unidirectional DC/DC modular multilevel converter ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Electronic engineering ,high-voltage direct current transmission system ,stationary reference frame ,Transformer ,Stationary Reference Frame ,multiple medium frequency transformers ,business.industry ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,Direct current ,General Engineering ,DC-DC power convertors ,HVDC power transmission ,Transmission system ,Modular design ,power transformers ,offshore installations ,series-connected rectifier modules ,conventional dq control method ,offshore windfarm ,lcsh:TA1-2040 ,rectifiers ,Inverter ,single-phase MMC ,control system synthesis ,lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,business ,Software ,Control methods - Abstract
This paper presents the design and control of an advanced unidirectional DC/DC modular multilevel converter (MMC) that facilitate the integration of off-shore windfarms with the high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system. The proposed converter deploys a single-phase MMC inverter coupled with series-connected rectifier modules through multiple medium frequency transformers. Unlike the conventional dq control method, which involves multiple transformations, this paper also proposes a simple control strategy that directly acts on the AC output of the MMC, under the stationary reference frame.
- Published
- 2019
32. Directional hydrophone clusters reveal evasive responses of small cetaceans to disturbance during construction at offshore windfarms.
- Author
-
Graham IM, Gillespie D, Gkikopoulou KC, Hastie GD, and Thompson PM
- Subjects
- Animals, Ecosystem, Acoustics, Sound, Phocoena physiology
- Abstract
Mitigation measures to disperse marine mammals prior to pile-driving include acoustic deterrent devices and piling soft starts, but their efficacy remains uncertain. We developed a self-contained portable hydrophone cluster to detect small cetacean movements from the distributions of bearings to detections. Using an array of clusters within 10 km of foundation pile installations, we tested the hypothesis that harbour porpoises ( Phocoena phocoena ) respond to mitigation measures at offshore windfarm sites by moving away. During baseline periods, porpoise movements were evenly distributed in all directions. By contrast, animals showed significant directional movement away from sound sources during acoustic deterrent device use and piling soft starts. We demonstrate that porpoises respond to measures aimed to mitigate the most severe impacts of construction at offshore windfarms by swimming directly away from these sound sources. Portable directional hydrophone clusters now provide opportunities to characterize responses to disturbance sources across a broad suite of habitats and contexts.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Technical performance of different DC CB technologies for future HVDC Grids
- Author
-
Shetgaonkar, A.D. (author) and Shetgaonkar, A.D. (author)
- Abstract
Multiterminal dc (MTDC) network is preferred due to its reliability, security of supply and flexibility. However, MTDC network also comes with the protection challenges resulting from dc faults. Hence, the dc circuit breaker (DC CB) is imperative in such a network. In these recent years, several DC CB technologies have been proposed and demonstrated by different manufacturers. Besides, these DC CB technologies differ from each other in terms of the speed of operation, interruption capability and costs. Hence, for the optimal performance of the MTDC network, a study of the co-ordinative operation of different DC CB technologies is required. In this thesis, two typical types of DC CBs are modelled in detail and implemented in a 4-terminal MTDC network in PSCAD environment, by considering operation time, interruption capability and interruption characteristics. The obtained results are used for DC CB’s selection optimization methodology for the future MTDC networks. Similarly, a scaled model of DC CB has to be analysed in terms of its interruption capability in MTDC network considering various scenarios. Therefore, in this master thesis, technical performance of DC CB technologies is conducted for a test and multiterminal dc network in EMT based software environment. The DC CB is the key to unlock the reliable operation of a Multi-terminal direct current network, whereas fast, effective and accurate models are frequently needed for system-level studies. Due to higher subsystem components in DC CB, a detailed DC CB model creates a bottleneck in the network analysis. This thesis also proposes and compares, an average model with a detailed model of Voltage source converter Assisted Resonant Current (VARC) and Mechanical DC CB in MTDC Network in terms of their performance and computation time for two typical simulation cases. The average and detailed model is modelled and simulated on the PSCAD/EMTDC electromagnetic transient platform. Decisively, this thesis conc
- Published
- 2020
34. Coordinative performance of HVDC circuit breakers in MTDC grids
- Author
-
Liu, S. (author), Shetgaonkar, Ajay (author), Popov, M. (author), Liu, S. (author), Shetgaonkar, Ajay (author), and Popov, M. (author)
- Abstract
