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Abstract We develop massive higher-spin theory as a framework for describing dynamics of rotating compact objects, such as Kerr black holes. In this paper, we explore gauge interactions up to quartic order and corresponding Compton amplitudes of higher-spin massive objects coupled to electromagnetism and Yang-Mills theory. Their classical counterparts are known as root-Kerr gauge-theory solutions, whose amplitudes are closely related to those of Kerr black holes. We use three distinct approaches: (i) massive higher-spin gauge symmetry to introduce cubic interactions for all spins and the quartic interactions up to spin 3, which is implemented both off shell and via Ward identities; (ii) a chiral higher-spin approach to construct quartic Lagrangians with correct degrees of freedom to all spins; (iii) on-shell functional patterns before and after taking the classical limit to constrain the Compton amplitudes. As final results, we arrive at simple local formulae for the candidate root-Kerr Compton amplitudes both in the quantum regime and classical limit, to all orders in spin. This is a precursor to the gravitational Kerr case, which is presented in a follow-up paper.

Background. Determination of the feasibility of performing minimally invasive surgery for invasive cervical cancer and identification of criteria for optimal surgical access that ensures safety, effectiveness, and satisfactory immediate and long-term results remain challenging in gynecological oncology. The aim of the study was to evaluate the immediate and long-term treatment outcomes in patients with invasive cervical cancer who underwent radical hysterectomy via laparotomy compared to those who underwent minimally invasive surgery. Material and methods. Treatment outcomes of 91 patients with invasive carvical cancer were analyzed. The assessment of the objective tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy using the RECIST scale (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) was confirmed by clinical, ultrasound and CT/ MRI findings. The Kaplan-Maier curves and the log-rank criterion were used to compare the time of relapse-free and overall survivals. Statistical analysis and visualization of the analysis results were performed using prism 9.5.1 (GraphPad, USA). Results. The presence of parametrial lymphovascular space invasion and the frequency of lymphadenopathy were comparable for both groups of patients. there were no statistically significant differences in the number of the resected lymph nodes, but there was a statistically significant difference in volume of blood loss and the duration of surgery between the groups (p=0.0001). Every third patient was diagnosed with stage IIIC after surgery (pelvic lymph node lesion). Intraoperative complications were significantly lower in the laparoscopy group than in the laparotomy group (6.7 % vs 13 %). No significant differences in the proportion of relapses of the disease between the groups were found (9.6 % in the laparotomy group vs 11.7 % in the laparoscopy group). There were no significant differences in overall and relapse-free survival between the groups. Conclusion. Minimally invasive surgery is a promising and adequate surgical technique for the treatment of cervical cancer. However, additional studies are needed to determine the indications for these surgeries.

Abstract We study gravitational absorption effects using effective on-shell scattering amplitudes. We develop an in-in probability-based framework involving plane- and partial-wave coherent states for the incoming wave to describe the interaction of the wave with a black hole or another compact object. We connect this framework to a simplified single-quantum analysis. The basic ingredients are mass-changing three-point amplitudes, which model the leading absorption effects and a spectral-density function of the black hole. As an application, we consider a non-spinning black hole that may start spinning as a consequence of the dynamics. The corresponding amplitudes are found to correspond to covariant spin-weighted spherical harmonics, the properties of which we formulate and make use of. We perform a matching calculation to general-relativity results at the cross-section level and derive the effective absorptive three-point couplings. They are found to behave as O G Newton s + 1 $$ \mathcal{O}\left({G}_{\textrm{Newton}}^{s+1}\right) $$ , where s is the spin of the outgoing massive state.

