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Hairy buttercup and cutleaf evening primrose are winter annual weeds that have become more problematic for winter wheat growers in the southern Great Plains and the midsouthern United States in recent years. Little research exists on which to base recommendations for controlling hairy buttercup in wheat, and little research has been published on cutleaf evening primrose control in recent years. With growing concerns of increased herbicide resistance among winter annual weeds, incorporating new herbicide sites of action has become necessary. The objective of this study was to assess halauxifen-methyl as a novel herbicide to control these two problematic winter annual broadleaf weeds in winter wheat in Mississippi and Oklahoma. Studies were conducted across four site-years in Mississippi and one site-year in Oklahoma comparing 15 herbicide programs with and without halauxifen-methyl. Hairy buttercup and cutleaf evening-primrose control was the greatest when a synthetic auxin was combined with an acetolactate synthase–inhibiting herbicide. Treatments including halauxifen-methyl resulted in the greatest control of hairy buttercup, whereas a synthetic auxin herbicide plus chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron resulted in the greatest control of cutleaf evening primrose. Halauxifen-methyl is an effective addition for control of winter annual broadleaf weeds like hairy buttercup and cutleaf evening primrose in winter wheat.

Conventional taxonomy is limited with delineating species and controversies arise with DNA barcoding based identifications. Hence, an alternative supporting approach is very much needed to identify species and differentiate them within the species based on the genetic material. 18S rRNA genes have been particularly helpful in analyzing phylogeny at the species level. In addition, bioinformatics which represents a new, growing area of science uses computational approaches to answer biological questions. Salt tolerant costal salt marsh plant of Suaeda maritima was selected for 18s rRNA sequencing to solve the ambiguity in itsspecies level identification. Similarity search of study species shared 99% similarity with 5 species of Atriplex canescens clone s128, Atriplex torreyi var. griffithsii clone p508, Spinacia oleracea, Oenothera laciniata clone,Beta vulgaris. Phylogenetic tree infer that S.maritima is closely related to Spinacia oleracea and Oenothera laciniata. Atriplex canescens (fourwing saltbush), Atriplex torreyi and Phaulothamnus spinescens, Celosia argentea found to be closely related and are in one group. Hence, this study result clearly shows thus study species evaluated from angiosperm and provides key step in understanding the evolution of salt tolerance in angiosperm.

OBJECTIVES: The previous in vitro studies reported research has identified that the leaves extracts of Oenothera laciniata, Equisetum arvense and Ailanthus altissima presented the high anti-oxidative effects. This study was performed to comparatively measure the in vivo anti-aging functional effect of these three samples in d-galactose-induced aging model. METHODS: The 16-week-old rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 5): d-galactose + Oenothera laciniata (O group); d-galactose + Equisetum arvense (E group); d-galactose + Ailanthus altissima (A group). All groups were treated with d-galactose by intra-peritoneally injection and oral gavage administration of 3 extract samples with either 300 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg for 8 weeks. RESULTS: After sacrifice the common aging indicators, MDA(Malondialdehyde) and AGEs(Advanced glycation end-products) were primarily measured in serum and liver tissue. The MDA concentration was presented in the order of E ≥ O > A in serum (n = 5) and O ≥ A > E in liver tissue (n = 4). The AGEs concentration was presented not significantly different in serum (n = 5) and O = A > E in liver tissue (n = 3). CONCLUSIONS: The present data showed that Equisetum arvense may have the highest anti-aging effect in vivo among three samples treated by diminishing MDA and AGEs in liver. The analysis of protein expression of PI3K/Akt and tissue measurement of NO level are currently under investigation. FUNDING SOURCES: This study was supported by Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Republic of Korea.

Oenothera laciniata Hill is a perennial herb traditionally used to alleviate inflammatory complications. This study investigated the antioxidant and anti-melanogenic activities of O. laciniata. The methanolic extract (OLM) of O. laciniata and its different fractions, including ethyl acetate (OLEF), n-butanol (OLBF), and water (OLWF) fractions, were prepared. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by total phenolic content, the radical-scavenging effect on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+•), and superoxide anion (O2−•), reducing capacity, and metal chelating ability. OLM and its fractions exhibited potent antioxidant activity in these in vitro assays, with a correlation between radical-scavenging activity and total phenolic content. OLM and its fractions inhibited the mushroom tyrosinase activity superior to the reference control, ascorbic acid. In B16-F10 melanoma cells, OLM and its fractions significantly decreased melanin production and tyrosinase activity. Mechanistic investigations revealed that OLM and its fractions inhibited tyrosinase and TRP-2 expressions via downregulating MITF and phosphorylated CREB and differentially inducing ERK or JNK phosphorylation. Additionally, OLM and its fractions caused no significant cytotoxicity towards B16-F10 or skin fibroblast cells at concentrations used in these cellular assays. These findings demonstrated the potential of O. laciniata extracts as the ideal skin protective agent with dual antioxidant and anti-melanogenic activities.

