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Understanding the origins and evolution of modern grapevine varieties in the Iberian Peninsula and western Europe necessitates an examination of the proportions of Vitis vinifera cultivars, their relationships with wild grapevine populations, and the utilization of seedless cultivars in al-Andalus. Employing morphometric studies, domestication indices, multivariate analysis, and Bayesian hypothesis testing, this study investigates several distinct seed types identified in materials from Roman and medieval deposits. These seeds exhibit a spectrum from highly domesticated to purely wild. Our findings reveal the predominance of Proles Occidentalis Negrul, and the presence of feral-like grapevines associated with Proles Euphratica. Additionally, we observe the continuous presence of wild grapevines related to Vitis sylvestris CC Gmelin throughout the studied period. Seeds exhibiting intermediate characteristics are documented, alongside the identification of “stenosperms”, suggesting anomalies in seed formation. Notably, the presence of Vitis vinifera raisins “stenospermocarpics” of the sultana type is suggested, potentially elucidating the absence of table grapes and raisins of the Proles Orientalis Negrul in the archaeological record, despite frequent mentions by medieval agronomy writers from al-Andalus.

This work shows the location and study of relic populations of the Eurasian wild grapevine Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris (Gmelin) Hegi in the Asturias region (NW of the Iberian Peninsula). The comprehensive study includes the description of their habitats, of the main botanical supporters of these lianas and of the parasitic species causing them biological stress, the ampelographic description of the populations, wine elaboration from bunches of female vines and a genetic study based on 240 nuclear SNP data. The results obtained have allowed to verify the abundance of this genetic resource in the eastern and central areas of the region. The species that support this liana were different depending on the position (alluvial, colluvial or coastal) of the populations. Several ampelographic differences have been confirmed between male and female individuals. The erineum strain of Colomerus vitis (Pagenstecher) (Acari, Eryophidae) and mildews were the most frequent parasitic species found in the populations. Berries presented a low sugar content, and wines a low alcoholic content and a high total polyphenol index and colour intensity. Feral Vitaceae were found accompanying some of the sylvestris populations mainly in riverbanks and colluvial positions. The genetic study showed a clear distinction of the sylvestris vines from the most common grape varieties in the region, even though one of the sylvestris has a compatible parent-offspring relationship with the variety ‘Camaraou Noir’. The progressive reduction of this subspecies as a consequence of the human activities, plagues and diseases highlights the importance of regulating its conservation in order to avoid its extinction.

Since the mid-1980s, several surveys have been carried out in La Rioja to search for populations of the sylvestrisgrapevine subspecies (Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris Gmelin). The banks of the Ebro River and its tributaries (Alhama, Cidacos, Leza, Iregua, Najerilla, Oja and Tirón rivers), as well as the surrounding vegetation of their valleys have been covered. So far, all the populations found are alluvial, forming part of the riparian vegetation of the Najerilla (the first reported population in La Rioja [1]), Iregua, and the vicinity of Oja valleys. Nevertheless, doubts arose from the beginning about the `sylvestris purity¿ of some of these wild vines. In this work, leaves and/or cuttings from 83 vines have been used for genetic analyses: 63 vines were sampled in the wild in La Rioja region (17 from Najerilla banks, 43 from Iregua banks, and 3 from Agualinos stream, tributary of the Oja river), and 20 vines were sampled in the grapevine sylvestris collection of the University of La Rioja, originally collected as wild vines from the Najerilla valley. DNAs were extracted and genotyped at 6 microsatellite and 240 SNP markers. A total of 58 different genotypes were found, 20 in the Najerilla population, 36 in the Iregua population and 2 in the Oja population. These genotypes were included in a large genetic structure analysis of more than 2.800 genotypes representing worldwide sylvestrisand sativa subspecies. More than 84% of the wild samples from La Rioja showed a high membership coefficient to the sylvestris population, supporting their sylvestris condition. A local analysis focused on genotypes of cultivated and wild vines found in La Rioja separated them into two main clusters, with a clear division between sylvestris and cultivated vines. Some wild vine genotypes were found in intermediate positions between these two groups, indicating the existence of an introgression of the sativa gene pool into the sylvestris population, constituting an additional threat

