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Yarrowia lipolytica is used as a model in this study to screen the potential candidates for inflating the innate lipid content of the cell. This study focuses on reducing the lipid degradation that occurs by the β-oxidation process and discursively increasing the innate lipid content. Acyl-CoA oxidase-1, the primary and initial enzyme involved in the lipid degradation pathway, was selected as a target and blocked using various lipid analogous compounds. The blocking study was carried out using molecular docking and dynamic studies using computation tools. The largest active site pocket located around the Phe-394 amino acid of the target protein is taken as a site for docking. The molecular docking was performed for the selected compounds (citric acid, Finsolv, lactic acid, oxalic acid, Tween-80 and Triton X-100) and the docking results were compared with the outcome of the standard molecule (octadecatrienoic acid). Citric acid, Finsolv, Tween-80 and Triton X-100 were found to be the potential candidates for blocking the target molecule in the static condition using docking studies, revealing a minimum binding energy requirement than the standard molecule. They were further taken for a dynamics study using GROMACS software. The RMSD, RMSF, number of hydrogen bond interactions and radius of gyration of the complex molecules were studied in a dynamic approach for 100 ns. Citric acid has been found to be the potential hit compound to block acyl-CoA oxidase-1 enzyme with its maximum hydrogen interaction and minimum fluctuations. It also revealed out the minimum total energy requirement for the complex formation.

governerate, Egypt. Spirulina platensis was obtained from cyanobacteria Lab., Microbiology Dept., Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Egypt. GC/MS analysis showed that 37 and 7 bioactive compounds from A. variabilis and S. platensis were identified, respectively. Moreover, the area percentage of the same bioactive compound varied according to the type of cyanobacteria. The major phytochemical constituents in the methanol extract of A. variabilis are Pentadecanoic acid 29%, 12,15-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester 10.26%, Hexadecenoic acid methyl ester (Z) 8.3%, Thieno [3,4-C] pyridine,1,3,4,7-tetraphenyl 5.86%. While, S. platensis methanol extract contain Hexadecanoic acid 29%, 9,12,15-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester 24% and 9,12 Octadecatrienoic acid zz methyl ester, 24.36%.

An aromatic alkaloid-rich 'absolute' extract from inhibited at 62.5 μg.mL and at 500 μg.mL A loss of activity upon fractionation indicated possible synergistic effects. Three new acridones, gossweicridone A ( ), B ( ) and C ( ) and known compounds from the extract were inactive. Combinations of compounds showed that a sub-fraction containing mixtures of minor compounds with ( )-caryophyllene augmented activity by 50-folds, with MIC values of 19.6 μg.mL for and 375.0 μg.mL for , demonstrating potent ΣFIC values of 0.02 and 0.375 respectively. From the active sub-fraction, three compounds were assigned as tecleanatalensine B, 13 -hydroxy-9 ,11 ,15 -octadecatrienoic acid and normelicopine. In combination with ( )-caryophyllene they separately demonstrated MIC values of 18 μg.mL , 34 μg.mL and 16 μg.mL respectively against . The synergistic combinations were more potent with addition of pheophytin A, suggesting that the synergistic antifungal effect of the extract is multi-layered.

GCMS (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry), FTIR (Fourier Transformed Infra-Red Spectroscopy), physicochemical analysis of Ceiba pentandra gum have been carried out. Ceiba pentandra exudate is brownish in colour, acidic and ionic gum. GCMS spectra of the gum indicated the presence Hellebrin, Glycine, Octadecane, Dasycarpidan, Octadecatrienoic acid, Tocopherol, Di isooctyl phthalate and Milbemycin. The FTIR spectrum of the gum indicated several functional groups, including –OH, N-H and C=C, C-Cl group.

The bioactive compounds of Acacia catechu using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy and the inhibitory activity against contractile protein Plasmodium falciparum against protozoan disease were studied. This research mainly focuses on finding of novel drug screening against malarial enzyme. The compounds of Acacia catechu are screened using Lipinski rule of five with ADMET properties in which the character as well as behaviour of the drug compound is known. The compounds were checked for its dosage level in human and rat as well as distribution properties in blood brain barrier and central neuro system. The compounds 9,12,15- Octadecatrienoic acid has higher affinity with -7.95 Kcal/mol followed by Pthalic acid, butyl 2- pentyl ester -7.35 Kcal/mol and Furo[2,3-d] Pyrimidine-4,6 [5H,7H]-dion -6.24 Kcal/mol were docked using Autodock software. the compound 9,12,15- Octadecatrienoic acid, Pthalic acid butyl 2- pentyl ester, Furo[2,3-d] Pyrimidine-4,6 [5H,7H]-dion has higher affinity such as -7.95 Kcal/mol , -7.35 Kcal/mol and -6.24 Kcal/mol respectively. Thus this research proves that the drug compounds of Acacia catechu have novel therapeutic drug activity against virulent enzymes.

