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Copyright of Journal of Language & Law / Revista de Llengua i Dret is the property of Revista de Llengua i Dret and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Language & Law / Revista de Llengua i Dret is the property of Revista de Llengua i Dret and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AbstractIn countries with several official languages, language separation often remains a structural principle in institutional education. Co-located schools, in which two autonomously administered schools with different languages of instruction share a physical space, may challenge this separation. Such schools have existed for a long time, but increasingly insert themselves into an architectural trend that leans toward multipurpose spaces. In this paper, we utilize previous research to analyze policy discourses and educational practices that arise around bilingualism in Finland and the Italian province of South Tyrol. We introduce and analyze co-located schools through the notion of spatial ideologies, i.e. beliefs about the connection between language policies and the material organization of space. We show that in both contexts, the separation of the official languages – Finnish and Swedish in Finland and Italian and German in most of South Tyrol – is reconstructed through policy, public discourse, and material practices. The educational system maintains separate tracks for the recognized language groups. While attempts to deconstruct the parallel system are often deemed problematic, the premise of language separation is also increasingly questioned and renegotiated. Therefore, co-located schools can be viewed as contested spaces where discourses and practices promoting linguistic diversity but also parallel monolingualism circulate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis paper examined the different voices present in language policy documents in article 5 which is the section devoted to language in the Moroccan constitution of 2011 using critical discourse analysis based on three levels of language policy analysis: discourse, contextual, and textual analyses. It showed how these documents reflect the ideological interests of policymakers in Moroccan society. These levels are the analyses of co-text in article 5 of the constitution; its relationship with other texts (intertextuality); concrete situations, such as language policy in general and that in Morocco in particular. The analysis showed that there are many different voices in language articles of the Moroccan constitution, but two are the most prominent: one based on national identity and values and the other grounded in liberty and language rights. These two prominent ones based on multilingualism and linguistic pluralism and focusing on Moroccan identity, history, and unity as one nation. The former is supported by the inclusion of a new indigenous language as an official language of the country and respect for its culture and people. The latter tends to denote that despite the addition of another official language, the country remains one unified nation, and Arabic is still saved and protected by the language policy stipulated in the new constitution.