Grapevine domestication took place in the Caucasus area known as the Cradle of Viticulture, within or near the geographical area known as the Vavilov Triangle. The phytogenetic resources of Vitis sylvestris C.C.Gmel. have been previously collected and characterized, but the study on micro vinifications of wild grapevines from the Caucasus is new. In the present document, seven grape samples from female individuals of wild grapevine growing in the South Caucasus region were investigated to assess their oenological profile. Wine samples were obtained from the grapes collected from various populations of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia in October 2013 and fermented by the native yeasts. Parameters determined in the wines were, among others, the concentration of ethanol (3.63 % - 10.15 %), pH (3.30 - 4.20), total acidity (1.2 - 10.7 g/L of tartaric acid), total polyphenol index (1.81 - 89.8) and colour intensity (2.59 - 20.76). This wide range of values is due to the different environmental conditions, the level of ripeness of harvested grapes and their genetic diversity. These data were compared with those obtained in micro vinifications of wild grapevines in Western Europe and wines of several international cultivars. The results of our research demonstrated, that the must of wild grape could be used to improve traditional wines giving them more colouration.

The Iberian Peninsula constitutes the Western limit of the dioecious Eurasian wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris). At present, it is a threatened plant, due to human impacts. This liana has had different uses in this territory from the Paleolithic until the end of the last century, including several medicinal applications, inherited from the classical Greek culture. In order to retrieve the available written information, we carried out an exhaustive bibliographic search of the pharmacopoeia linked to this Vitaceae, from the 16th century to the present day. Current references on chemical composition of different parts of grapevine and their medicinal uses were also covered. In parallel, we conducted research in several archives and made inquiries to historians, anthropologists, and sanitary personnel. We also interviewed elderly people from rural areas of Spain and Portugal where some relic populations of wild grapevine are still conserved. Among the written and oral medicinal uses compiled, the main ones are: the use of the grapevine bleeding water to alleviate eczema and skin eruptions and to combat conjunctivitis and keratitis; the use of must from unripe berries (agua de agraz in Spanish) as liver tonic and to treat digestive diseases; the leaves were used to reduce edema, as antihemorrhoidal, and for menopausal disorders; and finally, the vinegar was used to clean and disinfect wounds both on humans and animals. This paper highlights the tremendous erosion of the traditional knowledge about this relevant plant genetic resource.

Xylotrechus arvicola (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a polyphagous xylophagous beetle that is becoming a pest of increasing importance for vineyards in Spain, also because of the wood fungi developing in the galleries excavated by its larvae, which cause a progressive decline of the affected grapevines, until death. Between 1993 and 2015, a survey of the infestation caused by X. arvicola and the symptoms caused by pathogenic wood fungi was performed in a 'Tempranillo' variety vineyard in La Rioja region (Spain). Maps showing the overtime spread of the borer and the diffusion of symptoms of grapevine decline and Eutypa dieback were obtained. Results indicated that the borer colonization began in the centre of the plot, followed by the first symptoms caused by the wood fungi a few years later. The statistical analysis showed that the evolution of infestation is characterized by a linear increase of new holes whereas the pattern of their allocation in the vines follows a bimodal distribution which, to some extent, can be simulated by a Poisson's model. Based on these observations, a methodology to estimate the state of the infestation over time is proposed. The procedure - based on a linear regression of the average number of holes per vine over a set of years - can be applied in a relatively simple way and provides the probability for a grapevine to have a certain number of exit holes in a definite year with a mean error of around 5%

