Search

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L., Lamiaceae) is an herbal species cultivated primarily for culinary and aromatherapy. Basil plant height could reach more than 60 cm, and the plants tend to elongate, particularly in low-light environments. Our current study examined the potential uses of plant growth retardant paclobutrazol to control sweet basil height and improve potted basil’s ornamental quality. The treatment tested was paclobutrazol concentration at 0, 5, 10, and 20 ppm, applied as 100 mL media drenching per pot five weeks after planting. The control plants were water-drenched using the same volume at the same time. Basil treated with PBZ at 10 ppm or 20 ppm had significantly shorter, smaller shoot canopy diameter, node and leaf number than the control, but had a similar number of branches to the control. Basil treated with PBZ at 10 ppm or 20 ppm showed a more compact and bushy pot plants with the height to pot ratio of 1.5. Higher leaf chlorophyll, indicated by a higher index value, was recorded only with the PBZ concentration of 20 ppm compared to the control and the other PBZ concentrations. Basil growth responses to PBZ at 10 ppm were not significantly different from those treated with PBZ at 20 ppm, therefore the use of PBZ at a lower concentration (10 ppm) is preferable. Further studies should examine whether repeated PBZ applications at lower concentration is more effective in producing shorter and more compact pot plants. Resumo O manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L., Lamiaceae) é uma espécie herbácea cultivada principalmente para culinária e aromaterapia. A altura das plantas de manjericão pode chegar a mais de 60 cm e as plantas tendem a se alongar, principalmente em ambientes com baixa intensidade luminosa. Este estudo analisou os usos potenciais do paclobutrazol para controlar a altura do manjericão e melhorar sua qualidade ornamental em vasos. Os tratamentos testados foram as soluções de paclobutrazol a 0, 5, 10 e 20 ppm, aplicados via irrigação, 5 semanas após o plantio, na medida de 100 mL por vaso. As plantas controle foram molhadas com água em mesmo volume e período de aplicação. O manjericão tratado com PBZ a 10 ppm ou 20 ppm apresentou diâmetro de copa, número de nós e folhas significativamente menor do que o controle, mas teve um número de ramificações semelhante ao controle. O manjericão tratado com PBZ a 10 ppm ou 20 ppm apresentou plantas de vaso mais compactas e arbustivas com a relação altura para vaso de 1,5. A clorofila foliar mais elevada, indicada pelo índice maior, foi registrada apenas com a concentração de PBZ de 20 ppm em comparação com o controle e as outras concentrações de PBZ. Como as respostas de crescimento do manjericão ao PBZ a 10 ppm não foram significativamente diferentes daquelas tratadas com PBZ a 20 ppm, é indicado o uso de PBZ em uma concentração mais baixa (10 ppm). Estudos adicionais devem examinar se aplicações repetidas de PBZ em concentração mais baixa são mais eficazes na produção de plantas de vaso mais curtas e compactas.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants are generally grown for different properties and produce seed with a considerable amount at the end of the growing season. This study was carried out to determine the seed yield, quality and fixed oil components of eight different basil (B) genotypes with purple (PB) and green (GB) leaf color obtained from different countries. In other words, seed yield and quality, fixed oil components, the seed yield, 1000 seed weight, oil content, oil yield, crude protein, ash, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, hexadecatrienoic acid properties, ethyl linolate and trace oil contents were investigated. Seed yield, 1000 seeds weight and oil yield were significant statistically among the genotypes. While the best result in terms of seed and oil yield was obtained from GB1, the highest 1000 seeds weight was recorded in GB4. Palmitic acid and trace oil contents of genotypes were significant statistically. The highest palmitic acid content was detected in GB2, whereas the maximum trace oil contents were obtained from GB5. In results of principal components analysis (PCA) purple and green basil types demonstrated different features in terms of fixed oil components. GB2, GB4 and GB5 basil genotypes which have green leaf types were superior according to the PCA. GB2 genotype obtained from Hungary was the better in terms of seed yield and fixed oil components among the purple and green basil genotypes used in this research.

