Author: "Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton]" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

Your search keyword '"Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton]"' showing total 102 results

Start Over Author "Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton]"

102 results on '"Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton]"'

1. Subpolar Southern Ocean Seasonal Variability of the Geostrophic Circulation From Multi-Mission Satellite Altimetry

Author: Matthis Auger, Jean‐Baptiste Sallée, Pierre Prandi, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], and University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC)
Subjects: Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), seasonal cycle, ocean circulation, Oceanography, Southern Ocean, satellite altimetry, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract: International audience; A novel multi-satellite product is used to shed light on the sea surface height seasonal cycle and associated geostrophic circulation in the subpolar Southern Ocean. We find three main modes of variability governing the Sea Level Anomaly seasonal cycle, all of them primarily governed by wind forcing. The main mode of seasonal variability is associated with the seasonality of the main subpolar gyres governed by large-scale wind stress curl, qualitatively consistent with Sverdrup dynamics. The second seasonal mode is related to the Antarctic Slope Current (ASC), governed by the coastal easterlies, with a rapid circumpolar propagation of anomalous sea-level along the continental slope that is dynamically consistent with the so-called Southern Mode. The first two modes induce an acceleration of the gyres and the ASC in winter. The third seasonal mode appears to be driven by sea ice-modulated surface stress and induces an offshore extension of the ASC from autumn to winter.
Published: 2022

2. Sediment reworking by the burrowing polychaete Hediste diversicolor modulated by environmental and biological factors across the temperate North Atlantic. A tribute to Gaston Desrosiers

Author: Patrick Gillet, Ronnie N. Glud, Gary T. Banta, Erik Kristensen, Martin Solan, Renald Belley, Robert C. Aller, Anthony Maire, Jonas S. Gunnarsson, Michael J. Townsend, Franck Gilbert, Philippe Cuny, Lois Calder, Stina Lindqvist, Xavier de Montaudouin, Emma Michaud, Stephen Widdicombe, Judith R. Renz, Luca Giorgio Bellucci, Stefan Hulth, Karl Norling, Philippe Archambault, Jasmin A. Godbold, Susanne P. Eriksson, Stefan Forster, Nils Volkenborn, Georges Stora, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), University of Southern Denmark (SDU), School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences [Stony Brook] (SoMAS), Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Roskilde University, Institut des Sciences de la MER de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), Québec-Océan, Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Istituto di Scienze Marine [Bologna] (ISMAR), Istituto di Science Marine (ISMAR ), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences [Gothenburg], University of Gothenburg (GU), University of Rostock, Mer, molécules et santé (MMS UCO), Université Catholique de l'Ouest (UCO)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), University of Southampton, Nordic Centre of Earth Evolution (NORDCEE), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences [Stockholm], Stockholm University, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology [Gothenburg], Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Water and Atmosphere [Hamilton] (NIWA), Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), UMR 5805 Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Plymouth Marine Laboratory
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Biodiversité et Ecologie, Functional response group, Aquatic Science, Intraspecific variation, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Bioturbation, Sediment reworking, Hediste diversicolor, Functional effect group, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, BioturbationSediment reworking, Organic matter, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Nereis, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, chemistry.chemical_classification, Biomass (ecology), biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Sediment, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Oceanography, chemistry, Ecosystèmes, 13. Climate action, Benthic zone, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Particle mixing and irrigation of the seabed by benthic fauna (bioturbation) have major impacts on ecosystem functions such as remineralization of organic matter and sediment-water exchange. As a tribute to Prof. Gaston Desrosiers by the Nereis Park association, eighteen laboratories carried out a collaborative experiment to acquire a global snapshot of particle reworking by the polychaete Hediste diversicolor at 16 sites surrounding the Northern Atlantic. Organisms and soft sediments were collected during May – July at different geographical locations and, using a common laboratory protocol, particulate fluorescent tracers (‘luminophores’) were used to quantify particle transport over a 10-day period. Particle mixing was quantified using the maximum penetration depth of tracers (MPD), particle diffusive coefficients (Db), and non-local transport coefficients (r). Non-local coefficients (reflecting centimeter scale transport steps) ranged from 0.4 to 15 yr−1, and were not correlated across sites with any measured biological (biomass, biovolume) or environmental parameters (temperature, grain size, organic matter). Maximum penetration depths (MPD) averaged ~10.7 cm (6.5–14.5 cm), and were similar to the global average bioturbation depth inferred from short-lived radiochemical tracers. MPD was also not correlated with measures of size (individual biomass), but increased with grain size and decreased with temperature. Biodiffusion (Db) correlated inversely with individual biomass (size) and directly with temperature over the environmental range (Q10 ~ 1.7; 5–21 °C). The transport data were comparable in magnitude to rates reported for localized H. diversicolor populations of similar size, and confirmed some but not all correlations between sediment reworking and biological and environmental variables found in previous studies. The results imply that measures of particle reworking activities of a species from a single location can be generally extrapolated to different populations at similar conditions.
Published: 2021

3. Observing the Local Emergence of the Southern Ocean Residual‐Mean Circulation

Author: N. Ducousso, Florian Sévellec, A. C. Naveira Garabato, Clément Vic, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010505 oceanography, Meridional overturning, mooring measurements, Eulerian circulation, Residual, 01 natural sciences, mesoscale turbulence, Geophysics, Circulation (fluid dynamics), 13. Climate action, Climatology, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, 14. Life underwater, Southern Ocean, meridional overturning, residual-mean circulation, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The role of mesoscale turbulence in maintaining the mean buoyancy structure and overturning circulation of the Southern Ocean is investigated through a 2‐year‐long, single‐mooring record of measurements in Drake Passage. The buoyancy budget of the area is successively assessed within the Eulerian and the Temporal‐Residual‐Mean frameworks. We find that a regime change occurs on timescales of 1 day to 100 days, characteristic of mesoscale dynamics, whereby the eddy‐induced turbulent horizontal advection balances the vertical buoyancy advection by the mean flow. We use these diagnostics to reconstruct the region's overturning circulation, which is found to entail an equatorward downwelling of Antarctic Intermediate and Bottom Waters and a poleward upwelling of Circumpolar Deep Water. The estimated eddy‐induced flow can be accurately parameterized via the Gent‐McWilliams closure by adopting a diffusivity of ~2,000 m2 s‐1 with a mid‐depth increase to 2,500 m2 s‐1 at 2,100 m, immediately underneath the maximum interior stratification. Plain Language Summary In this study we use a 2‐yr long, high‐resolution (both temporally and vertically) mooring together with a state‐of‐the‐art method (Temporal‐Residual‐Mean framework) to disentangle the role of mesoscale eddy turbulence for sustaining the Meridional Overturning Circulation leeward of the Drake Passage.Because of its role in carbon sequestration and ocean heat uptake the Meridional Overturning Circulation is a key component of the climate system. However, it is driven by a wide range of physical processes from persistent, large‐scale wind to meso‐ and small‐scale turbulence. Hence disentangling how these processes contribute to the maintenance of this climatically relevant ocean circulation is one of the current challenges in physical oceanography. Here we apply a state‐of‐the‐art method (Temporal‐Residual‐Mean framework) and shows the emergence of a balance between mesoscale eddies and Eulerian mean circulation for buoyancy advection. In particular, we demonstrate that the effect mesoscale eddies can be accurately parameterized with a Gent‐McWilliams type diffusivity of ~2,000 m2 s‐1. Beyond this result, this study also provides an observational evidence of the typical large‐scale picture of the Meridional Overturning Circulation and shows its relevance at local scales.
Published: 2019