[ES] Se ha realizado la microvinificación de nueve poblaciones de vid silvestre euroasiáticas situadas en diferentes hábitats de La Rioja (España) y el País Vasco (España, Francia). Las poblaciones se observaron previamente en el momento de la floración para evaluar la presencia de ejemplares masculinos y femeninos. Ambas vendimias tuvieron lugar durante la última semana de octubre y la primera de noviembre de 2015 y 2016. Los racimos se despalillaron a mano seleccionando solo bayas maduras, se prensaron y se pesó la cantidad de mosto de cada muestra. La mezcla de mosto con semillas y pieles se fermentó a 20ºC con levaduras nativas sin adición de metabisulfito potásico. El objetivo principal era conocer las principales características enológicas de estos vinos de vid silvestre. Debido al pequeño tamaño de las bayas y al hecho de que las semillas (1 o 2) son bastante voluminosas, el volumen de mosto obtenido es muy bajo en cada microvinificación (15,3 y 16,7% en peso). En 2015, mostraron valores más altos de concentración alcohólica, menor acidez total y mayor pH que en los vinos del año 2016, porque las bayas eran más maduras y saludables. Por otro lado, la concentración de etanol se sitúa entre 6,5 y 9%. En ambos años, los valores de acidez total son altos debido al alto contenido de ácido tartárico, situado entre 5,3 y 7,2 g / l. La intensidad del color de los vinos presenta valores altos, entre 15 y 23. Esto está estrechamente relacionado con el contenido elevado de antocianinas, entre 470 y 531 mg / l y el elevado índice de polifenoles totales, situado dentro del intervalo (65.8-107). En todas las muestras, ambos tipos de valores se consideran apropiados para vinos tintos jóvenes. Estos vinos pueden sugerir que la vid silvestre es un recurso fitogenético muy interesante. Podrían cruzarse con variedades tintas de cultivo, con el fin de aumentar la acidez y la intensidad del color de los vinos. Estos son parámetros muy importantes en el marco actual de cambio clim, [EN] The microvinification of nine Eurasian wild grapevine populations situated in different habitats in La Rioja (Spain) and the Basque Country (Spain, France) were carried out. Populations were observed at flowering time in order to assess the presence of male and female vines. Both harvests took place during the last week of October and the first week of November in 2015 and 2016. Bunches were destalked by hand selecting only ripe grapes, pressed and the amount of must in each sample was weighed. The mixture of must with seeds and skins were fermented at 20ºC with native yeasts without the addition of Potassium metabisulphite. The principal objective was to determine the main oenological characteristics of these wild wines. Due to the small size of the grapes and the fact that their seeds (1 or 2) are quite bulky, the volume of must obtained is very low in each microvinification (15.3 and 16.7 % in weight). In 2015, they showed higher values of alcoholic concentration, lower total acidity and higher pH than with the wines of the year 2016 because berries were more mature and healthier. On the other hand, the ethanol concentration lies between 6.5 and 9%. In both years, the total acidity values are high due to the elevated content of tartaric acid, situated between 5.3 and 7.2 g/l. The color intensity of wines presents high values, between 15 and 23. This is closely related to the high content of anthocyanins, between 470 and 531 mg/l and the high total polyphenols index, within the interval (65.8, 107). In all the samples both kinds of values are considered appropriate for young red wines. These wild wines may suggest that the wild grapevine is a very interesting phytogenetic resource. It might improve the acidity and color intensity of wines by crossing with red cultivars, a very important characteristics in the present context of climatic change, mainly in warming regions, such as the Mediterranean vineyards.