Introduction. The study examines some aspects of everyday life once led by inhabitants of Kalmyk uluses (Astrakhan Governorate). The relevance of the topic arises from the necessity to compile a more complete panorama of Kalmyk life witnessed by the period when Russian and local authorities were seeking for ways of introducing the region into Russia’s administrative and political agenda. Goals. So, given that the topic has remained somewhat understudied, the paper aims to characterize some aspects of everyday life viewed by governorate-level officials as ‘bottlenecks’ in the path toward Russia’s integration of Kalmyk society. Materials and methods. The work focuses on records-keeping material primarily housed at the State Archive of Astrakhan Oblast, and introduces the former into scientific circulation. The study basically employs both general scientific and special historical approaches, with particular roles be played by the method of systems analysis and principles of historicism and objectivity. These have proved most instrumental in outlining a true panorama of Kalmyk nomadic life in the second decade of the nineteenth century. Results. The paper characterizes some questions and proposals set forth by the civil Governor on various aspects of Kalmyk life — and related opinions of local landlords and ulus rulers. Conclusions. Our insights into the material attest to that most important issues of everyday life across Kalmyk uluses in the early nineteenth century included those of land, interior affairs, and trade. The then Kalmyk elites and governorate-level officials did come to consensus on some points, while others proved controversial enough.

Introduction. The article is the first scholarly attempt to comprehensively summarize the experiences of Kalmykia’s residents in armed conflicts of the mid-twentieth to early twenty first centuries. In the study, special attention is given to the military-anthropological aspect, as well as to the analysis of statistics on the participation of the region’s residents in hostilities. Materials and methods. The work examines official data from the Military Commissariat of the Republic of Kalmykia, field data (interviews with participants of combat operations in Afghanistan and the North Caucasus), a few media publications, and collected memories by Kalmykia’s residents about fallen combatants. The study focuses on some systematic and comprehensive approaches, employs various research methods, including the comparative historical, statistical ones, and that of oral history. Results. The paper shows residents of Kalmykia have taken part in many wars and armed conflicts of the country, both in the late Soviet and post-Soviet periods. The vast majority of combatants participated in military operations in Afghanistan (1979–1989) and the North Caucasus (1994–2000s). As for the combatants proper, the majority of them were obligatory conscripts. The study also discusses some military-anthropological aspects, such as peculiarities of adaptation of Kalmykia’s natives to military service during hostilities, circumstances of their transformation into combatants, articulated memories and eyewitness accounts of experienced conditions and military service proper, relations with locals, specifics of returning to civilian life, and rethinking of one’s participation in war.

This article analyzes the economic state of Kalmyk society in the Bolshederbetovskii Ulus of Kalmykia during the intensive process of transition to settled life. This transition led to significant structural changes in the economic system of nomads. The author provides a comparative analysis of the changes in animal husbandry practices among the Kalmyks in the Bolshederbetovskii Ulus during the second half of the 19th century. The gradual development of agriculture in Kalmyk society is also examined. The main conclusion of this article is that throughout the second half of the 19th century, there was a gradual impoverishment of the nomadic Kalmyk population due to changes in their traditional way of life and a decrease in available grazing land, which was a crucial aspect of their economy. As a result, the majority of ordinary nomads became part of the rural proletariat and served as a source of cheap labor in the region. The expansion of the all-Russian market and the inclusion of the steppe regions of the North Caucasus, as well as the settlement of peasants on these lands, along with the active policies of the Tsarist government towards nomads and transition to settled life, shaped significant structural changes in the economic and social structure of nomadic society.

Introduction. The article focuses on the figure of Noyon (Prince) Tseren-David Tundutov, a most renowned Kalmyk nobleman whose multifaceted efforts were derived from the dramatic social upheavals and disturbances of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The topic still remains understudied since earlier works contained only insufficient data which made it virtually impossible to describe his personality in greater detail. Furthermore, the bulk of the former were published in the Soviet era, and the evaluations of Kalmyk noblemen’s endeavors are definitely to be revised. Goals. So, the paper aims to — wherever possible — extensively outline sociopolitical, economic, and household aspects of Noyon Ts.-D. Tundutov’s life. Materials and methods. The study basically employs both general scientific and special historical methods, with particular roles to be played by that of systems analysis and the principle of historicism that have proved instrumental in examining Noyon Ts.-D. Tundutov’s deeds contextually. The principle of objectivity has been secured by specially selected and compared sources of diverse origin, including some newly introduced material pertaining to records management. Results. Noyon Ts.-D. Tundutov was taking a most active part in solving social and political issues that arose from facts of the early twentieth-century Kalmyk life, namely: land and nationality questions, religious problems, economic affairs, and his endeavors as a deputy of the Imperial Duma. Special attention should be paid to the complete data on the Noyon’s real and personal property uniquely published herein. Conclusions. Despite the 1892 Reform had virtually deprived him of any subject commoners he succeeded in gaining opportunities for a successful development of his gardens and farms reported to have became diversified enough. In social and political life, he did achieve a status of somewhat ethnos-wide leader capable of demonstrating personal qualities required by the community in the early twentieth century.