The objective of this paper is to investigate the coordinative performance of different types of high voltage DC (HVDC) circuit breakers (CBs) in multi-terminal DC (MTDC) grids. Several different HVDC CB technologies are emerging as a solution for the protection of offshore MTDC grids. There is a need for coordinative operation between different types of DC CBs in the same network. In this paper, two typical types of DC CBs are modelled in detail and implemented in a 4terminal MTDC grid in PSCAD environment, by considering operation time, interruption capability and interruption characteristics. Since the requirement of the DC CBs depends on the magnitude of the interrupted current where they are implemented, the fault scenarios in all terminals are studied and the worst scenarios are selected to demonstrate the coordinative performance of different DC CBs. Four cases are defined and demonstrated by two different types of CBs at each terminal of the cable. DC CBs perform differently with the change of the operating time and the locations where they are implemented. The performances and energy absorption are compared and analyzed. The obtained results can be used as DC CB’s selection optimization methodology for future MTDC grids., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Intelligent Electrical Power Grids
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Towards a risk-based decision support, parameterization of hindcast data to an offshore installation duration in offshore wind farm planning phase
- Author
-
Lim, Sunbang, Lin, Li, and Sverre, Haver
- Subjects
offshore windfarm ,Teknologi: 500::Marin teknologi: 580::Offshoreteknologi: 581 [VDP] ,metocean modeling ,offshore teknologi ,uncertainties ,project planning ,weather window analysis ,offshore vindkraft - Abstract
Master's thesis in Offshore technology For the planning stage in any wind farm development, there are many concepts and locations to be analyzed at the point of cost, schedule, and project shareholders. Especially, the marine operation requires careful planning for an offshore wind farm. The reasonable numerical analysis can reduce costs and support decision-making properly to assess uncertainties from the project schedule or offshore installation method. Additionally, in the offshore project, environmental factors such as wave, wind, and currents are associated with uncertainty. In other words, the same project scope can make different results based on the field location. An increasing number of wind farms will be developed in the future, with the complexity of marine operations and correct decisions before a final investment decision. The objective of this thesis is to assess the uncertainty band of expected total duration for offshore installation, based on a specific parameter from hindcast data with operational limits derived from numerical modeling or previous work. The specific parameter will be developed from Hs with a weather window based on the lowest operational limit. Used randomly-chosen locations in the North Sea, simulation can be carried out to determine the weather window parameter of Hs to total offshore duration for the development field. Hindcast data from randomly-chosen locations affect the reduction of the simulated model as increasing sample data. Parameterizing hindcast data to estimate a total duration for offshore installation can be utilized to assess the validity of the installation method and total offshore campaign with the nameplate of a wind farm under specific environmental conditions. Through this, the suitable environmental conditions and its uncertainty band of offshore duration can be identified easily. Because the offshore duration can be directly connected to the chart period of the installation vessel or other equipment, this parameterization can be a baseline to estimate the cost.
- Published
- 2021
36. Comparison of weather data from FINO3 and ERA5 in Wind Farm Installation Campaign Simulations
- Author
-
Kleppa, Olav and Obhrai, Charlotte
- Subjects
vindkraft ,offshore windfarm ,Teknologi: 500::Marin teknologi: 580::Offshoreteknologi: 581 [VDP] - Abstract
Master's thesis in offshore wind energy Weather data are commonly used in the planning phase of an offshore wind farm installation campaign. Knowledge of site-specific weather conditions is of great importance regarding transport and installation as well as potential performance of the wind farm. When observational data are not accessible for the location of interest, the data can be obtained from a forecast based on models and observations. In this study a comparison is made between observational weather data from the FINO3 research facility and weather data from the global ERA5 climate reanalysis at matching location for the period 1.10.2013-30.09.2019. The data from both sources was collected, filtered and matched with respect to time. A comparison was done between wind speed at 100-meter altitude as well as the wave height, also addressing the uncertainties associated with the ERA5 reanalysis. A simulation was conducted using the intelligent simulation tool SIMSTALL from Shoreline to address the project installation time and accumulated waiting on weather for a hypothetical wind farm using weather data input from FINO3 and ERA5. It was found that though the wind speed data from the ERA5 reanalysis on average was slightly higher than observations from FINO3, the number of available wind weather windows for the installation processes was higher in the ERA5 dataset. For the wave height data, the ERA5 reanalysis showed a small underestimation compared to observational data. This led to a higher number of wave weather windows in the ERA5 dataset. For the total installation time of the fictive wind farm created, the use of ERA5 weather data led to a month earlier completion as an average of twelve different starting months compared to using the observational data from FINO3, with a completion time of 534 days using ERA5 weather data and 564 days using FINO3 weather data.