4. The Mechanisms of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Slowdown Induced by Arctic Sea Ice Decline

Author: Wei Liu, Florian Sévellec, Alexey V. Fedorov, School of Computer [Chine], National University of Defense Technology [China], Department of Geology & Geophysics, Yale University [New Haven], Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], and University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Arctic sea ice decline, Atmospheric Science, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Slowdown, Meridional overturning circulation, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, 6. Clean water, Climate models, The arctic, Arctic, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Sea ice, Climate model, Thermohaline circulation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: We explore the mechanisms by which Arctic sea ice decline affects the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) in a suite of numerical experiments perturbing the Arctic sea ice radiative budget within a fully coupled climate model. The imposed perturbations act to increase the amount of heat available to melt ice, leading to a rapid Arctic sea ice retreat within 5 years after the perturbations are activated. In response, the AMOC gradually weakens over the next ~100 years. The AMOC changes can be explained by the accumulation in the Arctic and subsequent downstream propagation to the North Atlantic of buoyancy anomalies controlled by temperature and salinity. Initially, during the first decade or so, the Arctic sea ice loss results in anomalous positive heat and salinity fluxes in the subpolar North Atlantic, inducing positive temperature and salinity anomalies over the regions of oceanic deep convection. At first, these anomalies largely compensate one another, leading to a minimal change in upper ocean density and deep convection in the North Atlantic. Over the following years, however, more anomalous warm water accumulates in the Arctic and spreads to the North Atlantic. At the same time, freshwater that accumulates from seasonal sea ice melting over most of the upper Arctic Ocean also spreads southward, reaching as far as south of Iceland. These warm and fresh anomalies reduce upper ocean density and suppress oceanic deep convection. The thermal and haline contributions to these buoyancy anomalies, and therefore to the AMOC slowdown during this period, are found to have similar magnitudes. We also find that the related changes in horizontal wind-driven circulation could potentially push freshwater away from the deep convection areas and hence strengthen the AMOC, but this effect is overwhelmed by mean advection.
Published: 2019

5. Future intensification of extreme Aleutian low events and their climate impacts

Author: Stephanie A. Henson, K. Giamalaki, Davide Faranda, Adrian Martin, Hachem Kassem, Claudie Beaulieu, Ocean Sciences Department, University of California [USA], University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California-University of California, Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), University of California (UC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Funding for K.G. and C.B. was partially provided by Marie Curie FP7 Reintegration Grants within the SeventhEuropean Community Framework (Grant No. 631466-TROPHYZ).
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Science, Energy flux, Structural basin, 01 natural sciences, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Precipitation, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Climatic variables, Sea surface temperature, Ocean sciences, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Climatology, Air temperature, Environmental science, Medicine, Weather patterns, Climate sciences
Abstract: Extreme Aleutian Low (AL) events have been associated with major ecosystem reorganisations and unusual weather patterns in the Pacific region, with serious socio-economic consequences. Yet, their future evolution and impacts on atmosphere–ocean interactions remain uncertain. Here, a large ensemble of historical and future runs from the Community Earth System Model is used to investigate the evolution of AL extremes. The frequency and persistence of AL extremes are quantified and their connection with climatic variables is examined. AL extremes become more frequent and persistent under the RCP8.5 scenario, associated with changes in precipitation and air temperature patterns over North America. Future changes in AL extremes also increase the variability of the sea surface temperature and net heat fluxes in the Kuroshio Extension, the most significant heat and energy flux region of the basin. The increased frequency and persistence of future AL extremes may potentially cause substantial changes in fisheries and ecosystems of the entire Pacific region as a knock-on effect.
Published: 2021

6. Contribution of Thermohaline Staircases to Deep Water Mass Modifications in the Western Mediterranean Sea From Microstructure Observations

Author: Ferron, Bruno, Bouruet-Aubertot, Pascale, Schroeder, Katrin, Bryden, Harry L., Cuypers, Yannis, Borghini, Mireno, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Istituto di Science Marine (ISMAR ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), INSU-MISTRALS (Mediterranean Integrated STudies at Regional and Local Scales) program, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) through grant ANR-JC05_50690, European Project: 654410,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,JERICO-NEXT(2015), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
Subjects: salt-fingering, double-diffusion, Science, microstructure, staircases, turbulence, Mediterranean basin, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5, upwelling, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, mixing
Abstract: International audience; Recent observations from profiles of temperature and salinity in the Algerian Sea showed that salt finger mixing can significantly warm and salinify the deep waters within a period of 2 years, thereby contributing to the erosion of deep water properties formed during winter convection episodes. In this study, heat, salt, and buoyancy fluxes associated with thermohaline staircases are estimated using microstructure observations from four locations of the Western Mediterranean Sea: The Tyrrhenian Sea, the Algerian Sea, the Sardino-Balearic Sea, and the Ligurian Sea. Those fluxes are compared to the rare estimates found in the Mediterranean Sea. Microstructure data show that the temperature variance dissipation rate is one to three orders of magnitude larger in the strong steps that separate weakly stratified layers than in the layers, while the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate remains usually weak both in steps and layers. In the steps, the turbulent eddy diffusivity of salt is on average twice as large as that of temperature. The buoyancy flux ratio decreases with the density ratio. It is found that staircases induce a downward heat transfer rate of 46 to 103 × 109 W over the whole western basin, and a downward salt transfer rate of 4.5 to 10.3 × 103 kg s–1 between 1000 and 2000 m. This heat convergence is 2–5 times as large as the western Mediterranean geothermal heat flux in this depth range. Over the whole western basin, heat and salt convergences from salt-fingering staircases are 50% to 100% of those generated by mechanical mixing. Finally, it is found that heat and salt convergences from geothermal heating, salt-fingering and mechanical mixing can balance a deep water upwelling of 0.4 × 106 m3 s–1.
Published: 2021