Dwarf bunt caused by the pathogen Tilletia controversa Kühn is one of the most serious quarantine diseases of winter wheat. Metabolomics studies provide detailed information about the biochemical changes at the cell and tissue levels of plants. In the present study, a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) metabolomics approach was used to investigate the changes in the grain metabolomics of infected and noninfected with T. controversa samples. PCA suggested that T. controversa-infected and noninfected samples were separated during the interaction. LC/MS analysis showed that 62 different metabolites were recorded in the grains, among which a total of 34 metabolites were upregulated and 28 metabolites were downregulated. Prostaglandins (PGs) and 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (9-HODEs) are fungal toxin-related substances, and their expression significantly increased in T. controversa-infected grains. Additionally, the concentrations of cucurbic acid and octadecatrienoic acid changed significantly after pathogen infection, which play a large role in plant defense. The eight different metabolic pathways activated during T. controversa and wheat plant interactions included phenylalanine metabolism, isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism. In conclusion, we found differences in the metabolic profiles of wheat grains after T. controversa infection. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the metabolites in wheat grains after T. controversa infection.

Leucas zeylanicais one of the most precious gifts of nature to the entire civilization. It offers folkloric system a dependable option to heal numerous diseases like- burning urination, toothaches, common skin diseases, gout, inflammatory conditions, rheumatic diseases, abdominal pain, worms, anorexia, colic, flatulence, etc. Many of these ancient practices have got their scientific resemblances like- using as an agent for treating common pains, oxidative stresses, microbial infections, sleep disorders, inflammations, gout associated pains, thrombosis and sunlight related skin damages. Some researchers also isolated a huge bunch of vital phytochemicals like- torosaflavone A, drymariatin C, daidzein, luteolin 3′,4′-dimethyl ether, apigenin, tricin, chrysoeriol, linarigenin, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, 9,12,15- octadecatrienoic acid, farnesene, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, phytol, β-cubebene, α-selinene, α-tocopherol etc. from different crude extracts ofLeucas zeylanica. Making proper correlation between these phytoconstituents with the general utilizations of this plant will assist scientists to develop auspicious lead compounds. This review covers a summary of ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and biological studies of several crude preparations ofLeucas zeylanica.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is one of the oldest known edible fruits, which includes 22% seeds. High-quality oil, which is rich in conjugated fatty acids, is produced from pomegranate seeds; these are a waste product of the pomegranate industry, which also produces juice, concentrate, and jam. The total lipid content of the pomegranate seeds varies between 7.9% and 16%. Pomegranate seed oil consists of 65%-85% conjugated fatty acids, the most abundant and important of which are 9-cis, 11-trans, 13-cis, octadecatrienoic acid, so-called punicic acid which is a conjugated linolenic acid. Pomegranate seed oil, which is rich in tocopherols, has a majority of ?-tocopherol. The total tocotrienol (a- and ß-tocotrienol) content was between 1.7% and 4.8% of total tocols. Pomegranate seed oil also contains bioactive lipids, such as phytosterols, phospholipids, and triterpenes. Since pomegranate fruit contains many phenolics, pomegranate seed oil has biological properties. Although there are differences due to the variety and geographic characteristics as in all plants, pomegranate seed oil has very beneficial effects. Because of the benefits of pomegranate seed oil, it is produced in different forms. These are oleogels and microcapsules, which employ other useful food products and attempt to increase its bioavailability. Pomegranate seed oil is used as a functional component in the food, pharmaceuticals, and feed industries due to its nutritional and medicinal properties. In this sense, this chapter aims to give information about the chemical properties, different uses, and minor and major biologically active components of cold pressed pomegranate seed oil. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.