BACKGROUND Weed infestations reduce turfgrass aesthetics and uniformity. Postemergence (POST) herbicides are applied uniformly on turfgrass, hence areas without weeds are also sprayed. Deep learning, particularly the architecture of convolutional neural network (CNN), is a state-of-art approach to recognition of images and objects. In this paper, we report deep learning CNN (DL-CNN) models that are remarkably accurate at detection of broadleaf weeds in turfgrasses. RESULTS VGGNet was the best model for detection of various broadleaf weeds growing in dormant bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.)] and DetectNet was the best model for detection of cutleaf evening-primrose (Oenothera laciniata Hill) in bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) when the learning rate policy was exponential decay. These models achieved high F1 scores (>0.99) and overall accuracy (>0.99), with recall values of 1.00 in the testing datasets. CONCLUSION The results of the present research demonstrate the potential for detection of broadleaf weed using DL-CNN models for detection of broadleaf weeds in turfgrass systems. Further research is required to evaluate weed control in field conditions using these models for in situ video input in conjunction with a smart sprayer. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Sugarbeet, grown for biofuel, is being considered as an alternate cool-season crop in the southeastern United States. Previous research identified ethofumesate PRE and phenmedipham + desmedipham POST as herbicides that controlled troublesome cool-season weeds in the region, specifically cutleaf evening-primrose. Research trials were conducted from 2014 through 2016 to evaluate an integrated system of sweep cultivation and reduced rates of ethofumesate PRE and/or phenmedipham + desmedipham POST for weed control in sugarbeet grown for biofuel. There were no interactions between the main effects of cultivation and herbicides for control of cutleaf evening-primrose and other cool-season species in two out of three years. Cultivation improved control of cool-season weeds, but the effect was largely independent of control provided by herbicides. Of the herbicide combinations evaluated, the best overall cool-season weed control was from systems that included either a 1/2X or 1X rate of phenmedipham + desmedipham POST. Either rate of ethofumesate PRE was less effective than phenmedipham + desmedipham POST. Despite improved cool-season weed control, sugarbeet yield was not affected by cultivation each year of the study. Sugarbeet yields were greater when treated with any herbicide combination that included either a 1/2X or 1X rate of phenmedipham + desmedipham POST compared with either rate of ethofumesate PRE alone or the nontreated control. These results indicate that cultivation has a very limited role in sugarbeet grown for biofuel. The premise of effective weed control based on an integration of cultivation and reduced herbicide rates does not appear to be viable for sugarbeet grown for biofuel.Nomenclature: Ethofumesate; desmedipham; phenmedipham; cutleaf evening-primrose, Oenothera laciniata Hill; sugarbeet, Beta vulgaris L.

Ammonium nonanoate is registered for weed control in certified organic cropping systems and may be useful to control cool-season weeds in organic Vidalia® sweet onion production. Ammonium nonanoate combined with tine-weeder cultivation was evaluated for weed control in organic onion in Georgia. There were no statistical interactions between main effects of herbicides and cultivation with a tine weeder for cool-season weed control and onion yield, indicating that ammonium nonanoate does not improve weed control compared with cultivation. Ammonium nonanoate at 4% and 6% did not adequately control weeds and onion yields were reduced. Ammonium nonanoate at 8% and 10% controlled cutleaf evening-primrose and lesser swinecress equal to the standard of d-limonene (14%), but the degree of control did not consistently protect onion yields from losses due to weeds. These results are in agreement with previous studies using clove oil and pelargonic acid. There is no advantage to using ammonium nonanoate for cool-season weed control in organic Vidalia® sweet onion production.Nomenclature: Ammonium nonanoate; clove oil; d-limonene; pelargonic acid; cutleaf evening-primrose, Oenothera laciniata Hill; lesser swinecress, Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm.; dry-bulb onion, Allium cepa L.

OBJECTIVES: Sprout of evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata, OL), Field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L., EAL), Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima, AA) leaves are all reported to be rich of flavonoids. This study was performed to determine the antioxidative effects of Sprout of evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata), Field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.), Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) leaves ethanol extracts in d-galactose induced aging rat model. METHODS: After 3weeks of adaptation period, 12-week-old SD rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 5 each): Control group (C), D-galactose induced aging group (G), D-galactose injection with tomato treatment positive control group (PC), D-galactose injection with OL treatment group (O), D-galactose injection with EAL treatment group (E), D-galactose injection with AA treatment group (A). All groups except C group were intraperitoneally injected with D-galactose for 12 weeks and C group was treated with saline as a substitute. RESULTS: After 8 weeks of oral treatment period, there was no significant difference in body weight among six groups. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration levels increased significantly in G group compared to C group (P

Oenothera laciniata Hill (Onagraceae) collected from Ajmer district is reported here as an addition to the Flora of Rajasthan State. A detailed description and color photograph as well as herbarium specimen are provided to facilitate identification.