7. Internal wave-driven mixing: governing processes and consequences for climate

Author: Jennifer A. MacKinnon, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Jody M. Klymak, Caitlin B. Whalen, Casimir de Lavergne, K. L. Sheen, Applied Physics Laboratory [Seattle] (APL-UW), University of Washington [Seattle], Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), School of Earth and Ocean Sciences [Victoria] (SEOS), University of Victoria [Canada] (UVIC), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, Centre for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), and Centre for Geography and Environmental Science (CGES)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Work (thermodynamics), Turbulent mixing, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010505 oceanography, Turbulence, Energy transfer, Geophysics, Internal wave, Physical oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Pollution, Physics::Geophysics, Geostrophic current, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, 14. Life underwater, Mixing (physics), Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract: International audience; Turbulent mixing from breaking oceanic internal waves drives a vertical transport of water, heat and other climatically important tracers in the ocean, thereby playing an important role in shaping the circulation and distributions of heat and carbon within the climate system. However, linking internal wave-driven mixing to its impacts on climate poses a formidable challenge, since it requires understanding of the complex life cycle of internal waves — including generation, propagation and breaking into turbulence — and knowledge of the spatio-temporal variability of these processes in the diverse, rapidly evolving oceanic environment. In this Review, we trace the energy pathways from tides, winds and geostrophic currents to internal wave mixing, connecting this mixing with the global climate system. Additionally, we discuss avenues for future work, including understanding energy transfer processes within the internal wave field, how internal waves can be modified by background currents and how internal wave mixing is integrated within the global climate system.
Published: 2020

8. A parameterization of local and remote tidal mixing

Author: Bruno Ferron, Yannis Cuypers, Clément Vic, C. de Lavergne, Amy F. Waterhouse, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Toshiyuki Hibiya, Fabien Roquet, Gurvan Madec, Caitlin B. Whalen, Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Marine Sciences [Gothenburg], University of Gothenburg (GU), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, Applied Physics Laboratory [Seattle] (APL-UW), University of Washington [Seattle], Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Department of Earth and Planetary Science [Tokyo], The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), European Project: 821001,SO-CHIC(2019), Graduate School of Science [Tokyo], The University of Tokyo (UTokyo)-The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), and University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)
Subjects: energy dissipation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Tidal Waves, ocean mixing, 01 natural sciences, Physics::Geophysics, lcsh:Oceanography, Environmental Chemistry, lcsh:GC1-1581, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Physical geography, Mixing (physics), Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010505 oceanography, Internal tide, Ocean current, Geophysics, Internal wave, Dissipation, internal tides, parameterization, 13. Climate action, Surface wave, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, lcsh:GB3-5030, Oceanic basin, Geology
Abstract: Vertical mixing is often regarded as the Achilles' heel of ocean models. In particular, few models include a comprehensive and energy‐constrained parameterization of mixing by internal ocean tides. Here, we present an energy‐conserving mixing scheme which accounts for the local breaking of high‐mode internal tides and the distant dissipation of low‐mode internal tides. The scheme relies on four static two‐dimensional maps of internal tide dissipation, constructed using mode‐by‐mode Lagrangian tracking of energy beams from sources to sinks. Each map is associated with a distinct dissipative process and a corresponding vertical structure. Applied to an observational climatology of stratification, the scheme produces a global three‐dimensional map of dissipation which compares well with available microstructure observations and with upper‐ocean finestructure mixing estimates. This relative agreement, both in magnitude and spatial structure across ocean basins, suggests that internal tides underpin most of observed dissipation in the ocean interior at the global scale. The proposed parameterization is therefore expected to improve understanding, mapping and modelling of ocean mixing Plain Language Summary When tidal ocean currents flow over bumpy seafloor, they generate internal tidal waves. Internal waves are the subsurface analogue of surface waves that break on beaches. Like surface waves, internal tidal waves often become unstable and break into turbulence. This turbulence is a primary cause of mixing between stacked ocean layers—a key process regulating ocean currents and biology and a key ingredient of computer models of the global ocean. In this article, a three‐dimensional global map of mixing induced by internal tidal waves is presented. This map incorporates a large variety of energy pathways from the generation of tidal waves to turbulence, accounting for the conservation of energy. The map is compared to available observations of turbulence across the globe and found to reproduce with good fidelity the main patterns identified in observations. This relatively good agreement suggests that internal tidal waves are the main source of turbulence in the subsurface ocean, and implies that the map may serve a range of applications. In particular, the three‐dimensional map provides an efficient and realistic means to represent mixing by internal tidal waves in global ocean models.
Published: 2020

9. The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in High-Resolution Models

Author: Paul G. Myers, Arne Biastoch, Sybren Drijfhout, Dmitry Sidorenko, Wilbert Weijer, Joël J.-M. Hirschi, Xiaobiao Xu, Andrew E. Kiss, Paul Spence, Justin Small, Nikolay Koldunov, Sergey Danilov, Doroteaciro Iovino, Takao Kawasaki, Claus W. Böning, Stephen M. Griffies, Anne-Marie Tréguier, Jennifer Mecking, Bernard Barnier, Adam T. Blaker, Alice Marzocchi, LuAnne Thompson, Hiroyasu Hasumi, Dmitry Sein, Thierry Penduff, Ben Moat, Malcolm J. Roberts, Helene T. Hewitt, Klaus Getzlaff, Jean-Marc Molines, Andrew C. Coward, Laboratoire des Écoulements Géophysiques et Industriels [Grenoble] (LEGI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute [Kashiwa-shi] (AORI), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )
Subjects: Atlantic Meridional Overturning, Atlantic hurricane, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, high-resolution modeling, Mesoscale meteorology, Zonal and meridional, mesoscale, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, Ocean dynamics, Gulf Stream, Current (stream), Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Climatology, Stream function, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Geology, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) represents the zonally integrated stream function of meridional volume transport in the Atlantic Basin. The AMOC plays an important role in transporting heat meridionally in the climate system. Observations suggest a heat transport by the AMOC of 1.3 PW at 26°N-a latitude which is close to where the Atlantic northward heat transport is thought to reach its maximum. This shapes the climate of the North Atlantic region as we know it today. In recent years there has been significant progress both in our ability to observe the AMOC in nature and to simulate it in numerical models. Most previous modeling investigations of the AMOC and its impact on climate have relied on models with horizontal resolution that does not resolve ocean mesoscale eddies and the dynamics of the Gulf Stream/North Atlantic Current system. As a result of recent increases in computing power, models are now being run that are able to represent mesoscale ocean dynamics and the circulation features that rely on them. The aim of this review is to describe new insights into the AMOC provided by high-resolution models. Furthermore, we will describe how high-resolution model simulations can help resolve outstanding challenges in our understanding of the AMOC.
Published: 2020