The scientific article states that the state language is an important component of national identity and the issue of ensuring the protection and development of the state language in the context of globalization and the diversity of linguistic communities is an important aspect of ensuring the equality of all citizens, regardless of their linguistic and ethnic origin. The author points out that a significant role in the process of ensuring the possession and development of the state language, as a basis for full participation of citizens in the life of the country, effective communication in the public and political spheres, is played by the obligation to master the state language. It is proposed to define such an obligation as a type of legal obligation, the established necessity of the behavior of a person and a citizen, which is guaranteed and provided by the state in the interests of the person himself and other persons, society, the state within the limits and order provided by the legislation of Ukraine for the purpose of protecting the Ukrainian language and preservation of national identity. The article emphasizes that non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of the obligation to speak the state language can entail a number of negative consequences both for a specific person and for society as a whole, namely: a) violation of constitutional guarantees of human rights; b) violation of principles of equality and nondiscrimination between citizens of Ukraine; c) violation of the principle of linguistic unity and the emergence of inter-ethnic conflicts; d) failure to preserve cultural and national heritage; e) a decrease in the level of trust of citizens in power structures and the system of government bodies as a whole, etc. It is proposed in Chapter II of the Constitution of Ukraine to strengthen the provisions of Art. 10 of the Basic Law of Ukraine and in order to implement the relevant decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine to include the duty of a citizen of Ukraine to know and master the state language, which will act as a guarantee of the protection of the Ukrainian language as the state language, ensure its priority use in society and state institutions, and serve to support and affirm linguistic unity and preserving the national identity of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Language & Law / Revista de Llengua i Dret is the property of Revista de Llengua i Dret and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Language & Law / Revista de Llengua i Dret is the property of Revista de Llengua i Dret and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the study of the key aspects of administrative and legal document drafting techniques, since the creation of administrative and legal documents is an integral part of the activities of state bodies and institutions, and the quality of document execution, legal effectiveness, and content of the document depend on the document drafting technique. The author examines the technique of creating administrative and legal documents, their structure, style, and rules for using terminology and official language. Attention is focused on a detailed description of the structure of administrative and legal documents and the requirements for each part of the document. The peculiarities of formulating headings to the text of the document; construction of the preamble and its components; design of the main and final parts of the document; style of writing administrative and legal documents are considered. The author analyzes the use of terminology in administrative and legal documents; the terms should be defined accurately and unambiguously, meet the requirements of current legislation and leave no room for interpretation. The author offers recommendations for eliminating errors in the drafting of administrative and legal documents: the use of the official language (language terms, means and phrases) when writing the text of the document, which directly affect the conciseness and understanding of the text of the document, the correct use of terms and phrases, makes it possible to avoid stylistic and grammatical errors in the drafting of administrative and legal documents. Compliance with the standards of document execution will ensure that the content of the document is understood and has legal effect, such standards include maintaining the appropriate structure of the document, using defined and commonly used terms, following the rules of punctuation, etc. Checking spelling and grammar before starting the process of sending the document is mandatory, as errors in the document can lead to misunderstandings, misinterpretation of the text of the document and even legal consequences, the document must comply with the requirements of the law and legal regulations, some administrative and legal documents may contain confidential information that should not be available to everyone, it is important to ensure the right conditions for maintaining the confidentiality of information and proper protection of documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the coexistence of Romanian and Russian, which lasted until the subsequent prohibition of Romanian on the territory of Bessarabia occupied by the Russian Empire from 1812 to 1918, a period of substantial progress began with the Great Union and the creation of Greater Romania in December 1918. Despite a difficult (geo)political and economic context, for more than twenty years, the linguistic and educational evolution favoured the diffusion of the Romanian language (which had the status of an official language) and, to a large extent, the respect of the languages of the minorities living on the territory of the unified provinces, including Bessarabia in particular.

The article aims to show the state of the Lithuanian language in the years of the national movement at the turn of the 20th century and its functioning in the restored independent Lithuanian state from 1918 up to 1940 when it was occupied by the USSR. Under the rule of the Russian Empire, the Lithuanian language was confined to the domestic setting: the press in the Latin script was banned and the use of Lithuanian in public was prohibited. As a continuation of the Springtime of Nations, the Lithuanian national movement relied on the Lithuanian-speaking society, and the language was perceived as one of the most important components of Lithuanianness. Scientific literature sometimes claims that the Lithuanian identity has been built on the philological foundation. This idea can be found in the history of many European nations, so the emphasis on the native language in Lithuania was nothing out of the ordinary. Drawing on national legislation and archival data, the article outlines how the Lithuanian language was taking root in the state that declared its independence in 1918. Reform of the economy, development of culture and education, the choice of the Western way of life, and formalising Lithuanian as the official language in the 1922 Constitution, created favourable conditions for the Lithuanian language and culture to function independently in the entire public life. The development of the Lithuanian language in the years of independence is analysed in three dimensions: legal (introducing the official language in all areas of life), structural (conducting research of the language, compiling the great dictionary, etc.), and educational (developing the modern theory of standard language grounded in structuralism and implementing its principles). The ideological basis of the educational work (as part of national upbringing), its implementers (the Lithuanian Language Society, different commissions and organizations), and the results thereof are also discussed.