- Published
- 2020
37. Impulsive noise pollution in the Northeast Atlantic: Reported activity during 2015-2017
- Author
-
Thomas Merck, Dónal Cronin, John Mouat, Benjamin Ollivier, A. Norro, Neil Holdsworth, Carlos F. Pinto, Nathan D. Merchant, Sónia Mendes, Jakob Tougaard, Mathias H. Andersson, Niels Kinneging, Tetrienne Box, Philip Stamp, and Florent Le Courtois
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Pollution ,Oceans and Seas ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Marine mammal ,010501 environmental sciences ,Aquatic Science ,Quieting ,Oceanography ,01 natural sciences ,Sonar ,Offshore windfarm ,Noise control ,Marine ecosystem ,Noise abatement ,Ecosystem ,Noise registry ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,media_common ,Seismic survey ,Noise pollution ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,OSPAR Convention ,Noise ,Sound ,Environmental science ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Underwater noise pollution from impulsive sources (e.g. explosions, seismic airguns, percussive pile driving) can affect marine fauna through mortality, physical injury, auditory damage, physiological stress, acoustic masking, and behavioural responses. Given the potential for large-scale impact on marine ecosystems, some countries are now monitoring impulsive noise activity, coordinated internationally through Regional Seas Conventions. Here, we assess impulsive noise activity in the Northeast Atlantic reported during 2015–2017 to the first international impulsive noise register (INR), established in 2016 under the OSPAR Convention. Seismic airgun surveys were the dominant noise source (38%–56% of annual activity) and declined by 23% during 2015–2017. Reported pile driving activity increased 72%. Explosions and sonar/acoustic deterrent devices both had year-on-year increases in reported activity. Some increases were attributable to more comprehensive reporting in later years. We discuss utilising the INR for risk assessment, target setting, and forward planning, and the implementation of similar systems in other regions.
- Published
- 2020
38. A joint approach to safety, security and resilience using the functional resonance analysis method
- Author
-
Köpke, Corinna, Schäfer-Frey, Jan, Engler, Evelin, Wrede, Carl Philipp, and Mielniczek, Jennifer
- Subjects
Resilience ,Computer science ,Stakeholder ,Hazard ,Safety and Security ,Offshore wind power ,FRAM ,Electricity generation ,Resonance analysis ,Risk analysis (engineering) ,Offshore Windfarm ,Joint (building) ,Renewable power generation ,Resilience (network) ,Resilienz Maritimer Systeme - Abstract
The protection of Offshore Wind Farms (OWF), a critical part of maritime infrastructure, faces new challenges due to the continually increasing share of renewable power generation (planned to reach 65 % until 2030 in Germany). This is especially due to the large size of individual OWF (centralized generation units) and new threats such as climate change and their potential as targets for terrorism. It is no longer sufficient to simply optimize the performance of energy generation; the infrastructure also needs to be kept resilient when facing these new threats. To improve resilience, safety and security measures have to be taken into account and therefore safety, security and resilience (SSR) need to be addressed collectively. To this end, SSR goals are identified for a generic OWF by analyzing stakeholder needs and expectations. These goals include not only safe energy generation but also environmental protection, compliance with regulations, hazard defense and security. The SSR goals are classified and detailed in (i) who/what needs protection, (ii) hazards, and (iii) measures with available sensors. A common modeling tool in resilience research, the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) is employed to visualize and model interrelations/interactions between SSR goals. The feasibility to model SSR goals as functions and the respective expected variabilities with FRAM are also studied. Further, the possibility to identify critical paths in the FRAM model which allows the introduction of cascade effects is assessed. Critical SSR Goals are identified that need further measures to increase the level of fulfillment and to keep the infrastructure protected.