Oenothera laciniata Hill (Onagraceae), a perennial herb, is used to treat various inflammatory diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. However, the phytochemical and the anti-melanogenic studies of O. laciniata are not identified. The aim of this study compared the anti-melanogenic activity of methanolic extract of O. laciniata (OLM) and its different soluble fractions, including ethyl acetate (OLEF), n-butanol (OLBF), and water (OLWF), by determing the inhibition of cellular melanin content and tyrosinase activity in B16F10 melanoma cell. The melanin synthesis proteins were also quantified by western blot assay, including tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1), tyrosinase related protein-2 (TRP-2), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), phospho-cAMP-response element binding protein (p-CREB), phospho-extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and phospho-c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). The results showed that OLM and its fractions decreased melanin production and inhibited tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner in B16F10 melanoma cells. Moreover, OLM and its fractions demonstrated that induced down-regulation of melanogenesis via inhibiting p-CREB and subsequently reducing the expression of MITF, which in turn down-regulated tyrosinase and TRP-2 activities at the protein levels, but not inhibit TRP-1 expression in B16F10 cell. The results also indicated that OLM, OLBF, and OLWF reduced melanogenesis through an increase in ERK phosphorylation, but OLEF inhibited melanogenesis by inducing JNK phosphorylation. These results suggest that O. laciniata has great potential for becoming anti-melanogenesis agents in cosmetics.

Weed monitoring and survey was conducted to detect appearance of new weed species. Ten new weed species namely Galium spurium Linn. (family Rubiaceae), Geranium nepalense Sweet (family Geraniaceae), Lamium amplexicaule Linn. (family Lamiaceae), Evolvulus nummularius (family Convolvulaceae), Euphorbia thymifolia Linn.(family Euphorbiaceae), Oenothera laciniata Hill (family Onagraceae), Soliva anthemifolia (Juss.) R. Brown (family Asteraceae), Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. and Hook. f. ex A. Gray (family Asteraceae), Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. (family Solanaceae) and Portulaca oleracea L. (family Portulacaceae) have been recorded in the last decade from different places of Punjab State. Out of these, weed species namely, O. laciniata, L. amplexicaule, S. anthemifolia and G. nepalense were mainly observed inhabiting the crop fields. Three weed species namely, G. spurium, N. plumbaginifolia and V. encelioides were observed growing along roadsides, wastelands, canal banks and uncultivated areas. P. oleracea and E. thymifolia were observed growing on bunds of agricultural fields. E. nummularius is a serious weed of lawns and landscapes. These weeds have now domesticated in the studied ecological niche and may potentially harm the biodiversity of those areas.

We elucidated the pharmacological and biological effects of Oenothera laciniata extracts on the production of inflammatory mediators in macrophages. The CH(2)Cl(2) fraction of O. laciniata extract effectively inhibited LPS-induced NO, PGE(2), and proinflammatory cytokine production in RAW264.7 cells. These inhibitory effects of the CH(2)Cl(2) fraction of O. laciniata were accompanied by decreases in the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins and iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 mRNA. Asiatic acid and quercetin were present in the HPLC fingerprint of the O. laciniata extract. We tested the potential application of O. laciniata extract as a cosmetic material by performing primary skin irritation tests. In New Zealand white rabbits, primary irritation tests revealed that application of O. laciniata extracts (1%) did not induce erythema or edema formation. Human skin primary irritation tests were performed on the normal skin (upper back) of 30 volunteers to determine if any material in O. laciniata extracts had irritation or sensitization potential. In these assays, O. laciniata extracts did not induce any adverse reactions. Based on these results, we suggest that O. laciniata extracts be considered possible anti-inflammatory candidates for topical application.

Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the effect of temperature, solution pH, water stress, and planting depth on cutleaf eveningprimrose germination and emergence. Field studies were conducted to measure growth parameters of cutleaf eveningprimrose throughout the fall season. When treated with constant temperature, cutleaf eveningprimrose germinated over a range of 15 to 32 C, with the optimum germination occurring at 24 C. Onset, rate, and total germination were greatest in an alternating 20/35 C temperature regime. Germination decreased as solution pH increased, with greatest germination occurring at solution pH of 4. Germination decreased when cutleaf eveningprimrose seed was subjected to increased water stress. Emergence was optimum when seed were buried at depths of 0.5 cm. Germination decreased with increasing burial depth, and no seed emerged from a depth of 10 cm. Cutleaf eveningprimrose control was maximized when 2,4-D was applied in mixture with glyphosate or pa...

The solvent extracts of Oenothera laciniata, which were extracted by using several solvents with different polarities, were prepared for utility as a natural preservative. The O. laciniata extract by 80% ethanol was sequentially fractionated with n?hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, and butanol. The antibacterial activities and cell growth inhibition were investigated on each strain with the different concentrations of O. laciniata extracts. Antibacterial activities were shown in ethanol, ethylacetate, and butanol fraction of O. laciniata. However n?hexane, dichloromethane and water fraction showed weak antibacterial activity against the tested microorganisms. Among the five fractions, ethylacetate fraction showed the highest antibacterial activities against microorganisms tested, such as Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium. The polyphenolic compounds widely occurring in the traditional medicine plants have been reported to possess high antibacterial activity. The polyphenolic compounds from ethanol, n?hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, butanol, and water fraction were 63.96 ㎎/g, 8.49 mg/g, 28.11 ㎎/g, 172.64 ㎎/g, 114.56 ㎎/g, and 34.91 mg/g, respectively. There are some relationships between antibacterial activity and polyphenol content in natural plant. The ethylacetate fraction could be suitable for the development of a food preservative.

