Search

This Research Handbook thoroughly examines the difficult and rapidly expanding problem of national, transnational, and international environmental crimes, including air and water pollution, unlawful mining and timber harvesting, and trafficking of endangered species. It provides an understanding of cutting-edge empirical and theoretical research on these crimes and their legal prosecution.Pre-eminent experts in the field meticulously examine the relevant criminal law and environmental law and its enforcement in a range of regions across Africa, Asia, Europe, and North and South America. They consider the significant obstacles to effective prosecution including government corruption, inadequate resources, and governance failures. Ultimately, the cross-disciplinary chapters build upon current research to present unique insights and raise important questions about the past, present, and future of green criminology.This timely Research Handbook is a crucial reference point for students and scholars of environmental law, criminology, and criminal justice. It also appeals to those interested in sustainability, environmental harms and crimes, and corporate behaviour.

Der Meeresspiegelanstieg ist eine der signifikantesten Auswirkungen des anthropogen verursachten Klimawandels. Gemäß Art. 2 Pariser Übereinkommen soll der Anstieg der durchschnittlichen Erdtemperatur möglichst auf 1,5°C, jedenfalls aber auf deutlich unter 2°C über dem vorindustriellen Niveau begrenzt werden. Dieses Temperaturziel beruht auf naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen, denen zufolge eine Überschreitung des 2°C- Ziels zu einem solch erheblichen Anstieg des Meeresspiegels führen würde, dass er den Untergang einiger Inselstaaten zur Folge hätte. Die Dissertation untersucht die völkerrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit insbesondere der Industriestaaten sowie die daraus resultierenden Rechtsfolgen infolge des klimawandelbedingten Untergangs eines Staates ohne Rechtsnachfolge im besonderen Kontext des Pariser Übereinkommens. Zur Veranschaulichung der zu untersuchenden Fragestellungen werden die Inselstaaten Kiribati und Tuvalu als Fallbeispiele beleuchtet.

A 2022 Choice Reviews Outstanding Academic TitleThrough a green criminological perspective, Angus Nurse examines the contemporary reality of corporate environmental crime and illegal activities that have become normalized within many major corporations. Arguably this is an inevitable consequence of a corporate culture that prioritizes profits and the smooth operation of market activities over environmental concerns coupled with the increased political power of major corporations that can act almost with impunity and where problems do occur, can literally buy itself out of trouble. These same corporations are broadly perceived as being responsible actors. However, Nurse argues that corporate environmental offending is often deliberate and that corporations understand that they will often be allowed to continue with polluting and non-compliant behavior because the likely enforcement responses are fines and settlements rather than criminal prosecution. Using several case studies, Nurse explores biopiracy and the rights of indigenous peoples, the behavior of oil companies in African states, the regulation of corporate social responsibility and corporate environmental responsibility, an analysis of contemporary environmental legislation and the prosecution of environmental harm, and state-corporate crime and air pollution. Dealing with these problems requires a wider notion of crime and wrongdoing that directly engages with the types of environmental offending that represent a threat to human populations and non-human nature irrespective of whether these are defined as crime by justice systems.

The Legal Regulation of Environmental Crime - The International and European Dimension provides a comprehensive analysis of the international and EU legal regimes for tackling environmental crime. The book includes an in-depth analysis of the major international conventions as they relate to the regulation of environmental crime (CITES, Basel, MARPOL) and provides a holistic overview of the evolution and content of EU law in the field of environmental crime, covering substantive criminal law harmonisation, judicial cooperation and the role of EU criminal justice bodies and agencies (Europol, Eurojust and the EPPO) in fighting environmental crime. Further, the book addresses key recent policy and legislative developments in the field and offers a timely contribution to legal reform in view of the publication of new proposals on legislation on environmental crime at EU level.

This edited collection is grounded in a green criminological approach to understand whether the law, both in effect and implications, reflects, refracts, or sublimates the social, political and ecological conditions of our times. Since its initial proposal in the 1990s, green criminology has focused the criminological gaze on a wide array of harms and crimes affecting humans, animals other than humans, ecological systems, and the planet as a whole. As a continuously blossoming field of criminological inquiry, green criminology recognizes and examines behaviours that are both illegal and legal (yet detrimental), and in varying ways has made great efforts to provide insight into harms in a more fulsome manner. At the same time, there have been many significant legal instances, domestic, and international, including case law, legislation, regulation, treaties, agreements and executive directives which have troubled the law's understanding of green harms, illegal and legal activity, pushing legal boundaries in the process. Recognizing that humanity and nature are inextricably integrated, Green Criminology and the Law reflects the range and depth of high-quality research and scholarship, combining contributions from established scholars willing to explore new topics and recent entrants who are breaking new scholarly ground.