- Published
- 2020
39. Non-resilient behavior of offshore wind farms due to cyber-physical attacks
- Author
-
Oliver Eichhorn, Carl Philipp Wrede, Nikolai Kulev, Evelin Engler, and Albrecht Reuter
- Subjects
Wind power ,Resilience ,business.industry ,Computer science ,Cyber-physical system ,Grid ,Critical infrastructure ,Reliability engineering ,Safety and Security ,Offshore wind power ,Electric power system ,Offshore Windfarm ,Cyber-physical Attacks ,Resilience (network) ,business ,Resilienz Maritimer Systeme ,Vulnerability (computing) - Abstract
The share of wind power generation is steadily increasing and it reached 20.4% of Germany’s power supply in 2018. Thus wind power is becoming a critical infrastructure with Major contributions to power supply and power system grid stability. Consequently a resilient operation of offshore wind farms (OWFs) is required under normal and disturbed conditions. Resilience stands for the ability of a complex system to proactively and reactively maintain its functionality and performance despite failures or manipulations. A functional model describes the technical behavior of engineered, cyber-physical systems in relation to the intended task or results of the system. It is a representation of the operation, functionality and performance of the system, e.g. in the form of a block diagram. The block diagram consists of components performing, according to their technical characteristics, specified functions on the inputs. Applied to the OWF the components can be grouped into several layers representing the main functional processes. Within this paper we consider the threat of system failures triggered through cyber-physical attacks, based on the vulnerability of the OWFs to such attacks as documented in the literature. Most of the main functional processes can be manipulated maliciously. The functional model is used to discuss the impacts of different scenarios of cyber-physical attacks and their resulting cascade effects, which may cause a non-resilient behavior of the OFW. Crucial parameters and signals can be manipulated maliciously. Limit thresholds can be exceeded by far even under normal environmental and power grid conditions. Excessive mechanical stresses, electrical and thermal loads can be realized, leading to extreme damage or even destruction of components/subsystems without the possibility of reactive Intervention or timely recovery. We propose measures on component and functional level for closing the mentioned security gaps to ensure the resilience of the OWF.
- Published
- 2020
40. Coordinative performance of HVDC circuit breakers in MTDC grids
- Author
-
Marjan Popov, Ajay Shetgaonkar, and Siyuan Liu
- Subjects
Offshore windfarm ,Computer science ,020209 energy ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Electronic engineering ,High voltage ,DC grid protection ,02 engineering and technology ,Circuit breaker performance ,HVDC circuit breaker ,Fault (power engineering) ,Circuit breaker - Abstract
The objective of this paper is to investigate the coordinative performance of different types of high voltage DC (HVDC) circuit breakers (CBs) in multi-terminal DC (MTDC) grids. Several different HVDC CB technologies are emerging as a solution for the protection of offshore MTDC grids. There is a need for coordinative operation between different types of DC CBs in the same network. In this paper, two typical types of DC CBs are modelled in detail and implemented in a 4terminal MTDC grid in PSCAD environment, by considering operation time, interruption capability and interruption characteristics. Since the requirement of the DC CBs depends on the magnitude of the interrupted current where they are implemented, the fault scenarios in all terminals are studied and the worst scenarios are selected to demonstrate the coordinative performance of different DC CBs. Four cases are defined and demonstrated by two different types of CBs at each terminal of the cable. DC CBs perform differently with the change of the operating time and the locations where they are implemented. The performances and energy absorption are compared and analyzed. The obtained results can be used as DC CB’s selection optimization methodology for future MTDC grids.
- Published
- 2020
41. Integration of multitrophic aquaculture approach with marine energy projects for management and restoration of coastal ecosystems of India.
- Author
-
Ingle, Kapilkumar Nivrutti, Polikovsky, Mark, Fenta, Mulugeta Chanie, Ingle, Akash Sopan, and Golberg, Alexander
- Subjects
- *
COASTAL zone management , *ENVIRONMENTAL risk , *MARICULTURE , *WIND power , *ENERGY management , *PROJECT management , *OFFSHORE wind power plants , *ECOSYSTEMS - Abstract
Coastal areas of India have a big potential for establishing renewable energy projects, which are generally regarded as green energy sources. However, such projects' construction work may cause a negative environmental impact on the surrounding waters. Aquaculture projects based on seaweed and fisheries, commonly referred to as integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA), can help to mitigate these impacts. Although the purpose of any IMTA is to recirculate the waste products from cultivated species and not to mitigate the environmental impacts of energy projects, IMTA may serve as a complementary activity to compensate for the environmental impacts of marine energy projects. In return, marine energy projects can provide a few facilities to IMTA projects in their areas. IMTA projects are already practised in some parts of the world; however, rare examples are available with marine energy projects. This study aims to put an idea of potential IMTA projects in the areas of the proposed first offshore wind farm in India. This study also recommends the possible utilisation of the potential tidal energy plant in the estuary as a nursery for a few species in IMTA on the western coast of India. In addition, the current study discussed some major challenges, such as seasonal variations, ecological risks, selection of IMTA components, legal, economic and regulatory and social acceptance. Overcoming these challenges can promote further development of IMTA projects in Indian coastal waters. • Linking integrated multi-tropic aquaculture to ecological engineering. • Need of IMTA for Indian coastal ecosystems restoration. • IMTA can be potential complementary activity to marine energy projects. • Marine windfarm and tidal energy can help for IMTA implemetation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Backfilling of a Scour Hole around a Pile in Waves and Current.
