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Michele Odorico,1 Delphine Le Goff,1 Naomi Aerts,2 Hilde Bastiaens,2 Jean Yves Le Reste1 1Department of General Practice, EA 7479 SPURBO, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO – University of West Brittany), Brest, France; 2Department of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, BelgiumCorrespondence: Michele OdoricoDepartment of General Practice, EA 7479 SPURBO, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO – University of West Brittany), 22 rue Camille Desmoulins, Brest 29238, FranceTel +33644973078Email m.odoricobrest@gmail.comIntroduction: Smoking is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and for many types of cancers. Despite recent policies, 1.1 billion people are active smokers and tobacco is the leading cause of mortality and illness throughout the world. The aim of this work was to identify smoking cessation interventions which could be implemented in primary care and/or at a community level.Methods: A systematic review of CVDs prevention guidelines was realized using the ADAPTE Process. These were identified on G-I-N and TRIP databases. Additionally, a purposive search for national guidelines was successfully undertaken. Guidelines focusing on non-pharmacological lifestyle interventions, published or updated after 2011, were included. Exclusion criteria were specific populations, management of acute disease and exclusive focus on pharmacological or surgical interventions. After appraisal with the AGREE II tool, high-quality guidelines were included for analysis. High-grade recommendations and the supporting bibliographic references were extracted. References had to be checked in detail where sufficient information was not available in the guidelines.Results: Nine hundred and ten guidelines were identified, 47 evaluated with AGREE II and 26 included. Guidelines recommended that patients quit smoking and that health care professionals provided advice to smokers but failed to propose precise implementation strategies for such recommendations. Only two guidelines provided specific recommendations. In the guideline bibliographic references, brief advice (BA) and multiple session strategies were identified as effective interventions. These interventions used Prochaska theory, motivational interviewing or cognitive-behavioral therapies. Self-help documentation alone was less effective than face-to-face counseling. Community-based or workplace public interventions alone did not seem effective.Discussion: Behavioral change strategies were effective in helping patients to give up smoking. BA alone was less effective than multiple session strategies although it required fewer resources. Evidence for community-based interventions effectiveness was weak, mainly due to the lack of robust studies.Keywords: cardiovascular diseases, primary prevention, smoking cessation, primary health care

Gianni Ciofani1, Serena Danti2, Giada Graziana Genchi1,3, Delfo D'Alessandro2, Jean-Luc Pellequer4, Michaël Odorico4, Virgilio Mattoli1, Mario Giorgi51Italian Institute of Technology, Center of MicroBioRobotics co Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 2Department of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, 3The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy; 4Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Department of Biochemistry and Nuclear Toxicology, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France; 5Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Clinics Department, University of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyAbstract: Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) have attracted huge attention in many different research fields thanks to their outstanding chemical and physical properties. During recent years, our group has pioneered the use of BNNTs for biomedical applications, first of all assessing their in vitro cytocompatibility on many different cell lines. At this point, in vivo investigations are necessary before proceeding toward realistic developments of the proposed applications. In this communication, we report a pilot toxicological study of BNNTs in rabbits. Animals were injected with a 1 mg/kg BNNT solution and blood tests were performed up to 72 hours after injection. The analyses aimed at evaluating any acute alteration of hematic parameters that could represent evidence of functional impairment in blood, liver, and kidneys. Even if preliminary, the data are highly promising, as they showed no adverse effects on all the evaluated parameters, and therefore suggest the possibility of the realistic application of BNNTs in the biomedical field.Keywords: boron nitride nanotubes, in vivo testing, toxicology