We conducted field and culture experiments to study the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the establishment of the alien plant Oenothera laciniata (Onagraceae) in a coastal sand dune in Japan. We examined the distribution of plants, AM fungal colonization of their roots, and fungal spore density in the soil of a coastal sand dune at Keinomatsubara, Hyogo Prefecture, western Japan. Of the nine dominant plant species at the study site, six species, including O. laciniata, were heavily colonized by AM fungi. The spore density tended to decrease from inland toward the shoreline, but there were no significant relationships between the level of AM fungal colonization and spore density. Seedlings of O. laciniata inoculated with AM fungi, as well as uninoculated seedlings, were transplanted to the study site. No significant difference in survival rates was detected between the two groups of seedlings. We also examined the effects of AM infection and nutrient (N and P) application on plant g...

Volunteer peanut and cutleaf eveningprimrose are part of the epidemiology of spotted wilt disease of peanut and other susceptible crops in the Southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain. Studies were conducted on the timing and frequency of fallow harrowing, integrated with applications of glyphosate or tribenuron-methyl, for control of volunteer peanut and cutleaf eveningprimrose. Spring harrowing was generally more effective in controlling volunteer peanut than fall or winter harrowing. Conversely, cutleaf eveningprimrose was controlled by sequential harrowing in the fall, winter, and spring, with single harrowing less effective. In general, spring applications of glyphosate or tribenuron-methyl were equally effective in controlling volunteer peanut and cutleaf eveningprimrose in absence of tillage.

Three new dimeric hydrolysable tannins, oenotheins D, F and G, together with known tannins including the macrocyclic oligomers, oenotheins A and B, have been isolated from roots and stems of Oenothera laciniata. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectral evidence. Oenotheins D and F were macrocyclic dimers isomeric with oenothein B in relation to the orientation of the valoneoyl groups linking the monomers.

Bleached stems and sclerotia were observed on winter annual weed species growing in harvested peanut fields in northeastern North Carolina in March 2001. Each field had a history of Sclerotinia blight caused by Sclerotinia minor. Symptomatic plants were collected and brought back to the laboratory for identification and isolation. S. minor was isolated and Koch's postulates were fulfilled to confirm pathogenicity of S. minor on nine weed species. They included Lamium aplexicaule (henbit), Cardamine parviflora (smallflowered bittercress), Stellaria media (common chickweed), Cerastium vulgatum (mouse-ear chickweed), Coronopus didymus (swinecress), Oenothera laciniata (cutleaf eveningprimrose), Conyza canadensis (horseweed), Brassica kaber (wild mustard), and Arabidopsis thaliana (mouse-ear cress). This is the first report of these species as hosts of S. minor in the natural environment. All isolates of S. minor obtained from the weed species were pathogenic to peanut.

Se da a conocer la presencia de la especie naturalizada Oenothera laciniata, como novedad para la flora de la Comunidad Valenciana (E de España); a la vez que constituye su segunda indicación reciente para la Península Ibérica. Se trata de una planta alóctona, nativa de la mitad oriental de Norteamérica, que debe ser considerada como potencial invasora de los ecosistemas mediterráneos. Se ofrecen datos morfológicos para facilitar la identificación de la especie y la futura detección de nuevas poblaciones. Además, se aporta una clave de identificación de las especies valencianas del género. Oenothera laciniata is reported for the first time in the Valencian Community (E of Spain), a report that also constitutes its second recent reference for the Iberian Peninsula. This exotic species is native to the eastern part of North America, and it should be considered as a potential invader in the Mediterranean ecosystems. Morphological data are shown to facilitate further identification of this species and to warrant its future detection as well. An identification key is also presented for the species of Oenothera found in the Valencian Community.

Six herbicides and selected combinations were evaluated on four field-grown woody landscape crops: live oak, ‘Mary Nell’ holly, ‘Chesapeake’ viburnum, and ‘Acoma’ crapemyrtle. All herbicide treatments provided excellent control of goosegrass (Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.). Treatments with Predict (norflurazon) provided adequate sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.) control. Only Goal (oxyfluorfen)-containing treatments controlled cutleaf eveningprimrose (Oenothera laciniata Hill). Predict and Predict treatment-combinations bleached older foliage of crapemyrtle and viburnum when applied in the first year after planting; however, growth was not affected. Holly was not injured by any herbicide treatments. Pendulum (pendamethalin) and Surflan (oryzalin) had similar weed control activity and plant growth with no plant injury

