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Nanoparticles synthesized from green sources have attracted great recognition in the present times, which can be ascribed to their distinctive attributes and diversified applicability. Therefore, the present study employed Ocimum basilicum seed extract to synthesize silver nanoparticles. UV–vis spectrophotometry revealed strenuous peaks for different concentrations of silver nanoparticles ranging between 400 and 430 nm. The average crystal size calculated using X-ray diffraction analysis was 6.7 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis clearly displayed the presence of silver ions in the elemental structure of the synthesized nanoparticles. The morphology of synthesized nanoparticles revealed by scanning electron microscopy was documented in terms of spherical shape surrounded by an organic layer and nanoparticle size was estimated to be in between 10 and 80 nm. The nanoparticles exhibited substantial antibacterial activity against 46 foodborne bacterial isolates and 15 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, with the largest inhibition zones measuring 24 and 13 mm, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged between 500 and 800 µl/ml for various isolates. The antibacterial effect of all antibiotics revealed considerable enhancement when combined with nanoparticles. The calculated fractional inhibitory concentration index values were < 1 validating excellent synergism between nanoparticles and all antibiotics except ciprofloxacin against the majority of bacterial isolates. Interestingly, the biogenic nanoparticles showed significant antioxidant potential with IC50 value of 165 µg/ml as well as anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 value of 82 µg/ml. Conclusively, the seed extract of Ocimum basilicum can be prospected for the development of antibacterial silver nanoparticles against pathogenic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horticulture in controlled environments has been increasingly used to tackle limitations on crop production. As a crucial environmental factor, light regulate plant growth and metabolism. In the present study, basil plants were subjected to different light durations and intensities considering constant daily light integral (DLI). The lighting environment included 200, 300, and 400 µmol m− 2 s− 1 intensities for 18, 12, and 9 h, respectively. DLI amounted to 12.96 mol m− 2 d− 1 among all light treatments (LI200 for 18 h, LI300 for 12 h, and LI400 for 9 h). Half of the plants under each light treatment were exposed to 30 µmol m− 2 s− 1 of far-red light. The results indicated the general negative impact of LI400/9 on the growth of basils. Exposure to far-red light hurt the growth of the shoot, while it enhanced stem and petiole elongation. This effect was due to higher gibberellin accumulation, which resulted in shade avoidance responses. Exposure to far-red light also reduced anthocyanin and flavonoid contents, as two important nutritional components. Soluble carbohydrates increased, while storage carbohydrates decreased by increasing lighting duration/decreasing light intensity or by far-red light inclusion. The lowest antioxidant activity was detected in LI400/9. In the LI200/18, the highest level of auxin and the lowest level of cytokinin were detected, while the LI300/12 exhibited the highest level of gibberellin hormone. Low light intensity and long photoperiod enhanced plant biomass and phytochemical production and are recommended for basil production in controlled environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plants Bauhinia rufescens, Ocimum basilicum and Salvadora persica are well known in traditional African medicine, and particularly in traditional Chadian medicine. They are commonly used to treat infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases, fevers, gastroenteritis and other medical conditions. The aim of this study was to perform a phytochemical screening to determine the antioxidant properties of different extracts and fractions from the three plants. Ethanolic extracts and solvent fractions were prepared and analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC). LC-MS and an online screening HPLC-ABTS system identified phytochemicals with antioxidant activities. DPPH and ABTS reduction methods were used to test the extracts and fractions for their antioxidant potential. The results showed that the TPC of O. basilicum was higher than that of B. rufescens, ranging from 64.70 ± 5.2 to 411.16 ± 8.11 mgGAE/g DW. B. rufescens extracts and fractions, on the other hand, showed higher TFC, ranging from 69.5 ± 5.3 to 408.26 ± 8.42 mgQE/g DW, and higher TTC, ranging from 4.57 ± 2.45 to 62.19 ± 4.7 mgTAE/g DW. The maximum TPC, TFC and TTC in both plants were recorded in the ethyl acetate fractions. S. persica extracts and fractions showed a very low quantity of TPC, TFC and TTC. Based on LC-MS and HPLC-ABTS analysis, rosmarinic acid was identified as the major component in the extracts and all fractions of O. basilicum, and epicatechin, procyanidin B and quercetin were found in B. rufescens. S. persica did not exhibit specific substances with antioxidant activity and was therefore not considered for further assays. DPPH and ABTS results showed that ethyl acetate fractions of B. rufescens and O. basilicum have the strongest antioxidant activities. This study indicates that B. rufescens and O. basilicum are good sources of phytochemicals with antioxidant properties, suitable for medicinal use in Chadian communities. Additionally, the antioxidant-rich extracts from these plants hold significant potential for cosmetic development, enhancing skin health and protecting against oxidative-stress-induced damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn hydroponics, preferring a higher nitrate to ammonia ratio can lead to nitrate accumulation in plant tissues. Reducing nitrate application and substituting nitrate-based fertilizers with ammonium or urea can help solve this issue. Additionally, adding molybdenum (Mo) can decrease nitrate accumulation by stimulating nitrate reductase activity. This study was carried out in a factorial design within a completely randomized experimental setup to investigate the effects of varying nitrate, ammonium, and urea ratios, as well as Mo concentration in the nutrient solution, on vegetative growth and biochemical parameters in hydroponically grown Jenovise basil. The treatments included different ratios of nitrate: ammonium: urea (75:25:0, 50:25:25, 25:25:50, 0:25:75, 50:0:50, 25:0:75, 0:0:100, or 100:0:0) and three Mo levels (0.001, 0.01, 0.1 mg. L−1) in a modified Hoagland solution. The results indicated that growth-associated characteristics improved when nitrate was partially substituted with ammonium and urea in the nutrient solution. The highest total phenolics (2.61 mg. g−1 DW) and flavonoids (2500.36 mg. g−1 DW) were observed at a nitrate: ammonium: urea ratio of 75:25:0 with 0.1 mg. L−1 Mo. Plants treated with a nutrient solution containing a nitrate: ammonium: urea ratio of 0:25:75 and 0.01 mg L−1 Mo showed a significant increase in chlorophyll b concentration, reaching 0.22 mg.g−1 FW, which was higher than all other treatments. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that optimizing the combined nitrate, ammonium, and urea ratios along with Mo in the nutrient solution regulated nitrate accumulation and growth in hydroponically grown basil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Nanoparticles synthesized from green sources have attracted great recognition in the present times, which can be ascribed to their distinctive attributes and diversified applicability. Therefore, the present study employed Ocimum basilicum seed extract to synthesize silver nanoparticles. UV–vis spectrophotometry revealed strenuous peaks for different concentrations of silver nanoparticles ranging between 400 and 430 nm. The average crystal size calculated using X-ray diffraction analysis was 6.7 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis clearly displayed the presence of silver ions in the elemental structure of the synthesized nanoparticles. The morphology of synthesized nanoparticles revealed by scanning electron microscopy was documented in terms of spherical shape surrounded by an organic layer and nanoparticle size was estimated to be in between 10 and 80 nm. The nanoparticles exhibited substantial antibacterial activity against 46 foodborne bacterial isolates and 15 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, with the largest inhibition zones measuring 24 and 13 mm, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged between 500 and 800 µl/ml for various isolates. The antibacterial effect of all antibiotics revealed considerable enhancement when combined with nanoparticles. The calculated fractional inhibitory concentration index values were