Introduction. The article discusses our experience of compiling a database of fatal casualties among Red Army soldiers and officers conscripted in the Kalmyk ASSR during the Great Patriotic War. The analysis of the database makes it possible to draw a collective portrait of that category of 1941–1945 war participants. Goals. The paper aims to analyze some experiences of compiling prosopography databases of 1941–1945 fatal casualties conscripted in one region, and specifically in the Kalmyk ASSR. Results. The study shows that mass sources characterized by homogeneity or similar properties provide ample opportunities for a quantitative approach in the historical study of the Great Patriotic War. When it comes to compile a database, one may face a significant number of errors and inaccuracies that had arisen initially and result from procedural (technical) features of information delivery. So, there is a need of certain qualified preparation for subsequent machine processing. Still, a properly compiled database of fatal casualties affords insights on a number of parameters and facilitates a due prosopography.

The results of a study of the wound healing activity of a composition based on the hydrogel of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride and Bergenia crassifolia extract, under conditions of modeling thermal burns in laboratory animals (rats), are presented. It was found that the composition affects the change in the summary antioxidant and leukocyte activity towards the normalization of these indicators. Morphological analysis of the slices showed that, under the influence of a polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrogel composition and B.crassifolia extract, healing proceeds more intensively than in the control group and is manifested by a smaller thickness of the leukocyte-necrotic scab, accelerated epithelization, and complete closure of the skin defect.

Introduction. The 20th-century shaping and development of the intelligentsia in China’s Inner Mongolia remains understudied in Russian Mongolian studies. Goals. The study aims at exploring the development of Inner Mongolia’s education system, including in Daur-inhabited areas, in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, at determining the place and role of the Mongolian-Tibetan Special School in training of Inner Mongolia’s advanced youth. Materials and methods. The article analyzes a wide range of sources, including documents from the Russian State Archive of Sociopolitical History (RGASPI) and Central Archives of the Federal Security Service of Russia (CA FSB). It also examines a number of publications, such as collected documents and memoirs titled ‘Notes of Disasters and Sufferings’, one reference book on Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner, and the Neimenggu ribao (Inner Mongolia Daily) newspaper. Certain attention is paid to works by Russian and foreign historians that touch upon some aspects of education development in ethnic regions of China. Results. In the early 20th century, the youth of Inner Mongolia gained opportunities to study at educational institutions of China and other countries. Subsequently, the revolutionary youth to further constitute a large proportion of the Mongolian intelligentsia took an active part in the sociopolitical events of the examined period. Conclusions. The reforms of the Qing and ROC governments in ethnic minorities education system gave rise to a large number of educational institutions to be attended by commoners’ children in Inner Mongolia. This proved a crucial factor to have formed a new social stratum in the region throughout the 1920s and 1930s. The latter was shaped by young Mongols to have undergone training not only in China but also in Japan, Mongolia, and the USSR. They played a significant role in the all-Mongolian national liberation movement. The paper asserts important impacts of the Mongolian-Tibetan Special School which had educated political elites of 20th-century Inner Mongolia.