Volunteer and transplanted peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., and cutleaf evening primrose, Oenothera laciniata Hill, were sampled for thrips, Frankliniella spp., from November 1990 to April 1991 in seven fields in southwestern Georgia that had been planted with peanut during 1990. Thrips and roots from these plants were assayed for presence of tomato spotted wilt virus with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Totals of 1,414 brachypterous and 2,360 macropterous tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), 218 western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and 8,590 Frankliniella spp. larvae were assayed during the study. The virus was repeatedly detected in adult tobacco thrips and thrips larvae collected from three fields. Virus incidence ranged from 0 to 6.2% in brachypterous adults, 0 to 10.0% in macropterous adults, and 0 to 0.9% in thrips larvae, depending on field and sample date. Tomato spotted wilt virus also was detected in two adult western flower thrips. The virus was detected in only 2 of 816 volunteer peanut roots and in none of 374 cutleaf evening primrose roots assayed during March and April. Implications for overwintering by tomato spotted wilt virus are discussed.

The objectives of this study were (i) to test the hypothesis that changes in phenology with CO2 are a function of the effect of CO2 upon growth and (ii) to determine if CO2-induced changes in phenology can influence competitive outcome. We examined the effect of 350, 525, and 700 μL∙L−1 CO2 on Guara brachycarpa, Gailardia pulchella, Oenothera laciniata, and Lupinus texensis. Plants were grown as individuals in 150-, 500-, or 1000-mL pots and in competition in 1000-mL pots. Growth and development were monitored at twice-weekly intervals by recording the number of leaves and noting the presence or absence of stem elongation, branching, flower buds, and open flowers. Elevated CO2 affected both growth and phenology, but the direction and magnitude of effects varied with species and soil volume. Elevated CO2 did not appear to affect development through its effect on growth. Those treatments in which there were significant effects of CO2 on growth were generally different from those treatments in which CO2 affected phenology. Rather than affecting phenology by changing plant size, CO2 appeared to affect phenology by modifying the size at which plants switched from one stage to the next. The level of CO2 changed competitive outcome; the importance of Lupinus increased whereas that of Oenothera decreased with increased CO2. These changes were more closely related to the effect of CO2 on growth than its effect on phenology. Key words: time of flowering, size at flowering, competition, photoperiod, rate of development.

The major phytotoxin produced by Pestalotiopsis oenotherae, a pathogen of evening primrose, has been identified as oxysporone, a compound not previously known as a phytotoxin. Pestalopyrone, a minor new toxin, has been shown to be 6-(1′-methylprop-1′-enyl)-4-methoxy-2-pyrone. The gibberellin synergists pestalotin and hydroxypestalotin, also produced by this fungus, are only weakly phytotoxic.

Growth of `Apache' pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] seedlings was evaluated for 3 years when grown in a 11.2-m2 weed-free area or when various combinations of one or two plants of cutleaf evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata Hill), a cool-season species, or Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.), a warm-season species, were grown 30 cm from the tree, with the rest of the 11.2-m2 area weed-free. Either weed species alone suppressed tree growth compared to the weed-free control. A temporal succession of primrose followed by amaranth reduced growth most. After 3 years, two plants of primrose followed in succession by two of amaranth caused a 79% reduction in cumulative current-season's growth.

Oenothera sinuata Linnaeus, Mantissa Plantarum Altera: 228. 1771. "Habitat in Virginia." RCN: 2659. Type not designated. Original material: Herb. Linn. No. 484.6 (LINN); [icon] in Plukenet, Phytographia: t. 203, f. 3. 1692; Almag. Bot.: 235. 1696. Current name: Oenothera laciniata Hill (Onagraceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part O), pp. 696-717 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 698, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Oenotherin T(1) was isolated from leaves of Oenothera tetraptera as a major ellagitannin. Its structure, that of a macrocyclic trimer with a new acyl group, an isodehydrovaloneoyl group, was established. This compound was also produced by callus tissues induced from O. laciniata leaves.

Callus cultures of Oenothera laciniata grown on LS agar medium supplemented with IAA and kinetin produced large amounts of the macrocyclic ellagitannin dimer, oenothein B, and a trimer, oenothein A, accompanied with related monomeric hydrolysable tannins. The content of the main compound oenothein B (65 mg\g dry wt) in calli cultured on modified LS medium containing 10 mM NH+4 and 5 mM NO−3 was nearly two times higher than that in intact leaves.

