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This paper estimates the welfare impacts of natural resources by analyzing Ghana’s offshore oil discovery and subsequent production. It finds substantial increases in real income, but no effect on consumption and poverty. The income effects are stronger for skilled workers. Estimates of the effects of oil discovery on employment show that employment in general increased by 4 percentage points. The positive employment effects are largely concentrated in non-oil local sectors: manufacturing and construction. The findings do not show significant impacts on employment in the agriculture and service sectors where a large proportion of individuals below the poverty line are engaged. This largely explains why the oil discovery had no effect on poverty reduction, as it benefited the non-poor rather than the poor.

Dissertação (mestrado) — Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Social, do Trabalho e das Organizações, 2021. Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) e Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). O trabalho que ocorre em plataformas petrolíferas é chamado de “offshore oil” e atualmente é realizado, no Brasil, em mais de 49 plataformas por cerca de 40 mil trabalhadores embarcados e confinados a espaços considerados restritos e de alta periculosidade. Configura-se como uma área de pesquisa pouco explorada, que concentra a maior parte de seus achados em estudos estritamente descritivos. A atividade na plataforma offshore oil exige dos profissionais um afastamento da costa por longos períodos de trabalho. Além do afastamento físico, os trabalhadores distanciam-se de suas famílias e do convívio social e ficam vulneráveis ao adoecimento psíquico e a problemas crônicos, como a síndrome de burnout. O trabalhador inserido neste contexto de trabalho, caracteriza sua área como desgastante e estressante, com características pouco comuns a maioria dos trabalhos, e ainda identifica o ambiente como hostil e pouco colaborativo. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar as relações entre burnout, suporte social percebido, engajamento e conflito trabalho-família no contexto de trabalho offshore oil no Brasil. O primeiro manuscrito apresenta um estudo bibliométrico cujo objetivo é apresentar os trabalhos sobre a área offshore oil, bem como a natureza desse campo de atuação profissional e o perfil de seus trabalhadores. O segundo manuscrito avaliou 441 trabalhadores da área, com o objetivo de identificar de que forma o conflito trabalho-família se relaciona ao burnout, sendo mediado pelo suporte social e pelo engajamento no trabalho presentes no contexto de trabalho offshore oil no Brasil. Por fim, o terceiro manuscrito objetivou mapear as competências comportamentais e as contingências ambientais necessárias para estar inserido em um ambiente confinado e embarcado. Os resultados encontrados são inéditos e contribuem não só para uma maior difusão de conhecimento sobre o tema, mas para indicar possíveis caminhos para aprimorar relações de trabalho e elaborar ações preventivas de saúde mental da população embarcada em plataformas petrolíferas. The work that takes place on oil platforms is called “offshore oil” and is currently carried out, in Brazil, on more than 49 platforms by approximately 40 thousand workers on board and confined to spaces considered to be restricted and highly dangerous. It is configured as a little explored area of research, which concentrates most of its findings in strictly descriptive studies. The activity on the offshore oil platform requires professionals to be away from the coast for long periods of work. In addition to physical distancing, workers distance themselves from their families and social life and are vulnerable to mental illness and chronic problems, such as burnout syndrome. The worker inserted in this work context characterizes his area as exhausting and stressful, with characteristics that are not common in most jobs, and also identifies the environment as hostile and uncooperative. In this sense, this study aims to investigate the relationships between burnout, perceived social support, engagement and work- family conflict in the context of offshore oil work in Brazil. The first manuscript presents a bibliometric study whose objective is to present the works on the offshore oil area, as well as the nature of this field of professional activity and the profile of its workers. The second manuscript evaluated 441 workers in the area, with the aim of identifying how the work-family conflict is related to burnout, being mediated by social support and engagement in work present in the context of offshore oil work in Brazil. Finally, the third manuscript aimed to map the behavioral skills and environmental contingencies necessary to be inserted in a confined and on-board environment. The results found are unprecedented and contribute not only to a greater dissemination of knowledge on the subject, but also to indicate possible ways to improve working relationships and develop preventive actions for the mental health of the population on board oil rigs.