В статье представлены данные по изучению сезонного ритма развитии и антэкологии нетрадиционного для Урала (Российская Федерация) вида пряно-ароматических растений – Ocimum basilicum L. – базилика душистого в условиях г. Бирска Республики Башкортостан (Северная лесостепная зона Южного Урала). Описаны особенности и продолжительность фаз сезонного ритма развития растения. Вегетационный период составляет 150-180 дней, семена созревают в августе-сентябре в течение 40-45 суток. Всходы появляются через 24-26 суток после посева. Затем растения быстро развиваются и через 25-28 суток начинается фаза бутонизации. Продолжительность цветения базилика душистого – 40-45 суток. Первым на растении зацветает центральный побег, за ним начинают цветение ветви первого, второго и последующих порядков. Отмечено, что раскрытие цветков на простой кисти соцветия начинается с нижних мутовок и продолжается от 12 до 18 суток. Для центральных побегов максимум цветения наступает в период первой декады цветения, для ветвей первого порядка – в период второй и третьей декады. Показано, что в условиях г. Бирска Республики Башкортостан растения формируют кусты с большим количеством репродуктивных побегов и цветков. Потенциальная семенная продуктивность достаточно высокая: побегов – 128-148 шт. семяпочек; растений – 512-592 шт. в зависимости от года исследования. Реальная семенная продуктивность побегов меньше потенциальной на 14-19%, а реальная семенная продуктивность растений меньше потенциальной на 30-35 %. Коэффициент семенной продуктивности растений составляет 65-70% в зависимости от года исследований. Таким образом, в условиях умеренно-континентальной климатической зоны Республики Башкортостан Ocimum basilicum успевает пройти полный цикл сезонного развития, обладает хорошим потенциалом роста, высокой репродуктивной способностью и может быть рекомендован для промышленного выращивания., The article presents data on the study of the seasonal rhythm of development and autecology of a non-traditional for the Urals (Russian Federation) species of spicy-aromatic plants – Ocimum basilicum L. – sweet basil in the conditions of the city of Birsk of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Northern forest-steppe zone of the Southern Urals). The features and duration of the phases of the seasonal rhythm of plant development are described. The growing season is 150–180 days, the seeds ripen in August-September for 40–45 days. Seedlings appear 24–26 days after sowing. Then the plants develop rapidly and after 25–28 days the budding phase begins. The duration of flowering of sweet basil is 40–45 days. The central shoot blooms first on the plant, followed by the flowering branches of the first, second and subsequent orders. It is noted that the opening of flowers on a simple brush of inflorescence begins with the lower whorls and lasts from 12 to 18 days. For central shoots, the maximum flowering occurs during the first decade of flowering, for branches of the first order – during the second and third decades. It is shown that in the conditions of the city of Birsk, in the Republic of Bashkortostan, plants form bushes with a large number of reproductive shoots and flowers. The potential seed productivity is quite high: shoots – 128–148 pieces of ovules; plants – 512–592 pieces, depending on the year of the study. The real seed productivity of shoots is less than the potential by 14-19%, and the real seed productivity of plants is less than the potential by 30-35%. The coefficient of seed productivity of plants is 65-70%, depending on the year of research. Thus, in the conditions of the temperate continental climatic zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Ocimum basilicum manages to go through a full cycle of seasonal development, has a good growth potential, high reproductive capacity and can be recommended for industrial cultivation., Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 7 (133) 2023

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is among the most widely used aromatic plants of Lamiaceae, often grown in areas where salinity is an adverse factor. Most studies on the effect of salinity on basil focused on the influence of salt stress on productive traits, while few reported on how it affects the phytochemical composition and the aroma profile. Three basil cultivars (Dark Opal, Italiano Classico, and Purple Ruffles) were grown hydroponically for 34 days with two nutrient solutions that differed in NaCl concentration [no NaCl (Control) and 60 mM NaCl]. Yield, secondary metabolite concentration (β-carotene and lutein), antioxidant activity [1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reduction antioxidant power (FRAP)], and aroma profile based on composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were appraised in response to salinity applications. Salt stress significantly reduced fresh yield in Italiano Classico and Dark Opal by 43.34 and 31.69%, respectively, while no effect was observed in Purple Ruffles. Furthermore, the salt-stress treatment increased β-carotene and lutein concentrations, DPPH, and FRAP activities, and the total nitrogen content of the latter cultivar. CG-MS analysis revealed significant differences in VOCs composition of the basil cultivars, with Italiano Classico and Dark Opal characterized by the predominance of linalool (average 37.52%), which, however, was negatively affected by salinity. In Purple Ruffles, the predominant VOC compound, estragole (79.50%), was not affected by the deleterious effects of NaCl-induced stress.

Climate change is causing a decline in the availability of crucial resources such as water and fertile soil, leading to a detrimental impact on crop yields. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), an annual aromatic plant used worldwide for culinary, cosmetic, and medicinal purposes, is especially at risk due to its high water demand and specific growing requirements typical of the Mediterranean climate. In Italy, basil is an essential part of any herb garden and is also commonly found in households as a potted plant. Nowadays, the conventional practice of growing basil in pots with peat as the primary medium is not environmentally sustainable, which underscores the need for alternative and sustainable cultivation techniques to ensure the continued growth of this majestic king of herbs. A greenhouse factorial experiment was conducted to study the impact of peat replacement and reduced water supply on the growth and biochemical traits of basil plants. The study included two cultivars (‘Genovese’ and ‘Valentino’), three substrate mixes with phytoremediated dredged sediment (TS) at varying volume percentages (0%, 12.5%, and 25%), and three levels of water irrigation (normal, reduced by 25%, and reduced by 37.8%). Increasing the TS percentage resulted in higher germination rates and greater biomass production in both cultivars compared with the control. ‘Valentino’ potted plants produced a higher yield than those of ‘Genovese’, while the latter had higher pigment contents due to its genetic characteristics. All combinations of substrates mixed with the highest water amounts of irrigation positively impacted seed germination and biomass-based outputs, while control peat with reduced water availability led to lower plant yields and germination capacity. Substrates with TS had suitable physicochemical characteristics for plant development. Our findings suggest that using peat–TS mixtures can produce quality results comparable to or even better than conventional soilless culture using only peat. Thus, replacing peat with moderate percentages of TS can be an effective and sustainable practice for recycling phytoremediated sediments.