Abstract Horticulture in controlled environments has been increasingly used to tackle limitations on crop production. As a crucial environmental factor, light regulate plant growth and metabolism. In the present study, basil plants were subjected to different light durations and intensities considering constant daily light integral (DLI). The lighting environment included 200, 300, and 400 µmol m− 2 s− 1 intensities for 18, 12, and 9 h, respectively. DLI amounted to 12.96 mol m− 2 d− 1 among all light treatments (LI200 for 18 h, LI300 for 12 h, and LI400 for 9 h). Half of the plants under each light treatment were exposed to 30 µmol m− 2 s− 1 of far-red light. The results indicated the general negative impact of LI400/9 on the growth of basils. Exposure to far-red light hurt the growth of the shoot, while it enhanced stem and petiole elongation. This effect was due to higher gibberellin accumulation, which resulted in shade avoidance responses. Exposure to far-red light also reduced anthocyanin and flavonoid contents, as two important nutritional components. Soluble carbohydrates increased, while storage carbohydrates decreased by increasing lighting duration/decreasing light intensity or by far-red light inclusion. The lowest antioxidant activity was detected in LI400/9. In the LI200/18, the highest level of auxin and the lowest level of cytokinin were detected, while the LI300/12 exhibited the highest level of gibberellin hormone. Low light intensity and long photoperiod enhanced plant biomass and phytochemical production and are recommended for basil production in controlled environments.

Bu çalışmada aydınlatma veriminin en yüksek olduğu spektrum olan soğuk beyaz ve tam spektrum ışık kullanılarak farklı ışık şiddetleri ve sürelerinin geniş yeşil ve kırmızı yapraklı fesleğen bitkilerinin (Ocimum basilicum) gelişimi ve verimi üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır. Toplamda 13,5 m2 lik alanda gerçekleştirilen çalışmada, 27 ayrı, 0,5’ er m2’ lik deneme parsellerinde farklı yapay aydınlatma şiddeti ve süreleri uygulanarak azot denge indisi (NBI) ve hasat sonrasında elde edilen verim değerlerinin arasındaki ilişkiler istatistiksel olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada aydınlatma şiddeti faktörünün (AŞF) üç seviyesi, fotosentetik foton akı yoğunluğu (PPFD) olarak sırasıyla, 165,6 µmol m-2 s-1, 248,4 µmol m-2 s-1 ve 331,2 µmol m-2 s-1 ile aydınlatma süresi faktörünün (ASF) üç seviyesi (12-16-20 saat gün-1) denenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre geniş yeşil yapraklı fesleğen bitkisi için 331,2 µmol s-1 aydınlatma şiddeti faktörü ve 20 saat gün-1 aydınlatma süresi faktörlerinde, geniş kırmızı yapraklı fesleğen bitkisi içinse 331,2 µmol s-1 aydınlatma şiddeti faktörü ve 12 saat gün-1 aydınlatma süresi faktörlerinde en yüksek verim değerleri elde edilmiştir.

Contamination of agricultural and industrial products by Aspergillus section Circumdati becomes a true problem, especially, because a lot of species in this section can yield ochratoxins and other toxins. In this study, morphological criteria and partial calmodulin gene were used to identify 34 strains belonging to Aspergillus section Circumdati isolated from Vitis vinifera and Calotropis procera plants. The population is characterised by A. insulicola, A. ochraceopetaliformis, A. ochraceus, and A. pseudoelegans. The polyketide synthase (pks) gene involved in ochratoxins (OTA) production was investigated by Aopks1, 2 and AoLc35–12L, R primers. Fifteen strains belonging to A. ochraceus were positive for pks gene, whilst A. insulicola, A. ochraceopetaliformis, and A. pseudoelegans were negative. All tested strains were able to produce ochratoxin A with different levels of 0.020–53 ppm except one isolate of A. ochraceus (IAEMAo6). The green synthesised ZnO-NPs have a significant inhibitory effect on OTA production by A. insulicola and A. pseudoelegans.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a vital aromatic crop widely utilized in culinary and fragrance industries. The present study was conducted to implement a two-year field experiment (2019 and 2020) aimed to assess the impact of various fertilizers on the growth, yield, and essential oil composition of basil cultivated in Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam. The fertilizer treatments included: no fertilizer (control), chemical fertilizer (NPK at 90-120-90 kg/ha), cow manure, chicken manure, and a combination of chemical fertilizer, cow manure, and chicken manure. The application of fertilizers resulted in significant improvements across various parameters compared to the control group. Basil plants treated with fertilizers exhibited increased height, la teral stem count, fresh and dry yields, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, essential oil yield, and essential oil content. The essential oil extracted from basil contained notable volatile compounds, with methyl chavicol, linalool, β-elemene, and epi-α-cadinol identified as the major constituents. The proportions of these compounds varied among the fertilizer treatments. Notably, the combined fertilization approach involving chemical fertilizers, cow manure, and chicken manure emerged as the most effective and significant in promoting basil growth and essential oil production. These findings not only contribute to the optimization of basil cultivation practices but also provide insights for the agricultural community, emphasizing the importance of balanced fertilization for maximizing the quality and yield of basil essential oil in the Vietnamese context.

Abstract Background Menopause, characterized by various physical and mental changes, is primarily caused by hormonal fluctuations, resulting in numerous complications. Recently, herbal treatments have gained significant attention for their minimal side effects compared to chemical drugs. This study aimed to investigate the effects of oral capsules containing Ocimum basilicum leaf extract (OBLE) on menopausal symptoms. Methods This placebo-controlled clinical trial study was conducted in 2020. The research focused on 60 menopausal women referred to Mashhad health centers. Eligible participants were administered either an OBLE 500 mg capsule or a placebo daily for 1 month. Menopause symptoms were evaluated using the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) before, two weeks, and one month after the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS21, independent t, Mann–Whitney, and Friedman tests. A significance level of p