Copyright of Vilnius University Open Series is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. The problem of preserving and protecting the native language today is one of the main ones facing any people thinking about their future in the conditions of globalization, European economic integration and a modern multinational and multi-confessional state. The purpose of this article is to examine the internal processes of the destruction of the status of a single official language as a link between the country and the analysis of the discriminatory status of the Spanish language in modern Spain and the prediction of the consequences of such discrimination of language policy, as well as a comparative analysis of the language situation in Spain and Russia. Materials and Methods. This section specifies what has served as material for the analysis and describes the research techniques used. The object of the study is the Spanish language as the official language of the Kingdom of Spain, its role and its changes in the regions in the process of political processes over the past decades. Comparative- historical and typological research methods are used, as well as methods of observation, analysis, modeling. Results. This is the main section, which aims to confirm or reject a working hypothesis (or hypotheses) by means of analysis, synthesis and elucidation of data. The reasons for the unbalanced state of the language situation in Spain, as well as the negative consequences of the language policy pursued by the government, are analyzed. Practical recommendations have been developed to overcome the existing critical problems in the field of the country's language policy, based on the Russian example. Discussion and Conclusion. In this part, the results are to be briefly summarized and the main directions for further research indicated. The results presented in the article contribute to the scientific understanding of the problem of the status of the state official language in modern Spain. They contribute to the development of awareness of the seriousness and danger of the problem. If we Spaniards do not realize the seriousness of what is happening and do not force the government, the opposition and all legitimate parties to respond to this critical situation, then the future of the Spanish language and the Spaniards themselves in Spain seems pessimistic, since we will be foreigners in our beautiful country.

Almost five years have passed since the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union was considered to be definite. Now, in 2021, we finally see the Brexiting process start and some more practical problems arise. Although the implementation of the Withdrawal Agreement as of 1 January 2021 clarifies what is due to happen in certain areas of policy, the language issue still remains unsolved. All these years English has not only been an official and a working language, but also the most commonly used for institutional communication and the one that the majority of the European citizens speak as a second language. Moreover, it is tied to the language regime of the Union, its citizens' rights and its language policy, and has a special status worldwide. The fact that the United Kingdom left the European Union, but English remains an official language up to this day without the unanimous decision of the Member States is the purpose of this contribution. Furthermore, the position of English in the European Union and the citizens' rights are analysed, and its future in this context is investigated through the presentation of some scenarios and their results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Language & Law / Revista de Llengua i Dret is the property of Revista de Llengua i Dret and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Language & Law / Revista de Llengua i Dret is the property of Revista de Llengua i Dret and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Language & Law / Revista de Llengua i Dret is the property of Revista de Llengua i Dret and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies is the property of GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Societal multilingualism and multilectalism have been among the leading justifications for language policies, especially in the Global South, where many of these have failed. I associate the failures with poor choices of official languages and media of education, which are not consistent with the linguistic behaviors of the majority of the citizenry and the socioeconomic structures of the relevant polities. I review some cases of adequate and inadequate policies around the world and explain ecologically some reasons for either their successes or their failures. In a subset of the cases, I assess the results as mixed. My recommendation is of course not to follow the policy of a particular polity simply because it has succeeded there but to also check whether the ecology of its success is similar to that of the new polity. The relevant ecology includes the socioeconomic structure/system and the linguistic practices of the citizenry for whom the policy is intended. Among the issues to address is, for instance, whether the language adopted as the official language and medium of education is easy for the majority of the citizenry to learn successfully. Another is whether the language policy will make the economic development of the nation more inclusive and empower the majority economically and politically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important task of the language policy of the Russian Federation as a multinational state is to strengthen the unity and integrity of the country. In the context of multilingualism, the main unifying factor is the Russian language. Recently, there has been a decrease in the level of literacy of the population, a deviation from the language norms. The questions of standardisation and codification of language are not only the domain of linguistics. The language norm is a powerful tool of language policy, plays an important role in the formation, strengthening and development of national identity. The article presents an overview of the theoretical understanding of the language norm from the standpoint of scientific discourse and the legal framework. Based on the results of all-Russian sociological studies, the significance for the population of problems associated with raising the language culture level has been revealed. The purpose of the study is designated as revealing the status of the language norm in the legislative, linguistic and social aspects, determining the role of public perception of the language norm in strengthening the language policy of the Russian Federation. The main methods used were content analysis of normative documents and scientific literature, empirical analysis of secondary data from all-Russian sociological surveys, methods of generalization and interpretation. It has been found found that the citizens of Russia consider Russian language and language processes important, strive for the language literacy, and recognise the role of the state in regulating language policy and language norm-setting. It has been shown that the native speakers’ assessments can be used to strengthen the language policy in the Russian Federation, clarify its urgent tasks and their optimal solution.