Propionibacterium acnes is bacteria that is commonly found on healthy human skin. However, unbalanced hormonal conditions can lead to excessive growth of P. acnes, a bacteria causing acne. Previous research reported that Ocimum basilicum L. essential oil (BEO) has activity against P. acnes. Therefore, this study aims to make BEO into cream, ointment, and emulgel forms to determine its properties and antibacterial activity on those topical drug delivery systems. The preparations consisted of variations in BEO concentrations of 5%; 10%; and 15%. The three preparations were evaluated based on organoleptic, homogeneity, pH value, adhesion, and spreadability. The antibacterial activity test of the three preparations against P. acnes was carried out by the good diffusion method with the observation of the diameter of the inhibition zone (in mm). The produced cream, ointment, and cream had a typical BEO aroma, yellowish white color, and homogeneous. Based on organoleptic consistency, the texture of the thicker and longer adhesion was ointment > emulgel > cream, respectively. The pH value of the topical preparation was 5-6 and easily leveled. Antibacterial activity against P. acnes from the strongest was ointment > cream > emulgel, with a value of 14,30 + 0,30 mm; 10,54 + 0,01 mm; 3,90 + 0,04 mm, respectively.

In our study, the ability to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNP) by green synthesis method usingOcimum basilicumL. plant was investigated. The color of the extract changed from yellow to brown, proving the presence of AgNPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersed spectra (EDS) were used to characterized AgNPs. AgNPs ranged from 15 nm to 22 nm in size and were mostly spherical. The antimicrobial potential of AgNPs was tested against four bacterial and one yeast cultures by disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. AgNPs significantly inhibited all test cultures. The highest antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of plant extract and AgNP were found againstPseudomonas aeruginosaATCC 27853 andCandida albicansATCC 10231, respectively. In free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), the higher antioxidant activity were found 56.31±0.73% (plant extract) and 30.71±1.35% (AgNP). The higher 2,2'- Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) cation radical scavenging acitivty were also determined 55.87±1.38% and 39.56±1%, respectively.

Basil is an aromatic herb that plays an important role within the culinary traditions of many cultures. Despite basil's prevalence within a variety of food and medicinal products, the phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of many Ocimum basilicum L. subspecies have yet to be determined. Therefore, this study analyzed twenty-two commercially available basil cultivars and classified them into unique chemotypes based on commonalities in phenolic acid profiles among varieties. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify chemotypes, and results showed that basil cultivars with the highest total phenolic content and strongest antioxidant properties were characterized as a caffeic acid rich chemotype. Additionally, cultivar had a significant effect on total phenolic content as well as CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) and ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) antioxidant capacities. Statistical differences in phenolic acid composition also existed among basil varieties and morphotypes. For example, green Genovese-type basils had high phenolic contents and associated antioxidant capacities while lettuce-leaf basil morphotypes had the lowest.

Изучена эффективность субстратов на основе торфа, перлита и Циона для выращивания Ocimum basilicum L. малообъемным методом с применением питательного раствора пониженной минерализации. Установлено, что применение питательного раствора с пониженной минерализацией неэффективно на субстрате торф-перлит (соотношение 7:3) без добавления Циона. Повышенная влагоместимость и дефицит минерального питания на субстрате торф-перлит приводит к негативным морфологическим изменениям, снижению его биомассы и химической неполноценности урожая. Введение в субстрат компонента Цион позволяет использовать питательный раствор с пониженной минерализацией для выращивания базилика без ущерба для качества продукции, по сравнению с вариантом торф-перлит., The effectiveness of substrates based on peat, perlite, and Zion for growing Ocimum basilicum L. by low-volume method with the use of nutrient solution of reduced salinity was studied. It was found that the use of nutrient solution with reduced salinity is ineffective on a substrate of peat-perlite (ratio 7:3) without Zion. Increased moisture capacity and mineral nutrition deficiency on peat-perlite substrate leads to negative morphological changes, reduction of its biomass and chemical inferiority of the crop. The introduction of Zion into the substrate allows us to use a nutrient solution with reduced mineralization for growing basil without compromising the quality of products, compared with the variant of peat-perlite., Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 1 (127) 2023