Contamination of agricultural and industrial products by Aspergillus section Circumdati becomes a true problem, especially, because a lot of species in this section can yield ochratoxins and other toxins. In this study, morphological criteria and partial calmodulin gene were used to identify 34 strains belonging to Aspergillus section Circumdati isolated from Vitis vinifera and Calotropis procera plants. The population is characterised by A. insulicola, A. ochraceopetaliformis, A. ochraceus, and A. pseudoelegans. The polyketide synthase (pks) gene involved in ochratoxins (OTA) production was investigated by Aopks1, 2 and AoLc35–12L, R primers. Fifteen strains belonging to A. ochraceus were positive for pks gene, whilst A. insulicola, A. ochraceopetaliformis, and A. pseudoelegans were negative. All tested strains were able to produce ochratoxin A with different levels of 0.020–53 ppm except one isolate of A. ochraceus (IAEMAo6). The green synthesised ZnO-NPs have a significant inhibitory effect on OTA production by A. insulicola and A. pseudoelegans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Menopause, characterized by various physical and mental changes, is primarily caused by hormonal fluctuations, resulting in numerous complications. Recently, herbal treatments have gained significant attention for their minimal side effects compared to chemical drugs. This study aimed to investigate the effects of oral capsules containing Ocimum basilicum leaf extract (OBLE) on menopausal symptoms. Methods: This placebo-controlled clinical trial study was conducted in 2020. The research focused on 60 menopausal women referred to Mashhad health centers. Eligible participants were administered either an OBLE 500 mg capsule or a placebo daily for 1 month. Menopause symptoms were evaluated using the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) before, two weeks, and one month after the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS21, independent t, Mann–Whitney, and Friedman tests. A significance level of p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The independent t-test indicated that the mean (SD) scores of menopausal symptoms in both the OBLE and placebo groups were initially similar before the intervention (P = 0.141). Two weeks after the intervention, the menopausal symptom scores were 9.5 ± 3.5 and 11.2 ± 5.6 in the OBLE and placebo groups, respectively (P = 0.163, df = 58, t = 1.4). After one month, the menopausal symptom scores were 6.9 ± 0.3 in the OBLE group and 11.26 ± 0.6 in the placebo group (P = 0.001, df = 58, t = 3.4). This indicates a significant difference between the two groups one month after the intervention, compared to before and two weeks after the intervention. Additionally, there was a significant difference in the scores of the physical and somato-vegetative dimension between the intervention and placebo groups two weeks and one month after the intervention (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The study results suggested that taking OBLE capsules led to a decrease in the scores of menopausal symptoms. This indicates that OBLE can be considered as a safe and cost-effective medicinal plant for alleviating menopausal symptoms among women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical fertilizers used in plant development and differentiation have become a global problem affecting the entire ecosystem, especially soil pollution. Food production demand with the increasing population has encouraged scientists to use biogenic nanoparticles in the agricultural field. Evaluation of growth, development, and differentiation processes of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) seedlings at gradually increasing concentrations of biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles (BIO-NPs) were identified by morphological and physiological parameters in this study. The results showed that growth parameters reached the maximum value at 100 mg/L but were less at other concentrations. At similar concentration, the stomatal density of the leaf was the maximum, while the stomatal area showed the lowest value. The levels of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased in the treated seedlings. BIO-NPs increased the antioxidant defense and supported its growth by changing the antioxidant enzyme activities, H2O2, and MDA contents. The BIO-NP treatment provided positive improvements in phytochemical content in parallel with the growth and development of sweet basil seedlings. Different growth parameters, physiological results, supporting enzyme activities, and biochemical data revealed the contribution of the BIO-NP treatments to the growth and development of sweet basil seedlings. BIO-NPs improved higher phytochemical production of sweet basil, which may be suitable for its propagation on a commercial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin nanoparticles emerged as a promising alternative for drug delivery systems owing to their biodegradability and bioactive properties. This study investigated the antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum-loaded lignin nanoparticles (OB-LNPs) and Lagenaria siceraria seed oil-loaded lignin nanoparticles (LS-LNPs) to find a solution for antimicrobial resistance. OB-LNPs and LS-LNPs were tested for their antimicrobial potential against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, and Microsporum canis. OB-LNPs and LS-LNPs were further tested for their anti-efflux activity against ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica strains and for treating Salmonella infection in a rat model. We also investigated the antifungal efficacy of OB-LNPs and LS-LNPs for treating T. rubrum infection in a guinea pig model. Both OB-LNPs and LS-LNPs showed strong antimicrobial potential against S. Typhimurium and T. rubrum infections. LS-LNPs showed antibacterial activity against Salmonella enterica species with a MIC range of 0.5–4 µg/mL and antifungal activity against T. rubrum with a MIC range of 0.125–1 µg/mL. OB-LNPs showed antibacterial activity against Salmonella enterica species with a MIC range of 0.5–2 µg/mL and antifungal activity against T. rubrum with a MIC range of 0.25–2 µg/mL. OB-LNPs and LS-LNPs downregulated the expression of ramA and acrB efflux pump genes (fold change values ranged from 0.2989 to 0.5434; 0.4601 to 0.4730 for ramA and 0.3842–0.6199; 0.5035–0.8351 for acrB). Oral administration of OB-LNPs and LS-LNPs in combination with ciprofloxacin had a significant effect on all blood parameters, as well as on liver and kidney function parameters. Oxidative stress mediators, total antioxidant capacity, and malondialdehyde were abolished by oral administration of OB-LNPs and LS-LNPs (0.5 mL/rat once daily for 5 days). Interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α were also reduced in comparison with the positive control group and the ciprofloxacin-treated group. Histopathological examination of the liver and intestine of OB-LNPs and LS-LNPs-treated rats revealed an elevation in Salmonella clearance. Treatment of T. rubrum-infected guinea pigs with OB-LNPs and LS-LNPs topically in combination with itraconazole resulted in a reduction in lesion scores, microscopy, and culture results. In conclusion, OB-LNPs and LS-LNPs possess immunomodulatory and antioxidant potential and can be used as naturally derived nanoparticles for drug delivery and treatment of Salmonellosis and dermatophytosis infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ozone (O3) pollution is a critical issue for human health, crop yield, vegetation growth biodiversity, and food safety. Several protection strategies from O3-induced injuries have been proposed for crops. Here, we investigated if the foliar application of wood distillate (WD), a plant-based biostimulant applied once a week (0.2%, v/v) for four consecutive weeks, could have a protective effect against the damage caused by chronic O3 concentrations (80 ppb O3, 5 h day−1 for 28 days) in basil plants (chosen as model horticultural plant). The results revealed that plants exposed to O3 showed severe chlorotic spots localized in the interveinal adaxial surface, chlorophyll loss (−25% compared to controls maintained in filtered air), and membrane impairment as indicated by the significant increase in malondialdehyde content (+62%). Conversely, plants exposed to O3 and treated with WD exhibited a reduction in visible injuries, preservation of membrane integrity, and production of antioxidant compounds such as abscisic and salicylic acids (+21 and +62%, respectively), suggesting a protective effect of WD. This research highlights new results regarding the efficacy of WD in mitigating the negative effects of O3-induced oxidative pressure in basil plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer has become a global health burden, and therefore requires necessitating action against the development of affordable, target-oriented, and safe chemotherapeutic agents to mitigate its prevalence worldwide. In the present report, titanium oxide (TiO2) nanocrystals (NCs) were synthesized using the green route utilizing Ocimum basilicum leaf extract (OBLE). X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed that TiO2 NCs exhibit tetragonal crystal configuration with anatase-type symmetry with space group. The phenolic groups (–OH) present in OBLE were detected as the bend appeared at 3420 cm− 1 in the infrared spectrum. The characteristic hump positioned at 331 nm in the UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectrum (UV–DRS) of biosynthesized TiO2 NCs confirmed the formation of nanoparticles and the optical band gap of TiO2 NCs was found to be 3.41 eV as evaluated from Tauc's plot. The surface morphology of TiO2 NCs showed minute agglomeration with an average particle size of 11.8 ± 0.66 nm as obtained from statistical analysis of the particle size distribution. The cytotoxic activity of TiO2 NCs was investigated against MDA–MB 231 cancer cells and dose-dependent cell inhibition was observed with a low IC50 value of 13.35 µg/mL after 48 h of incubation time. The present study underscores the remarkable cytotoxicity demonstrated by TiO2 NCs against breast cancer cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medicinal plants that possess antimicrobial and antioxidant properties have garnered significant attention for their role in maintaining food quality, improving safety, and impeding spoilage. They also can aid in controlling food contamination risks and augmenting the nutritional value of foods. Objective: The study aimed to obtain botanical extracts possessing antimicrobial capabilities and use them to inhibit the growth of molds and yeasts. Additionally, these extracts are aimed at prolonging product shelf life by harnessing their antioxidant attributes. Methods: Several microorganisms, including E. coli and Pseudomonas, were subjected to testing. Ethanolic alcohol, chloroform, and essential oil extracts were prepared; the tablets were then immersed in these solutions to test their efficacy. Results: The leaf extracts displayed significant antimicrobial efficacy against essential oil extracts with Staphylococcus aureus and Serratia marcescens, while the organic extracts, which included ethyl alcohol and chloroform, did not show any inhibitory effects against bacteria. Conclusion: The basil leaf extract demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against microorganisms, particularly in the case of essential oil extracts compared with other methods of extraction. However, Gram-positive bacteria showed a better response for the essential oils method than that of Gram-negative bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saffron is an extremely high-value spice made from the dried stigmas of the saffron crocus (Crocus sativus). The saffron crocus flowers in the fall, grows vegetatively during the winter and spring, and is dormant during the summer. It is native to the Mediterranean region and most of the global saffron crop is produced in the Mediterranean and western Asia. Summer rainfall is rare in these regions. However, saffron crocus is becoming increasingly popular as a niche crop in the northeastern United States and other areas where summer rainfall is common. This study evaluated four methods of weed control during summer dormancy to determine the relative costs and the effects on saffron yield. Hand cultivation (HC) was the most expensive method and resulted in significantly decreased saffron yields. Covering the saffron crocus field with a light-proof plastic tarp (occultation) was the least expensive and had no effect on saffron yield. Annual planting of saffron crocus also had no effect on saffron yield but required more labor than occultation. Intercropping basil (Ocimum basilicum) resulted in the highest revenue per unit area and did not negatively affect yields of either saffron or basil. Based on this study intercropping is recommended for summer weed management for producers seeking to maximize revenue per unit area, while occultation is recommended for producers seeking to minimize production costs.