Introduction. The current community demand for ethnic identity search and its paths makes insights into everyday life of the past topical enough. So, there is also a growing interest in past Kalmyk everyday life which proves unique in many respects. Another research motive is that the phenomenon remains understudied and is limited to some fragmentary observations of a small circle of authors. Goals. The paper aims at characterizing a history of Kalmyk everyday life through the example of deeds and concerns of one shabinar clan to have inhabited Kalmyk Steppe of Astrakhan Governorate. The chronological framework — mid-19th to early 20th centuries — is explained by the abundance of innovations witnessed by the period to have caused essential changes in the slow-paced nomadic life. Materials and methods. The study analyzes a wide range of archival sources to focus on records management documents housed at the National Archive of Kalmykia (collections ‘Kalmyk People’s Executive Department’ and ‘Executive Office of Baga Dorbet Ulus’) and thus introduced into scientific circulation. The study employs a complex of general scientific and special historical methods, with a fundamental role to be played by the civilizational/cultural and interdisciplinary approaches in combination with the principles of historicism and objectivity together supposed to yield maximum truthfulness in descriptions of examined phenomena. Results. The period under study is distinguished by a dramatic destruction of the clan/tribal isolation once inherent to Kalmyk society, this caused by both administrative measures (the 1910 consolidation of aimaks and khotons) and socioeconomic changes to have resulted in essential stratification of society and labor migrations of impoverished individuals and families (including beyond borders of Governorate proper). The latter processes were aggravated by Russian peasant inflows to Kalmyk Steppe and additional land-related problems.

Introduction. The article describes two equestrian expeditions undertaken in May and July 2022 to celebrate the 80th anniversary of earliest battles for the Don attended by the 100th Kalmyk Cavalry Division. The expeditions are viewed as commemorative practices to have facilitated further memorialization of the ethnic military unit’s heroic deeds. Materials and methods. The study employs a variety of general scientific and special research techniques, including the genetic method in history, participant observations, and interviews. The work analyzes monographs and articles dealing with the 110th Cavalry Division, interviews with expedition attendees, and published media materials. Results. The paper begins with a historical review of the 110th Kalmyk Cavalry Division and describes the struggle for its historical memory. This is followed by insights into the two equestrian expeditions to have commemorated the 80th anniversary of the unit’s earliest hostilities attended. The first expedition was held on Malye Derbety – Elista route (over 200 km long), lasted for seven days, and was culminated by a ceremonial march along Elista streets on 9 May. This involved a total of approximately thirty individuals, including one young woman and five children, and was largely a preparatory arrangement to identify and settle some potential logistic and technical problems. The second expedition was organized on route Malye Derbety – Razdorskaya (over 500 km long) in July 2022 and lasted for fourteen days. The group included seventeen male individuals dressed in 1942 uniforms of Red Army cavalrymen and equipped with blank WWII firearms. The expedition was to primarily pass through Rostov Oblast and ended in Razdorskaya on 23 July during an interregional Cossack song contest. Horse riders to have attended both the expeditions would participate in public meetings and concerts to narrate about heroic deeds performed by soldiers of the 110th Kalmyk Cavalry Division. So, the early 3rd millennium equestrian tours have proved an ingenious form of patriotic propaganda and shall be long remembered — like the delivered history of the ethnic military unit proper — by participants of corresponding events. Conclusions. The arranged equestrian expeditions have served an efficient tool to memorialize heroic past of the 110th Kalmyk Cavalry Division both across Kalmykia and Rostov Oblast.

The article discusses the most important sources of Mongolian and Oirat-Kalmyk medieval law – the Great Yasa of Genghis Khan and Iki Tsaajin Bichik of 1640, which played a significant role in the formation and development of the legal system of nomadic Mongolian peoples. These two legislative monuments, in combination with other sources of law, regulated the nomadic army, organized according to a military hierarchical principle, streamlined the system of economic culture and social organization of society, covered various branches of law – criminal, civil, spiritual (religious), family, inheritance also procedural (court procedure, issues of administrative management of a militarytype state). In the system of Mongolian law, a fairly common legal source was “zarlik” (labels) – decrees of the Great Khans of the empire and individual rulers of the states of Genghisides, granted, protection and other letters. In the framework of our scientific research, the goal was set, through an analysis of the “Great Yasa” of Genghis Khan and “Iki Tsaajin Bichik 1640”, various labels of medieval rulers of the Great Mongolian State, to show the features of the legal regulation of public relations in the Golden Horde, in particular, in Mongolian and Oirat nomadic state formations.