10. Fundamental questions and applications of sclerochronology: Community-defined research priorities

Author: Kotaro Shirai, Melita Peharda, Bernd R. Schöne, Carin Andersson, Tamara Trofimova, Elizabeth Tray, John R. Morrongiello, Bryan A. Black, C. Fred T. Andrus, Peter Grønkjær, Clive N. Trueman, Daniel Killam, Andrew L. Johnson, Amy L. Prendergast, Bronwyn M. Gillanders, Stella J. Alexandroff, Elizabeth M. Harper, Julien Thébault, Steven E. Campana, Meghan Burchell, Madelyn J. Mette, David J. Reynolds, Kristine L. DeLong, Niels De Winter, Michael L. Carroll, Paul G. Butler, James D. Scourse, NORCE Norwegian Research Center, School of Ocean Sciences [Menai Bridge], Bangor University, College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], University of Exeter, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, University of Iceland [Reykjavik], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), University of Derby [United Kingdom], School of BioSciences [Melbourne], Faculty of Science [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Institute of Geosciences [Mainz], Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz (JGU), University of Alabama [Tuscaloosa] (UA), Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Memorial University of Newfoundland [St. John's], Akvaplan-Niva [Tromsø], Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Louisiana State University (LSU), School of Biological Sciences [Adelaïde], University of Adelaide, Aarhus University [Aarhus], biosphere 2, School of Geography [Melbourne], Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute [Kashiwa-shi] (AORI), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Department of Earth Sciences - Geochemistry [Utrecht], Utrecht University [Utrecht], Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Stratigraphy and paleontology, Stratigraphy & paleontology, Earth Sciences, Chemistry, Analytical, Environmental & Geo-Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz = Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Memorial University of Newfoundland = Université Memorial de Terre-Neuve [St. John's, Canada] (MUN), Biosphere 2 [University of Arizona], and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Future studies, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology (disciplines), Data management, sub-04, mercenaria-mercenaria, Climate science, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Field (computer science), metabolic carbon contribution, Sclerochronology, sea-surface temperature, Sociology, Horizon scanning, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, growth-patterns, business.industry, oxygen isotopes, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Research needs, stable-isotopes, Data science, water bivalve shells, climate-driven synchrony, high-resolution sr/ca, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], DISCOVERY, great-barrier-reef, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business
Abstract: WOS:000582677500029; International audience; Horizon scanning is an increasingly common strategy to identify key research needs and frame future agendas in science. Here, we present the results of the first such exercise for the field of sclerochronology, thereby providing an overview of persistent and emergent research questions that should be addressed by future studies. Through online correspondence following the 5th International Sclerochronology Conference in 2019, participants submitted and rated questions that addressed either knowledge gaps or promising applications of sclerochronology. An initial list of 130 questions was compiled based on contributions of conference attendees and reviewed by expert panels formed during the conference. Herein, we present and discuss the 50 questions rated to be of the highest priority, determined through an online survey distributed to sclerochronology community members post the conference. The final list (1) includes important questions related to mechanisms of biological control over biomineralization, (2) highlights state of the art applications of sclerochronological methods and data for solving long-standing questions in other fields such as climate science and ecology, and (3) emphasizes the need for common standards for data management and analysis. Although research priorities are continually reassessed, our list provides a roadmap that can be used to motivate research efforts and advance sclerochronology toward new, and more powerful, applications.
Published: 2020

11. Predicting Geographic Ranges of Marine Animal Populations Using Stable Isotopes: A Case Study of Great Hammerhead Sharks in Eastern Australia

Author: Victor M. Peddemors, David J. Booth, Clive N. Trueman, Lydie I. E. Couturier, Matt K. Broadhurst, Kelsey M. Kingsbury, Vincent Raoult, Ivan Nagelkerken, Troy F. Gaston, Bronwyn M. Gillanders, Jane E. Williamson, School of Environmental and Life Sciences - SELS (Callaghan, Australia), University of Newcastle [Callaghan, Australia] (UoN), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), School of Biological Sciences [Adelaïde], University of Adelaide, National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University (SCU), Macquarie University [Sydney], School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), University of Sydney Institute of Marine Science (USIMS), The University of Sydney, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This research was part-funded through a grant from the Sea World Research and Rescue Foundation (SWRRFI) to VR, VP, TG, and JW, and from the NSW Department of Primary Industries. The sampling and stable isotope analysis of the zooplanktivorous fish samples was supported by an Australian Research Council Discovery grant (DP170101722) to IN, DB, and BG. Manta ray sampling and isotopic analyses were funded by the Australian Research Council Linkage Grant (LP110100712), Earthwatch Institute Australia, Sea World Research and Rescue Foundation Inc., Lady Elliot Island Eco Resort and Manta Lodge and Scuba Centre in Australia., University of Newcastle [Australia] (UoN), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, lcsh:QH1-199.5, Isoscapes, stable isotopes, Ocean Engineering, manta rays, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, sharks, isoscape, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, Temporal scales, Water Science and Technology, Apex predator, Global and Planetary Change, biology, Stable isotope ratio, Sphyrna, Ecology, species distribution model, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, 0405 Oceanography, 0602 Ecology, Pelagic zone, Great hammerhead, habitat range population distributions, tracking, biology.organism_classification, Geography, Productivity (ecology), [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], lcsh:Q, movement, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: © Copyright © 2020 Raoult, Trueman, Kingsbury, Gillanders, Broadhurst, Williamson, Nagelkerken, Booth, Peddemors, Couturier and Gaston. Determining the geographic range of widely dispersed or migratory marine organisms is notoriously difficult, often requiring considerable costs and typically extensive tagging or exploration programs. While these approaches are accurate and can reveal important information on the species, they are usually conducted on only a small number of individuals and can take years to produce relevant results, so alternative approaches may be preferable. The presence of latitudinal gradients in stable carbon isotope compositions of marine phytoplankton offers a means to quickly determine likely geographic population ranges of species that rely on productivity from these resources. Across sufficiently large spatial and temporal scales, the stable carbon isotopes of large coastal or pelagic marine species should reflect broad geographic patterns of resource use, and could be used to infer geographic ranges of marine populations. Using two methods, one based on a global mechanistic model and the other on targeted low-cost latitudinal sampling of fishes, we demonstrate and compare these stable isotope approaches to determine the core population geography of an apex predator, the great hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarran). Both methods indicated similar geographic ranges and suggested that S. mokarran recorded in south-eastern Australia are likely to be from more northern Australian waters. These approaches could be replicated in other areas where coastlines span predictable geographic gradients in isotope values and be used to determine the core population geography of highly mobile species to inform management decisions.
Published: 2020

12. The Contribution of Surface and Submesoscale Processes to Turbulence in the Open Ocean Surface Boundary Layer

Author: Buckingham, Christian, Lucas, Natasha, Belcher, Stephen, Rippeth, Tom, Grant, Alan, Le Sommer, Julien, Ajayi, Adekunle Opeoluwa, Naveira Garabato, Alberto, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, turbulence, submesoscale, dissipation, parameterization, lcsh:Oceanography, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], surface, mixing, lcsh:GC1-1581, lcsh:GB3-5030, lcsh:Physical geography, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: The ocean surface boundary layer is a critical interface across which momentum, heat, and trace gases are exchanged between the oceans and atmosphere. Surface processes (winds, waves, and buoyancy forcing) are known to contribute significantly to fluxes within this layer. Recently, studies have suggested that submesoscale processes, which occur at small scales (0.1–10 km, hours to days) and therefore are not yet represented in most ocean models, may play critical roles in these turbulent exchanges. While observational support for such phenomena has been demonstrated in the vicinity of strong current systems and littoral regions, relatively few observations exist in the open‐ocean environment to warrant representation in Earth system models. We use novel observations and simulations to quantify the contributions of surface and submesoscale processes to turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation in the open‐ocean surface boundary layer. Our observations are derived from moorings in the North Atlantic, December 2012 to April 2013, and are complemented by atmospheric reanalysis. We develop a conceptual framework for dissipation rates due to surface and submesoscale processes. Using this framework and comparing with observed dissipation rates, we find that surface processes dominate TKE dissipation. A parameterization for symmetric instability is consistent with this result. We next employ simulations from an ocean front‐resolving model to reestablish that dissipation due to surface processes exceeds that of submesoscale processes by 1–2 orders of magnitude. Together, these results suggest submesoscale processes do not dramatically modify vertical TKE budgets, though such dynamics may be climatically important owing to their ability to remove energy from the ocean.
Published: 2019