Background and purpose: The study explores basil seed mucilage as a bioadhesive carrier for naproxen sodium, demonstrating its ability to enhance solubility when administered rectally. The mucilage, derived from Ocimum basilicum seeds, showed bioadhesive properties and thermal stability, as confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Experimental approach: Microspheres were prepared using a double emulsion solvent evaporation technique, varying polymer ratios to optimize drug delivery. Key results: Particle size analysis revealed a range of 456±0.51 to 712±0.21 µm, with larger microspheres formed at higher mucilage concentrations due to increased viscosity. Encapsulation efficiency ranged from 45.01±0.25 % to 79.4±0.93 %, improving with higher basil/alginate ratios. The superior batch, OBM5, showed excellent mucoadhesive qualities in ex-vivo assays, attributed to the increased polymer content, facilitating interaction with rectal mucosa. SEM analysis of OBM5 indicated a spherical, monolithic structure conducive to free flow. Drug release was efficient, with OBM5 achieving 88.7±1.3 % after 7 hours, indicating a control­led release profile. Conclusion: Incorporated into polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 suppositories, suppose­tories were completely disintegrated in buffer solution within 25 minutes. The bioadhesive force of basil seed mucilage on rectal mucosa was significantly enhanced, reaching 6.44±0.58 g, correlating with mucilage concentration. These findings underscore the efficacy of basil seed mucilage as a bioadhesive biopolymer for rectal drug delivery systems.

Chemical fertilizers used in plant development and differentiation have become a global problem affecting the entire ecosystem, especially soil pollution. Food production demand with the increasing population has encouraged scientists to use biogenic nanoparticles in the agricultural field. Evaluation of growth, development, and differentiation processes of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) seedlings at gradually increasing concentrations of biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles (BIO-NPs) were identified by morphological and physiological parameters in this study. The results showed that growth parameters reached the maximum value at 100 mg/L but were less at other concentrations. At similar concentration, the stomatal density of the leaf was the maximum, while the stomatal area showed the lowest value. The levels of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased in the treated seedlings. BIO-NPs increased the antioxidant defense and supported its growth by changing the antioxidant enzyme activities, H2O2, and MDA contents. The BIO-NP treatment provided positive improvements in phytochemical content in parallel with the growth and development of sweet basil seedlings. Different growth parameters, physiological results, supporting enzyme activities, and biochemical data revealed the contribution of the BIO-NP treatments to the growth and development of sweet basil seedlings. BIO-NPs improved higher phytochemical production of sweet basil, which may be suitable for its propagation on a commercial scale.

Abstract In this study, tin dioxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) were successfully synthesized through an eco-friendly method using basil leaves extract. The fabricated SnO2 NPs demonstrated significant adsorption capabilities for phenol (PHE), p-nitrophenol (P-NP), and p-methoxyphenol (P-MP) from water matrices. Optimal conditions for maximum removal efficiency was determined for each phenolic compound, with PHE showing a remarkable 95% removal at a 3 ppm, 0.20 g of SnO2 NPs, pH 8, and 30 min of agitation at 35 °C. Molecular docking studies unveiled a potential anticancer mechanism, indicating the ability of SnO2 NPs to interact with the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase domain and inhibit its activity. The adsorption processes followed pseudo-second order kinetics and Temkin isotherm model, revealing spontaneous, exothermic, and chemisorption-controlled mechanisms. This eco-friendly approach utilizing plant extracts was considered as a valuable tool for nano-sorbent production. The SnO2 NPs not only exhibit promise in water treatment and also demonstrate potential applications in cancer therapy. Characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) provided comprehensive insights into the results.