Electrospray ionization (ESI) is among the commonly used atmospheric pressure ionization techniques in mass spectrometry (MS). One of the drawbacks of ESI is the formation of divergent plumes composed of polydisperse microdroplets, which lead to low transmission efficiency. Here, we propose a new method to potentially improve the transmission efficiency of ESI, which does not require additional electrical components and complex interface modification. A dielectric plate—made of ceramic—was used in place of a regular metallic sampling cone. Due to the charge accumulation on the dielectric surface, the dielectric layer around the MS orifice distorts the electric field, focusing the charged electrospray cloud towards the MS inlet. The concept was first verified using charge measurement on the dielectric material surface and computational simulation; then, online experiments were carried out to demonstrate the potential of this method in MS applications. In the online experiment, signal enhancements were observed for dielectric plates with different geometries, distances of the electrospray needle axis from the MS inlet, and various compounds. For example, in the case of acetaminophen (15 μM), the signal enhancement was up to 1.82 times (plate B) using the default distance of the electrospray needle axis from the MS inlet (d = 1.5 mm) and 12.18 times (plate C) using a longer distance (d = 7 mm).

Introduction. The article publishes a report delivered at the Thirteenth Congress of Orientalists and deals with problems of searching materials on repressed Kalmyks and their 1944–1957 life in Siberia with additional emphasis be laid on their preservation and duplication for specialists in Kalmyk studies. Materials and methods. The study employs a wide range of research methods, both common scientific (analysis, synthesis, etc.) and special historical ones (historical genetics, historical systemic methods, etc.). The comparative historical methods proves instrumental in identifying actual storage and access conditions at archives across different regions, agencies, and authorities. Results. The paper covers the Siberian period of the repressed Kalmyk people’s life between 28 December 1943 and 9 January 1957. The ‘thirteen years and thirteen days’ witnessed tremendous hardships and miseries experienced and survived by two thirds of the population only. Part 1 of the article has reviewed Kalmyk Deportation proper, its geography, living conditions, and demographic losses among exiled settlers. Part 2 evaluates federal and regional Siberian archives as sources on the history of Kalmyk Deportation. The initial analysis shows those contain vastest materials relating to the issue under consideration. However, since Kalmyk exiled settlers were scattered across several regions quite a share of archival documents are essentially sketchy, difficult or even impossible to access. Specialists have explored materials housed by federal depositories but the regional and municipal ones — as well as key archives of Siberia — still remain a terra incognita, especially those of particular agencies and institutions. Meanwhile, the situation tends to get aggravated for some categories of archival files to have reached the retention period of 75 years may be considered valueless and disposed of, i.e. lost to any further research. The paper concludes it is urgent to mobilize quite a number of research associates to search for materials dealing with the topic in archival depositories nationwide, primarily regional ones.

The density of a fluid or gas, which depends on the temperature, pressure and concentration of dissolved substances or suspended particles, changes under the influence of a large number of physical factors. We assume that an undisturbed liquid is heterogeneous. The propagation of periodic flows in viscous, uniformly stratified fluids is considered. The analysis is based on a system of fundamental equations for the transfer of energy, momentum and matter in periodic flows. Taking into account the compatibility condition, dispersion relations are constructed for two-dimensional internal, acoustic and surface linear periodic flows with a positive definite frequency and complex wave number in a compressible viscous fluid exponentially stratified by density. The temperature conductivity and diffusion effects are neglected. The obtained regularly perturbed solutions of the dispersion equations describe the conventional weakly damped waves. The families of singular solutions, specific for every kind of periodic flow, characterize the before unknown thin ligaments that accompany each type of wave. In limited cases, the constructed regular solutions transform into well-known expressions for a viscous homogeneous and an ideal fluid. Singular solutions are degenerated in a viscous homogeneous fluid or disappear in an ideal fluid. The developing method of the fundamental equation system analysis is directed to describe the dynamics and spatial structure of periodic flows in heterogeneous fluids in linear and non-linear approximations.