- Author
-
Sumer, B. Mutlu, Petersen, Thor U., Locatelli, Luca, Fredsøe, Jørgen, Musumeci, Rosaria E., and Foti, Enrico
- Subjects
- *
SCOUR (Hydraulic engineering) , *SCOUR & fill (Geomorphology) , *PILES & pile driving , *OFFSHORE wind power plants , *OCEAN waves , *OCEAN currents - Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the backfilling of scour holes around circular piles. Scour holes around a pile are generated either by a current or a wave. Subsequently, the flow climate is changed from current to wave, combined waves and current, or wave to a smaller wave, leading to the backfilling of the scour hole. The investigation has shed light onto the mechanism behind the backfilling process. The results show that the scour depth corresponding to the equilibrium state of backfilling is the same as that corresponding to the equilibrium state of scour around the pile for the same wave (or combined waves and current) climate. The time scale of backfilling has been determined as a function of three parameters, namely, (1) the Keulegan-Carpenter number of the initial wave or current (which generates the initial scour hole); (2) that of the subsequent wave, which backfills the scour hole; and (3) the Shields parameter associated with the latter wave, for live-bed conditions. In the case of the combined waves and current, the current-to-wave-velocity ratio is also involved. The time scale of the backfilling process is completely different from that of scour. The time scale of backfilling is much larger than that of scour when the Keulegan-Carpenter number associated with the backfilling is (typical wind farm application), while the time scale of backfilling can be smaller than that of scour when . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Thermoelectric Modelling and Optimization of Offshore Windfarm Export Systems - State of the Art
- Author
-
Kazmi, Syed Hamza Hasan, Holbøll, Joachim, Olesen, Thomas Herskind, Sørensen, Troels Stybe, Kazmi, Syed Hamza Hasan, Holbøll, Joachim, Olesen, Thomas Herskind, and Sørensen, Troels Stybe
- Abstract
With recent developments and cost reduction, offshore windfarms are set to lead the energy markets of the west by 2030. This development can further be accelerated if the wind intensive periods can be utilized efficiently by optimizing the limited network capacity and if the energy output is increased during contingency outages. Therefore, dynamic rating operation of components that are primary system bottlenecks becomes crucial. This paper identifies potential bottlenecks in offshore windfarm export systems and provides an extensive state-of-the-art review of dynamic thermoelectric models which are applicable for real-time loadability assessment of the identified components. The loadability of these components is directly dependent on their thermal state, which is evaluated based on analytical solutions of the dynamic thermoelectric model, including the complicated heat transfer and temperature development phenomena in the identified components. Moreover, potential risks of using these models for offshore windfarm applications are also identified.