13. A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018-2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend

Author: Florian Sévellec, Sybren Drijfhout, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Sub Physical Oceanography, Marine and Atmospheric Research, and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Chemistry(all), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, Climate change, Global warming hiatus, Physics and Astronomy(all), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Biochemistry, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Precipitation, lcsh:Science, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Multidisciplinary, Global temperature, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all), Global warming, Probabilistic logic, General Chemistry, Term (time), Sea surface temperature, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all)
Abstract: In a changing climate, there is an ever-increasing societal demand for accurate and reliable interannual predictions. Accurate and reliable interannual predictions of global temperatures are key for determining the regional climate change impacts that scale with global temperature, such as precipitation extremes, severe droughts, or intense hurricane activity, for instance. However, the chaotic nature of the climate system limits prediction accuracy on such timescales. Here we develop a novel method to predict global-mean surface air temperature and sea surface temperature, based on transfer operators, which allows, by-design, probabilistic forecasts. The prediction accuracy is equivalent to operational forecasts and its reliability is high. The post-1998 global warming hiatus is well predicted. For 2018–2022, the probabilistic forecast indicates a warmer than normal period, with respect to the forced trend. This will temporarily reinforce the long-term global warming trend. The coming warm period is associated with an increased likelihood of intense to extreme temperatures. The important numerical efficiency of the method (a few hundredths of a second on a laptop) opens the possibility for real-time probabilistic predictions carried out on personal mobile devices., Accurate near-term predictions of global temperatures are required to determine some of the key impacts of climate change. Here the authors develop a novel probabilistic forecast system that shows anomalously warm temperatures for the next years with increased risk of extreme warming.
Published: 2018

14. The impacts of oceanic deep temperature perturbations in the North Atlantic on decadal climate variability and predictability

Author: Florian Sévellec, Juliette Mignot, Agathe Germe, Alexey V. Fedorov, Sébastien Nguyen, Didier Swingedouw, Processus de la variabilité climatique tropicale et impacts (PARVATI), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Yale University [New Haven], Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), French national programme LEFE/INSU (DECLIC) Natural and Environmental Research Council UK (DYNAMOC) NE/M005097/1 Natural and Environmental Research Council UK (SMURPHS) NE/N005767/1 French national programme LEFE/INSU US DOE Office of Science DE-SC0016538 NSF AGS-1613318, European Project: 308378,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2012-two-stage,SPECS(2012), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)
Subjects: Ocean observations, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, North Atlantic variability, Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, Magnitude (mathematics), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Linear, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Physics::Geophysics, Linear optimal perturbations, 14. Life underwater, Precipitation, Predictability, Argo, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, IPSL-CM5A, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, overturning circulation, optimal perturbations, Initial condition uncertainties, Decadal climate predictability, Ocean general circulation model, Sea surface temperature, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Common spatial pattern, Environmental science, Atlantic meridional
Abstract: International audience; Decadal climate predictability in the North Atlantic is largely related to ocean low frequency variability, whose sensitivity to initial conditions is not very well understood. Recently, three-dimensional oceanic temperature anomalies optimally perturbing the North Atlantic Mean Temperature (NAMT) have been computed via an optimization procedure using a linear adjoint to a realistic ocean general circulation model. The spatial pattern of the identified perturbations, localized in the North Atlantic, has the largest magnitude between 1000 and 4000 m depth. In the present study, the impacts of these perturbations on NAMT, on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), and on climate in general are investigated in a global coupled model that uses the same ocean model as was used to compute the three-dimensional optimal perturbations. In the coupled model, these perturbations induce AMOC and NAMT anomalies peaking after 5 and 10 years, respectively, generally consistent with the ocean-only linear predictions. To further understand their impact, their magnitude was varied in a broad range. For initial perturbations with a magnitude comparable to the internal variability of the coupled model, the model response exhibits a strong signature in sea surface temperature and precipitation over North America and the Sahel region. The existence and impacts of these ocean perturbations have important implications for decadal prediction: they can be seen either as a source of predictability or uncertainty, depending on whether the current observing system can detect them or not. In fact, comparing the magnitude of the imposed perturbations with the uncertainty of available ocean observations such as Argo data or ocean state estimates suggests that only the largest perturbations used in this study could be detectable. This highlights the importance for decadal climate prediction of accurate ocean density initialisation in the North Atlantic at intermediate and greater depths.
Published: 2017
Full Text: View/download PDF

15. Stabilization of dense Antarctic water supply to the Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation

Author: Andrew J. S. Meijers, E. Povl Abrahamsen, K. L. Sheen, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Arnold L. Gordon, Yvonne L. Firing, Jean-Baptiste Sallée, Kurt L. Polzin, Bruce A. Huber, Brian A. King, Michael P. Meredith, British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), University of Exeter, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, Throughflow, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, business.industry, Heat distribution, Water supply, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Environmental Science (miscellaneous), 01 natural sciences, Scotia sea, Abyssal zone, 03 medical and health sciences, Antarctic Bottom Water, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, Circulation (currency), 14. Life underwater, business, Social Sciences (miscellaneous), Sea level, Geology, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The lower limb of the Atlantic overturning circulation is resupplied by the sinking of dense Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) that forms via intense air–sea–ice interactions next to Antarctica, especially in the Weddell Sea1. In the last three decades, AABW has warmed, freshened and declined in volume across the Atlantic Ocean and elsewhere2–7, suggesting an ongoing major reorganization of oceanic overturning8,9. However, the future contributions of AABW to the Atlantic overturning circulation are unclear. Here, using observations of AABW in the Scotia Sea, the most direct pathway from the Weddell Sea to the Atlantic Ocean, we show a recent cessation in the decline of the AABW supply to the Atlantic overturning circulation. The strongest decline was observed in the volume of the densest layers in the AABW throughflow from the early 1990s to 2014; since then, it has stabilized and partially recovered. We link these changes to variability in the densest classes of abyssal waters upstream. Our findings indicate that the previously observed decline in the supply of dense water to the Atlantic Ocean abyss may be stabilizing or reversing and thus call for a reassessment of Antarctic influences on overturning circulation, sea level, planetary-scale heat distribution and global climate2,3,8.
Published: 2019