Two studies were conducted to determine if selected grass and dicot species had an allelopathic interaction with pecan ( Carya illinoinensis Wangenh. C. Koch). Leachate from pots with established grasses or dicots was used to irrigate container-grown pecan trees. Leachates from bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.), tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Shreb. cv. Kentucky 31), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and cutleaf evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata Hill) reduced leaf area and leaf dry weight about 20% compared to the controls. Bermudagrass, tall fescue, and primrose leachate decreased pecan root weight 17%, trunk weight 22%, and total tree dry weight 19% compared to the control. In a second study, trees were 10% shorter than the control when irrigated with bermudagrass or pigweed leachate. ers in pecan orchards. They are resilient ground covers, withstanding orchard traffic and har- vest operations, plus offering grazing opportu- nities for those that manage both cattle and pecans. Pigweed and primrose are weeds that are commonly seen in otherwise weed-free areas following herbicide treatment. Primrose germinates during the fall when residual herbi- cides are losing effectiveness, and primrose is more tolerant of the postemergent herbicides used in pecan orchards than most other weed species. Pigweed germinates throughout the summer, grows rapidly, and typically becomes a problem in the mid- and late-growing season as residual herbicides loose effectiveness. Materials and Methods

Electrophoretic studies have revealed remarkable variability within and among populations of several unisexual animal species. Multiple genotypes, detected by various allozyme phenotypes, exist for unisexual insects (Parker et al., 1977; Suomalinen et al., 1977; Mitter et al., 1979), fishes (Schultz, 1977), lizards (Uzzell and Darevsky, 1975; Parker and Selander, 1976) and annelids (Christensen et al., 1976; Jaenike and Selander, 1979). The few studies employing allozymes as genetic markers for clonal plant species have either focused closely on one or a few populations (Solbrig and Simpson, 1974; Hancock and Wilson, 1976; Hancock, 1977; Steiner and Levin, 1977; Silander, 1979) or concentrated mainly on interpopulational differences (Solbrig, 1971; Levin, 1975; Levy and Winternheimer, 1977; Ellstrand and Levin, 1980a, 1980b). No study has yet described genotypic diversity both within plant populations and over the range of a clonal plant species. The object of this study is to obtain a minimal determination of levels of diversity in a clonal plant species and compare these levels with those exhibited within and among populations of unisexual animal species. The species chosen for study is Oenothera laciniata Hill, an annualwhich occurs in disturbed sandy soils from Texas east to the Atlantic coast and north to Illinois and New Jersey (P. Raven, pers. comm.). This species is a permanent translocation heterozygote, cytogenetically studied throughout its range (Hecht, 1950; Gregory and Klein, 1960; McMullen, 1966; Cleland, 1968; P. Raven and W. Dietrich, pers. comm.). Permanent translocation heterozygosity is an unusual genetic system which results in an effectively asexual mode of reproduction (for details, see Cleland, 1972). Oenothera laciniata is probably a derivative of 0. grandis Smyth, an outcrosser with a conventional genetic system, which occurs primarily in south and central Texas (Munz, 1965; Ellstrand and Levin, 1980b).

In field experiments, chlorsulfuron and CGA 131036 did not injure winter wheat. Both herbicides applied postemergence at 9 and 10 g ai/ha completely controlled flixweed. CGA 131036 controlled cutleaf eveningpnnmrose 81%, and chlorsulfuron controlled 91%. At similar rates, CGA 131036 was also less effective than chlorsulfuron on henbit and Italian ryegrass. Both controlled wild buckwheat 77% when applied postemergence at 18 g/ha. Neither of the sulfonylurea herbicides controlled prostrate spurge or woolly croton as effectively as 2,4-D. In a bean root bioassay, root growth inhibition by both herbicides was partially alleviated by adding isoleucine and valine. Nomenclature: Chlorsulfuron, 2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) amino]carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide; CGA 131036, N-(6-methoxy-4-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl-aminocarbonyl)2-(2-chloroethoxy)-benzenesulfonamide; 2,4-D, (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid; bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L.; winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L.; flixweed, Descurainia sophia (L.)Webb. ex Prantl #3 DESSO; cutleaf eveningprimrose, Oenothera laciniata Hill # OEOLA; henbit, Lamium amplexicaule L. # LAMAM; wild buckwheat, Polygonum convolvulus L. # POLCO; Italian ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum Lam. # LOLMU; woolly croton, Croton capitatus Michx. # CVNCP; prostrate spurge, Euphorbia humistrata Engelm. ex Gray # EPHHT. Additional index words: Phaseolus vulgaris, Descurainia sophia, Oenothera laciniata, Lamium amplexicaule, Polygonum convolvulus, Lolium multiflorum, Croton capitatus, Euphorbia humistrata, bioassay, LAMAM, DESSO, OEOLA, POLCO, LOLMU, CVNCP, EPHHT.