There is currently no use for the vast quantities of post-distillation by-products, such as spent plant materials and residual waters, produced by the essential oil (EO) industry of aromatic herbs. In this study, the EOs of three Lamiaceae species (thyme, oregano, and basil) and their total, spent, and residual water extracts were phytochemically characterized and biologically assessed. The collected information was put through a series of analyses, including principal component analysis, heatmap analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis. Concerning the EOs, 58 volatile compounds were present in thyme (e.g., p-cymene, thymol), 44 compounds in oregano (e.g., thymol, carvacrol), and 67 compounds in basil (e.g., eucalyptol, linalool, estragole, (E)-methyl cinnamate). The LC-HRMS/MS analysis of the total, spent, and residual water extracts showed the presence of 31 compounds in thyme (e.g., quercetin-O-hexoside, pebrellin, eriodictyol), 31 compounds in oregano (e.g., rosmarinic acid, apigenin, kaempferol, salvianolic acids I, B, and E), and 25 compounds in basil (e.g., fertaric acid, cichoric acid, caftaric acid, salvianolic acid A). The EOs of the three Lamiaceae species showed the highest metal-reducing properties (up to 1792.32 mg TE/g in the CUPRAC assay), whereas the spent extracts of oregano and basil displayed very high radical-scavenging properties (up to 266.59 mg TE/g in DPPH assay). All extracts exhibited anti-acetylcholinesterase (up to 3.29 mg GALAE/g), anti-tyrosinase (up to 70.00 mg KAE/g), anti-amylase (up to 0.66 mmol ACAE/g), and anti-glucosidase (up to 1.22 mmol ACAE/g) effects. Thus, the present research demonstrated that both the raw extracts (EOs and total extracts) and the post-distillation by-products (spent material and residual water extracts) are rich in bioactive metabolites with antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties.

Despite the well-known beneficial function of Zn in human health, its deficiency is an increasingly recognized worldwide concern. In this work, we evaluated the agronomic biofortification of two basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars (‘Aroma 2’ and ‘Eleonora’) using nutrient solutions with different Zn concentrations (0, 12.5, 25, 37.5, and 50 µM). We focused on the impact of biofortification on the mineral profile quantified by ICP OES. Compared to the control, biofortification treatments increased Zn concentration by 22.03 % (on average). Consumption of one serving of 50 µM of Zn biofortified basil ‘Aroma 2’ guarantees an estimated daily intake (EDI) of 275.746 and 91.915 µg day−1 in adults and children, respectively. Furthermore, Zn biofortification positively affected the mineral profile of the leaves. Compared to the control, the B50 dose of Zn (50 μM of Zn) increased the EDI of macro and microelements in adults and children. This aspect highlights how biofortified basil consumption would improve consumers’ nutritional status.

El cultivo de Litopenaeus vannamei “Langostino blanco” es uno de los más importantes en nuestro país debido a que su producción deja grandes divisas. Estos cultivos se ven mermados por bacterias que producen pérdidas económicas y productivas. Las malas prácticas en el uso de los antimicrobianos están generando la disminución de la eficacia de estos fármacos (resistencia antimicrobiana). Ante ello, se enfoca el interés en estudios con extractos de plantas con propiedades antibacterianas. Basándose en la problemática, la investigación evaluó las propiedades antibacterianas in vitro del aceite esencial de Ocimum basilicum L. “Albahaca” y Zingiber officinale Roscoe “Jengibre” frente a 28 cepas patógenas del género Vibrio aisladas de langostinos de cultivo, los cuales ocasionan una enfermedad llamada Vibriosis. Se halló que el aceite esencial de Ocimum basilicum L. tiene mayor actividad antimicrobiana que Zingiber officinale Roscoe, con halos de inhibición de 19.33, 21.48 y 21.94 mm de diámetro a concentraciones de 5, 10 y 20 (v/v) respectivamente, mientras que el aceite esencial de Zingiber officinale Roscoe presentó halos de inhibición de 16.806, 17.516 y 16.468 mm, a través del método de difusión en pozos de agar. Además, el aceite esencial de Ocimum basilicum L. a concentración de 0.16 (v/v) manifiesta propiedades bacteriostáticas, y a concentración de 0.31 (v/v) manifiesta propiedades bactericidas frente a las cepas patógenas testadas. Farming of Litopenaeus vannamei "white shrimp" is one of the most important in our country because its production generates great foreign exchange. These farms are affected by bacteria that produce economic and productive losses. Bad practices in the use of antimicrobials are generating a decrease in the efficacy of these drugs (antimicrobial resistance). In view of this, interest is focused on studies with plant extracts with antibacterial properties. Based on this problem, the research evaluated the in vitro antibacterial properties of the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. "Basil" and Zingiber officinale Roscoe "Ginger" against 28 pathogenic strains of the genus Vibrio isolated from farmed white shrimp, which cause a disease called Vibriosis. It was found that, the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. has greater antimicrobial activity than Zingiber officinale Roscoe, with inhibition halos of 19.33, 21.48 and 21.94 mm in diameter at concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 (v/v) respectively, while, the essential oil of Zingiber officinale Roscoe presented inhibition halos of 16.806, 17.516 and 16.468 mm, through the method of diffusion in agar wells. In addition, the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. at a concentration of 0.16 (v/v) manifested bacteriostatic properties, and at a concentration of 0.31 (v/v) manifested bactericidal properties against the pathogenic strains tested.