Microalgae Coelastrella sp. could remove nutrients from anaerobically digested swine wastewater (ADSW) effectively, while its responses to the stress of Cu(II) were not well understood. In this paper, nutrients removal and growth of Coelastrella sp. were investigated at the presence of Cu(II) in ADSW. Results showed ammonium nitrogen concentration in ADSW decreased with culturing duration, while increased with an increased Cu(II) concentration. Total phosphorous concentration decreased with time, while did not drop in 4 days at Cu(II) concentration ≥1.0 mg/L. Microalgal growth was inhibited at all the Cu(II) concentrations, and ceased in about 6-8 days at Cu(II) concentration ≥1.0 mg/L. With an increased Cu(II) concentration, the contents of chlorophyll a and proteins decreased, those of malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase, and ratios of octadecanoic acid (C18:0), hexadecanoic acid (C16:0) and octadecenoic acid (C18:1) to fatty acids in Coelastrella sp. increased, while octadecatrienoic acid (C18:3) gradually disappeared.

The timber value of Tectona grandishas been established from decades. Teak is an exotic species cultivated along most parts of tropical regions. Anthocyanins are natural colourants which have raised a growing demand due to their extensive range of colours, innocuous and beneficial health effects. Anthocyanins belong to large group of polyphenolics - flavonoids, which are secondary metabolites synthesized by higher plants. Despite the remarkable application of anthocyaninsin food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, still it is not properly exploited. In the present study, the bioactive components of Tectonagrandisyoung leaves have been evaluated using Perkin-Elmer Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry. GC-MS analysis revealed the existence of eleven compounds. 5,9-Methanobenzocycloocten1(2H)-one,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10-octahydro-5,10-dihydroxy-3,3,7,7,9-pentamethyl(76.02%) and 1-naphthalene carboxylic acid, 5-[2-(3-furanyl)ethyl]decahydro-1,4a-dimethyl-6-methylene-[1R-(1.alpha.,4a.)] (13.95%). Other compounds present in minor quantities were ledol(0.92%), 3-Buten-2-one,4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1- cyclohexen-1-yl)orionone(0.49%),9,12,15 Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- or Linolenic acid methyl ester (0.82%), Phytol(0.69%), Cedran-diol, 8S,14- (0.60%), Lupeol (0.71%), 3-Methoxymethyl2,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-6,7,8a-tetrahydro-5H-chromene (3.45%) and Retinol(1.27%). This is the first report of identification of active constituents from the young leaves of Tectonagrandis

Conjugated fatty acid (CFA) refers to a group of positional and geometric isomers of polyunsaturated fatty acid possessing conjugated double bonds. Conjugated double bonds, conjugated triple bonds, and conjugated quadruple bonds are the typical conjugated fatty acid forms, in which conjugated octadecadienoic acid and conjugated octadecatrienoic acid are most common isomers, such as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA), and conjugated steariconic acid CSA (Yang et al. 2015).

BACKGROUND The non-edible parts of horticultural crops, such as leaves, contain substantial amounts of valuable bioactive compounds which are currently only little exploited. For example strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) leaves may be a promising bioresource for diverse health-related applications. However, product standardization sets a real challenge, especially when the leaf material comes from varying cultivars. The first step towards better quality control of berry fruit leaf-based ingredients and supplements is to understand metabolites present and their stability in different plant cultivars, so we surveyed the distribution of potentially bioactive strawberry leaf metabolites in six different strawberry cultivars. Non-targeted metabolite profiling analysis using LC-qTOF-ESI-MS with data processing via principal component analysis and k-means clustering analysis were utilized to examine the differences and commonalities between the leaf metabolite profiles. RESULTS Quercetin and kaempferol derivatives were the dominant flavonol groups in strawberry leaves. Previously described and novel caffeic and chlorogenic acid derivatives were among the major phenolic acids. In addition, ellagitannins were one of the distinguishing compound classes in strawberry leaves. In general, strawberry leaves also contained high levels of octadecatrienoic acid derivatives, precursors of valuable odor compounds. CONCLUSIONS The specific bioactive compounds found in the leaves of different strawberry cultivars offer the potential for the selection of optimized leaf materials for added-value food and for non-food applications.

Objectives Despite their role in health and disease, the relationship between fatty acids (FAs) and frailty and mortality remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore how FA intake is associated with frailty and mortality. Methods This observational study included 4062 participants ≥50 y of age from the 2003–2006 cohorts of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A 36-item frailty index (FI) and a 14-item nutrition index (NI) were constructed. We analyzed 29 dietary FA variables. Results After adjustment for potential covariates and the NI, higher total FAs, saturated FAs (SFAs), and butanoic acid intake were associated with a higher degree of frailty. After an additional adjustment for the FI, higher SFA intake (total, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and octadecanoic acid) was associated with higher mortality risk, whereas higher polyunsaturated FAs (total and octadecadienoic acid), ω-3 FAs (total, octadecatrienoic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid), and eicosenoic acid intake was associated with lower mortality risk. Conclusions Only a higher percentage of SFA intake was associated with both higher frailty and mortality even after considering the degree of nutritional deficits. The effect of SFAs on mortality was evident across levels of frailty. FAs were associated with long-term mortality more often than they with degree of frailty.