Wars, catastrophes, pandemics, epidemics have always meant that man, instead of inventing problems for himself and complicating life, turned in his actions to the basic values of his earthly existence. These dramatic events and phenomena, which are inseparable from human history, seemed to “cleanse” the mind and bring thinking back on track with basic needs and fundamental, mostly positive feelings. The covid pandemic is such a turning point. However, the old concerns remain – including the question of political correctness in the use of language in German society. In this context, the article examines and analyses the guidelines for “Employees of the Berlin Administration on Diversity-Sensitive Language Use” published by the Berlin Senate in September 2020. The linguistically correct reorientation anchored in this document is intended to help the Berlin administration on its way to treating all citizens fairly. However, the German language seems to be a garden of traps in its grammatical structure. Critical voices are rising in society against the new regulations – not against the struggle for gender equality itself, but against the political proposals in language use, which seem to be getting closer and closer to the border of the absurd. In this context, this article attempts to present which difficulties and linguistic doubts arise from the new regulations on language use in Berlin’s authorities and offices. Old and new expressions are compared and the resulting problems of interpretation are discussed. Furthermore, various linguistic means of the form of expression to be corrected are discussed and examples are given. It will probably never be possible to find the final word that no longer hurts anyone and makes everyone in society equal. However, the struggle for social and societal equality must not be abandoned in these troubled times.

Copyright of Studia Iuridica Toruniensia is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Faculty of Law & Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Language culture is an important part of national culture. It is the language that is the source that preserves the nation’s history, promotes its self-identification and uniqueness in the global history of mankind. To lose a language or turn it into an illiterate conglomeration of words and phrases means to lose one’s independence, the right to civilizational development and communication with other nations. The accentuation norm together with the orthoepic one are the elements of the phonetic passport of a word, ignorance of which easily decloses a foreigner and an individual having no proper level of education. Each language has its special phonetic rules, its phrases have their own unique rhythmic and melodic pattern, the negligence of which is the result of nihilistic attitude to this very important communication tool. The significance of the research is that the study of errors of the accentual norm will give an opportunity to improve the level of literary language among different segments of its native speakers, increase responsibility for the use of norms and help instill a desire to preserve and develop options for proper functioning of national language in public communication. Such work is necessary especially in the conditions of artificial bilingualism that has developed in modern Ukraine. Knowledge of foreign languages is a characteristic feature of the 21st century, but knowledge of the mother tongue is a natural attribute for every citizen. The purpose of the article is to analyze the factors and reasons that contribute to the spread of erroneous options for emphasis both in the media and in public communication, as well as the development of recommendations to avoid them. So, the purpose stipulates the usage of methodological basis of the study including comparative, structural, oppositional research methods, and the method of stylistic analysis. The paper presents real examples of violations of the accentuation norm by presenters of leading TV and radio channels, journalists, teachers, deputies. The accentuation norm is not stable enough, as it is easily ignored in the process of communication, although each individual word has its own emphasis. This fact creates real conditions for its violation, which eliminates the national identities of the Ukrainian system of emphasis, distorts the language system itself, and leads to the distortion of the content of the message. In addition, the non-normative emphasis in case of its active circulation in the media, advertising, communication of civil servants and VIPs does not contribute to the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the official language, is a threat to its further development. This issue is considered to be public, so it’s solving is of great importance.