The present study aimed to determine the optimum extraction conditions of conventional solvent extraction (CSE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) techniques to obtain maximum total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), total anthocyanin (TAC) and antioxidant capacity (AA). Response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) were used to determine optimum points of CSE and MAE. Both two extraction methods, all parameters significantly affected TPC, AA, TFC and TAC (p

Basil Ocimum basilicum L is an herbaceous, aromatic, and food crop, which is used fresh or processed in some culinary preparations, thus in traditional medicine. The different parts of this plant present very important biological properties for human health due to their richness in bioactive compounds. The objective of this work is based on the differential characterization of the phytochemical profile of the stems and leaves of Ocimum basilicum and the evaluation of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic properties. The basil extracts showed different phytochemical profiles, and the evaluation of these antioxidant effects by DPPH and ORAC assay showed that the ethanolic extracts had a higher activity compared to the aqueous extracts. The study of the anti-inflammatory effects of ethanolic extracts of basil stems and leaves in vitro in a macrophage J774 cell model stimulated by LPS/IFNγ showed that both extracts had an inhibitory effect on the production of inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide, interlukin-6, prostaglandin E2, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), but increased the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα (Tumour necrosis factor-alpha). Subsequently, the aqueous extracts showed a relaxing effect on rat intestinal smooth muscle. The results of this study indicated that both parts of basil leaves and stems have interesting biological effects that can be valorized in terms of nutrition and health.; Le basilic Ocimum basilicum L est une plante herbacée, aromatique et alimentaire, il est utilisé sous forme fraiche ou bien transformé dans certaines préparations culinaires, ainsi que dans la médecine traditionnelle. Les différentes parties de cette plante présentent des propriétés biologiques très importantes pour la santé humaine grâce à leur richesse en composés bioactifs. L’objectif de ce travail est basé sur la caractérisation différentielles entre les tiges et les feuilles d’Ocimum basilicum sur le profil phytochimique et l’évaluation de leurs propriétés antioxydantes, anti-inflammatoires et antispasmodiques. Les extraits de basilic ont présenté des profils phytochimique différents, et l’évaluation de leurs effets antioxydants par le test DPPH et ORAC ont montré que les extraits éthanoliques ont une activité plus importante en comparaison avec les extraits aqueux. L’étude des effets anti-inflammatoires des extraits éthanoliques de tiges et de feuilles de basilic in vitro dans un modèle cellulaire de macrophages J774 stimulés par le LPS/IFNγ a montré que les deux extraits ont un effet inhibiteur sur la production des médiateurs inflammatoires (oxide nitrique, interlukine-6, prostaglandine E2, monocyte chemoattractante protein-1). Par contre ces extraits ont augmenté la production de la cytokine pro-inflammatoire TNFα (Facteur de nécrose tumorale alpha). Par la suite les extraits aqueux ont montré un effet relaxant sur le muscle lisse intestinal de rat. Les résultats de cette étude ont indiqué que les deux parties de basilic feuilles et tiges ont des effets biologiques intéressants qui peuvent être valorisés sur le plan nutrition- santé.

Ida Ayu Evangelina,1 Yetty Herdiyati,2 Avi Laviana,1 Rasmi Rikmasari,3 Cucu Zubaedah,4 Anisah,5 Dikdik Kurnia5 1Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry – Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 2Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry – Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 3Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry – Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 4Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry – Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 5Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science – Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Dikdik KurniaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science – Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang km.21, Hegarmanah, Jatinangor, Kabupaten, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, 45363, IndonesiaTel/Fax +62 22 7794391Email dikdik.kurnia@unpad.ac.idBackground: Dental caries is a widespread disease that causes dental tissue destruction and leads to local and general complications. Gram-positive bacteria including Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Enterococcus faecalis take part in dental caries formation. Gram-positive bacteria have cell walls that consistof a thick layer of peptidoglycan which maintains the strength and rigidity of the bacteria, as well as bacteria guard from internal osmotic pressure. The biosynthesis of peptidoglycan involves many enzymes, including the Mur family, penicillin binding protein (PBP), and sortases.Purpose: This research has the intention to screen and examine the antibacterial compound of edible plant Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) in terms of how it fights against some oral pathogenic bacteria of E. faecalis ATCC 29212, S. mutans ATCC 25175, and S. sanguinis ATCC 10566.Materials and Methods: The O. basilicum L. was macerated by several organic solvents to obtain the extracts, before then being purified using several combinations of chromatography methods and the compound was discovered via spectroscopic methods. For the assay against bacteria, the extracts and compounds were tested using agar well diffusion and microdilution assay.Results: The isolated compound was identified as β-sitosterol. The compound activity against bacteria was evaluated by in vitro assay against S. sanguinis ATCC 10566 and E. faecalis ATCC 29212 with the MIC and MBC value of 25,000 and 50,000 ppm, respectively. The compound was also tested by in silico study using the molecular docking method. The molecular interaction between β-sitosterol and the protein target showed a lower binding affinity value than the native ligand and other positive controls for each protein. Based on the amino acid residue bound to the ligands, β-sitosterol on MurA and SrtA is not competitive to the positive control, showing potential as a natural antibacterial agent. Meanwhile, on the MurB and PBP, β-sitosterol and positive control do compete with each other.Conclusion: The compound, isolated from O. basilicum L. leaf, was determined as β-sitosterol, which has the molecular formula C29H50O. The antibacterial activity of β-sitosterol by in vitro assay showed weak antibacterial activity, yet exhibited the potential to inhibit the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan and prevent bacteria cell wall formation by inhibiting MurA and SrtA activity via docking simulation.Keywords: β-sitosterol, Ocimum basilicum L., MurA enzyme, peptidoglycan, cell wall biosynthesis