Plumbago zeylanica is a pharmaceutically important plant which belongs to Plumbaginaceae family. It possesses wide range of pharmacological activities which includes antibacterial central nervous system stimulatory activity, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-cancer and anti-atherosclerotic activity. Fatty acid methyl ester analysis reveals the presence of various fatty acids in the plant. The present study deals with Fatty acid methyl ester profile of five different accession of Plumbago zeylanica. Results reveal that these accessions are rich in Octadecadienoic acid (8-22%), Octadecatrienoic acid (7-24%) and Pentadecanoic acid (11-22%) fatty acids. Accession number 421418 is contains the highest amount of Pentadecanoic acid and 9,12,15 Octadecatrienoic acid. Accession number 439212 contains highest amount of Hexadecanoic acid. Highest amount of 9,12 Octadecadienoic acid was present in accession number 524441.

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α is mainly expressed in the liver and plays an important role in the regulation of lipid metabolism. It has been reported that PPARα activation enhances fatty acid oxidation and reduces fat storage. Therefore, PPARα agonists are used to treat dyslipidemia. In the present study, we found that 9-oxo-10(E), 12(Z), 15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid (9-oxo-OTA), which is a α-linolenic acid (ALA) derivative, is present in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) extract. We showed that 9-oxo-OTA activated PPARα and induced the mRNA expression of PPARα target genes in murine primary hepatocytes. These effects promoted fatty acid uptake and the secretion of β-hydroxybutyrate, which is one of the endogenous ketone bodies. We also demonstrated that these effects of 9-oxo-OTA were not observed in PPARα-knockout (KO) primary hepatocytes. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report that 9-oxo-OTA promotes fatty acid metabolism via PPARα activation and discuss its potential as a valuable food-derived compound for use in the management of dyslipidemia., First online: 19 September 2015

Tung tree (Vernicia fordii) is an important woody oil tree. Tung tree seeds contain 50-60% oil with approximately 80 mole α-eleostearic acid (9 cis, 11 trans, 13 trans octadecatrienoic acid). Fatty acid synthesis is catalyzed by the concerted action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase, a multienzyme complex including β-ketoacyl-acyl-carrier-protein synthase (KAS). Little is known about KAS in tung tree. The objective of this study was to clone KAS genes and analyze their expression profiles in tung tree. A full-length cDNA encoding KAS III and a partial cDNA encoding KAS II were isolated from tung tree by PCR cloning using degenerate primers and rapid amplification of cDNA ends system. The full-length cDNA of VfKAS III was 1881 bp in length with an open reading frame of 1212 bp. VfKAS III genomic DNA was also isolated and sequenced, which contained 8 exons in 5403 bp length. The deduced VfKAS III protein shared approximately 80% identity with homologous KAS IIIs from other plants. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that KAS II and KAS III were expressed in all of the tissues and organs tested but exhibited different expression patterns in tung tree. The expression levels of KAS II in young tissues were much lower than those in mature tissues, whereas the highest expression levels of KAS III were observed in young stem and young leaf. These results should facilitate further studies on the regulation of tung oil biosynthesis by KAS in tung tree.

Whole cells of recombinant Escherichia coli expressing diol synthase from Aspergillus nidulans produced 5,8-dihydroxy-9,12,15(Z,Z,Z)-octadecatrienoic acid from α-linolenic acid via 8-hydroperoxy-9,12,15(Z,Z,Z)-octadecatrienoic acid as an intermediate. The optimal conditions for 5,8-dihydroxy-9,12,15(Z,Z,Z)-octadecatrienoic acid production using whole recombinant cells were exhibited at pH 7.0, 40 °C, and 250 rpm with 40 g/L cells, 12 g/L, α-linolenic acid, and 5 % (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide in a 250-mL baffled flask containing 50 mL reaction solution. Under these conditions, whole recombinant cells produced 9.1 g/L 5,8-dihydroxy-9,12,15(Z,Z,Z)-octadecatrienoic acid for 100 min, with a conversion yield of 75 % (w/w), a volumetric productivity of 5.5 g/L/h, and specific productivity of 137 mg/g-cells/h. As an intermediate, 8-hydroperoxy-9,12,15(Z,Z,Z)-octadecatrienoic acid was observed at approximately 1.4 g/L after 100 min. With regard to dihydroxy fatty acid production, this is the highest reported volumetric and specific productivities thus far. This is the first report on the biotechnological production of 5,8-dihydroxy-9,12,15(Z,Z,Z)-octadecatrienoic acid.