Reproduction involves one of three recombination systems-outcrossing, selfing, or cloning-or some combination of the three (Fryxell, 1957). How these reproductive modes affect the population structure of a species has been the subject of considerable discussion (Fryxell, 1957; Grant, 1958, 1971; Baker, 1959; Wright, 1969; Levin and Kerster, 1971; Jain, 1976). The theory generated by this discussion predicts that different recombination systems ought to strongly influence how the genetic variation of a species is organized. Patterns of heterozygosity and population differentiation may be influenced by the recombination system (Baker, 1959; Wright, 1969; Levin and Kerster, 1971; Jain, 1976; Lokki, 1976; Brown, 1979). Populations of predominant selfers are expected to have lower levels of heterozygosity and intrapopulation polymorphism, but higher levels of interpopulation differentiation than obligate outcrossers (Wright, 1969; Jain, 1976). Selfing species as a whole are expected to be less heterozygous and polymorphic than outcrossers (Jain, 1976). On the other hand, clonal species should have higher levels of heterozygosity than outcrossing species, both within populations and species-wide, since they can retain mutant alleles by sheltering them from segregation (Lokki, 1976). But, like selfers, clonal species are expected to have low levels of within-population polymorphism and high interpopulation differentiation (Baker, 1959; Levin and Kerster, 1971). The ideal test of these hypotheses would be to compare population structure of three closely related, sympatric species: an obligate outcrosser, a selfer, and a clonal species. However, studies attempting to determine the influence of recombination system on population structure have compared related taxa representing only two reproductive modes; in most cases, the related taxa were allopatric. Comparisons among animals have been those of obligate outcrossing to unisexual species (Parker and Selander, 1976; Atchley, 1977; Parker et al., 1977; Schultz, 1977; Suomalinen et al., 1977). Conversely, students of plant population structure have concentrated mainly on comparing outcrossers with selfers (Solbrig, 1972; Gottlieb, 1973, 1977; Levy and Levin, 1975; Levin, 1978; Brown and Jain, 1979). But no one has yet investigated sympatric congeners, each with one of the three different reproductive modes. A model system for the study of how reproductive mode affects population genetic structure is provided by three closely related, geographically and ecologically sympatric species of Oenothera subsection Raimannia (Stubbe and Raven, 1979): Oenothera grandis Smyth, 0. mexicana Spach, and 0. laciniata Hill. Each of these annuals utilizes a different recombination system: Oenothera grandis is a self-incompatible outcrosser (Cleland, 1968); Oenothera mexicana exhibits a high degree of selfing (Ellstrand, 1978); and Oenothera laciniata is a permanent translocation heterozygote (Cleland, 1968), functionally a clonal species (see Cleland, 1972, for a detailed description of this unusual syndrome). These three species cooccur in disturbed areas of south and central Texas, often in mixed populations (see Ellstrand, 1978 for distribution). The purpose of this study is to determine the population genetic correlates of different re

Mortality and developmental rates of the cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter), were affected by the species and maturity of host plants. Survival was higher and development was faster on Croton sp. than on other hosts such as spotted beebalm, Monarda punctata L., cutleaf primrose, Oenothera laciniata Hill, and cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. Also, survival and development rates were higher on flowering plants than on plants in a preflowering growth stage. Predictions of fleahopper development based on temperature data were affected by the host plant. Heat units required for total nymphal development varied from 98.2°C days on flowering croton to 163.2°C-days on preflowering cutleaf primrose.

Indole-acetic acid (IAA) was present in laboratory-reared nymphal and adult cotton fleahoppers, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter). The ethylene precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), occurred in nymphal and adult cotton fleahoppers reared in the laboratory and in nymphs collected from the host plants croton, Croton capitatus Michaux; horsemint, Monarda punctata L.; and cutleaf evening primrose, Oenothera laciniata Hill. Cotton fleahopper eggs did not contain ACC. IAA and ACC, when injected into cotton shoot tips at concentrations occurring in cotton fleahoppers, induced ethylene production to levels higher than in controls but lower than in terminals infested with cotton fleahoppers. Thus the IAA and ACC in cotton fleahoppers may contribute partially to the mechanism by which cotton fleahoppers promote ethylene-mediated abscission of cotton flower buds.

The hypothesis that outcrossers are competitively superior to close relatives with specialized genetic systems was tested. Interspecific competition between three closely related Oenothera species was examined in common garden environments. Oenothera grandis, an obligate outcrosser, is competitively superior to its derivative, 0. laciniata, an obligate chromosomal heterozygote. Both of these species are superior to 0. mexicana, a closely related facultative selfer. These relationships were consistent over two levels of density stress. Therefore, in this species triad, the outcrosser has a competitive advantage over its close relatives with derived breeding systems.

Cerastium vulgatum L., Geranium carolinianum L., Veronica arvensis L., and Oenothera laciniata Hill, were all found to be important plant hosts of spring adults and first-generation eggs and nymphs of Jalysus spinosus (Say), a predator of insect eggs. Nymphs and adults of the first generation of predators appeared in early and late May, respectively, and first-generation adults were first found on tobacco in North Carolina during the first two weeks of June. Regional differences in the production of the first-generation adults and in the transplant date for tobacco thus influenced the effectiveness of J. spinosus as a predator of tobacco insects in North Carolina.