Environmental crimes are primarily driven by financial motives. The combined financial value of illicit trade in protected wildlife, illegal logging and waste trafficking is estimated to come directly after counterfeiting, the narcotic drugs trade and illegal gambling. Logically, the proceeds of these crimes must also be laundered. Goods, however, are not the only money maker for environmental criminals. Corporations may also try to ‘save'costs by not complying with environmental regulations and thus commit crimes of omission rather than commission. From an enforcement and compliance perspective focusing on the proceeds of crime may therefore be an effective strategy.This book brings together different perspectives on the financial aspects of environmental crime and harm from a green criminological viewpoint. It addresses the role of economic systems, the value of environmental performance for corporations, money laundering in the context of environmental crime, financial investigation and questions of regulation and penalties.Discussing these topics from the view of green criminology, sociology and governance, this book will be of great interest to all those concerned about the financial dimensions of crime and the environment.

Environmental harms exert a significant toll and pose substantial economic costs on societies around the world. Although such harms have been studied from both legal and social science perspectives, these disciplinary-specific approaches are not, on their own, fully able to address the complexity of these environmental challenges. Many legal approaches, for example, are limited by their inattention to the motivations behind environmental offences, whereas many social science approaches are hindered by an insufficient grounding in current legislative frameworks. This edited collection constitutes a pioneering attempt to overcome these limitations by uniting legal and social science perspectives. Together, the book's contributors forge an innovative socio-legal approach to more effectively respond to, and to prevent, environmental harms around the world. Integrating theoretical and empirical work, the book presents carefully selected illustrations of how legal and social science scholarship can be brought together to improve policies. The various chapters examine how a socio-legal approach can ultimately lead to a more comprehensive understanding of environmental harms, as well as to innovative and effective responses to such environmental offences.

Environmental crime is one of the most profitable and fastest growing areas of international criminal activity. The increasing cross-border scope of environmental crimes and harms is one of the reasons why governments and the enforcement community have trouble in finding the proper responses. Law enforcement cooperation between western industrialized states is often time consuming and problematic, and the problems increase exponentially when environmental criminals take advantage of situations where government and law enforcement are weak. This book provides an overview of the developments and problems in the field of transnational environmental crimes and harms, addressing these issues from perspectives such as enforcement, deterrence, compliance and emission trading schemes. Divided into four parts, the authors consider global issues in green criminology, responses to transnational environmental crimes and harms, alternative methods to combat environmental crime, and specific types of crimes and criminological research. Discussing these topics from the view of green criminology, sociology and governance, this book will be of great interest to all those concerned about the transnational dimensions of crime and the environment.

This book brings the visual dimension of environmental crimes and harms into the field of green criminology. It shows how photographic images can provide a means for eliciting narratives from people who live in polluted areas – describing in detail and from their point of view what they know, think and feel about the reality in which they find themselves living. Natali makes the argument for developing a visual approach for green criminology, with a single case-study as its central focus, revealing the importance of using photo elicitation to appreciate and enhance the reflexive and active role of social actors in the symbolic and social construction of their environmental experiences. Examining the multiple interactions between the images and the words used to describe the socio-environmental worlds in which we live, this book is a call to open the eyes of green criminology to wider and richer explorations of environmental harms and crimes. An innovative and engaging study, this text will be of particular interest to scholars of environmental crime and cultural, green and visual criminologies.

كتب قانونية اكاديمية

The drive for harmonisation of environmental criminal standards at both the international and European level emerges from the increasing recognition of the scale and seriousness of environmental crime, the need to strengthen mechanisms of police and judicial interstate cooperation to combat cross-border crime, and the objective to ensure fair competition in a global economy and an integrated EU common market. The harmonisation of environmental criminal law requires a competent institutional framework able to convey the need for criminalisation of environmental harm while not overriding national aspirations to sovereignty in criminal matters. The book Environmental Criminal Liability and Enforcement in European and International Law assesses legal, theoretical and practical questions of harmonisation of national environmental criminal law and the mechanisms for cooperation by sovereign states under European and International Law, with a particular emphasis on legislative developments in the European Union, the Council of Europe and other international institutions, assessing the case for an extension of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over international environmental crimes.