Abstract We explore the on-shell recursion for tree-level scattering amplitudes with massive spinning particles. Based on the factorization structure encoded in the same way by two different recursion relations, we conjecture an all-multiplicity formula for two gauged massive particles of arbitrary spin and any number of identical-helicity gluons. Specializing to quantum chromodynamics (QCD), we solve the on-shell recursion relations in the presence of two pairs of massive quarks and an arbitrary number of identical-helicity gluons. We find closed-form expressions for the two distinct families of color-ordered four-quark amplitudes, in which all gluons comprise a single color-adjacent set. We compare the efficiency of the numerical evaluation of the two resulting analytic formulae against a numerical implementation of the off-shell Berends-Giele recursion. We find the formulae for both amplitude families to be faster for large multiplicities, while the simpler of the two is actually faster for any number of external legs. Our analytic results are provided in a computer-readable format as two files in the supplementary material.

Introduction. The article analyzes historiography and history of the 110th Kalmyk Cavalry Division, the only ethnic Kalmyk (largely) military unit that was engaged in active combat operations during the Great Patriotic War. However, despite its huge contribution to the heroic struggle against invading troops the unit — worthy of decent memory and respect — got surrounded with defamatory myths that bear no relation to actual events. Since most of the Division’s documents submitted to archives had disappeared, it took several decades to objectively examine its history. Materials and methods. The historical genetic method being a principal one for the present research, the latter also employs historical systemic and comparative methods. The sources analyzed are books and articles, official documents and correspondence from various archival repositories, personal messages and memoirs by veterans of the 110th Kalmyk Cavalry Division and researchers of its history. Results. The article is a consistent review of the unit’s historiography that may be divided into five stages to be designated as follows: 1) period of silence and lies (1943–1957), 2) period of ‘sporadic’ studies (1957–1967), 3) period of active scientific work (1967–1977), 4) period of indifference (1977–2011), and 5) period of new scholarly interest (2011 to the present). The Kalmyk Cavalry Division has long been an object of defamatory insinuations and calumny when it was accused of ‘unreliability’, denounced as a ‘gang’ or even as German collaborators — these had clearly political implications. Meanwhile, the historical research was seriously complicated by the loss of most of its documents although after the disbandment those were duly handed over according to inventory lists along with the banners. This severely obstructed the process of preserving historical memory of the only ethnic Kalmyk unit that fought against the enemy during the Great Patriotic War. Hence, the difficulties that scholars in the field have had to overcome were immense. Part One of the article covers stages one to three. Conclusions. Historiography of the 110th Kalmyk Cavalry Division may be described as a difficult and winding path, with periods of both oblivion and activation experienced.

Introduction. The article aims to analyze the historiography and history of the 110th Kalmyk Cavalry Division, the only ethnic military unit (largely staffed by Kalmyks) that fought at the front during the Great Patriotic War. While the division is worthy of memory and respect for its contribution to the battle against the enemy, its history was surrounded with defamatory myths that have nothing in common with real events. Granted the disappearance of most of the Division’s documents handed over to the archives, it has taken several decades to objectively study its history. Materials and methods. Besides the historical-genetic method, which was the principal one for the present research, historical-systemic and historical-comparative methods were used. The sources were books and articles, office documentation and correspondence from various archival repositories, personal correspondence and memoirs of the veterans of the 110th Kalmyk Cavalry Division, as well as of the researchers of its history. Results. The article is a consistent examination of the historiography of the subject; this may be divided into five stages designated in the article as i) a period of silence and lies (1943–1957), ii) a period of ‘sporadic’ searches (1957–1967), iii) a period of active scientific work (1967–1977), iv) a period of indifference (1977–2011), and v) a period of new scholarly interest in the subject (2011–present). The Kalmyk Cavalry Division has long been an object of defamatory insinuations and calumny when it was accused of ”unreliability”, denounced as ”a gang” or even as German collaborators; these had clearly political implications. Meanwhile, the study of the history of the Division was seriously complicated by the loss of most of its documents although after its disbandment these were handed over according to the inventory along with the banners. Also, this interfered with the process of preserving the historical memory of the only ethnic formation that fought against the enemy during the Great Patriotic War. Hence, the difficulty that the scholars in the field have had to overcome was immense. The second part of the article describes the forth and fifth stages. Conclusions. The historiography associated with the studies of the history of the Kalmyk Cavalry Division may be described as a difficult and winding path, with periods of both indifference and activation that had to be overcome. However, in the course of a long struggle, justice was restored, and the historical memory of the Kalmyk Division was returned to the people.