16. Radiogenic isotopes document the start of subduction in the Western Pacific

Author: Hongyan Li, Mark K. Reagan, Julie Prytulak, John W. Shervais, Jeffrey G. Ryan, Julian A. Pearce, Marguerite Godard, Rex N. Taylor, Maria Kirchenbaur, Guangzhou University, Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Department of Earth Science and Engineering [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Universität zu Köln, Utah State University (USU), University of South Florida [Tampa] (USF), Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Iowa [Iowa City], and Cardiff University
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mantle wedge, radiogenic isotopes, International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mantle (geology), subduction initiation, forearc basalts, Geochemistry and Petrology, Oceanic crust, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), 14. Life underwater, Petrology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Subduction, Geodynamics, International Ocean Discovery Program, Expedition 352, Plate tectonics, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, boninites, Magmatism, Geology
Abstract: International audience; Subduction initiation is one of the least understood aspects of plate tectonics. In an effort to obtain the first in situ magmatic record of subduction initiation, the International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 352 drilled at four sites in the inner trench wall of the Bonin Trench to recover 1.22 km of oceanic upper crust accreted within a few m.y. of subduction initiation. The two sites nearer to the trench (U1440 and U1441) yielded axial and off-axis fore-arc basalts (FAB), while those c. 15 km further from the trench (U1439 and U1442) yielded axial low-silica boninites and high-Mg andesites overlain by off-axis high-silica boninites. This study uses Hf–Nd–Sr–Pb isotope analyses from c. 50 stratigraphically representative core samples to trace the evolution of the mantle source during the brief period of FAB-through-boninite magmatism immediately following subduction initiation. Results show that: 1) the FAB have high εHf relative to εNd and were derived from variably depleted mantle of ‘Indian’ provenance with no detectable subduction input; 2) the axial boninites follow mixing trends between a residual FAB mantle source and a subduction component derived from shallow (amphibolite facies) melting of oceanic crust of ‘Pacific’ provenance; and 3) the off-axis boninites define mixing trends between a hybrid mantle wedge (residual mantle + slab melt) and an additional subduction component with lower εNd and higher 207Pb/204Pb that requires a significant contribution from pelagic sediment. This incoming of pelagic sediments may signify a change from an accretionary to non-accretionary margin as subduction evolves. The results thus indicate a rapidly evolving system in terms of geodynamics, magma genesis and crustal accretion immediately following subduction initiation.
Published: 2019

17. Deep-ocean mixing driven by small-scale internal tides

Author: Gordon R. Stephenson, Maarten C. Buijsman, Casimir de Lavergne, J. A. Mattias Green, Zhongxiang Zhao, Amy F. Waterhouse, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Angélique Melet, Clément Vic, Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), School of Ocean Sciences [Menai Bridge], Bangor University, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Applied Physics Laboratory [Seattle] (APL-UW), University of Washington [Seattle], Mercator Océan, Société Civile CNRS Ifremer IRD Météo-France SHOM, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), University of Southern Mississippi (USM), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California-University of California, Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, Atmospheric sciences, Deep sea, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, Mixing (physics), Mechanical energy, Multidisciplinary, Physical oceanography, Internal tide, General Chemistry, Internal wave, Dissipation, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Current (stream), 030104 developmental biology, 13. Climate action, lcsh:Q, Satellite, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Turbulent mixing in the ocean is key to regulate the transport of heat, freshwater and biogeochemical tracers, with strong implications for Earth’s climate. In the deep ocean, tides supply much of the mechanical energy required to sustain mixing via the generation of internal waves, known as internal tides, whose fate—the relative importance of their local versus remote breaking into turbulence—remains uncertain. Here, we combine a semi-analytical model of internal tide generation with satellite and in situ measurements to show that from an energetic viewpoint, small-scale internal tides, hitherto overlooked, account for the bulk (>50%) of global internal tide generation, breaking and mixing. Furthermore, we unveil the pronounced geographical variations of their energy proportion, ignored by current parameterisations of mixing in climate-scale models. Based on these results, we propose a physically consistent, observationally supported approach to accurately represent the dissipation of small-scale internal tides and their induced mixing in climate-scale models., The geography of deep-ocean mixing driven by internal tides is poorly constrained in ocean models. Here the authors unveil the global variability of energetic small-scale internal tides, combining an analytical model with satellite and in situ observations, paving the way to future parameterisations.
Published: 2019

18. Toward global maps of internal tide energy sinks

Author: Jonas Nycander, Clément Vic, Fabien Roquet, C. de Lavergne, Saeed Falahat, Gurvan Madec, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Department of Marine Sciences [Gothenburg], University of Gothenburg (GU), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010505 oceanography, Turbulence, Energy dissipation, Internal tide, Stratification (water), Global Map, Parameterization, Geophysics, Internal wave, Dissipation, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Physics::Geophysics, Normal mode, Computer Science (miscellaneous), Dissipative system, Internal tides, Ocean mixing, 14. Life underwater, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Internal tides power much of the observed small-scale turbulence in the ocean interior. To represent mixing induced by this turbulence in ocean climate models, the cascade of internal tide energy to dissipation scales must be understood and mapped. Here, we present a framework for estimating the geography of internal tide energy sinks. The mapping relies on the following ingredients: (i) a global observational climatology of stratification; (ii) maps of the generation of M 2 , S 2 and K 1 internal tides decomposed into vertical normal modes; (iii) simplified representations of the dissipation of low-mode internal tides due to wave-wave interactions, scattering by small-scale topography, interaction with critical slopes and shoaling; (iv) Lagrangian tracking of low-mode energy beams through observed stratification, including refraction and reflection. We thus obtain a global map of the column-integrated energy dissipation for each of the four considered dissipative processes, each of the three tidal constituents and each of the first five modes. Modes ≥6 are inferred to dissipate within the local water column at the employed half-degree horizontal resolution. Combining all processes, modes and constituents, we construct a map of the total internal tide energy dissipation, which compares well with observational inferences of internal wave energy dissipation. This result suggests that tides largely shape observed spatial contrasts of dissipation, and that the framework has potential in improving understanding and modelling of ocean mixing. However, sensitivity to poorly constrained parameters and simplifying assumptions entering the parameterized energy sinks calls for additional investigation. The attenuation of low-mode internal tides by wave-wave interactions needs particular attention.
Published: 2019

19. Southern Europe climate oscillations at marine isotope stage 5a

Author: Chung, Yun-Chuan, Hu, Hsun-Ming, Mii, Horng-Sheng, Michel, Véronique, Valensi, Patricia, Jiang, Xiuyang, Shen, Chuan-Chou, Grant, Katharine, High-Precision Mass Spectrometry and Environment Change Laboratory (HISPEC), National Taiwan University [Taiwan] (NTU), Culture et Environnements, Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen-Age (CEPAM), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Histoire naturelle de l'Homme préhistorique (HNHP), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Research School of Earth Sciences [Canberra] (RSES), Australian National University (ANU), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], and University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC)
Subjects: Europe, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], oscillations, marine, isotope, stage, climate, Southern, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract: Southern Europe climate oscillations at marine isotope stage 5a
Published: 2019

20. SEASTAR : a mission to study ocean submesoscale dynamics and small-scale atmosphere-ocean processes in coastal, shelf and polar seas