The water in semiarid regions contains salts in excess. When good quality water is not available it is necessary to use strategies that can make feasible the use of saline water. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of the plant growth regulator on the culture of basil stressed with salt. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design by the matrix “Central Box Compound”. Shoot height, stem diameter, leaf area, dry masses and soil chemical characteristics were evaluated. The salinity of the irrigation water causes reduction of the basil growth parameters, with the exception of the inflorescence dry mass. Plant growth regulator applications have effect on basil growth when plants are irrigated with saline water. Resumen El agua en las regiones semiáridas contiene sales en exceso. Cuando no se dispone de agua de buena calidad, es necesario utilizar estrategias que permitan el uso de agua salina. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la aplicación del regulador del crecimiento vegetal en el cultivo de albahaca bajo estrés salino. El experimento se llevó a cabo en un diseño de bloques al azar, en la matriz “Compuesto Central de Box”. Se evaluó la altura de la parte aérea, el diámetro del tallo, el área de la hoja, las masas secas y las características químicas del suelo. La salinidad del agua de riego provoca la reducción de los parámetros de crecimiento de la albahaca, con la excepción de la masa seca de inflorescencia. Las aplicaciones del regulador del crecimiento vegetal tienen efecto sobre el crecimiento de la albahaca cuando las plantas se riegan con agua salina.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an important medicinal and aromatic plant which is cultivated throughout the world and investigation the effects of important agronomic factors on its quantitative and qualitative yield are necessary.This research was conducted in the years 2013-2014 in agricultural farm of Mr. Abedini in the village Mahmoud Abad of Namin city functions, (Ardabil, Iran), as factorial experiment in a completely randomized block design by 3 replications. The experimental treatments were water deficit stress (D1=70, D2=140 and D3= 210 mm evaporation from pan class A) as category factors and three levels of nitrogen fertilizer in the form of urea (N1= 0, N2 = 50, N3 = 100 kg/ha).The results showed that the most ratio of the essential oils of basil obtained in the first and the second harvests (2.37% and 1.81%, respectively) in the treatment of without nitrogen fertilizer and the lowest ratio of the essential oils of basil was in the first and second harvests (1.43% and 1.69%, respectively) in the treatment of 100 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer. Interactions of water deficit stress and nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter yield per unit area was significant at total of two harvests (total yield); and the highest dry matter yield was observed in treatments of D1= 70 mm evaporation and 100 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer (1000.01 kg of dry matter per hectare), and the lowest ratio was achieved in treatments of D3=210 mm evaporation without the use of fertilizer (516.43 kg of dry matter per hectare). On the other hand the results indicated that interactions of water deficit stress and nitrogen fertilizer on essential oil yield per unit area was not significant at the first harvest, the second harvest and total yield. However, the highest essential oil yield was obtained at the first harvest, the second harvest and total yield, (9.08, 7.54 and 15.21 l/ha, respectively) in the treatments of D1=70 mm evaporation and nitrogen fertilizer of 100 kg/ ha as well as the lowest essential oil yield (5.01, 5.1 and 9.03 l/ha, respectively) in the treatments of D3=210 mm evaporation and failure to use of nitrogen fertilizer.

We explored the physiological effects of inhaling basil essential oil (BEO) and/or linalool and identified odor-active aroma compounds in BEO using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and GC–olfactometry (GC–O). Linalool was identified as the major volatile compound in BEO. Three groups of rats were administered BEO and linalool via inhalation, while rats in the control group were not. Inhalation of BEO for 20 min only reduced the total weight gain (190.67 ± 2.52 g) and increased the forced swimming time (47.33 ± 14.84 s) compared with the control group (219.67 ± 2.08 g, 8.33 ± 5.13 s). Inhalation of BEO for 5 min (392 ± 21 beats/min) only reduced the pulse compared with the control group (420 ± 19 beats/min). Inhalation of linalool only reduced the weight of white adipose tissue (5.75 ± 0.61 g). The levels of stress-related hormones were not significantly different among the groups. The total cholesterol and triglyceride levels decreased after inhalation of BEO for 20 min (by more than −10% and −15%, respectively). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were lowered (by more than −10%) by the inhalation of BEO and linalool, regardless of the inhalation time. In particular, BEO inhalation for 20 min was associated with the lowest level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (53.94 ± 2.72 mg/dL). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased after inhalation of BEO (by more than +15%). The atherogenic index and cardiac risk factors were suppressed by BEO inhalation. Animals exposed to BEO and linalool had no significant differences in hepatotoxicity. These data suggest that the inhalation of BEO and linalool may ameliorate cardiovascular and lipid dysfunctions. These effects should be explored further for clinical applications.