The Iberian Peninsula constitutes the Western limit of the dioecious Eurasian wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris). At present, it is a threatened plant, due to human impacts. This liana has had different uses in this territory from the Paleolithic until the end of the last century, including several medicinal applications, inherited from the classical Greek culture. In order to retrieve the available written information, we carried out an exhaustive bibliographic search of the pharmacopoeia linked to this Vitaceae, from the 16th century to the present day. Current references on chemical composition of different parts of grapevine and their medicinal uses were also covered. In parallel, we conducted research in several archives and made inquiries to historians, anthropologists, and sanitary personnel. We also interviewed elderly people from rural areas of Spain and Portugal where some relic populations of wild grapevine are still conserved. Among the written and oral medicinal uses compiled, the main ones are: the use of the grapevine bleeding water to alleviate eczema and skin eruptions and to combat conjunctivitis and keratitis; the use of must from unripe berries (agua de agraz in Spanish) as liver tonic and to treat digestive diseases; the leaves were used to reduce edema, as antihemorrhoidal, and for menopausal disorders; and finally, the vinegar was used to clean and disinfect wounds both on humans and animals. This paper highlights the tremendous erosion of the traditional knowledge about this relevant plant genetic resource, La Península Ibérica constituye el límite occidental de la euroasiática y dioica vid silvestre (Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris). Actualmente la vid silvestre se encuentra amenazada debido al impacto humano. Esta liana tuvo diferentes usos en la península desde el Paleolítico hasta finales del siglo pasado. Entre ellos, como herencia de la cultura griega clásica, aparecen diferentes usos médicos. Para recuperar la información escrita existente, hemos llevado a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica exhaustiva sobre la farmacopea vinculada a esta Vitaceae, desde el siglo XVI hasta el presente. Incluimos también referencias sobre la composición química de diferentes partes de la vid y sus usos medicinales. Paralelamente, hemos investigado en los archivos de diferentes localidades y realizado consultas a historiadores, antropólogos y personal sanitario. Asimismo, hemos realizado entrevistas a ancianos de diferentes regiones de España y Portugal donde todavía se conservan algunas poblaciones relictas de vid silvestre. Entre la información escrita y oral de los usos medicinales recopilados, mencionaremos el uso del “agua de lloro” de la vid para aliviar eczemas y erupciones cutáneas; para combatir la conjuntivitis y la queratitis; el mosto o “agua de agraz”, como tónico para el hígado y para tratar afecciones digestivas; las hojas para reducir el edema, como antihemorroidales y para trastornos de la menopausia; y por último, el vinagre para limpiar y desinfectar heridas de personas y animales. Este trabajo destaca la tremenda erosión del conocimiento tradicional sobre este recurso fitogenético tan relevante

[ES]: The present paper is focused on five relic wild grapevine populations within Huelva province (SW Europe, Spain) prospected between 2015¿2017. One microvinification was carried out in each population. Data indicate that the ethanol concentration varies between 10.4 and 13.4 v/v. The color intensity is situated between 14.6 and 17.6 and the pH between 3.26¿3.27. These constitute suitable values for red wines under Mediterranean climatology. On the other hand the age of cultivated waterlogged grapevine seeds found in an excavation in the down town of Huelva city, using a radiocarbon procedure, was 2,795 ± 30 years B.P. This antiquity agrees with that calculated according the style of the ceramic rests to contain wine from Sardinian origin accompanying the pips, found in the same archaeological stratum. Tridimensional measures of these pips were compared with other from wild origin in order to establish differences between both groups., [EN]: The present paper is focused on five relic wild grapevine populations within Huelva province (SW Europe, Spain) prospected between 2015–2017. One microvinification was carried out in each population. Data indicate that the ethanol concentration varies between 10.4 and 13.4 v/v. The color intensity is situated between 14.6 and 17.6 and the pH between 3.26–3.27. These constitute suitable values for red wines under Mediterranean climatology. On the other hand the age of cultivated waterlogged grapevine seeds found in an excavation in the down town of Huelva city, using a radiocarbon procedure, was 2,795 ± 30 years B.P. This antiquity agrees with that calculated according the style of the ceramic rests to contain wine from Sardinian origin accompanying the pips, found in the same archaeological stratum. Tridimensional measures of these pips were compared with other from wild origin in order to establish differences between both groups.

This paper is focused on 21 relic wild grapevine populations within Huelva province (SW Europe, Spain) prospected between 2015-2017. Position of each popu lation along river-bank forests, types of flower of this dioecious subspecies and morphology of the pollen grains were described. Analyses of five microvinifications were carried out, which indicate that the color intensity of the wines is between 14.6 and 17.6 and the pH between 3.26-3.27, which are suitable values for red wines under Mediterranean climatology. A list of the accompanying vegetation and the cultivated varieties in the "Condado de Huelva" Registered Appellation Origin Mark were also included. Moreover, the genetic diversity of 23 vines was characterized using 25 nuclear SSR loci, the results showed a slightly higher diversity than the one found in Iberian cultivars. However, the observed heterozygosity was significantly lower than the expected one for wild populations in the Huelva province. The inbreeding depression in these wild grape populations is suggested by the positive F values. Therefore, the conservation of this unique germplasm collection should be part of the process of maintaining the genetic diversity in this gene pool, especially, taking into account that no particular legal figure of preservation exists in Spain. © The author(s).