- Published
- 2019
44. Upper Ocean Response to Large Wind Farm Effect in the Presence of Surface Gravity Waves.
- Author
-
Paskyabi, Mostafa Bakhoday and Fer, Ilker
- Subjects
WIND power plants ,GRAVITY waves ,OCEAN circulation ,NUMERICAL analysis ,MAGNETIC dipoles ,FINITE volume method ,UPWELLING (Oceanography) - Abstract
Abstract: Theupper ocean responseinthe presenceofawindfarmis studied numerically,takinginto accounttheeffect of surface gravitywaves. Thefarm geometryisa simplified rigid rectangle with characteristic sizeof L aligned with the wind direction. Assuminga typicalwind deficit behindthefarm,an analytical2D U-shapedwake profileis appliedtodrive the upper ocean circulation. The shallow-water equations are modified to includefarm characteristic length, wind-wave and wave-current momentum transfer to study the circulation in the rectangular ocean basin. Solutions of this modified expressionasafunctionoftheRossby deformation radius confirmthattheupper ocean responseinthe vicinityofafarm is strongly related to the wave effects. For the numerical study, the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) and a wave-modified finite volume technique are used that the wave-modified finite volume technique shows a reasonable agreement withROMS simulation results. Numerical results for both linear and non-linearwave simulations show the existenceof horizontal shear stress gradients relatedtothe fluid motion,wave-induced stressandfarm characteristic size. The wind and wave forcing by including wind stress, Stokes drift and wave-induced stress creates symmetrical, range dependent dipoles in the upper ocean. The dipoles are sensitive to wind stress, wave forcing and L, and have tendency to become asymmetric with time. The near-surface Ekman current is affected significantly, and strong upwelling and downwelling occur.Thelinear numericalsolverresults,however,showthatthepycnoclinedepthasa responseofupper ocean to thefarm becomes weaker after almost one day. Including non-linear term, horizontal diffusion, and bottom friction leadstoa decreaseinthe strengthof eddies. But,the amplitudeof disturbancesintheleeofthefarm becomes weaker after almost three days. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Responses of harbour porpoises to pile driving at the Horns Rev II offshore wind farm in the Danish North Sea.
- Author
-
Brandt, Miriam J., Diederichs, Ansgar, Betke, Klaus, and Nehls, Georg
- Subjects
HARBOR porpoise ,WIND power plants ,PORPOISES ,PHOCOENA ,SPATIAL behavior in animals ,MARINE animals - Abstract
The article discusses a research study on the effects of the offshore construction at Horns Rev II wind farm in the Danish North Sea to the marine porpoises Phocoena phocoena in the area. Investigated were the temporal and spatial behavioural responses of Phocoena phocoena to the noise of construction through passive acoustic monitoring devices (T-PODs) that were placed in gradient sampling design. Findings indicated decreased porpoise activity by 100% after 1 hour of pile driving on the site and porpoises staying at lower than normal levels from 24 to 72 hours as far as 2.6 kilometers from the site. Additional findings include reduction of porpoise activity within the 5-month period of construction.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Influence of Wind Direction on Intense Power Fluctuations in Large Offshore Windfarms in the North Sea.
- Author
-
Akhmatov, Vladislav
- Subjects
ELECTRIC power production ,WIND power plants ,ATMOSPHERIC circulation ,WIND power ,WINDS - Abstract
In certain weather conditions, intense power fluctuations have been observed in the Horns Rev offshore windfarm (160 MW) located in the North Sea. This Note presents the results showing a correlation between wind direction and power fluctuations in this large offshore windfarm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Simulation-based optimisation for stochastic maintenance routing in an offshore wind farm
- Author
-
Djamila Ouelhadj, Chandra Ade Irawan, Majid Eskandarpour, Dylan Jones, Institut de Recherche en Communications et en Cybernétique de Nantes (IRCCyN), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Ecole Polytechnique de l'Université de Nantes (EPUN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lille économie management - UMR 9221 (LEM), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, UK (UON), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Ecole Polytechnique de l'Université de Nantes (Polytech Nantes), Lille économie management - LEM - UMR 9221 (LEM), and Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Mathematical optimization ,Information Systems and Management ,General Computer Science ,Computer science ,Total cost ,Maintenance ,020209 energy ,Monte Carlo method ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Scheduling (production processes) ,Crew ,02 engineering and technology ,Management Science and Operations Research ,7. Clean energy ,Turbine ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Scheduling (computing) ,[SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences ,Offshore windfarm ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Simulation based ,Metaheuristic ,021103 operations research ,Stochastic routing ,Offshore wind power ,Modeling and Simulation ,[SHS.GESTION]Humanities and Social Sciences/Business administration - Abstract
International audience; Scheduling maintenance routing for an offshore wind farm is a challenging and complex task. The problem is to find the best routes for the Crew Transfer Vessels to maintain the turbines in order to minimise the total cost. This paper primarily proposes an efficient solution method to solve the deterministic maintenance routing problem in an offshore wind farm. The proposed solution method is based on the Large Neighbourhood Search metaheuristic. The efficiency of the proposed metaheuristic is validated against state of the art algorithms. The results obtained from the computational experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. In addition, as the maintenance activities are affected by uncertain conditions, a simulation-based optimisation algorithm is developed to tackle these uncertainties. This algorithm benefits from the fast computational time and solution quality of the proposed metaheuristic, combined with Monte Carlo simulation. The uncertain factors considered include the travel time for a vessel to visit turbines, the required time to maintain a turbine, and the transfer time for technicians and equipment to a turbine. Moreover, the proposed simulation-based optimisation algorithm is devised to tackle unpredictable broken-down turbines. The performance of this algorithm is evaluated using a case study based on a reference wind farm scenario developed in the EU FP7 LEANWIND project.