Edible herbs are widely used in the human diet due to their pleasant flavors and countless health benefits associated with their components having, mainly, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapeutic functions. Since herbs are highly perishable materials because of their high water content, to guarantee products are safe and stable over time, it is necessary that they undergo stabilization operations. The application of microwave-assisted drying, a promising technique in terms of process sustainability, for the stabilization of the aromatic herb, Ocimum basilicum L., was investigated. The activities were carried out by applying different operating conditions in order to evaluate the impact of the time/temperature combination on the final quality of dried basil. The latter was investigated via the chemical characterization of extracted essential oils and tissue damages. Conventional convective processes were also applied to perform comparisons between dried basil products both under production and the quality preservation points of view. Results showed that microwave heating is suitable as a drying method, as expected, due to the well-known interaction between vegetable tissue (rich in water) and the electromagnetic field; and that drying methods have a different influence on the chemical composition of the essential oils extracted from dried products, in terms of the number (ranging from 41 to 18 components in different dried samples) and percentage (until 67% in linalool and 21% in α-trans-bergamotene in different dried samples) of its’ constituents.

Bu araştırma reyhan (Ocimum basilicum L.) bitkisinde farklı gelişme dönemlerinde tarımsal özellikler ile uçucu yağ oran ve bileşenleri bakımından meydana gelen değişimin belirlenmesi amacıyla 2019 yılında yürütülmüştür. Araştırma Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarımsal Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi deneme alanlarında tesadüf bloklarında faktöriyel deneme desenine göre 3 tekrarlamalı olarak kurulmuştur. Denemede çiçeklenme periyodunun aşamaları ele alınmış ve 6 farklı dönem incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla çiçeklenme başlangıcından başlamak üzere 10 gün aralar ile 2 biçim yapılmıştır. Ele alınan gelişme dönemlerine göre bitki boyu 31,39-55,82 cm, habitus genişliği 18,67-31,88 cm, çiçek boyu 5,85-20,14 cm, toplam olarak yeşil herba verimi 751,44-2592,92 kg/da, kuru herba verimi 101.81-503.04 kg/da, kuru yaprak verimi 77,99-169,90 kg/da, kuru çiçek verimi 3,56-230,37 kg/da, kuru sap verimi 23,27-146,42 kg/da, yaprakta uçucu yağ verimi 0,13-0,85 kg/da, çiçekte uçucu yağ verimi 0,06-2,25 kg/da, ve sapta uçucu yağ verimi 0,02-0,07 kg/da olarak belirlenmiştir. Uçucu yağ oranları yaprakta % 0,46-0,63, çiçekte % 0,69-1,77 ve sapta % 0,038-0,082 arasında kaydedilmiştir. Gelişme dönemlerine göre yaprak ve çiçek uçucu yağındaki ana bileşenleri linalool, b-elemen, öjenol ve 1,8 sineol oluşturmuştur. Genel olarak incelenen tüm özelliklerde 1. biçimler 2. biçimlere göre daha yüksek değerlere sahip olmuştur. Araştırmanın sonucunda genel olarak incelenen verim özellikleri bakımından 3. ve 4. gelişme dönemlerinin öne çıktığı belirlenmiş, dönemlerin ilerlemesi ile yaprakta uçucu yağ oranının 1. biçimlerde 2.biçimlere göre daha fazla olduğu, çiçek ve sapta uçucu yağ oranının ise hem 1. hem de 2. biçimlerde azaldığı kaydedilmiştir. This research was carried out to determine the changes in the agricultural characteristics, essential oil ratio and components of the basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) at different growth periods in 2019. The field trial was established according to factorial arragement in randomized complete block design with three replications in the Agricultural Application and Research Center, Agricultural Faculty, Bursa Uludağ University. In the experiment, the stages of the flowering period were investigated and 6 different periods were examined. For this purpose, starting from the beginning of flowering, 2 harvest were made with 10-day intervals. As a result of this research, plant height, plant diameter, flower spike size, green herb, dry herb,dry leaf,dry flower, dry stem yield as total, essential oil yield in leaf, flower and stem as total between 31,39-55,82 cm, 18,67-31,88 cm, 5,85-20,14 cm, 751,44-2592,92 kg/da, 101.81-503.04 kg/da, 77,99-169,90 kg/da, 3,56-230,37 kg/da, 23,27-146,42 kg/da, 0,13-0,85 kg/da, 0,06-2,25 kg/da and 0,02-0,07 kg/da were determined. Essential oil ratios were recorded between 0.46-0.63% in the leaf, 0.69-1.77 % in the flower and 0.038-0.082 % in the stem. Linalool, b-element, eugenol and 1,8 cineol were the main components in essential oil.Generally, the 1st harvest had higher values than the 2nd harvest in all the properties examined. As a result of this research, it was determined that the 3rd and 4th periods came to the fore in terms of examined yield characteristics in general.It was noted that the content of essential oil in leaves was higher in the 1stharvest than in the 2ndharvest, while the essential oil content in the flower and stem decreased in both 1st and 2nd harvests with the progression of the periods.