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1. The eruption in Fagradalsfjall (2021, Iceland): how the operational monitoring and the volcanic hazard assessment contributed to its safe access

Author

Barsotti, S., Parks, M. M., Pfeffer, M. A., Óladóttir, B. A., Barnie, T., Titos, M. M., Jónsdóttir, K., Pedersen, G. B. M., Hjartardóttir, Á. R., Stefansdóttir, G., Johannsson, T., Arason, Þ., Gudmundsson, M. T., Oddsson, B., Þrastarson, R. H., Ófeigsson, B. G., Vogfjörd, K., Geirsson, H., Hjörvar, T., von Löwis, S., Petersen, G. N., and Sigurðsson, E. M.

Published
2023
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8. Validating Subglacial Volcanic Eruption Using Ground-Based C-Band Radar Imagery.

Author

Marzano, F. S., Lamantea, M., Montopoli, M., Oddsson, B., and Gudmundsson, M. T.

Subjects
VOLCANIC eruptions, RADAR meteorology, VOLCANIC ash clouds, VOLCANIC activity prediction, REMOTE sensing by radar
Abstract

The main phase of the moderately sized November 2004 eruption of the Grímsvötn volcano, located in the center of the 8100 km2 Vatnajökull glacier, was monitored by the Icelandic Meteorological Office C-band weather radar in Keflavík, 260 km west of the volcano. The eruption plume reached a height of 6-10 km relative to the vent. The distribution of the most distal tephra was measured in the autumn of 2004, while the deposition on the glacier was mapped in the summers of 2005 and 2006. The tephra formed a well-defined layer on the glacier in the region north and northeast of the craters. The total mass of the tephra layer is quantitatively compared with the retrieved values, obtained from an improved version of the volcanic ash radar retrieval (VARR) algorithm. VARR was statistically calibrated with ground-based ash size distribution samples, taken at Vatnajökull, and by taking into account both antenna beam occlusion and wind-driven plume advection. The latter was implemented by using a space-time image phase-based cross-correlation technique. Accuracy of the weather radar records was also reviewed, noting that a large variability in the plume height estimation may be obtained using different approaches. The comparisons suggest that, at least for this subglacial eruption, the surface tephra mass, estimated by using the VARR inversion approach, is in a fairly good agreement with in situ measurements in terms of spatial extension, distribution, and amount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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10. Gradual caldera collapse at Bardarbunga volcano, Iceland, regulated by lateral magma outflow

Author

Thórdís Högnadóttir, Martin Hensch, Vincent Drouin, Amy Donovan, Martin P. J. Schöpfer, Alessandro Aiuppa, Joaquín M. C. Belart, Tayo van Boeckel, Melissa Anne Pfeffer, Andrew Hooper, Sebastian Heimann, Eniko Bali, Benedikt G. Ófeigsson, Sæmundur A. Halldórsson, Gro Pedersen, Morten S. Riishuus, Stéphanie Dumont, Magnús T. Gudmundsson, Freysteinn Sigmundsson, Sigurdur Jakobsson, Olgeir Sigmarsson, Torsten Dahm, Páll Einarsson, Finnur Pálsson, Thomas R. Walter, Gunnar B. Gudmundsson, Sigrún Hreinsdóttir, Kristín Jónsdóttir, Mike Burton, Michelle Parks, Gudmundur H. Gudfinnsson, Guðfinna Aðalgeirsdóttir, Simone Cesca, Baldur Bergsson, Eoghan P. Holohan, Björn Oddsson, Matthew J. Roberts, Marco Bagnardi, Kristján Jónasson, Vala Hjörleifsdóttir, Sara Barsotti, Kristín Vogfjörd, Hildur M. Fridriksdottir, Tobias Dürig, Alexander H. Jarosch, Eyjólfur Magnússon, Karsten Spaans, Hannah I. Reynolds, School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, Department of Geology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College, German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam (GFZ), Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Iceland [Reykjavik], GeoForschungsZentrum - Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam (GFZ), Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Dipartimento DiSTeM, Università degli studi di Palermo - University of Palermo, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università di Palermo, Institut für Geophysik, Universität Hamburg (UHH), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Gudmundsson, M., Jónsdóttir, K., Hooper, A., Holohan, E., Halldórsson, S., Ófeigsson, B., Cesca, S., Vogfjörd, K., Sigmundsson, F., Högnadóttir, T., Einarsson, P., Sigmarsson, O., Jarosch, A., Jónasson, K., Magnússon, E., Hreinsdóttir, S., Bagnardi, M., Parks, M., Hjörleifsdóttir, V., Pálsson, F., Walter, T., Schöpfer, M., Heimann, S., Reynolds, H., Dumont, S., Bali, E., Gudfinnsson, G., Dahm, T., Roberts, M., Hensch, M., Belart, J., Spaans, K., Jakobsson, S., Gudmundsson, G., Fridriksdóttir, H., Drouin, V., Dürig, T., Adalgeirsdóttir, G., Riishuus, M., Pedersen, G., Van Boeckel, T., Oddsson, B., Pfeffer, M., Barsotti, S., Bergsson, B., Donovan, A., Burton, M., Aiuppa, A., Jarðvísindastofnun (HÍ), Institute of Earth Sciences (UI), Iðnaðarverkfræði-, vélaverkfræði- og tölvunarfræðideild (HÍ), Faculty of Industrial Eng., Mechanical Eng. and Computer Science (UI), Verkfræði- og náttúruvísindasvið (HÍ), School of Engineering and Natural Sciences (UI), Háskóli Íslands, and University of Iceland