© 2019 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY/4.0/). In economic geography, scholars have discussed how endogenous regional sources of skills, networks and capital have led to new regional industrial growth. However, extra-regional dimensions and global production networks has mostly been left behind in the literature. In this paper, I develop a conceptual framework through the eanalysis of how exogenous sources are coupled to regional actors through the lenses of Global Production Networks and Global Value Chains in offshore oil. The author find that strategies in GPN lead firm vary between local integrative strategies and more complex global strategies. I demonstrate that GPN strategies have different impacts on local development processes, whereby strategies in the early phases of the value chain (i.e. drilling and seismic surveys) were path dependent and led to few local linkages due to lack of competence and infrastructure locally. The GPN strategies in late stages of the value chain (operations) were more context sensitive, as GPNs sought new solutions in procurement and oil spill preparedness, which together increased the local linkages. The implications for policy are to develop cautious regional development policies that are sensitive to specific GPN value stages and lead firms within GPNs.

In a context of global production networks, cities are the loci of the knowledge generation process. They bring together various actors and assets necessary for this sophisticated activity. The generation of knowledge involves the interaction between actors within the same city, such as companies, universities, and research centers, and also between actors from different cities, forming a network. However, not all cities can participate in this network, and the literature has mostly focused on networks formed by cities in the Global North and in high-tech industries. This article aims to map and investigate the knowledge network in the offshore oil industry, showing whether cities in oil-rich countries in the Global South are part of this network. The analysis is carried out at the city level, highlighting the cities that appear as important places for generation of knowledge. To meet our goal, we created a patent database using patents granted by the USPTO (United States Patent and Trademark Office) between 2007 and 2017, designed a network based on the inventors’ location, and performed the k-core analysis. We found that Rio de Janeiro is the only city in a Global South, resource-rich country that appears in the most central layers of the network. Rio de Janeiro’s insertion is based on two groups of actors that play different roles and are highly influenced by the local National Oil Company, Petrobras.

Cities are the loci of the knowledge generation process, in a global production network context, as they bring together the wide variety of actors and assets required for such sophisticated activity. Knowledge generation involves the interaction between many actors located inside the city, such as firms, universities and research centers, and also between different cities’ actors, constituting a network form. However, not all cities manage to be part of this network, and literature has been focused on Global North cities and in high-tech industries. Considering these issues, this paper aims to map and investigate the knowledge network in the offshore oil segment, showing if (and how) Global South cities from resource-rich countries are inserted on it. We place this analysis at the city-level, locating the cities which appear as important knowledge generation places. To copy with these aims, we created a patent database, developed from USPTO granted patents between 2007 and 2017, designed a network based on inventors’ location, and applied the k-core analysis. We found out that Rio de Janeiro is the only city from a Global South and resource-rich country which appears in the most core layers of the network. We identified that Rio de Janeiro’s insertion is based on two groups of actors which play different roles, and that the city’s insertion in the network is highly influenced by the local NOC, Petrobras. En un contexto de redes de producción global, las ciudades son los lugares del proceso de generación de conocimiento, ya que reúnen una variedad de actores y activos necesarios para esta sofisticada actividad. La generación de conocimiento implica la interacción entre muchos actores ubicados dentro de la ciudad, como empresas, universidades y centros de investigación, y también entre actores de diferentes ciudades, constituyendo una forma de red. Sin embargo, no todas las ciudades pueden formar parte de esta red, y la literatura se ha centrado en las ciudades del Norte global y las industrias de alta tecnología. Teniendo en cuenta estos temas, este artículo tiene como objetivo mapear e investigar la red de conocimiento en el segmento de petróleo en alta mar, mostrando si (y cómo) las ciudades del Sur global de países ricos en recursos naturales están incluidas en esta red. El análisis se realiza a nivel de ciudad, destacando las ciudades que aparecen como lugares importantes de generación de conocimiento. Para cumplir con estos objetivos, creamos una base de datos de patentes, desarrollada a partir de patentes otorgadas por la USPTO entre 2007 y 2017, diseñamos una red basada en la ubicación de los inventores y aplicamos el análisis k-core. Descubrimos que Río de Janeiro es la única ciudad de un país del Sur global y rica en recursos naturales, que aparece en las capas más centrales de la red. Identificamos que la inserción de Río de Janeiro se basa en dos grupos de actores que juegan diferentes roles, y que la inserción de la ciudad en la red está altamente influenciada por el NOC local, Petrobras. Em um contexto de redes de produção globais, as cidades são os locais do processo de geração de conhecimento, pois reúnem uma variedade de atores e ativos necessários para essa atividade sofisticada. A geração de conhecimento envolve a interação entre muitos atores localizados dentro da cidade, como empresas, universidades e centros de pesquisa, e também entre atores de diferentes cidades, constituindo uma forma de rede. No entanto, nem todas as cidades conseguem fazer parte dessa rede, e a literatura tem sido focada nas cidades do Norte Global e nas indústrias de alta tecnologia. Considerando essas questões, este artigo tem como objetivo mapear e investigar a rede de conhecimento no segmento de petróleo offshore, mostrando se (e como) as cidades do Sul global de países ricos em recursos naturais estão inseridas nesta rede. A análise é realizada no nível da cidade, destacando as cidades que aparecem como importantes locais de geração de conhecimento. Para atender a esses objetivos, criamos um banco de dados de patentes, desenvolvido a partir de patentes concedidas pelo USPTO entre 2007 e 2017, desenhamos uma rede com base na localização dos inventores e aplicamos a análise k-core. Descobrimos que o Rio de Janeiro é a única cidade de um país do Sul global e rico em recursos naturais, que aparece nas camadas mais centrais da rede. Identificamos que a inserção do Rio de Janeiro é baseada em dois grupos de atores que desempenham papéis diferentes, e que a inserção da cidade na rede é altamente influenciada pelo NOC local, a Petrobras.