Due to the presence of several bioactive compounds, Centellaasiatica (L.) is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments. This usage of plant and its products created a huge demand which required an alternative method of its commercial production so that the loss of natural plant and its genetic pool can be prevented. A different investigation using biotechnological methods provided a wealth of information to enhance the biomass as well as different bioactive compounds. In the present study, we focused and reported the effect of different nitrogen sources on shoot proliferation of Centellaasiatica. Effect of malt extract as plant elicitor on asiaticoside production as well as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile was also worked out. Four different nitrogen sources i.e. NH4NO3 (1.65 g/l), KNO3 (0.8 g/l), NaNO3 (1.65 g/l), Ca(NO3)2 (0.825 g/l) on five different accessions of Centellaasiatica were tested and accession number 347492 (14.66 ± 2.4) provided maximum shoot proliferation with ammonium nitrate. RP-HPLC analysis of accession number 347492 revealed that malt extract as plant extract enhanced 6 times asiaticoside in comparison to standard conditions. GC-MS analysis of five different accessions of Centellaasiatica concluded that this plant is rich in the content of Pentadecanoic acid, 9,12 Octadecadienoic acid (Linoleic acid) and 9,12,15 Octadecatrienoic acid (Linolenic acid). Most potential fatty acid methyl esters containing plant accession number is 281374.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have a wide range of biological activity. Among them conjugated fatty acids are of great interest. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), which exert a multidirectional health-benefiting influence, and conjugated linolenic acids (CLnA, super CLA) are examples of this group of fatty acids. CLnA are a group of positional and geometric isomers of octadecatrienoic acid (C18:3), which possess double bonds at positions 9, 11, 13 or 8, 10, 12 of their chain. Some vegetable oils are rich sources of CLnA, e.g. bitter melon oil (from Momordica charantia seeds) and pomegranate oil (from Punica granatum seeds). The aim of this paper was to present information concerning natural sources and health-promoting activities of conjugated linolenic acids. The presented data reveal that conjugated linolenic acids may be very useful in prevention and treatment of many diseases, especially diabetes, arteriosclerosis , obesity and cancers (mammary, prostate and colon cancer). Among many potential mechanisms of their action, the fact that some CLnA are converted by oxidoreductases into CLA is very important. It seems to be very reasonable to conduct research concerning the possibility of CLnA use in prevention of many diseases.

n-Hexane and chloroform fractions of aerial parts and roots of Cicuta virosa L. were investigated by GC-MS. As a result of the study 25 fatty acids and their esters have been identified. Two unsaturated esters such as linoleic acid ethyl ester (IX, 16.66%), and n- hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (VII, 10.12%), the fatty acid n-hexadecanioc acid (VI, 8.10%) made up the bulk of the aerial parts. Four unsaturated esters such as linoleic acid ethyl ester (IX, 10.15%), dibutylphthalate (XII, 9.55%), n-hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (VII, 8.19%) and 9, 12, 15 - octadecatrienoic acid ethyl ester (X, 5.9%), two fatty acids as n-hexadecanoic acid (VI, 8,15%) and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (VIII, 4,5%) predominated in the roots of Cicuta virosa L. These known fatty acids and their esters were found for the first time in this plant species. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v14i0.203 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 14 (40), 2013, p71-74

Objective To elucidate molecular interactions of enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (FabI) with unsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, octadecatrienoic acid, stearic acid and arachic acid to investigate the inhibitory activities of degree of unsaturation. Methods Docking between these ligands and enzymes were performed using Autodock4.2. Results Docosahexaenoic acid (a polyunsaturated fatty acid) is more efficient inhibitor of enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (FabI) compared to other unsaturated fatty acids with lesser double bonds and saturated fatty acid with reference to ΔG and Ki values. Hydrophobic interactions play an important role in the correct positioning of these fatty acids within the catalytic site of FabI enzyme to permit docking. Conclusions It has been also observed that not only the degree of unsaturation affects the antiplasmodial activity, but the length of carbon chain also plays an important role in their inhibitory activity. Such information may aid in the design of versatile FabI-inhibitors.