This research is an attempt to explore students' and teachers‟ attitude towards code alternation within English classrooms in Pakistan. In a country like Pakistan where official language is English, the national language is Urdu, and every province has its own language, most of the people are bilinguals or multilingual. Therefore, the aim of this study was to find out when and why teachers code switch in L2 English classrooms. It has also explored student's preferences of language during learning second language. It has also looked into teachers' code-switching patterns and the students‟ priorities. Ten teachers responded to an open ended questioner and 100 students responded to a close ended questioner. Results of teacher's responses indicated that they mostly code switch when student's response in relation to the comprehensibility is negative and they do not grasp the concepts easily in L2. They never encourage students to speak Urdu. Student's results showed that they mostly prefer code-switching into their L1 for better understanding and participation in class. Analysis revealed that students only favored English while getting instructions of test, receiving results, and learning grammatical concepts. In most of the cases, students showed flexibility in language usage. Majority of students (68%) agreed upon that they learn better when their teachers code switch in to L1.

Introduction. The article examines a yarliq from Dastur al-Katib (14th c. CE) and attempts to an insight into the principles of using the Mongol language in the 13th–14th century Persian records management system. Goals. The study provides an interdisciplinary analysis of the historical monument — a yarliq appointing a bakhshi (senior scribe) included in Dastur al-Katib fi Tayin al-Maratib (A Scribe’s Guide to Determining Ranks) compiled in the mid-14th century by Muhammad ibn Hindushah Nakhchivani, a financial statesman under the late Hulaguids and early Jalairids. To facilitate this, the paper shall: 1) translate the examined document into Russian, 2) characterize the latter as a valuable source on history of state, law and chancellery culture of Mongol Iran, 3) analyze the yarliq as an official act and a source of law, 4) identify the legal status of the Mongolian language in 13th–14th century Iran. Materials and methods. The study explores the yarliq proper and other materials of Dastur al-Katib, additional medieval sources on Mongol Iran and Genghisid states, including works by Rashid al-Din, Wassaf, etc., official documents of Genghisid chancelleries. The work employs a series of historical and legal research methods, such as those of source criticism, diplomatics analysis, comparative historical research, formal legal approach, historical legal and comparative legal analyses. Results. The paper introduces the yarliq appointing a secretary (bakhshi) from the medieval Persian treatise titled Dastur al-Katib into Russian-language scientific discourse and supplements it with a detailed interdisciplinary analysis. The work clarifies specific features of a bakhshi’s legal status as a senior scribe responsible for translating official edicts from Persian into Mongolian, his functions, rights, requirements for candidates. An attempt to identify the person to have been appointed scribe therein was made. Conclusions. The works concludes Mongolian had a status of the official language in records management system of Iran throughout the late 13th and 14th centuries, the former having been extensively used by nomadizing subjects of Hulaguid and Jalairid Ilkhans, including top-rank executives of Mongolian descent. This was reflected in the appointment of a special official responsible for articulating legal and other documents into Mongolian for nomadic elites and warlords. However, to extrapolate this conclusion onto other Genghisid states it is necessary to compare the researched document and additional information on Mongol Iran with similar sources from other heirs of the Mongol Empire, such as the Golden Horde, Chagatai Ulus, etc.

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Copyright of Journal of Language & Law / Revista de Llengua i Dret is the property of Revista de Llengua i Dret and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to present the linguistic landscape of a transylvanian city, namely Mediaș, using the Linguistic Landscape method. It is investigated in which areas of the public space the languages of the historical national minorities are present. The corpus includes inscriptions from the public space that have been analysed and classified according to certain criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Estudios de la Administración Local y Autonómica is the property of Instituto Nacional de Administracion Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Language policy issues are inextricably linked with the socio-political vectors of development of a state. The significance of this problem field is actualised with a number of examples from modern history, when the "language issue" became a source of social tension, led to various kinds of conflicts, including interstate ones. The article is devoted to the analytical study of the modern specifics of language policy in the CIS countries. Research attention is focused on nine states that are active members of the integration association (Ukraine, which de facto does not participate in the activities of the Commonwealth, and Russia are not considered due to the presence of administrative national autonomies and the number of different ethno-cultural communities, as well as the need to reflect in the work the peculiarities of the functioning of the Russian language, which has a special status in the region). The practice of implementing the language policy pursued in the CIS countries allows to generalize and compare the experience of states that have relatively recently received sovereignty and the ability to form an appropriate agenda independently. The analysis made it possible to identify the general directions of language policy, typical for individual countries: 1) protection of the languages of the titular nation with the consolidation of their status as the only state and official for all spheres of communicative interaction (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Uzbekistan); 2) carrying out an alphabetical reform in order to switch to the Latin alphabet (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Uzbekistan); 3) implementation of the policy of state bi- or polylingualism (Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan); 4) attempts to solve precedent linguistic problems (nomination of the state language for Moldova, the status of the Russian language for Armenia and Georgia).