The increasing demand for chemical products has driven the construction and development of chemical industrial areas, or so-called ‘chemical industrial parks’ (CIPs), but this has intrinsically raised the risk of major accidents. Therefore, it is significant and urgent to summarize the state of art and research needs in the field of CIP safety. In this paper, a keyword co-occurrence analysis of 116 scientific articles was conducted to support the classification of research topics in this field, then an overview of those research topics was presented to investigate the evolution of safety research with respect to CIPs. Specifically, the way that safety assessments are conducted, as well as how safety management and safety technology in such areas are classified and investigated, followed by detailed descriptions of representative methods and their contributions to CIP safety, are discussed. An integrated safety framework for CIPs is proposed to organize safety approaches and measures systematically. Based on the classification and analysis of studies on management, assessment, and technology related to CIP safety, the research trends and future directions and challenges are discussed and outlined. Those results are useful for improving theoretical method and industrial strategies, and can advance the safety and sustainability development of CIPs.

This paper uses the 2014–2015 plunge in oil prices as a linchpin for understanding how petroleum development represents a challenge to Arctic societies. Analysis of media discourses, grey literature and fieldwork material from 2013 to 2017 compared with previous work in the region shows that the 75% price decrease in oil price brings into stark relief the perceived level of ontological security that future petroleum economies in Northern Norway, Alaska and Greenland provides. The findings reveal that while the communities in each location find themselves along different timelines of the petroleum economy, there are transferable insights that can benefit other communities influenced by (the potential for) petroleum development in both the Arctic and beyond, in particular concerning the way in which specific ideas about oil and oils future features as contributing to or diminishes ontological security perceptions on the ground. The goal of this paper is to deepen the comparative analysis of research on tensions in Arctic communities as petroleum is perceived as either strengthening or threatening future ontological security in the region. The discussion considers the consequences of path dependent petroleum economies, and how perceptions on alternative futures can fruitfully be introduced into petroleum-dominated narratives about viable Arctic futures.

Understanding the speciation and fate of radium during operational discharge from the offshore oil and gas industry into the marine environment is important in assessing its long term environmental impact. In the current work, 226Ra concentrations in marine sediments contaminated by produced water discharge from a site in the UK were analysed using gamma spectroscopy. Radium was present in field samples (0.1–0.3 Bq g−1) within International Atomic Energy Agency activity thresholds and was found to be primarily associated with micron sized radiobarite particles (≤2 μm). Experimental studies of synthetic/field produced water and seawater mixing under laboratory conditions showed that a significant proportion of radium (up to 97%) co-precipitated with barite confirming the radiobarite fate pathway. The results showed that produced water discharge into the marine environment results in the formation of radiobarite particles which incorporate a significant portion of radium and can be deposited in marine sediments.