- Published
- 2019
48. Thermoelectric Modelling and Optimization of Offshore Windfarm Export Systems - State of the Art
- Author
-
Syed Hamza Hasan Kazmi, Troels Sørensen, Thomas Herskind Olesen, and Joachim Holbøll
- Subjects
Transformer ,Computer science ,020209 energy ,Load modeling ,Renewable integration ,Dynamic thermal rating ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Reliability engineering ,law.invention ,Cost reduction ,Offshore windfarm ,Thermoelectric modelling ,law ,Heat transfer ,Thermoelectric effect ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Submarine pipeline ,Thermal state ,SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy ,0210 nano-technology ,Cable - Abstract
With recent developments and cost reduction, offshore windfarms are set to lead the energy markets of the west by 2030. This development can further be accelerated if the wind intensive periods can be utilized efficiently by optimizing the limited network capacity and if the energy output is increased during contingency outages. Therefore, dynamic rating operation of components that are primary system bottlenecks becomes crucial. This paper identifies potential bottlenecks in offshore windfarm export systems and provides an extensive state-of-the-art review of dynamic thermoelectric models which are applicable for real-time loadability assessment of the identified components. The loadability of these components is directly dependent on their thermal state, which is evaluated based on analytical solutions of the dynamic thermoelectric model, including the complicated heat transfer and temperature development phenomena in the identified components. Moreover, potential risks of using these models for offshore windfarm applications are also identified.
- Published
- 2019
49. Valuation of ecological and amenity impacts of an offshore windfarm as a factor in marine planning
- Author
-
Tara Hooper, Tobias Börger, and Melanie C. Austen
- Subjects
Distance decay ,Seascape ,Artificial reefs ,Ecology ,Amenity ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Marine life ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Offshore windfarm ,Geography ,Discrete choice experiment ,Visual disamenity ,Marine ecosystem ,Artificial reef ,Valuation (finance) ,Subsea - Abstract
Integrated marine planning, which must take into consideration environmental and social impacts, is being introduced widely in Europe, the USA, Australia and elsewhere. Installation of offshore windfarms creates impacts both on local marine ecosystems and the view of the seascape and is one of multiple activities in the marine area that must be addressed by marine planning. The impacts on people's values (and hence welfare) of changes in ecology and amenity that could arise from the installation of a windfarm in the Irish Sea were assessed using a discrete choice experiment administered through an online survey. The ecological changes investigated were: increased species diversity resulting from artificial reef effects, and the effect of electromagnetic fields from subsea cables on marine life; whilst the amenity change was the visibility of offshore turbines from land. Respondents expressed preferences for ecological improvements but had less clear preferences regarding the height and visibility of the turbines. In particular distance decay effects were observed with respondents further away from the coast being less concerned about visual impact created by offshore turbines. Understanding ecological and amenity impacts and how they are valued by people can support the decisions made within marine planning and licensing.