The current article views the history of establishment and legal foundations of Latvian as the official language of the state, beginning from the position of Latvian among other languages in the newly established independent state of Latvia. The article includes not only analysis of works by other authors and publications in the area of research but also examination of transcripts of various joint sittings of legislators in different periods (the People’s Council, the Constitutional Assembly, the Saeima of the first and the second period of independence, and the Supreme Council), as well as unpublished minutes of committees. Within the article, certain part of the research focuses also on normative acts related to the use and protection of the official language. The author provides a detailed review of normative acts concerning the official language, concluding the study with the review of the period before the Soviet occupation – the situation after establishment of Kārlis Ulmanis’ authoritatian regime after the coup d’état on 15 May 1934.

This reflective article maps out the findings of a socio-legal study on language use in administrative settings in Belgium's Dutch-language area. It explains how the author arrived at a socio-legal approach to this study object. Thereafter the article focuses on the methods used and the conceptual framework. It discusses the various methodological choices regarding data collection and the use of methods stemming from anthropology in this study. It also illustrates how anthropological literature on concepts such as discretion and multiple embeddedness provide conceptual tools for building a framework around which to structure and present the empirical data. The last part of the article sketches the findings of this socio-legal study. Drawing on the conceptual framework, it illustrates that even when practice deviates from statutory law, the relationship between the law and the practice cannot be easily captured in a dichotomic relationship. The author furthermore deduces some relevant findings in light of general human rights. The article concludes with some reflections on research that combines law and anthropology, both as separate disciplines and as a combined endeavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Language Problems & Language Planning is the property of John Benjamins Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

France is generally considered a monolingual or linguistically unitary country, but this reality is highly nuanced. Alongside French, the only official language, there are many other «languages of France» which are constitutionally considered as «patrimony of the Republic», and whose legal status is far from clear, focusing on the ideas of protection and promotion. This has given rise to various problems, such as that of linguistic immersion in education, which have recently been subject to regulation and analysis by the Conseil Constitutionnel, with a result that may be confusing and has been very controversial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: majority language; official language; Romanian language; Szeklerland; translanguaging EN majority language official language Romanian language Szeklerland translanguaging 29 56 28 01/18/22 20220101 NES 220101 1 Introduction: "I have an idea, but I don't know how to say it in Romanian" On the first day of my fieldwork in a school in Csíkszereda, a town in Romania with a majority Hungarian-speaking population, I introduced myself and my research to the students, and then I sat down in an available seat among them. In accordance with own language ideology, these teaching strategies through which Gabi implemented the curriculum and prepared students for the exam were a negotiation between the students' needs arising from the local socio-linguistic situation and the national language and educational policies. In settings when minority-language speaking students need to produce academic texts in a colonial or dominant language of the state, such a "hidden practice" ([49]; [67]) is seen as an "illicit pedagogical strategy used widely by teachers and students" without recognition in either language education policy or in scholarship ([30]: 124). Outside the classroom, the Romanian monolingual norm prevails and dominates language education policies and language hierarchies in which the dominant language is valued more than minority languages, and multilingualism is envisioned as double monolingualism, which means that it can be contested only on local level ([52]). [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing is the property of Institute of Sociology NAS of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current article views the history of establishment and legal foundations of Latvian as the official language of the state, beginning from the position of Latvian among other languages in the newly established independent state of Latvia. The article includes not only analysis of works by other authors and publications in the area of research but also examination of transcripts of various joint sittings of legislators in different periods (the People’s Council, the Constitutional Assembly, the Saeima of the first and the second period of independence, and the Supreme Council), as well as unpublished minutes of committees. Within the article, certain part of the research focuses also on normative acts related to the use and protection of the official language. The author provides a detailed review of normative acts concerning the official language, concluding the study with the review of the period before the Soviet occupation – the situation after establishment of Kārlis Ulmanis’ authoritatian regime after the coup d’état on 15 May 1934. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sámi Dieđalaš Áigečála is the property of Sami diedalas aigecala (SDA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Language & Law / Revista de Llengua i Dret is the property of Revista de Llengua i Dret and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Language & Law / Revista de Llengua i Dret is the property of Revista de Llengua i Dret and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