Background: Basil is a widely used herb in Persian medicine and is gaining recognition as a functional food worldwide. Aim of the study: This trial aimed to assess the effectiveness of a traditional formulation of basil oil in comparison with diclofenac gel in treating knee osteoarthritis, considering its established anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-oxidative properties. Materials and methods: One hundred eligible patients were equally randomized to the traditional basil oil (containing sesame oil) and diclofenac gel groups. They used their respective topical treatments thrice daily for 4 weeks. Various measurements were taken at the beginning of the study, 2, and 4 weeks after starting the intervention, including the 8-m walk test, knee pain (based on visual analog scale), flexion angle of the knee joint, analgesic consumption, and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaire. Results: No significant differences were observed between the basil oil and diclofenac gel groups in any of the measured outcomes. However, significant improvements were noted within each group for most variables. Conclusion: Topical application of the traditional formulation of basil oil appears to improve clinical symptoms and certain functional indicators of knee osteoarthritis to a similar extent as diclofenac gel. This suggests that basil oil could be considered an effective management option for this condition. Clinical Trial Registration: https://irct.behdasht.gov.ir/, identifier IRCT2017081711341N7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using the leaf extract of Ocimum basilicum, a medicinal plant, as a reducing agent. Characterization of the particles was done by UV-visible extinction spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) studies. The shapes of particles are spherical to quasi-spherical. Diffraction patterns from characteristic crystallographic planes observed in PXRD and concentric rings with bright intermittent dots observed in selected area x-ray diffraction (SAED) confirm that the silver in their nanoparticles is being crystallized into a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. The average particle size worked out using PXRD data and the maximum of particle size distribution with respect to TEM analysis are 16 and 20 nm, respectively. Antibacterial efficacy of the synthesized AgNPs against the spreading of gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli and gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcuus aureus were determined in terms of their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in nutrient agar media, and the results were compared with that shown by ciprofloxacin, a reference substance. The MICs of the AgNP solutions synthesized from O. basilicum were 9.00 x 10-5 g/ mL against the spread of E. coli and 1.125 x 10-4 g/mL against S. aureus. The antibacterial efficacy determined against E. coli, in the adopted procedure, of the AgNPs synthesized using the water extract of the leaf sample of O. basilicum is superior to that exhibited by ciprofloxacin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work is to compare the levels of bioactive compounds in fresh and freeze-dried basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum), using methodological procedures that follow internationally recommended and accepted standards. The results show comparisons of bioactives between fresh and freeze-dried leaves, respectively, with results expressing the average levels of vitamin C (9.50–63.3 mg/100 g); total polyphenols (1.8–3.9 mgEAG/g); flavonoids (0.73–1.78 mg/g); chlorophyll a (2287.8–1003.8 μg/100 g); chlorophyll b (2606–2287 μg/100 g) and total carotenoids with averages of 16.71–20.6 mg/100 g). Regarding color, there was variation in the parameters L*, a*, and b* of the dry sample, but the tendency towards green e (a+) and yellow (b−) was maintained. Infrared analysis (FTIR) demonstrated the presence of functional groups related to cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) shows stability in the range of 234 °C, showing a more intense mass loss at 294.6 °C. Given the data, it is possible to infer that the application of freeze-drying produces few changes in bioactive compounds and chemical groups and maintains good thermal stability, proving to be a viable alternative to increasing the commercialization of basil leaves, as it prolongs their useful life, and increases the forms of food applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, environmentally friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles (OB-ZnO NPs) were synthesized using Ocimum basilicum (OB) plant waste extract, and the removal of paracetamol (PCM) from pharmaceutical wastes with toxic effects on the ecosystem was investigated. The characteristic structure of synthesized OB-ZnO NPs was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zetasizer, thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), and UV-vis spectroscopy. The effect of the obtained OB-ZnO NPs on PCM removal was determined by batch adsorption tests. In the study in which 6 different kinetic and isotherm models were examined, error analysis functions were used to determine the most suitable model. Accordingly, the crystal structure of biosynthesized OB-ZnO NPs has a particle size of 30.39 nm, a surface area of 13.826 m2/g, and a pore volume of 0.0475 cm3/g. Since OB-ZnO NPs have a zeta potential of − 22.1 mV and a mass loss of 33% at about 750 °C, these NPs show that they are durable at high temperatures. When the PCM removal mechanisms with OB-ZnO NPs were examined, it was determined that the most suitable kinetic and isotherm model was the Elovich model with an R2 value of 0.989 and the Redlich-Peterson model with an R2 value of 0.999. In the study, which reached 23 mgPCM/gOB-ZnO NP removal efficiency, it was revealed that OB-ZnO NPs obtained from waste plants have the potential to be used in the removal of pharmaceutical wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basil (Ocimum basilicum), as a prominent member of the Lamiaceae family, is known to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer properties. This study investigated the inhibitory effect of basil extract on oral cancer cells. Basil leaves were dried and extracted with ethanol. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to assess the cytotoxic effect of basil extract (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 μg/mL) on Ca9-22, a human gingival squamous carcinoma cell line, after 24, 48, and 72 h. Gene expression of cell cycle regulators (cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), p21, p53) and inflammatory markers (cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6) was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Additionally, these markers were measured in culture supernatants via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The MTT assay revealed a concentration-dependent reduction in cell viability, with IC50 values of 350 μg/mL for Ca9-22 cells. RT-PCR analysis revealed that treated cells exhibited downregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4, along with upregulation of p21 and p53, compared to control Ca9-22 cells, which were only exposed to nutrient medium. These changes were observed at both mRNA and protein levels. Inflammatory genes (COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) were significantly decreased at both mRNA and protein levels. Basil extract exerts cytotoxic effects on oral cancer cells by inhibiting cell cycle progression and inflammatory mediators. These findings point to the potential use of O. basilicum extract as a therapeutic agent against oral cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the chemical compositions and Pharmacological applications of Ocimum basilicum, known as sweet basil, and Ocimum americanum, known as hoary basil, to assess their antimicrobial properties. Both plants are renowned for their culinary uses and medicinal properties, with studies suggesting potential therapeutic benefits due to their rich essential oil. Methods: A systematic approach was adopted to gather and analyze the relevant literature on the chemical profiles and pharmacological activities of Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum americanum. Electronic databases including Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and PubMed were searched using keywords such as chemical composition of Ocimum basilicum, chemical composition of Ocimum americanum, antimicrobial activities of Ocimum basilicum, and antimicrobial activities of Ocimum americanum. Results: Ninety-nine articles meeting the determined inclusion criteria were incorporated in this systematic review. Several studies have consistently demonstrated the antimicrobial activities of these 2 plants, although the specific compounds responsible for this activity vary between the 2 species. Conclusion: The diverse array of bioactive molecules present in these plants contributes to their pharmacological effects, suggesting avenues for further research into their therapeutic applications. This review supports the continued exploration of the medicinal properties and potential development of sweet basil and hoary basil as antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Spirulina platensis has been known as a super food with a high nutrition and biological activity. The limited addition of S. platensis into the food is due to its unpleasant odour. S. platensis was soaked in basil (Ocimum basilicum) leaves extract (BLE) to decrease the unpleasant odour and its antioxidant activities after soaking were unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ratio S. platensis with BLE on colour and sensory characteristics and to determine the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity of extracted S. platensis without and with BLE using different solvents. Spirulina platensis was soaked in BLE at a ratio of S. platensis and BLE of 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 (w/v) for 15 min and then dried at 40°C for 10 h. The resultant powder was analysed for colour and sensory characteristics. The selected S. platensis with the best sensory characteristic was further extracted in water and ethanol and was compared with the S. platensis control (unsoaked in BLE). The ratio of S. platensis and BLE had a significant effect on the colour characteristics (P < 0.05). Spirulina platensis soaked in BLE at a ratio 1:4 had higher L* (35.98), a* (−6.57) and b* values (5.95) than the control. The ratio of S. platensis and BLE at 1:4 had a higher overall sensory value (4.16) than the control (2.35). The water extract of S. platensis unsoaked and soaked in BLE showed a higher TPC (1.178 and 1.667 mg GAE g−1 extract, respectively), DPPH, ABTS and metal chelating, but lower in FRAP compared with the ethanol extract. Spirulina platensis soaked in BLE which were extracted in water and ethanol had higher ORAC (63.27 and 56.33 mmol Teq g−1 extract, respectively) than the control. Spirulina platensis soaked in BLE increased its sensory value while maintaining the antioxidant capacity. Therefore, it can potentially be added in more quantities to various foods as functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried- out during the two successive seasons of 2017 and 2018 at Banger AL-Sokar region, Borg AL-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt to study the effect of water stress, salicylic acid and irrigation rate on vegetative growth and oil yield of Ocimum basilicum L. plant in newly reclaimed land. Three levels of water stress were determined as a percentage of field water capacity 100, 75 and 50% and four concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) as foliar spray 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mM were used, as well as two irrigation interval rates (every 4th and 7th days were applied. The results showed that spraying SA with low concentration i.e., 0.1- 0.4 mM led to improve the vegetative growth and oil yield of sweet basil plants under water stress. The highest oil yield (7.38%) was achieved at 75% of field capacity in second cut in the second seasons with spraying of SA at 0.2 mM irrigated every 4 days as a moderate stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles have wide-ranging applications and can be synthesized using environmentally friendly green synthesis methods as an alternative to conventional approaches. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an extremely perilous bacterium known for its multidrug-resistant (MDR) nature, posing a significant threat to hospitalized patients and those with compromised immune systems. The bacterium's ability to withstand multiple antibiotics, combined with its capacity to form biofilms, contributes to its high rates of morbidity and mortality. The intrinsic resistance of P. aeruginosa, along with its ability to form biofilms, further complicates treatment and exacerbates the severity of infections, particularly in susceptible patient populations. Objective: The main objective of this study was to utilize extracts from Ocimum basilicum leaves in a green synthesis approach to produce zinc oxide nanoparticles. Additionally, the research aimed to assess the antibacterial effectiveness of these synthesized nanoparticles against P. aeruginosa. Materials and Methods: In this study, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using the leaf extract of O. basilicum plants under various parameters. The biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles was verified using a UV-visible spectrophotometer and characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles exhibited significant antibacterial efficacy. Specifically, they demonstrated antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa pathogens. Different concentrations of both O. basilicum extract and synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were tested against P. aeruginosa and observed antibacterial activity. Results: indicated that the ZnO NPs synthesized from O. basilicum exhibited stronger antibacterial activity compared to the plant extract alone. The most effective concentrations were found to be 1.0, 1.5, and 3 mg/ml of prepared ZnO nanoparticles. Increasing the concentration of ZnO nanoparticles resulted in enhanced inhibition of bacterial growth in P. aeruginosa. Conclusion: The green synthesis of ZnO NPs using plant extracts has demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against P.aeruginosa. The high concentration of the ZnO NPs resulted in larger inhibition zones at higher concentrations. These findings underscore the possibility of green-synthesized ZnO NPs as an antimicrobial agent for P. aeruginosa. The environmentally friendly and cost-effective nature of the green synthesis method further enhances its appeal for future applications in antibacterial treatments.