Арктические шельфовые месторождения углеводородов представляют собой важнейший стратегический энергоресурс для всех стран, которые таковыми обладают, и можно с высокой долей уверенности предполагать рост практического интереса к этому ресурсу по мере истощения более доступных месторождений и начала нового цикла роста мировых цен на нефть. Рассматривается история становления и развития добычи углеводородов на арктических территориях США, а именно – в штате Аляска. Оценивается вклад нефтедобычи в экономику штата и его структуру занятости. Анализируется историческая и прогнозная динамика нефтедобычи в штате. Особое внимание уделяется углеводородным ресурсам, залегающим на Внешнем континентальном шельфе Аляски. Сопоставляются различные количественные оценки объемов нефти и газа, залегающих в различных частях шельфа, делается вывод относительно их потенциальной роли в перспективах дальнейшего развития нефте- и газодобычи в США. Штат Аляска также едва ли будет способен всерьез взяться за разработку шельфовых месторождений в акваториях, относящихся непосредственно к штату – в первую очередь, в силу дороговизны подобных проектов и их неспособности конкурировать в этом отношении со значительно более дешевыми «сланцевыми» нефтяными и газовыми проектами других штатов., Arctic offshore deposits of hydrocarbons are the most important strategic energy resource for all countries owning them, and it is possible to assume with a high degree of confidence that practical interest in this resource increases as more accessible fields become depleted and a new cycle of growth in world oil prices begins. The article discusses the history of formation and development of hydrocarbon production in the Arctic territories of the United States, namely in the state of Alaska. The contribution of oil production to the state’s economy and to its employment structure is assessed. The historical and forecast dynamics of oil production in the state is analyzed. Special attention is paid to hydrocarbon resources located on the Outer Continental Shelf of Alaska; various quantitative estimates of the volumes of oil and gas in different parts of the shelf are compared; a conclusion is drawn as to their potential role in further development of oil and gas production in the United States. The state of Alaska is unlikely to put serious effort into developing shelf fields in the waters, primarily because such projects are expensive and unable to compete with very cheap shale oil and gas projects of other states. However, Arctic offshore deposits of hydrocarbons are the most important strategic energy resource for all countries owning them, and it is possible to assume with a high degree of confidence that practical interest in this resource increases as more accessible fields become depleted and a new cycle of growth in world oil prices begins.

International audience; Abstract: The supervision and security of oil and gas installations at sea are all the more necessary as the European and neighbouring oil sector ages. This ageing offers two conclusions. First of all, the ageing of the oil fields has led the leading companies on the market to lose interest in these deposits as they become less profitable. They are often taken over by less fortunate companies which are therefore sometimes less well-equipped to prevent pollution damage. On the other hand, the ageing of the deposits leads companies to look for other deposits. Since the resources are exhaustible, the European oil sector must inevitably move towards deeper areas with sometimes extreme climatic conditions. The European Union intends to preserve the marine environment.; Résumé : Le secteur pétrolier européen et voisin vieillit. Ce vieillissement apporte deux conclusions. Tout d’abord, le vieillissement des gisements pétroliers conduit les entreprises leaders sur le marché à se désintéresser de ces gisements devenant moins rentables. Ils sont souvent repris par des entreprises moins fortunées et donc parfois moins équipées pour prévenir les dommages de pollution. D’autre part, le vieillissement des gisements conduit les entreprises à rechercher d’autres gisements. Les ressources étant épuisables, le secteur pétrolier européen doit inévitablement se diriger vers des zones plus profondes avec des conditions climatiques parfois extrêmes. Face à ces changements matériels, l’Union européenne entend préserver l’environnement marin. L’adoption de la directive 2013/30/UE « offshore » matérialise la réaction européenne face à l’accident survenu dans le golfe du Mexique en avril 2010. L’adoption de cette directive peut être perçue comme la concrétisation d’un nouveau dynamisme dans la législation offshore internationale, puisque le dernier texte le plus complet, adopté en Europe, était le protocole « offshore » de 1994 de laConvention de Barcelone sur la protection de la mer Méditerranée. Une prévention efficace passe par un contrôle continu. La question d’une convention internationale spécifique aux activités pétrolières et gazières est toujours en débats.