Introduction. The article publishes a report delivered at the Thirteenth Congress of Orientalists and deals with problems of searching materials on repressed Kalmyks and their 1944–1957 life in Siberia with special emphasis be laid on their preservation and duplication for specialists in Kalmyk studies. Materials and methods. The study employs a wide range of research methods, both common scientific (analysis, synthesis, etc.) and special historical ones (historical genetics, historical systemic methods, etc.). The comparative historical methods proves instrumental in identifying actual storage and access conditions at archives across dif-ferent regions, agencies, and authorities. Results. The paper covers the Siberian period of the repressed Kalmyk people’s life between 28 December 1943 and 9 January 1957. The ‘thirteen years and thirteen days’ — to have become a somewhat fixed folklore formula — witnessed tremendous hardships and miseries experienced and survived by two thirds of the population only. Part 1 of the article reviews the deportation proper (Operation Ulusy and other similar forced relocations). Special attention is paid to that the causes proclaimed in the official decree by the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council were completely groundless and had noth-ing to do with reality. The geography of Kalmyk Deportation, living conditions, and typical problems faced by repressed Kalmyks are also outlined. The work emphasizes demographic losses of the ethnos. Part 2 shall examine the problems of searching and preserving related archival materials on Siberian life of the Kalmyks in 1944–1957.

The resistance of bacteria to the disinfectants used is one of the pressing health problems requiring to be addressed in order to prevent formation and spread of resistant strains. Bacterial resistance leads to a sharply decreased effectiveness of anti-epidemic measures and contributes to maintaining a high morbidity level. In the context of the growing HAI incidence rate and related polyetiology, the large adaptive potential of opportunistic microorganisms, and the growing resistance to antimicrobial drugs, it is necessary to search for new or modify the corresponding substances of plant or synthetic origin exerting antimicrobial action used as antimicrobial agents. One of the representatives of this class of compounds are polyguanidines, characterized by high antimicrobial activity and low toxicity. Due to the high reactivity of the guanidine group, as well as ease of synthesis and relative availability of raw materials, N-phenyl- and N-octyl-substituted derivatives of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride were able to be obtained by melt polycondensation, their molecular weight characteristics were measured as well as the structure investigated by IR spectroscopy. An earlier study on the acute toxicity for polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride derivatives after a single oral drug intake in laboratory animals (white mice) allowed to establish the following LD50 values: polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride — 850.0±112.02 mg/ kg; N-phenyl-substituted polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride — 1399.9±120.51 mg/kg; N-octyl-substituted polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride — 1150.0±137.40 mg/kg. Such values, according to the tabulation of hazard classes, allow the synthesized derivatives to be classified into the fourth hazard class and open up an opportunity for using disinfectants as active components. The evaluation of the antibacterial sample properties was carried out by using serial dilutions in agar on hospital bacterial and fungal strains isolated from the biomaterial of patients at the Republican Clinical Hospital named after V.I. Semashko, according to the clinical guidelines “Laboratory diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia” 2014, “Bacteriological analysis of urine” 2014, “Determination of the susceptibility of microorganisms to antimicrobial drugs” 2015. It was found that N-substituted derivatives exhibit a greater antimicrobial effect compared with unsubstituted polymer. The most sensitive to all the drugs presented was the yeast-like fungi Candida albicans (No. 2495) (complete suppression), as well as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (no. 2544), and the substituted samples almost completely suppress its growth. The most resistant strains are P. aeruginosa (No. 2281), A. baumannii (No. 2806) and K. pneumoniae (No. 3023), the percentage of reduction of these bacteria under the action of substituted samples does not exceed 41%, which is accounted for by their multi-resistance.