Author: Gommenginger, Christine, Chapron, Bertrand, Hogg, Andy, Buckingham, Christian, Fox-Kemper, Baylor, Eriksson, Leif, Soulat, Francois, Ubelmann, Clement, Ocampo-Torres, Francisco, Nardelli, Bruno Buongiorno, Griffin, David, Lopez-Dekker, Paco, Knudsen, Per, Andersen, Ole, Stenseng, Lars, Stapleton, Neil, Perrie, William, Violante-Carvalho, Nelson, Schulz-Stellenfleth, Johannes, Woolf, Isern-Fontanet, Jordi, Ardhuin, Fabrice, Klein, Patrice, Mouche, Alexis, Pascual, Ananda, Capet, Xavier, Hauser, Daniele, Stoffelen, Morrow, Rosemary, Aouf, Lotfi, Breivik, Oyvind, Lee-Lueng, Johannessen, Johnny A., Aksenov, Yevgeny, Bricheno, Lucy, Hirschi, Joel, Martin, Adrien C. H., Adrian P., Nurser, George, Polton, Jeff, Wolf, Judith, Johnsens, Harald, Soloviev, Alexander, Jacobs, Gregg A., Collard, Groom, Steve, Kudryavtsev, Vladimir, Wilkin, John, Navarro, Victor, Babanin, Alex, Matthew, Siddorn, Saulter, Andrew, Rippeth, Tom, Emery, Bill, Maximenko, Nikolai, Romeiser, Roland, Graber, Hans, Azcarate, Aida Alvera, Hughes, Chris W., Vandemark, Doug, da Silva, Jose, Van Leeuwen, Peter Jan, Naveira-Garabato, Alberto, Gemmrich, Mahadevan, Amala, Marquez, Munro, Yvonne, Doody, Sam, Burbidge, Geoff, National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Research School of Earth Sciences [Canberra] (RSES), Australian National University (ANU), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences [Providence], Brown University, Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Centro de Investigacion Científica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Bologna] (CNR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing [Delft], Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), National Space Institute [Lyngby] (DTU Space), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Planning [Aalborg], Aalborg University [Denmark] (AAU), Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Ministry of Defence (UK) (MOD), Institut océanographique Bedford - Bedford Oceanographic Institute [Dartmouth, Canada] (IOB), Department or Ocean Engineering [Rio de Janeiro], Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Institut für Küstenforschung / Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (GKSS), School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastruture and Society (EGIS), Heriot-Watt University [Edinburgh] (HWU), Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats (IMEDEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), SPACE - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Météo-France Direction Interrégionale Sud-Est (DIRSE), Météo-France, Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), University of Bergen (UiB), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center [Bergen] (NERSC), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), National Oceanographic Centre [Liverpool] (NOC ), Northern Research Institute Tromsø (NORUT), Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University (NSU), Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), OceanDataLab, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Satellite Oceanography Laboratory [St Petersburg] (SOLab), Russian State Hydrometeorological University [St.Petersburg] (RSHU), Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences [New Brunswick], School of Environmental and Biological Sciences [New Brunswick], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Starlab SLU [Barcelona, Spain], Department of Infrastructure Engineering [Melbourne], Melbourne School of Engineering [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], School of Ocean Sciences [Menai Bridge], Bangor University, Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research (CCAR), University of Colorado [Boulder], School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables], GeoHydrodynamics and Environment Research (GHER), Université de Liège, Department of Earth Ocean and Ecological Sciences [Liverpool], University of Liverpool, College of Engineering and Physical Dciences [UNH Durham] (CEPS), University of New Hampshire (UNH), Departamento de Geociencias, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Territorio (DGAOT), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR), Department of Atmospheric Science [Fort Collins], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Victoria], University of Victoria [Canada] (UVIC), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Airbus Defence and Space Ltd [Portsmouth], Centre for Earth Observation Instrumentation (UK), European Commission, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Météo France, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, and Universidade do Porto
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, air sea interactions, lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mixed layer, Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ), Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Remote Sensing, Wind wave, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Cryosphere, lcsh:Science, Submesocale, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, SDG 15 - Life on Land, Water Science and Technology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, geography.geographical_feature_category, marginal ice zone, dynamics, Ocean color, Climatology, coastal marginal ice zone, satellite, Air-sea interactions, coastal, Ocean Engineering, submesoscale, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Physics::Geophysics, along-track interferometry, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, 14. Life underwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, Continental shelf, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ocean current, Along-track (AT) interferometry, Sea surface temperature, upper ocean dynamics, 13. Climate action, Polar seas, lcsh:Q, radar
Abstract: 7 pages, 2 figures, High-resolution satellite images of ocean color and sea surface temperature reveal an abundance of ocean fronts, vortices and filaments at scales below 10 km but measurements of ocean surface dynamics at these scales are rare. There is increasing recognition of the role played by small scale ocean processes in ocean-atmosphere coupling, upper-ocean mixing and ocean vertical transports, with advanced numerical models and in situ observations highlighting fundamental changes in dynamics when scales reach 1 km. Numerous scientific publications highlight the global impact of small oceanic scales on marine ecosystems, operational forecasts and long-term climate projections through strong ageostrophic circulations, large vertical ocean velocities and mixed layer re-stratification. Small-scale processes particularly dominate in coastal, shelf and polar seas where they mediate important exchanges between land, ocean, atmosphere and the cryosphere, e.g., freshwater, pollutants. As numerical models continue to evolve toward finer spatial resolution and increasingly complex coupled atmosphere-wave-ice-ocean systems, modern observing capability lags behind, unable to deliver the high-resolution synoptic measurements of total currents, wind vectors and waves needed to advance understanding, develop better parameterizations and improve model validations, forecasts and projections. SEASTAR is a satellite mission concept that proposes to directly address this critical observational gap with synoptic two-dimensional imaging of total ocean surface current vectors and wind vectors at 1 km resolution and coincident directional wave spectra. Based on major recent advances in squinted along-track Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometry, SEASTAR is an innovative, mature concept with unique demonstrated capabilities, seeking to proceed toward spaceborne implementation within Europe and beyond, CG and AM received funding from the United Kingdom Centre for Earth Observation Instrumentation SEASTAR+ project (Contract No. RP10G0435A02). PVL was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) CUNDA project 694509 under the European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program
Published: 2019