SYNCHYTRIUM FULGENS was first described by Schroeter (1873) as a parasite of Oenothera biennis in Germany, and since that time it has been reported from Switzerland, Ecuador, Japan and the United States of America on the same host and on other species of Oenothera as well as Epilobium and Clarkia. From specimens present in herbaria in the U.S.A. and elsewhere, it is evident that it has been collected on additional species of the Onagraceae in other localities also. Until recently, S. fulgens was believed to be the only long-cycled species on members of this family, and nearly all herbarium specimens bear this label. However, in 1954 and 1955, the author found that what had been reported as S. fulgens on Oenothera laciniata (Cook, 1945) and an unidentified species on Epilobiuzm francissicum were quite different from Schroeter's species in that the initial cell of the so-called summer cycle functions as a prosorus instead of sorus. Accordingly, for this and for other reasons he named these species S. brownii and S. epilobii, respectively. The discovery of prosori in these species raised the question whether or not they might be present in the summer cycle of S. fulgens also and had been overlooked by Schroeter and Kusano (1930a, b). To answer this question it was necessary to study carefully collections of S. fulgens from various parts of the world where it has been reported to occur. Accordingly, specimens labeled as S. fulgens were obtained from several herbaria, soaked thoroughly in water, fixed in a vacuum to remove air, embedded, sectioned, and stained. Although such specimens are unfavorable for study of developmental stages because of their dried and shrunken condition, sections of sporangial galls usually reveal evidence of the presence or absence of prosori. As the author (1955a, b) has shown, for many species with prosori, a clearly recognizable plug of densely stainable material is deposited in the former exit pore between the empty prosorus and sorus of sporangial galls and persists as long as the remainder of the herbarium specimens do. The presence of this plug indicates that the initial cell has functioned as a prosorus, although the latter may be empty, collapsed and hardly recognizable as such in herbarium material. The presence of a prosorus is very difficult to detect by dissection of dried herbarium specimens, and cytological tech

Synchytrium brownii was established by Karling (4) for a parasite of Oenothera laciniata in Louisiana which Cook (2) had previously collected and identified as S\ fulgens. Subsequently it was found on 0. biennis in a field in Indiana, and a study of its host range showed that it is capable of infecting a number of other onagraceous species in the greenhouse. As described previously by the author (14), the reac? tion of the majority of these hosts to infection by incipient prosori or resting spores manifests itself primarily by a marked enlargement of the infected cell. This is usually accompanied by division and subse? quent enlargement of the surrounding epidermal, palisade and collenchyma cells causing the development of composite galls. In addition to the reactions of susceptible hosts, abortion reactions occur in some resistant taxa of the Onagraceae, and the present contribution concerns the cytology of these reactions. Somewhat similar abortions have been reported to occur in cases of infection by various species of Synchytrium by Cartwright (1), Koehler (6, 7, 8, 9, 10), Kusano (11, 12, 13), Gaumann (3) and Karling (5). In non-susceptible potato varieties Cartwright found that 5. endobioticum is as capable of infecting such varieties as readily as highly susceptible ones. She discovered that the death of the fungus occurred a few days after it penetrated the host cell; and concluded that resistance, in this case, was not due to mechanical failure of the fungus to enter the cell but to some physiological characteristic of the cell. Koehler (6, 7) continued this work and described the infected and adjacent cells of resistant varieties as undergoing acute or chronic necrotic abortion. In the case of acute abortion the fungus died within a few hours or days; in the latter reaction the parasite died within several weeks. According

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) plots that had received various conventional soil fertility treatments continuously for 47 years were evaluated as to the weed species present, and were compared to other cropping situations. This was done to evaluate the influence of continuous fertility treatments on weed types and populations. Replicated soil samples were collected, the indigenous weed seeds were germinated in greenhouse flats, and the species identified. Six species of weeds predominated. Generally, the lowest total numbers of weeds were observed on the plots which had not been fertilized, and populations increased as various nutrients were added. Highest total weed numbers were present on the plots which had received applications of N, P, K, and lime. Most individual species followed the trend of the total plant numbers except for evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata Hill), carpetweed (Mollugo verticillata L.), and henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.). Highest numbers of evening primrose occurred on the unfertilized plots with decreasing populations as fertility treatments became more complete. Carpetweed and henbit numbers were greatest in the plots receiving P alone or N plus P. Similar species were found on nearby soils which had grown cotton or winter wheat commercially for 25 and 40 years respectively. High numbers of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) were observed on both of these soils which were not present in any of the long term fertility treatments. Many more plant species and higher total plant numbers were found in soil from a native grass prairie site.

The evolutionary origins of permanent translocation heterozygosity remain largely a matter of speculation. Two routes have been posited: (1) interspe- cific or interpopulational hybridization and (2) gradual accumulation of transloca- tions within a population. To test these hypotheses for one such chromosomal het- erozygote, Oenothera laciniata, allozyme data were collected for this species and other members of its subsection. These data show that 0. laciniata is very closely related to the self-incompatible 0. grandis (Nei's D = 0.003), which it resembles in mor- phology and ecology as well. The allozyme data suggest that 0. laciniata is a stabilized hybrid, though not an interspecific one; instead, the data collected here and else- where suggest that 0. laciniata arose more than once as an interpopulational hybrid of 0. grandis.