Subjects
Eldgos, Lateral eruption, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Lava, Öskjugos, Hraunrennsli, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Caldera, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Multidisciplinary, Glacier Dynamics, Resurgent dome, Medicine (all), Complex volcano, Lateral Magma Flow, 16. Peace & justice, Caldera collapse, Dense-rock equivalent, Bárðarbunga, Volcano, 13. Climate action, Eruption, Magma, Geology, Seismology
Abstract

Large volcanic eruptions on Earth commonly occur with a collapse of the roof of a crustal magma reservoir, forming a caldera. Only a few such collapses occur per century, and the lack of detailed observations has obscured insight into the mechanical interplay between collapse and eruption.We usemultiparameter geophysical and geochemical data to show that the 110-square kilometer and 65-meter-deep collapse of Bárdarbunga caldera in 2014–2015 was initiated through withdrawal of magma, and lateral migration through a 48-kilometers-long dike, from a 12-kilometers deep reservoir. Interaction between the pressure exerted by the subsiding reservoir roof and the physical properties of the subsurface flow path explain the gradual, near exponential decline of both collapse rate and the intensity of the 180-day- long eruption., Civil Protection Department of the National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police. European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme grant no. 308377 (Project FUTUREVOLC). EU Seventh Framework Marie Curie project NEMOH no. 289976 CO2Volc ERC grant no. 279802, the Research Fund of the University of Iceland, the Irish Research Council, the Helmholtz Alliance on Remote Sensing and Earth System Dynamics (EDA), Bayerisches Geoinstitut through their DFG core facility for high pressure research, and UNAM/CIC Intercambio Académico.

Published
2016

11. Gradual caldera collapse at Bárdarbunga volcano, Iceland, regulated by lateral magma outflow.

Author

Gudmundsson MT, Jónsdóttir K, Hooper A, Holohan EP, Halldórsson SA, Ófeigsson BG, Cesca S, Vogfjörd KS, Sigmundsson F, Högnadóttir T, Einarsson P, Sigmarsson O, Jarosch AH, Jónasson K, Magnússon E, Hreinsdóttir S, Bagnardi M, Parks MM, Hjörleifsdóttir V, Pálsson F, Walter TR, Schöpfer MP, Heimann S, Reynolds HI, Dumont S, Bali E, Gudfinnsson GH, Dahm T, Roberts MJ, Hensch M, Belart JM, Spaans K, Jakobsson S, Gudmundsson GB, Fridriksdóttir HM, Drouin V, Dürig T, Aðalgeirsdóttir G, Riishuus MS, Pedersen GB, van Boeckel T, Oddsson B, Pfeffer MA, Barsotti S, Bergsson B, Donovan A, Burton MR, and Aiuppa A

Abstract

Large volcanic eruptions on Earth commonly occur with a collapse of the roof of a crustal magma reservoir, forming a caldera. Only a few such collapses occur per century, and the lack of detailed observations has obscured insight into the mechanical interplay between collapse and eruption. We use multiparameter geophysical and geochemical data to show that the 110-square-kilometer and 65-meter-deep collapse of Bárdarbunga caldera in 2014-2015 was initiated through withdrawal of magma, and lateral migration through a 48-kilometers-long dike, from a 12-kilometers deep reservoir. Interaction between the pressure exerted by the subsiding reservoir roof and the physical properties of the subsurface flow path explain the gradual, near-exponential decline of both collapse rate and the intensity of the 180-day-long eruption., (Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science.)

Published
2016
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12. Ash generation and distribution from the April-May 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland.

Author

Gudmundsson MT, Thordarson T, Höskuldsson A, Larsen G, Björnsson H, Prata FJ, Oddsson B, Magnússon E, Högnadóttir T, Petersen GN, Hayward CL, Stevenson JA, and Jónsdóttir I

Subjects
Europe, Geography, Iceland, Particle Size, Time Factors, Volcanic Eruptions
Abstract

The 39-day long eruption at the summit of Eyjafjallajökull volcano in April-May 2010 was of modest size but ash was widely dispersed. By combining data from ground surveys and remote sensing we show that the erupted material was 4.8±1.2·10¹¹ kg (benmoreite and trachyte, dense rock equivalent volume 0.18±0.05 km³). About 20% was lava and water-transported tephra, 80% was airborne tephra (bulk volume 0.27 km³) transported by 3-10 km high plumes. The airborne tephra was mostly fine ash (diameter <1000 µm). At least 7·10¹⁰ kg (70 Tg) was very fine ash (<28 µm), several times more than previously estimated via satellite retrievals. About 50% of the tephra fell in Iceland with the remainder carried towards south and east, detected over ~7 million km² in Europe and the North Atlantic. Of order 10¹⁰ kg (2%) are considered to have been transported longer than 600-700 km with <10⁸ kg (<0.02%) reaching mainland Europe.

Published
2012
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