El presente trabajo se ha centrado sobre la Cuadrilla de Ayala (Álava), donde se han localizado ocho poblaciones relictas de vid silvestre en diversos hábitats. Se ha comprobado su carácter dioico durante el periodo de floración. Se han identificado las principales especies parásitas existentes sobre estas parras y las principales componentes de su vegetación acompañante. Por otro lado, se han estudiado quince vides cultivadas, con una edad superior a cincuenta años, situadas en la fachada principal de los caseríos. El análisis del ADN de ambos tipos de parras se ha realizado con 48 marcadores SNPs. Los resultados obtenidos han sido comparados con la base de datos disponible en el Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (Logroño), a fin de proceder a la caracterización genética de las muestras., This paper focuses on the Cuadrilla de Ayala (Álava province, Spain), where eight relic wild grapevine populations were located in different habitats. The dioecious nature of these lianas was determined at flowering time. The main parasitic species on these vines and also the most frequent taxa of their accompanying vegetation were identified. On the other hand, fifteen vines, aged in excess of fifty, and located in the main entrances of traditional farmhouses (caseríos), were also studied. The analysis of the DNA from both kinds of sampled vines was based on 48 SNPs markers. Results were compared with the available data base at the Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (Logroño, Spain) for the sample genetic characterization.

[EN]: The present article, focused on the Eurasian wild grapevine, the dioecious parental of the present cultivars, shows the ancient uses of this vine in the past and its importance as a plant genetic resource in the genetic improvement of existing varieties and to reduce the loss of agrodiversity in the vineyard. It also includes its main natural habitats, its main ampelographic features and the parasites that affect it. Finally, it remarks the main taxon, lacking a legal figure of preservation in Spain, at both the state and autonomic levels, [ES]: El presente artículo centrado en la vid silvestre euroasiática, el parental dioico de las actuales variedades de cultivo, recoge los antiguos aprovechamientos que tuvo esta liana en el pasado y su importancia como recurso fitogenético para la mejora de variedades existentes y frenar la pérdida de agrodiversidad en el viñedo. Asimismo, señala sus principales hábitats naturales, sus principales características ampelográficas y los parásitos que la afectan. Finalmente, señala los principales impactos de carácter antrópico que han reducido drásticamente sus poblaciones, convirtiéndolo en un taxón amenazado, carente de una figura legal de protección en España, tanto a nivel estatal como autonómico

[ES] En este trabajo se hace una introducción al único taxón euroasiático de vid silvestre, Vitis vinífera L. subsp. sylvestris (Gmelin) Hegi, al proceso de su domesticación y a las causas antrópicas que han mermado drásticamente las poblaciones de esta subespecie, desde la Península Ibérica hasta Afganistán. Asimismo, se hace referencia al problema de la pérdida de biodiversidad del viñedo y se subraya la importancia de estas parras autóctonas para mitigar esa erosión genética. En el mismo se señala que, pese a la ley de protección de este parental de las viníferas cultivadas en Francia, se ha producido una importante pérdida de ejemplares en esta zona. Según nuestras observaciones, comenzadas en 1992 y contrastadas con las de 2015, algunas zonas cubiertas con vegetación clímax atlántica han sido completamente destruidas en las inmediaciones de St. Jean de Luz, concretamente en la zona de Acotz-Chibau. Por otra parte, se incluye la información cartográfica de las poblaciones relictas de vid silvestre que aún se conservan, con el fin de facilitar las tareas de conservación in situ de las mismas., [EN] This paper introduces the only Euriasian taxon of the wild grapevine, Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris (Gmelin) Hegi, its domestication and the anthropic causes that have drastically reduced the populations of this subspecies from the Iberian Peninsula to Afghanistan. Besides, reference is made to the problem of the loss of biodiversity in the vineyard and to the importance of this native vine in order to reduce that genetic erosion. On the other hand, it is pointed out that, although this parental of the cultured grapevine is protected by law in France, a major loss of specimens has occurred in this region. According to our observations, which began in 1992 and were verified in 2015, several areas covered with Atlantic climax vegetation were completely destroyed near St. Jean de Luz, specifically, in the Acotz-Chibau area. Cartographic information concerning the remaining relict populations of wild grapevines is included in order to facilitate in situ conservation work. Furthermore, data on the accompanying vegetation and the health status of the grapevines are also presented.