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2022-04-29T00:20:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTACAO_Luis_Dias.pdf: 1166635 bytes, checksum: fd57d5ff501cf9632d08debf8e247760 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T20:00:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTACAO_Luis_Dias.pdf: 1166635 bytes, checksum: fd57d5ff501cf9632d08debf8e247760 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022-02 Os microverdes são plantas colhidas prematuramente, geralmente, até três semanas após a germinação, quando apresentam as folhas cotiledonares completamente expandidas e túrgidas e a primeira folha verdadeira em estágio inicial de desenvolvimento. A pesquisa com microverdes constitui um ramo promissor na ciência, existindo poucos estudos destinados a avaliar distintos aspectos nesta área da produção vegetal. Diante desse contexto, este trabalho de pesquisa teve duas frentes de atuação: o estudo de substratos e da biofortificação agronômica com zinco e seus efeitos sobre aspectos relacionados ao crescimento, produção e conteúdo de compostos fitoquímicos dos microverdes. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em um sistema de cultivo sem solo de fácil manejo, empregando bandejas plásticas preenchidas com camada de substrato de 1 cm de altura e fornecimento automático de solução nutritiva por subirrigação, instalado em estufa plástica. O primeiro teve a finalidade de avaliar o cultivo de microverdes de alface, beterraba, repolho roxo e manjericão em substratos convencionais, empregados corriqueiramente na produção de mudas de hortaliças (Carolina Soil®-mudas, casca de arroz carbonizada e a mistura de ambos) e substratos alternativos (fibra têxtil e tecido de juta). Os resultados obtidos com o experimento 1 indicam que o substrato Carolina Soil®-mudas apresenta-se como o meio mais adequado quanto à conciliação de crescimento, produtividade e conteúdo de ácido L-ascórbico e de carotenóides. A fibra têxtil, para o repolho roxo e o manjericão, assim como a casca de arroz carbonizada e a mistura Carolina Soil®-mudas + casca de arroz carbonizada, para as quatro espécies, apresentam-se como alternativas promissoras. De maneira geral, o cultivo em juta traz prejuízos ao crescimento, à produtividade e ao conteúdo de ácido L-ascórbico e carotenóides. Porém, propicia maior conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais nos tecidos de beterraba e repolho roxo. O segundo experimento refere-se à avaliação do aumento da concentração de zinco (0, 5, 10, 20, e 30 mg L-1 ) da solução nutritiva de Hoagland a 50% de concentração e seus efeitos sobre a biofortificação de microverdes de beterraba, manjericão e repolho roxo. Os resultados obtidos no experimento 2 permitem concluir que a suplementação da solução nutritiva com 5 ou 10 mg L-1 de zinco possibilita o aumento no conteúdo de zinco nos tecidos dos microverdes avaliados desde o mínimo de 115% até o máximo de 586%, em relação ao conteúdo presente em microverdes produzidos com a mesma solução padrão com dose zero de Zn, sem haver redução do crescimento, rendimento de massa fresca e conteúdo de compostos fitoquímicos das plantas. A suplementação com doses de 20 e 30 mg L-1 deve ser desconsiderada, pois, mesmo não havendo prejuízos aos parâmetros avaliados, os níveis de Zn no tecido vegetal podem alcançar valores potencialmente tóxicos para o ser humano. Microgreens are plants harvested prematurely, usually up to three weeks after germination, when the cotyledonary leaves are fully expanded and turgid and the first true leaf is at an early stage of development. Research about microgreens is a promising branch of science, and there are few studies aimed at evaluating different aspects in this area of crop production. Given this context, this research work had two fronts: the study of substrates and agronomic biofortification with zinc and its effects on aspects related to plant growth, production and content of phytochemical compounds in microgreens. Two experiments were conducted in a very simple soilless cultivation system, using plastic trays filled with a 1 cm height substrate layer and automatic supply of nutrient solution by sub-irrigation, installed in a plastic greenhouse. The first aimed to evaluate the cultivation of lettuce, beet, red cabbage and basil microgreens in conventional substrates, commonly used for raise vegetable seedlings (Carolina Soil®-seedlings, carbonized rice husk and a mixture of both) and alternative substrates (textile fiber and jute). The results obtained from the experiment 1 indicated that the substrate Carolina Soil®- seedlings is the most suitable medium regarding the conciliation of growth, yield and content of L-ascorbic acid and carotenoids. Textile fiber, for red cabbage and basil, as well as carbonized rice husk and the mixture Carolina Soil®-seedlings + carbonized rice husk, for the four species, are promising alternatives. In general, the cultivation in jute causes damage to plant growth, yield and content of Lascorbic acid and carotenoids. However, it provides a higher content of total phenolic compounds in beet and red cabbage tissues. The second experiment refers to the evaluation of the increase in zinc concentration (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 mg L-1) of Hoagland's nutrient solution at 50% concentration and its effects on the biofortification of beet, basil and red cabbage microgreens. The obtained results in experiment 2 allow us to conclude that the supplementation of the nutrient solution with 5 or 10 mg L-1 of zinc allows an increase in the zinc content in the tissues of the microgreens evaluated from a minimum of 115% to a maximum of 586%, in relation to the content present in microgreens produced with the same standard solution with zero dose of Zn, without any reduction in plant growth, fresh yield and content of phytochemical compounds. Supplementation with doses of 20 and 30 mg L-1 should be disregarded, because, even with no damage to the parameters evaluated, Zn levels in plant tissue can reach potentially toxic values for humans.