Per avvicinarsi al fenomeno complesso dei crimini ambientali ognuno di noi, come cittadino, studioso o decisore, deve poter entrare nell'e-normità – nel senso etimologico: ciò che eccede la norma – che ne caratterizza le possibili forme. Nello stato con-fusionale degli atti e degli attori che confluiscono in questo campo, porsi domande quali “questo comportamento è legale/illegale? è giusto/ingiusto? chi sono i perpetratori? chi le vittime?”, ed essere in grado di distinguerle e al tempo stesso connetterle, diventa sempre più impellente e cruciale.Coerentemente, il lavoro compiuto, e qui presentato, consisterà nel portare all'in¬terno della criminologia la tematica ambientale e, nello specifico, le molteplici prospettive teoriche sul fenomeno dei crimini contro l'ambiente. Si tratta di questioni che fino a qualche anno addietro non venivano incluse nel nostro ambito disciplinare, se non in via indiretta – ossia quali aspetti secondari legati allo studio della criminalità dei “potenti” e dei “colletti bianchi”. Per fare spazio a questi nuovi discorsi e a inedite sensibilità, è stato necessario immaginare un allargamento che sia al tempo stesso un rinnovamento dei confini del nostro sapere. L'identità intimamente “fram-mentata” che lo caratterizza fin dalle origini, una volta arricchita dello sguardo peculiare offerto dalla green criminology, potrà trovare elementi di novità – e talvolta, forse, di iniziale estraneità – che contribuiranno, almeno in parte, a favorire un “cambiamento del sé” della nostra disciplina, incorporando l'Altro ecologico al centro del Sé criminologico. Questo passaggio, per certi aspetti davvero rivoluzionario, dovrà avvenire mediante una costante interconnessione tra i percorsi teorici che delineeremo e i concreti ambiti discorsivi che attraversano la polis.L'obiettivo del lavoro è, pertanto, mappare punti di vista inediti rispetto agli orizzonti tradizionali del sapere criminologico e interpretarli nel campo della green criminology. L'indifferenza mostrata dalla criminologia nei confronti della tematica ambientale è stata possibile anche a causa di un “isolamento teorico” da altre discipline già sensibili a tali questioni cruciali della contemporaneità. Grazie a questi nuovi approcci ai fenomeni di distruzione ambientale sarà inoltre possibile donare nuova vita alle dimensioni dell'etica e della responsabilità anche nel nostro ambito disciplinare. Chia-riamo fin da ora che, da un punto di vista criminologico, definire un comportamento come “crimine ambientale” non significa necessariamente presupporre, o invocare, un intervento specifico del diritto penale. Significa, innanzitutto, chiedere una risposta da parte dell'ordinamento tutto, dagli apparati democratici e da ognuno di noi. Naturalmente, operare questa svolta non è semplice: essa implica non solo un ripensamento delle nostre discipline e delle nostre politiche, ma anche, e innanzitutto, una rivoluzione nelle nostre abitudini mentali e dei nostri habitus sociali, nella consapevolezza che uno dei principali ostacoli al cambiamento risiede nel fatto che gran parte dei danni ambientali che si producono è iscritta in stili di vita sedimentati storicamente.D'altra parte, questa lettura intende anche rappresentare un'opportunità per avviare percorsi interiori non consueti rispetto al rapporto che ognuno di noi ha con l'ambiente in cui è immerso. A tal fine, si è deciso di accompagnare questo itinerario con l'ascolto attivo di una molteplicità di voci, sia quelle degli accademici sia quelle che abbiamo chiamato “folk green”, ossia voci di persone comuni che hanno vissuto in prima persona esperienze di vittimizzazione ambientale. I mondi accademici, così come quelli sociali, dovrebbero imparare ad ascoltare con maggiore attenzione queste narrazioni, coltivando una elasticità prospettica adeguata alla delicatezza delle questioni ambientali e ai molteplici livelli, non sempre immediatamente visibili, che le caratterizzano.Vedremo, inoltre, come l'interazi

This report focuses on the far-reaching consequences of the environmental crime phenomenon we face today. The situation has worsened to the extent that illegal trade in wildlife's impacts are now acknowledged to go well beyond strictly environmental impacts – by seriously undermining economies and livelihoods, good governance, and the rule of law. Even the security and safety of countries and communities is affected: the report highlights how wildlife and forest crime, including charcoal, provides potentially significant threat finance to militias and terrorist groups. Already recognized as a grave issue in DRC and Somalia by the UN Security Council, the assessment reveals that the scale and role of wildlife and forest crime in threat finance calls for much wider policy attention, well beyond those regions.

Huge quantities of natural resources are illegally harvested and their proceeds laundered in the Asia-Pacific region, fostering corruption and undermining environmental governance. Most illegal exploitation and pollution occurs in countries with poor governance capacities, but much of the sale for profit and money laundering occurs in mature markets with well-developed governance capacities. Their asymmetrical enforcement capacities can complement each other.This book explores ways to combat illegal fishing and logging in Asia-Pacific region by the use of cooperative legal measures, particularly anti-money laundering and confiscation of proceeds techniques. Contributors to this volume cover themes including: the nature of transnational environmental crime; patterns in laundering of illicit fish and forest products; networks for distribution of illicit products; weaknesses in current systems for assurance of the legality of products; and international legal cooperation to enforce anti-money laundering laws in relation to illicit products. In considering these topics the book explores how the innovative use of anti-money laundering measures and the seizure of criminal proceeds can as policy options to combat transnational fishery and forestry crimes.The book will be of keen interest to scholars and students of environmental law and criminal law, and excellent use for practitioners in natural resources conservation law.