- Published
- 2015
50. Hywind Tampen vindpark. Vurdering av konsekvenser for sjøfugl
- Author
-
Moe, Børge, Christensen-Dalsgaard, Signe, Follestad, Arne, Hanssen, Sveinn Are, Systad, Geir Helge Rødli, and Lorentsen, Svein-Håkon
- Subjects
environmental impact assessment ,vindkraft til havs ,offshore windfarm ,vindpark ,konsekvensutredning ,sjøfugl ,fornybar energi ,renewable energy ,seabirds - Abstract
Moe, B., Christensen-Dalsgaard, S., Follestad, A., Hanssen, S.A., Systad, G.H.R. & Lorentsen S-H. 2018. Hywind Tampen vindpark. Vurdering av konsekvenser for sjøfugl. NINA Rapport 1521. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. Equinor planlegger en flytende vindpark, Hywind Tampen, i den nordlige delen av Nordsjøen, omtrent 140 km fra Norskekysten. Den skal forsyne oljefeltene Snorre og Gullfaks med elektrisitet, og gi en årlig reduksjon i CO2-utslipp på 200 000 tonn. Denne rapporten vurderer potensielle konsekvenser på sjøfugl og trekkende fugl. Hywind Tampen planlegges utbygd med 11 flytende turbiner. Vårt utredningsområdet omfatter planområdet og en buffer på 10 km. Basert på tellinger i åpent hav beregner vi forekomst og antall sjøfugl i dette utredningsområdet. Vi beregner også forekomstene på sommeren som andeler av norske hekkestander ved Nordsjøen inkludert Runde. I tillegg viser vi fordeling av sjøfugl i funksjonsområder rundt hekkekoloniene. Basert på sporingsdata fra SEATRACK viser vi be-standstilhørighet til et utvalg arter utenfor hekkesesongen. Disse sporingsdataene har lav presisjon (±200 km), og vi benytter da et utvidet utredningsområde. Her viser vi også månedlige andeler av posisjonene innenfor dette området. Vurdering av potensiell konsekvens er gjort med bruk av sensitivitetsindekser og vurdert separat for risiko for kollisjon med turbiner og habitatforstyrrelse. Resultatene viser at havhest har de største forekomstene i utredningsområdet i alle sesongene blant alle artene. De største forekomstene av havhest er på høsten. Etter havhest har krykkje de største forekomstene, deretter svartbak og gråmåke. Disse artene har sine største forekomster på vinteren. Vi har benyttet en maksimal aksjonsradius på 99 km ut fra koloniene i hekketiden, og ingen av de norske hekkebestandene ved Nordsjøen inkludert Runde har da funksjonsområder som overlapper med utredningsområdet. Vi vet imidlertid at sjøfugler kan operere med større maksimal aksjonsradius. Særlig gjelder det de overflatebeitende pelagiske artene, eksempelvis havhest og krykkje. Antall havhest i utredningsområdet om sommeren tilsvarer 214% av hekkebestanden til de norske koloniene i Nordsjøen inkludert Runde. Det betyr at det ikke kan være kun havhest fra disse koloniene, selv om havhest skulle ha en aksjonsradius >140 km. Det er relativt store bestander av havhest som hekker sørvest og nordvest for utredningsområdet. Sporingsdata fra SEATRACK viser også at havhestene i det utvidede utredningsområdet kommer fra Storbritannia, Færøyene og Sør-Norge. Det er mange arter på trekk i Nordsjøen om våren og høsten. Hvitkinngås flyr på tvers av Nordsjøen mellom Norge og Skottland og vil potensielt komme innenfor utredningssområdet. Det er imidlertid dårlig datagrunnlag for å vurdere potensielle konsekvenser, og flere sporingsstudier vil være nødvendig for en rekke trekkende arter. Vi konkluderer med at en etablering av Hywind Tampen trolig vil ha lite effekter på sjøfugler. For de fleste sjøfuglartene vil det sannsynligvis ikke medføre målbare effekter. For havhest er konsekvensen i kategorien lav i alle sesongene, og for havsule, gråmåke, svartbak og krykkje er konsekvensen i kategorien lav om vinteren. For de andre artene og de andre sesongene er det antatt ingen konsekvenser. Det er imidlertid knyttet stor usikkerhet til potensielle effekter. Mange sjøfuglbestander har negative trender og har status som truet. Ytterligere negative endringer vil gjøre sjøfuglene mer sårbare. Vi anbefaler oppfølgende studier i før- og driftsfasen med formål å dokumentere eventuelle kollisjoner og fordeling av sjøfugl innenfor og utenfor vindparken. Vi foreslår svartmaling av rotorblad som viktig avbøtende tiltak. Samtidig understreker vi viktigheten med å sette det inn i et studiedesign som kan dokumentere eventuelle positive effekter av avbøtende tiltak. Dette for at framtidige vindparker til havs kan benytte seg av samme løsninger med dokumentert effekt. Maling av rotorblad på turbiner gjennomført i et kontrollert studiedesign, vil derfor være både et avbøtende tiltak og et utviklingsarbeid som potensielt kan gi gode løsninger for fornybar energiproduksjon til havs og sjøfugl.
- Published
- 2018
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.