Countries lacking fresh water sources such as Tunisia, must use the sea water and the non-arable lands for the culture of microalgae to produce biofuel and overcome the national energy demand. In this framework, a green microalgae CTM 20032, was isolated from the coastal solar saltern at Sfax, Tunisia and was tested for its ability to accumulate lipid under autotrophic growth condition. The isolate was identified as Dunaliella sp. on the basis of 18S rDNA analysis. The dry weight of Dunaliella sp. was composed of lipids 100 mg g −1 , proteins 435 mg g −1 , carbohydrates 300 mg g −1 , chlorophylls 38.8 mg g −1 , carotenes 18 mg g −1 and polyphenols 83 mg g −1 . The lipid GC-FID analysis showed that main fatty acids are Octadecanoic acid C18:0 48%, Hexadecatrienoic acid 16:3 40% and Octadecatrienoic acid 18:3 7.5%. Nitrogen and phosphorus depletions during 6 culture days resulted in Dunaliella sp. lipid content increase up to 54 and 45% (dw) respectively. Under nitrogen starvation, Dunaliella sp. fatty acid pattern is typical of the Dunaliella genus and mainly composed of 58% of C16:0, 20.5% of C18:0 and 15% of C18:1. Whereas under phosphorus starvation, its profile of fatty acids was mainly represented by 80% of C16:0, 8.5% of C18:0 and 12.5% of C18:1. Stressful conditions drive Dunaliella sp. to accumulate up to 95% of its lipids under form of saturated and monounsaturated triglycerides form and thereby being suitable for biodiesel production.

The essential oil composition of the seeds of Arnebia linearifolia was obtained by hydro distillation and the hexane extract was obtained by Soxhlet apparatus and analyzed by using GC and GC-MS. Twenty- one compounds representing 96.4 % of the distilled oil of A. linearifolia were identified, among them β-copaene (24.1 %), octyl acetate (23.6 %), cis-β-ocimene (9.9 %), α-pinene (6.1 %), β-cedrene (4.5 %), osthol (3.7 %) and clovene (3.3 %) were the major constituents. The hexane extract was characterized by higher amount of linolenic acid (ω-3) (45.4 %), linoleic acid (ω- 6) (21.8 %) and 6, 9, 12- octadecatrienoic acid (10.3 %). Hexane extract of seeds from A. linearifolia detected as an important source of ω-3 and ω-6 compounds. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil and extract were evaluated by DPPH method. The results indicate that hexane extract of this plant possess considerable antioxidant activity. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and extract was determined against so...

We have recently described a di-hydroxylated compound called protectin DX (PDX) which derives from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by double lipoxygenation. PDX exhibits anti-aggregatory and anti-inflammatory properties, that are also exhibited by similar molecules, called poxytrins, which possess the same E,Z,E conjugated triene geometry, and are synthesized from other polyunsaturated fatty acids with 22 or 20 carbons. Here we present new biological activities of di-hydroxylated metabolites deriving from α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) treated by soybean 15-lipoxygenase (sLOX). We show that 18:3n-3 is converted by sLOX into mainly 13(S)-OH-18:3 after reduction of the hydroperoxide product. But surprisingly, and in contrast to DHA which is metabolized into only one di-hydroxylated compound, 18:3n-3 leads to four di-hydroxylated fatty acid isomers. We report here the complete characterization of these compounds using high field NMR and GC-MS techniques, and some of their biological activities. These compounds are: 9(R),16(S)-dihydroxy-10E,12E,14E-octadecatrienoic acid, 9(S),16(S)-dihydroxy-10E,12E,14E-octadecatrienoic acid, 9(S),16(S)-dihydroxy-10E,12Z,14E-octadecatrienoic acid, and 9(R),16(S)-dihydroxy-10E,12Z,14E-octadecatrienoic acid. They can also be synthesized by the human recombinant 15-lipoxygenase (type 2). Their inhibitory effect on blood platelet and anti-inflammatory properties were compared with those already reported for PDX.

Conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) refers to a group of octadecatrienoic acid isomers that have three double bonds in conjugation. However, CLnA is highly prone to oxidative damage due to the presence of unsaturation in CLnA. Nanoencapsulation offers increased stability of the CLnA molecule so that CLnA can show its full activity. The present study was designed to clarify the effects of two types of CLnA rich oil nanocapsules (CLnA rich oil nanocapsules with lipoic acid and CLnA rich oil nanocapsules with tert-butylhydroquinone [TBHQ]) on hypercholesterolemia induced by feeding a high-fat diet in male albino rats. CLnA rich oil nanocapsules were prepared by the ultrasonication method and the freeze-drying technique. The mean size of CLnA rich oil nanocapsules varied from 150 to 160 nm. The feeding experiment was carried out for a period of 30 days. Results showed that CLnA rich oil nanocapsules reduced the blood lipids, tissue lipids and plasma viscosity significantly. This paper is the first report of the lipid-lowering effects of CLnA rich oil nanocapsules suggesting that the CLnA rich oil nanocapsules could be used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Lipoic acid showed better protective effect than TBHQ.