In this study, essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation from the leaves of Ocimum basilicum and it was analyzed by GC-MS. Eucalyptol (11.19 %), trans-iso eugenol (13.12 %), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (19.26 %) and 9-octadecenoic acid (z)-methyl ester (25.12 %) had been the leading four main components of the plant leaves of the essential oil. The unmodified and modified kaolin was characterized and analyzed by XRD, FT-IR, TGA and SEM/EDX and thus the principal mineral of the nanoclay was proved to be kaolinite. The hydrodistiled essential oil in the absence of the clay support was evaluated within 24 h of exposure time and the outcome revealed that it was insecticidally active against the maize weevil, S. zeamais adults. Moreover, the exposure time effect, the formulation efficiency, the effect of remnant and stability of the prepared formulations were investigated and the results indicated an enhancement of bioinsecticides for a long period with upgraded persistence against the S. zeamais. Finally, the results recommend that O. basilicum essential oil - modified kaolinite formulations should be used as best options to chemical insecticides in pest control of stored products like stored maize grain insects, S. Zeamais.

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of an ethanol extract of Ocimum basilicum L. (EEOb) aerial parts against Ehrlich’s experimental tumor (EET) in mice. Methods: Swiss mice were divided into two groups (control and treated; n = 6). On day 21, all mice were inoculated subcutaneously with 2 × 106 (0.05 mL) EET cells in the left paw for solid tumor development. This study lasted 28 days. Treatment began 24 hours after inoculation with EET. Measurements of dorsoplantar thickness were used to assess tumor growth. The paw pad was collected for histopathological analysis and stained using the argyrophilic nucleolar organizing regions (AgNOR) technique and immunohistochemistry for proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Bcl-2 and Bax. Results: The treatment of animals with EEOb at 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally was able to reduce the growth (Control = 3.7 ± 0.1 mm vs. EEOb = 5.7 ± 0.2 mm) and the number of AgNORs of solid Ehrlich tumor. The antitumor effect of EEOb was associated with the induction of apoptosis of tumoral cell, as suggested by the reduction of the content of Bcl-2 induced by extract. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that daily administration of EEOb is able to reduce the growth of EET by induce apoptosis of tumoral cells.

Lead (Pb) is known to cause neurological changes, but antioxidants, chelators, and anti-inflammatory agents mitigates Pb toxicity. Previously, we reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of 3-hydroxy-3′,4′,5′-trimethoxyflavone (HTMF) derived from Ocimum basilicum L. leaves. This research investigates the neuroprotective properties of HTMF against Pb induced neurotoxicity in rats. Rats were orally administered lead acetate (100 mg/kg) daily for 30 days to induce neurotoxicity, then treated with HTMF (5 and 10 mg/kg) 30 min after Pb exposure. Cognitive and motor functions and brain biochemical parameters were determined to understand HTMF’s mechanism of action. Pb exposure impaired cognition and motor skills, elevated Pb levels, TBARS, TNF-α, IL-6 and MAO A & B, and reduced GSH levels in the brain. HTMF treatment significantly improved memory, motor deficits, and metabolic abnormalities induced by Pb, attributed to its chelating, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and monoaminergic modulating properties, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for metal-induced brain injuries.