Gross domestic product (GDP)1 growth is expected to have fallen sharply in 2017 to a projected -1.8 percent from 5.3 percent the year before. This contraction is driven by a reversal of trend in government spending. In the last six months, the political impasse has worsened, with the President declaring a ‘serious institutional crisis’ and dissolving Parliament in January 2018. The current government has not been able to pass its rectification budget for 2017 nor a budget for 2018 to date. The resulting tight budget envelope has led to a sharp reduction in government expenditure of some 24 percent year-on-year, especially felt in the last three months of the year. With government expenditure making up about 75 percent of GDP, weakening expenditure has had a significant downwards impact on growth in 2017. Offshore petroleum production has continued to gradually decline over 2017 as existing fields are steadily depleted, while coffee exports were lower in 2017 due to poor weather conditions. International arrivals by air continued to grow, suggesting that the international visitor market has held up. Private consumption has been more robust in 2017, but investment, both public and private, has declined and foreign direct investment (FDI) has dried up. There remains an urgent long-term agenda of development in Timor-Leste which a new government program could focus on. Key priority reform areas include addressing the multi-sectoral challenge of severe malnutrition, improving systems of public service delivery, supporting a broadening and diversification of the economy, and putting environmental and fiscal management back on a sustainable path. Existing fiscal reserves provide a golden opportunity to achieve these reforms, but only if they are utilized to support a transition to a long-term sustainable economic and fiscal model.

The potential development of an oil industry in the Great Australian Bight provides a number of opportunities and challenges. Potentially, the development may affect local communities, regional economies and the environment. Developing a baseline, before any development takes place, enables changes due to the development being better identified and understood. The aim of this study was to develop a comprehensive baseline for the social and economic environment of the region most likely to be impacted by the development of an oil industry in the Great Australian Bight. The baseline study identified that the region is characterised by a small and sparsely distributed population, highly dependent on primary industries for the most part. The study also identified that there is a strong attachment to place in the region, with the current pristine coastal and marine environment a key factor underlying this attachment. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Information acquired and provided in Near Real Time is fundamental in contributing to reduce the impact of different sea pollution sources on the maritime environment. Optical data acquired by sensors aboard meteorological satellites, thanks to their high temporal resolution as well as to their delivery policy, can be profitably used for a Near Real Time sea monitoring, provided that accurate and reliable methodologies for analysis and investigation are designed, implemented and fully assessed. In this paper, the results achieved by the application of an improved version of RST (Robust Satellite Technique) to oil spill detection and monitoring will be shown. In particular, thermal infrared data acquired by the NOAA-AVHRR (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) have been analyzed and a new RST-based change detection index applied to the case of the oil spills that occurred off the Kuwait and Saudi Arabian coasts in January 1991 and during the Lebanon War in July 2006. The results obtained, even in comparison with those achieved by other AVHRR-based techniques, confirm the unique performance of the proposed approach in automatically detecting the presence of oil spill with a high level of reliability and sensitivity. Moreover, the potential of the extension of the proposed technique to sensors onboard geostationary satellites will be discussed within the context of oil spill monitoring systems, integrating products generated by high temporal (optical) and high spatial (radar) resolution satellite systems.

This paper examines human factors associated with piloting a totally enclosed motor propelled survival craft (TEMPSC or lifeboat) in ice. The first section of the paper describes the use of a usability assessment scale to evaluate the coxswain's (TEMPSC captain) control panel. The second portion examines environmental conditions (habitability) inside the lifeboat during evacuation. All testing was completed in conditions that were consistent with those that might be experienced by ship or offshore oil and gas crewmembers in the event of abandonment due to an onboard emergency. Results indicated that the lifeboat test configuration presented considerable challenges to usability/functionality as well as habitability. These findings suggest that further research should be conducted to evaluate the safety of all existing lifeboat designs. Finally, it is recommended that the international maritime organization (IMO) and safety of life at sea (SOLAS) Convention should mandate user-centered design evaluations for future lifeboat manufacturing. © 2009.