[ES] En este trabajo se hace una introducción al único taxón euroasiático de vid silvestre, Vitis vinífera L. subsp. sylvestris (Gmelin) Hegi, al proceso de su domesticación y a las causas antrópicas que han mermado drásticamente las poblaciones de esta subespecie, desde la Península Ibérica hasta Afganistán. Asimismo, se hace referencia al problema de la pérdida de biodiversidad del viñedo y se subraya la importancia de estas parras autóctonas para mitigar esa erosión genética. En el mismo se señala que, pese a la ley de protección de este parental de las viníferas cultivadas en Francia, se ha producido una importante pérdida de ejemplares en esta zona. Según nuestras observaciones, comenzadas en 1992 y contrastadas con las de 2015, algunas zonas cubiertas con vegetación clímax atlántica han sido completamente destruidas en las inmediaciones de St. Jean de Luz, concretamente en la zona de Acotz-Chibau. Por otra parte, se incluye la información cartográfica de las poblaciones relictas de vid silvestre que aún se conservan, con el fin de facilitar las tareas de conservación in situ de las mismas., [EN] This paper introduces the only Euriasian taxon of the wild grapevine, Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris (Gmelin) Hegi, its domestication and the anthropic causes that have drastically reduced the populations of this subspecies from the Iberian Peninsula to Afghanistan. Besides, reference is made to the problem of the loss of biodiversity in the vineyard and to the importance of this native vine in order to reduce that genetic erosion. On the other hand, it is pointed out that, although this parental of the cultured grapevine is protected by law in France, a major loss of specimens has occurred in this region. According to our observations, which began in 1992 and were verified in 2015, several areas covered with Atlantic climax vegetation were completely destroyed near St. Jean de Luz, specifically, in the Acotz-Chibau area. Cartographic information concerning the remaining relict populations of wild grapevines is included in order to facilitate in situ conservation work. Furthermore, data on the accompanying vegetation and the health status of the grapevines are also presented.

Wild grapevine is becoming a threatened species in the Iberian Peninsula due to human impacts. The aim of this work was to carry out a holistic study for six years of the largest wild grapevine population found up to date in SW Iberian Peninsula. This population has 115 vines. Ampelographic and soil characteristics have been studied. Evaluation of its environment has also been studied by describing the main parasitic species and natural enemies of pests. The ability of this plant material for its micropropaga-tion and storage in slow-growth conditions has been tested. Microvinification resulted in a wine with good acidity and medium color intensity, two interesting characteristics under a warm climatology. Finally, the identification of private alleles in this wild popula-tion, absent in other locations from the Northern and Southern Iberian territories, is a very valuable feature and confirms the im-portance of establishing conservation programs. The population here studied is genetically unique and potentially useful for com-mercial rootstocks and cultivars breeding that would improve viticulture and enology.

Wild grapevine is becoming a threatened species in the Iberian Peninsula due to human impacts. The aim of this work was to carry out a holistic study for six years of the largest wild grapevine population found up to date in SW Iberian Peninsula. This population has 115 vines. Ampelographic and soil characteristics have been studied. Evaluation of its environment has also been studied by describing the main parasitic species and natural enemies of pests. The ability of this plant material for its micropropagation and storage in slow-growth conditions has been tested. Microvinification resulted in a wine with good acidity and medium color intensity, two interesting characteristics under a warm climatology. Finally, the identification of private alleles in this wild population, absent in other locations from the Northern and Southern Iberian territories, is a very valuable feature and confirms the importance of establishing conservation programs. The population here studied is genetically unique and potentially useful for commercial rootstocks and cultivars breeding that would improve viticulture and enology.