"Brexit" as a word entered the European language's scene eight years ago as a term describing what seemed as a surrealistic scenario for the British. Since then, it has become the 'political word of 2016,' paved its way to the Oxford English Dictionary, and globally into the computer dictionaries which no longer underline it in red as an unknown term. 'Brexit,' as a political campaign motto, has also transformed into a realistic political strategy and eventually into a complicated, exhausting, dividing, yet finalized process. By the time it was accomplished, everyone in Europe was tired of it, but tiredness did not change the fact that Brexit was an historical period of turmoil of an unprecedented nature. Brexit occurred on a multitude of dimensions, including the EU language policy dimension. For the past 20 years, English has been by far the most commonly used language in the Union, not only as one of the 24 official languages of the Member States, but as a working language of all the institutions, all negotiations, and all political debates. This contribution aims to analyse the legal status and the practical dimension of the European Union working languages and to explore the position of the English language among them—both presently and with possible scenarios in the future Union, without the United Kingdom as the biggest English-speaking Member State. The initial assumption states that the geopolitical weight of the English language will diminish even if the Irish and Maltese will hold the language's position as an official language of the Union. In mathematical terms, there will be more native speakers in Hungarian or Slovak than in English. In political terms, Germany and France will have a chance to improve their influences by advocating for more efficient use of their languages. 'Quo vadis English?' seems a timely question to ask. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malta's Constitution declares both Maltese, the indigenous language, and English as the country's official languages. Maltese is also the national language and since 2002 it was accorded official status in the European Union. Maltese is therefore given more importance in Malta, a miniscule island with a population of slightly more than half a million people. This study reports on the findings of a scientifically representative study among 500 University of Malta students on their language use when using social media platforms. It provides data on the actual languages used in messages sent by the students themselves. This paper examines the different contexts in which English and Maltese are used on the social media platforms. It compares how the participants spontaneously use either language in different social media forms of communication. The study concludes that rather than a process of displacement of Maltese, what is happening is differential usage through which Maltese is predominant in informal settings, while English is mainly used in more formal settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses and discusses the use of existential sentences in texts in terms of the existential predicates used and types of these constructions. The sample of the study includes forty government programs published in Turkey between 1950 and 2016. As a result of the analysis 192 existential sentences are identified in the sample. Existential sentences are described and categorized based on the existential predicates and the sentence types. The findings show that the default form of the existential predicates is var+DIr in official documents although there are other predicates employed in existential constructions, including yok “not exist”, mevcut “exist”, sahip “have” and ait “belong to”. Of them the first three are the predicates of existence, and the remaining two are the predicates of possession. It should be noted that all of these existential predicates are mostly attached with –DIr. Concerning the types of existential sentences it is found that the government programs analysed include four different types and mostly contain possessive type of existentials. The other three types of existential constructions found in the sample are as follows: locative existentials, modal existentials and bare existentials. It is also identified that these existential constructions have specific structural properties which vary based on the existential predicates used. Each type of existential constructions performs several textual functions which are consistent with their structural and semantic properties. In regard to the existential predicates it is found that the predicates of existence, namely var “exist”, yok “not exist” and mevcut “exist”, are much more productive than those of possession, sahip “have” and ait “belong to”. Because the latter type is limited to the possessive type of existential sentences and is not employed in other three types of existential constructions.