Various fatty acids are attracting considerable interest for their anticancer effects. Among them, fatty acids containing conjugated double bonds show one of the most potent cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. Here, we focused on the cancer cell killing activity of jacaranda seed oil. The seed oil of jacaranda harvested from Miyazaki in Japan contained 30.9% cis-8, trans-10, cis-12 octadecatrienoic acid, called jacaric acid (JA). Fatty acid prepared from this oil (JFA) and JA strongly induced cell death in human leukemia HL-60 cells. On the other hand, linoleic acid and trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (

To study the fatty acid composition and analysis the variation among the samples of tung oil collected from Guangxi，Chongqing, Hunan, Hubei and Guizhou Provinces of China．Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) were employed to determine the fatty acid composition of tung oil．The results show that the main composition of the tung oil in China are n-hexadecanoic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, α-octadecatrienoic acid, β-octadecatrienoic acid. Tung oil contains octadecatrienoic acid 72.56～88.59% and polyunsaturated fatty acids 80.26~92.39%. The content of octadecatrienoic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids in tung oil are different between different regions and different varieties.

How plants perceive herbivory is not yet well understood. We investigated early responses of the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to attack from the generalist grasshopper herbivore, Schistocerca gregaria (Caelifera). When compared with wounding alone, S. gregaria attack and the application of grasshopper oral secretions (GS) to puncture wounds elicited a rapid accumulation of various oxylipins, including 13-hydroperoxy octadecatrienoic acid, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), jasmonic acid, and jasmonic acid-isoleucine. Additionally, GS increased cytosolic calcium levels, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK3 and MPK6) activity, and ethylene emission but not the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide. Although GS contain caeliferin A16:0, a putative elicitor of caeliferan herbivores, treatment with pure, synthetic caeliferin A16:0 did not induce any of the observed responses. With mutant plants, we demonstrate that the observed changes in oxylipin levels are independent of MPK3 and MPK6 activity but that MPK6 is important for the GS-induced ethylene release. Biochemical and pharmacological analyses revealed that the lipase activity of GS plays a central role in the GS-induced accumulation of oxylipins, especially OPDA, which could be fully mimicked by treating puncture wounds only with a lipase from Rhizopus arrhizus. GS elicitation increased the levels of OPDA-responsive transcripts. Because the oral secretions of most insects used to study herbivory-induced responses in Arabidopsis rapidly elicit similar accumulations of OPDA, we suggest that lipids containing OPDA (arabidopsides) play an important role in the activation of herbivory-induced responses.

16-hydroxy-9-oxo-10E,12E,14E-octadecatrienoic acid, also known as Corchorifatty acid B (CFAB), is isolated from the ethanol extracts of the aerial parts of Melissa officinalis Linne (Labiatae) and exhibits inhibitory effects on cellular pigmentation in both human melanocytes and mouse melanoma B16 cells. CFAB specifically decreases cellular melanin by most likely inducing rapid degradation of tyrosinase in B16 cells. Interestingly, unlike other reagents that promote degradation of tyrosinase in proteasomes or lysosomes, neither proteasomal nor lysosomal inhibitors can halt CFAB-induced tyrosinase degradation. Only brefeldin A, which specifically inhibits protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex, can effectively impede CFAB-induced tyrosinase decrease. These results suggest that CFAB-induced tyrosinase decrease occurs in post-Golgi compartments but not in proteasomal or lysosomal compartments. Taken together, CFAB is a unique reagent that primarily accelerates tyrosinase decrease by a mechanism that differs from those considered for other hypopigmentation reagents currently reported.