Ocimum basilicum is an important herbal medicinal plant that has not been previously investigated for its biological potential against multi-drug resistant (MDR) clinical pathogens. This study explored the efficiency of O. basilicum phytocompounds as potent inhibitors of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) via in vitro and in silico analysis. An ethanolic extract of O. basilicum showed antimicrobial activity against 12 strains of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis at varying concentrations. A total of 19 phytochemicals were analysed for ADMET (Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity) using the Swiss ADME server (http://www.swissadme.ch) to assess the pharmacological characteristics, including lipophilicity, water solubility, drug-likeness, pharmacokinetics and medicinal chemistry.Among 19 compounds, 8 compounds (adipic acid, ethyl citrate, glutamic acid 5-ethyl ester, imidazole, palmitic acid, phthalic anhydride, 2-Propenoic acid 3-phenyl-methyl ester, & stearic acid) were selected as they fulfilled the Lipinski's rule of five. Autodock Vina was used to dock the selected phytocompounds into the target proteins (5ZHW, 4FUO, 1E4E, 4ECL, 6GED, 6ORI) of E. faecalis. Phthalic anhydride and the positive control antibiotic, linezolid showed stronger binding energy with all 6 target proteins revealing their therapeutic potential to treat VRE infections. These findings could be the baseline for the pharmaceutical sector to evaluate a chemical's safety profile and the in silico approaches to provide considerable advantages for both regulatory requirements and risk assessment criteria.

The demand for pesto sauces with different properties (such as color, taste, flavor) has increased recently. This study aimed to investigate the effects of geographically-registered Arapgir purple basil pesto sauce prepared with four different cheese varieties (Beyaz, Tulum, fresh- and aged-Kashar) on physical, rheological characterization and sensory properties. Pesto sauces had an acidic score according to chemical and sensory characterization. Pesto sauce with Tulum cheese exhibited higher bioactivity (total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities) than other sauces (PG″. The Herschel Bulkley model fitted the flow experimental data well (R2>0.9991). All of the pesto sauces prepared with different cheese varieties were appreciated at high levels in sensory evaluation by the panelists.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum), as a prominent member of the Lamiaceae family, is known to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer properties. This study investigated the inhibitory effect of basil extract on oral cancer cells. Basil leaves were dried and extracted with ethanol. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to assess the cytotoxic effect of basil extract (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 μg/mL) on Ca9- 22, a human gingival squamous carcinoma cell line, after 24, 48, and 72 h. Gene expression of cell cycle regulators (cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), p21, p53) and inflammatory markers (cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6) was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Additionally, these markers were measured in culture supernatants via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The MTT assay revealed a concentration-dependent reduction in cell viability, with IC50 values of 350 μg/mL for Ca9-22 cells. RT-PCR analysis revealed that treated cells exhibited downregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4, along with upregulation of p21 and p53, compared to control Ca9-22 cells, which were only exposed to nutrient medium. These changes were observed at both mRNA and protein levels. Inflammatory genes (COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) were significantly decreased at both mRNA and protein levels. Basil extract exerts cytotoxic effects on oral cancer cells by inhibiting cell cycle progression and inflammatory mediators. These findings point to the potential use of O. basilicum extract as a therapeutic agent against oral cancer.

Background & objectives: Widespread pyrethroid resistance and plastic-feeding behaviour of most malaria vectors across Africa threaten the efficacy of current insecticide-based vector control interventions like Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs) and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS). This study examined the larvicidal activity ofMorinda citrifolia against Anopheles gambiae larvae and the repellent properties of Morinda citrifolia (Noni), Moringa oleifera (Moringa), and Ocimum basilicum (Basil) as complementary vector control tools against Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.). Methods: Noni, Basil, and Moringa oil extracts were obtained with the extraction techniques; Soxhlet, steam distillation and maceration respectively, using hexane and ethanol. The effectiveness of the extracts was assessed using the WHO standard larval susceptibility bioassay and guidelines for repellent efficacy. Following bioassays, effective doses (ED) and lethal concentrations (LC) were determined. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy analysis was performed to identify the bioactive chemical components of the extracts of Moringa oleifera and Ocimum basilicum. Results: Emulsified Morinda citrifolia seed oil had LC50=68.3, LC90=130.9 and LC99.9=222.5, and ED99. 9=308.3%v/v, the ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves had ED99.9= 1.25g/ml, and essential oil of Ocimum basilicum leaves had ED99.9=0.28g/ml against Anopheles gambiae. Interpretation & conclusion: The results obtained indicated that seed oil of Morinda citrifolia, essential oil of Ocimum basilicum, and crude extract of Moringa oleifera have repellent activity against An. gambiae s.l. The complete protection time (CPT) of Morinda citrifolia, Moringa oleifera, and Ocimum basilicum was 120 min, 72 min and 84 min at ED99.9 respectively. Morinda citrifolia oil exhibited larvicidal effects against the larvae of An. gambiae s.l. The results provide valuable information for the use of the plants as biocides.

Nayab, N., and Alam, M.A. 2023. Negative effects of pollen drought stress on floral volatiles, floral nectar, pollinator behavior, and seed production in Ocimum basilicum plants. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 18 (2): 41-61.

The plants Bauhinia rufescens, Ocimum basilicum and Salvadora persica are well known in traditional African medicine, and particularly in traditional Chadian medicine. They are commonly used to treat infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases, fevers, gastroenteritis and other medical conditions. The aim of this study was to perform a phytochemical screening to determine the antioxidant properties of different extracts and fractions from the three plants. Ethanolic extracts and solvent fractions were prepared and analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC). LC-MS and an online screening HPLC-ABTS system identified phytochemicals with antioxidant activities. DPPH and ABTS reduction methods were used to test the extracts and fractions for their antioxidant potential. The results showed that the TPC of O. basilicum was higher than that of B. rufescens, ranging from 64.70 ± 5.2 to 411.16 ± 8.11 mgGAE/g DW. B. rufescens extracts and fractions, on the other hand, showed higher TFC, ranging from 69.5 ± 5.3 to 408.26 ± 8.42 mgQE/g DW, and higher TTC, ranging from 4.57 ± 2.45 to 62.19 ± 4.7 mgTAE/g DW. The maximum TPC, TFC and TTC in both plants were recorded in the ethyl acetate fractions. S. persica extracts and fractions showed a very low quantity of TPC, TFC and TTC. Based on LC-MS and HPLC-ABTS analysis, rosmarinic acid was identified as the major component in the extracts and all fractions of O. basilicum, and epicatechin, procyanidin B and quercetin were found in B. rufescens. S. persica did not exhibit specific substances with antioxidant activity and was therefore not considered for further assays. DPPH and ABTS results showed that ethyl acetate fractions of B. rufescens and O. basilicum have the strongest antioxidant activities. This study indicates that B. rufescens and O. basilicum are good sources of phytochemicals with antioxidant properties, suitable for medicinal use in Chadian communities. Additionally, the antioxidant-rich extracts from these plants hold significant potential for cosmetic development, enhancing skin health and protecting against oxidative-stress-induced damage.