The study represents a background study for the proposed Uganda Country Economic Memorandum (CEM), which seeks to address the issue of efficient use of oil resources and examine synergies between the oil industry and the rest of the economy, through growth poles or linkages. The oil industry can help Uganda to promote robust growth in the economy. However, it is important to keep in mind that it will take a number of years until oil revenues start flowing into Uganda s economy. After the Final Investment Decision (FID) is reached, it will take time to develop the oil fields and start oil production. In the meantime, there are immediate opportunities opening up for Uganda s businesses to supply the oil industry with goods and services. In most cases, Uganda s suppliers, especially micro, small and medium enterpises (MSMEs), are not expected to become first tier contractors to the International Oil Company (IOCs). The main objective of this study is to provide recommendations to the Government of Uganda (GoU) on policies and strategies of leveraging the oil discoveries for the development of the national economy in order to transform the oil resources into sustained growth. The study reviews the typology of policies for local sourcing used in the world. It includes ample examples of other countries experiences with developing their local content policies and providing support to priority sectors to boost local content which could be useful for Uganda from the standpoint of lessons learned. The study conducts a detailed analysis of the binding constraints faced by domestic oil and gas suppliers in Uganda, takes stock of existing national content support initiatives and identifies areas which are in urgent need of further support. The study examines how the oil sector can be used as a driver of agriculture and fisheries sectors in the Albertine Region and other regions of Uganda from the standpoint of food supply to the oil camps.

The paper provides new insights into the productivity of teams and the relationship between the inspector and the inspected party. Exploiting exogenous variation in the number of inspectors that are sent to offshore oil and gas platforms in the Gulf of Mexico, we find that adding an inspector does not simply result in more observed violations – it increases the severity of sanctions imposed on those violations that are detected. We also find that inspectors who are more familiar with the offender impose less severe sanctions. We only find weak evidence that increasing sanction severity deters incidents such as oil spills.

The development of the offshore oil industry in the past fifty years has created heightened interactions at sea, where traditionally fishing activities dominated. This study explores the nature of liaison bodies that have formed between the offshore oil and gas and commercial fishing industries in Scotland and Newfoundland & Labrador, Canada, necessitated by their operational conflicts in common sea areas. A comparative case study approach was used to research these two nations, as offshore oil and gas is very important to both countries’ economic security whilst their commercial fishing fleets face mounting pressures in the context of diminishing fish stocks. The findings of this study suggest that Scotland has a greater range of liaison positions than Canada, resulting in part from their more mature and extensive offshore oil industry. International collaboration was identified as playing a key role in the transference of knowledge and informing liaison practices in the Canadian offshore oil industry. This study corroborates previous research in finding that industry integration and collaboration is important in furthering goals of integrated coastal zone management.

Assessment of the environmental risk of discharges, containing both chemicals and suspended solids (e.g., drilling discharges to the marine environment), requires an evaluation of the effects of both toxic and nontoxic pollutants. To date, a structured evaluation scheme that can be used for prognostic risk assessments for nontoxic stress is lacking. In the present study we challenge this lack of information by the development of marine species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) for three nontoxic stressors: suspended clays, burial by sediment, and change in sediment grain size. Through a literature study, effect levels were obtained for suspended clays, as well as for burial of biota. Information on the species preference range for median grain size was used to assess the sensitivity of marine species to changes in grain size. The 50% hazardous concentrations (HC50) for suspended barite and bentonite based on 50% effect concentrations (EC50s) were 3,010 and 1,830 mg/L, respectively. For burial the 50% hazardous level (HL50) was 5.4 cm. For change in median grain size, two SSDs were constructed; one for reducing and one for increasing the median grain size. The HL50 for reducing the median grain size was 17.8 mum. For increasing the median grain size this value was 305 mum. The SSDs have been constructed by using information related to offshore oil- and gas-related activities. Nevertheless, the results of the present study may have broader implications. The hypothesis of the present study is that the SSD methodology developed for the evaluation of toxic stress can also be applied to evaluate nontoxic stressors, facilitating the incorporation of nontoxic stressors in prognostic risk assessment tools.