Hyptis verticillata is a medicinal plant reported to possess strong antioxidant activity growing in the American continent with no evidence of its cultivation in Nigeria. The present study was designed to investigate the phytocompounds present in n-hexane extract of the leaves of H. verticillata cultivated in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. The phytochemicals found in relatively high amounts were flavonoids (19.67±1.53%), phenols (13.20±0.40 mg/g) and saponins (7.17±1.04%). Others including phytates (0.42±0.76 mg/g), cyanogenic glycosides (3.80±0.20%) and oxalates (2.01±0.09%) were present in low concentrations. The GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis of the extract revealed fifteen bio-active compounds, mainly hydrocarbons, fatty acid esters and alcohols. The most predominant compounds were, 9,12,15- octadecatrienoic acid, 2,3- bis(acetyloxy) propyl ester (18.17%), 5-cholestene-3-ol, 24-methyl-(17.48%), 1-iodo-2-methylnonane (10.89%), glycerol 1,2- dipalmitate (8.19%), 1- pentadecene (5.18%), 1- hexadecene (4.80%) and methyl-14-methylpentadecanoate (4.76%). The chemical profile of H. verticillata grown in Nigeria is akin to that in the West, hence may serve for similar aromatic and medicinal purposes. © 2017 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Hyptis verticillata , phytocompounds, medicinal plants, GC-MS

Relative retention analysis and increment approach were applied for the comparison of triglycerides (TGs) retention of a broad set of plant seed oils with isomeric conjugated octadecatrienoic acids (CLnA) by reversed-phase HPLC for “propanol-2-acetonitrile” mobile phases and Kromasil 100-5C18 stationary phase with diode array detection (DAD) and mass spectrometric (MS) detection. The subjects of investigation were TGs of seed oils: Calendula officinalis, Catalpa ovata, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Centranthus ruber, Momordica charantia, Trichosanthes anguina, Punica granatum, Thladiantha dubia, Valeriana officinalis, and Vernicia montana. It was found that a sequence of elution of TGs of the same types is the same without any inversions for full range of mobile phase compositions: punicic (C18:39Z11E13Z) < jacaric (C18:38Z10E12Z) < catalpic (C18:39E11E13Z) < α-eleostearic (C18:39Z11E13E) < calendic (C18:38E10E12Z) < β-eleostearic (C18:39E11E13E) < all-E calendic (C18:38E10E12E) acids. TGs and fatty acid compositions were calculated for all oil samples. Regularities of solute retentions as a function of isomeric conjugated octadecatrienoic acid moiety structure are discussed. Thus, it was proven that it is possible to differentiate TGs of complex composition with moieties of all natural CLnA by retention control accomplished by electronic spectra comparison, even though there are only three types of electronic-vibration spectra for seven isomeric CLnA.

Gamma linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3, cis- 6,9,12- octadecatrienoic acid), an important compound in n- 6 eicosanoid family biosynthesis, occurs in the lipids of a few plant and microbial sources. This study focused on the screening of microbial strains with suitable lipase activity for enrichment of GLA by selective hydrolysis of the borage oil (21.6 % of GLA/total fatty acids). Firstly, 352 microrganisms were tested for their lipolytic capacity using screening techniques on agar plates containing borage oil, strains were then selected and screened for their activity (U/mg) using both submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid state fermentation (SSF). The rate of hydrolysis and the selective preference of these hydrolytic enzymes towards fatty acids, with a special focus on enrichment of GLA were studied and compared with those obtained by two commercially-available lipases. Only one of the lipases tested during this study displayed selectivity, discriminating the GLA during the hydrolysis reaction. Using the enzymatic extract from Geotrichum candidum as a biocatalyst of the reaction, it was possible to obtain a percentage of 41.7% of GLA in acylglycerols fraction when the borage oil was treated in a fixed-bed reactor for 24 hours at 30oC.

The effects of two isomers of conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA), α-eleostearic acid (α-ESA) and punicic acid (PA), on body fat and lipid metabolism were investigated, compared with a conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) mixture (primarily cis9,trans11- and trans10,cis12-18:2) and α-linolenic acid (ALA), a non-conjugated octadecatrienoic acid, in the present study. ICR mice were fed either a control diet or one of four experimental diets supplemented with 1 % α-ESA, 1 % PA, 1 % CLA mixture and 1 % ALA in the form of triacylglycerols (TAG) for 6 weeks. The weights of perirenal and epididymal adipose tissues were significantly decreased while the liver weight was significantly increased in mice fed CLA, compared with the control. In contrast to CLA, the tissue weights in α―ESA-, PA- and ALA-fed mice were not affected. No significant differences were observed in TAG, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels among the five groups. The liver TAG level was significantly decreased in mice fed α-ESA and PA while it was significantly increased in mice fed the CLA mixture. These results indicate that CLnA and CLA have differential effects on body fat mass and liver TAG levels in mice.