Human interferon (hINF) alpha 2b is clinically important pharmaceutical product included in combinatory therapy against chronic hepatitis C and B and complex therapy against several cancer diseases. Here, we created the genetic constructions, based on genome elements of potato virus X (PVX), carrying the infα2b gene for transient expression in plant cells. The created plasmid vector constructions were tested through Agrobacterium-mediated transient gene expression method in two plant species—Nicotiana benthamiana and Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil). Production of recombinant hINF alpha 2b was more efficient in N. benthamiana than that in O. basilicum plants. The average yield of hINF alpha 2b produced in N. benthamiana plants was 0.56 mg/g of fresh leaf weight (FW) or 6% of the total soluble cell proteins (TSP). The maximal level reached up to 1.2 mg/g FW or 9% TSP. We estimated that about 0.67 mg of hINF can be obtained from one N. benthamiana plant. The yield of hINF alpha 2b obtained with the PVX-based expression cassette was about 80 times higher than the yield of hINF alpha 2b obtained with a simple expression cassette in which the infα2b gene was controlled by the 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus. Key points: • PVX-based expression vectors provide efficient transient expression of infα2b gene • N. benthamiana plants can produce human interferon alpha 2b at high levels • The yield of the hINF α2b reached up to 1.2 mg/g of fresh leaf weight [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the effects of the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum (EOOB) and ginger extract (GE) during the transportation of pearl gentian grouper from water quality, serum biochemistry, oxidative stress, meat flavor, and gill tissue morphology. Fish (450 ± 50 g) were allocated to the following 5 treatments: control group (fish transported in water only), 5 mg/LEOOB, 10 mg/LEOOB, 3 mg/LGE, and 6 mg/LGE and transported in insulation boxes (66 × 51 × 37.8 cm) for 72 h. Samples were taken at 0, 12, 36, 60, and 72 h immediately after transport. It was found that 10 mg/LEOOB and 6 mg/LGE could reduce the levels of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), dissolved oxygen (DO), water pH, serum glucose (GLU), cortisol (COR), liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), increase the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as significantly increase the total free amino acid (TFAA) content in muscle compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, by observing the microstructure of gill tissue, it was found that compared with untreated grouper, the morphological damage of gill tissue in EOOB and GE treatment was alleviated. These results indicated that adding appropriate amounts of EOOB and GE to transport water could improve the water quality, relieve stress, and lower energy metabolism of grouper during transport. The results of this research will help to improve the survival rate of grouper after transportation and decrease economic losses to fishery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder that has a negative relationship with male reproduction. The imbalance between endogenous antioxidants and inflammatory mediators would initiate inflammation development, further accelerating tissue aging. This study aimed to investigate the flavonoids and essential oils from Ocimum basilicum involved in Keap1/SIRT1/NFκB. O. basilicum compounds used were flavonoid (apigenin, rutin, and quercetin) and essential oils (α-bergamotene, α-cadinol, methyl cinnamate, and methyl eugenol), which were then evaluated for toxicity by Protox II and pharmacokinetic properties by ADMET. The protein network was built by STRING. The molecular docking was performed by PyRx on NFκB, SIRT1, and Nrf2. The result demonstrated that apigenin, rutin, α-bergamotene, α-cadinol, and methyl cinnamate have low toxicity. The pharmacokinetics study showed that O. basilicum was primarily absorbed in the human intestine. The protein network analysis revealed that NFκB and Nrf2 were involved in inflammatory response, regulation of stress response, and insulin resistance pathways. SIRT1 and Nrf2 have pivotal roles in insulin resistance-induced gonadal disease. Rutin has the strongest binding affinity for Keap1 (4IQK), whereas α-bergamotene and α-cadinol have the strongest binding affinity for NFκB (3DO7) and SIRT1 (4I5I), respectively. The flavonoid contents might be beneficial to activate Nrf2, whereas the essential oils of O. basilicum inhibit NFκB and activate SIRT1. These preliminary findings suggested that O. basilicum bioactive compounds might provide a promising candidate for restoring the imbalance in T2DM through the Keap1/SIRT1/NFκB signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pharmacological properties of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) have been widely researched for its antidiabetic activity. However, its potency in lowering serum glucose levels is still under investigation. Determination of the effect of basil leaf extract as an antidiabetic drug was the aim of this systematic review. Literature searches were conducted using online databases for peerreviewed articles on basil extract in diabetic rats. A random effect model was used to pool the effect size. Seven studies were included in this review, and there was a statistically significant difference in plasma glucose levels between the diabetic group and the group with the Basil extract intervention. The most significant difference was observed at a concentration of 100 mg/kg (MD: −265.59; 95% CI: 419.49 to 111.69; p< 0.00001). Thus, it could be concluded that basil leaf extract can lower blood glucose levels in diabetic animal models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Nowadays, the development of enabled pharmaceutical nanoparticles of solid lipid type is continuously growing, because they have the potential to be used for targeted drug release leading to an increased effect of chemotherapy, being used in lung cancer nano-diagnosis and nano-therapy. The current study reports the preliminary results obtained regarding the biological effect of a new nano-enabled pharmaceutical formulation in terms of its cytotoxic and biosafety profile. Materials and Methods: The pharmaceutical formulations consist of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) obtained via the emulsification–diffusion method by loading green iron oxide nanoparticles (green-IONPs) with a pentacyclic triterpene (oleanolic acid—OA). Further, a complex biological assessment was performed, employing three-dimensional (3D) bronchial microtissues (EpiAirwayTM) to determine the biosafety profile of the SLN samples. The cytotoxic potential of the samples was evaluated on human lung carcinoma, using an in vitro model (A549 human lung carcinoma monolayer). Results: The data revealed that the A549 cell line was strongly affected after treatment with SLN samples, especially those that contained OA-loaded green-IONPs obtained with Ocimum basilicum extract (under 30% viability rates). The biosafety profile investigation of the 3D normal in vitro bronchial model showed that all the SLN samples negatively affected the viability of the bronchial microtissues (below 50%). As regards the morphological changes, all the samples induce major changes such as loss of the surface epithelium integrity, loss of epithelial junctions, loss of cilia, hyperkeratosis, and cell death caused by apoptosis. Conclusions: In summary, the culprit for the negative impact on viability and morphology of 3D normal bronchial microtissues could be the too-high dose (500 µg/mL) of the SLN sample used. Nevertheless, further adjustments in the SLN synthesis process and another complex in vitro evaluation will be considered for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since ancient times, various scientists and doctors have utilized different herbs to heal diseases. Due to the rise in drug resistance and the negative effects of chemosynthetic drugs, researchers and the general public around the world have become more interested in medicinal herbs and plant metabolites/extracts. This is due to its non-toxicity and its several health benefits when used to treat diseases in clinical and medical settings. Ocimum basilicum is one such plant, possessing a wide range of bioactive phytochemicals including alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, steroids and glycosides, as well as complex pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, wound healing and antiviral properties. The results of many studies on Ocimum basilicum plant extracts are collected and presented in this review. The plant extracts have excellent potential to be used as medicinal raw materials, and exhibit an extensive variety of therapeutic capacities, including antibacterial, antioxidant, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antiviral properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]