21. Aborted propagation of the Ethiopian rift caused by linkage with the Kenyan rift

Author: Corti G.[1], Cioni R.[2], Franceschini Z.[2], Sani F.[2], Scaillet S.[3], Molin P.[4], Isola I.[5], Mazzarini F.[5], Brune S.[6, Keir D.[2, Erbello A.[9], Muluneh A.[10], Illsley-Kemp F.[6, 11], Glerum A.[6], Corti, Giacomo, Cioni, Raffaello, Franceschini, Zara, Sani, Federico, Scaillet, Stéphane, Molin, Paola, Isola, Ilaria, Mazzarini, Francesco, Brune, Sascha, Keir, Derek, Erbello, Asfaw, Muluneh, Ameha, Illsley-Kemp, Finnigan, Glerum, Anne, CNR Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse [Pisa] (IGG-CNR), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra [Firenze] (DST), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géodynamique - UMR7327, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia – Sezione di Pisa (INGV), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam (GFZ), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), School of Applied Natural Sciences, Adama Science and Technology University, School of Earth Sciences [Addis Ababa], Addis Ababa University (AAU), and ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Kenya, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Rift, Ethiopia, magmatic activity, 03 medical and health sciences, Paleontology, East African Rift, ddc:550, Linkage (linguistics), lcsh:Science, [SDU.STU.TE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Tectonics, Multidisciplinary, Rift, Institut für Umweltwissenschaften und Geographie, General Chemistry, Numerical models, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, hydrocarbon exploration, Tectonics, 030104 developmental biology, continental rift, lcsh:Q, Rift zone, inherited lithospheric heterogeneity, 0210 nano-technology, Geology, transfer zones
Abstract: Continental rift systems form by propagation of isolated rift segments that interact, and eventually evolve into continuous zones of deformation. This process impacts many aspects of rifting including rift morphology at breakup, and eventual ocean-ridge segmentation. Yet, rift segment growth and interaction remain enigmatic. Here we present geological data from the poorly documented Ririba rift (South Ethiopia) that reveals how two major sectors of the East African rift, the Kenyan and Ethiopian rifts, interact. We show that the Ririba rift formed from the southward propagation of the Ethiopian rift during the Pliocene but this propagation was short-lived and aborted close to the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary. Seismicity data support the abandonment of laterally offset, overlapping tips of the Ethiopian and Kenyan rifts. Integration with new numerical models indicates that rift abandonment resulted from progressive focusing of the tectonic and magmatic activity into an oblique, throughgoing rift zone of near pure extension directly connecting the rift sectors., Continuous continental rift zones evolve from enigmatic interactions between individual propagating rift segments. Here, the authors document progressive focusing of tectonic and magmatic activity caused by interactions between the Kenyan and Ethiopian rift segments of the East African Rift.
Published: 2019

22. On the rheology of pulmonary surfactant: effects of concentration and consequences for the surfactant replacement therapy

Author: Jean-François Berret, L.P.A. Thai, Evdokia K. Oikonomou, F. Mousseau, Programme ERC Lascaux, Institut de recherche en droit privé (IRDP), Université de Nantes - UFR Droit et Sciences Politiques (UFR DSP), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes - UFR Droit et Sciences Politiques (UFR DSP), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), CNRS UMR 7057 - Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes (MSC) (MSC), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Microrheology, FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Surface tension, Viscosity, Surface-Active Agents, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Pulmonary surfactant, Rheology, Soft matter, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Respiratory distress, Chemistry, Cryoelectron Microscopy, Pulmonary Surfactants, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Medicine, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 3. Good health, 0104 chemical sciences, Breathing, Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft), 0210 nano-technology, [PHYS.COND.CM-SCM]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Soft Condensed Matter [cond-mat.soft], Biotechnology, Biomedical engineering
Abstract: The role of pulmonary surfactant is to reduce the surface tension in the lungs and to facilitate breathing. Surfactant replacement therapy (SRT) aims at bringing a substitute by instillation into the airways, a technique that has proven to be efficient and lifesaving for preterm infants. Adapting this therapy to adults requires to scale the administered dose to the patient body weight and to in-crease the lipid concentration, whilst maintaining its surface and flow properties similar. Here, we exploit a magnetic wire-based microrheology technique to measure the viscosity of the exogenous pulmonary surfactant Curosurf in various experimental conditions. The Curosurf viscosity is found to increase exponentially with lipid concentration following the Krieger-Dougherty law of colloids. The Krieger-Dougherty behavior also predicts a divergence of the viscosity at the liquid-to-gel transition. For Curosurf the transition concentration is found close to the concentration at which it is formulated (117 g L-1 versus 80 g L-1). This outcome suggests that for SRT the surfactant rheological properties need to be monitored and kept within a certain range. The results found here could help in producing suspensions for respiratory distress syndrome adapted to adults. The present work also demonstrates the potential of the magnetic wire microrheology tech-nique as an accurate tool to explore biological soft matter dynamics., Comment: 16 pages 6 figures submitted
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

23. Abiogenic formation of H2, light hydrocarbons and other short-chain organic compounds within the serpentinite mud volcanoes of the Marianna Trench

Author: Xavier Prieto, Jeremie Ammouial, Valérie Beaumont, Christophe Monnin, Eric Kohler, Virgile Rouchon, Ken Takai, C. D. Menzies, Jeffrey G. Ryan, Roy E. Price, Sonia Noirez, Verena B Heuer, Marcus Elvert, Olivier Sissmann, IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN), Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY), Center for Marine Environmental Sciences [Bremen] (MARUM), Universität Bremen, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), University of South Florida [Tampa] (USF), and Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, chemistry.chemical_classification, lcsh:GE1-350, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Subduction, Stable isotope ratio, Chemistry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Seamount, Geochemistry, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 01 natural sciences, Abiogenic petroleum origin, 13. Climate action, Trench, Organic matter, Forearc, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Mud volcano
Abstract: Serpentinite-hosting mud volcanoes, located in the Marianna forearc subduction zone, were drilled during IODP Expedition 366. Recovered samples from Asùt Tesoru seamount provide new insights on the generation of organic matter in deep environments. Short-chain alcohols, volatile fatty acids and light hydrocarbons are produced within hyperalkaline pore fluids (pH 12.5) rich in H2. The stable isotope values of those species show heavy δ13C values, suggesting a formation process through Fischer-Tropsch-Type reactions. This close isotopic study brings new constraints on the reaction pathways leading to the formation of not only light hydrocarbons, but also of short-chain organic molecules. These compounds may serve as precursors of building blocks essential to life in deep oceanic settings.
Published: 2019

24. PP33E-1768: Paleoceanographic Evolution of the Equatorial Indian Ocean during the Late Miocene (Invited)

Author: Clara Bolton, Claire Martinot, Emmeline Gray, Samuel Phelps, Kazuyo Tachikawa, Wolfgang Kuhnt, Ann Holbourn, Julia Lübbers, Laurence Vidal, Rohling, E. J., Katharine Grant, Gianluca Marino, Luc Beaufort, Corinne Sonzogni, Marta Garcia Molina, Nils Andersen, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Leibniz Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Stable Isotope Research, Christian-Albrechts-University, Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences
Abstract: International audience; During the late Miocene (~11-5 Ma), atmospheric pCO may have been 1 to 3 times pre-industrial values, and mean global temperatures were likely 3−4°C higher than today with reduced latitudinal gradients. Major ecosystem changes that took place during the late Miocene are consistent with falling global temperatures and decreasing pCO , but proxy evidence for these physical climate changes remains sparse because few continuous, orbital-resolution palaeoclimate records cover this interval. Recently, geographically widespread and major (~5-10°C) late Miocene sea surface cooling was revealed for the mid-and high-latitudes based on the U sea surface temperature (SST) proxy, however existing tropical SST records suggest only minor cooling in this interval (1-2°C). Here we present new multi-proxy geochemical and micropaleontological records of surface and deep ocean variability from IODP Site U1443, drilled in the equatorial Indian Ocean (5°N, 90°E) during Expedition 353, which span the interval 9.5 to 5 Ma. Surface ocean records from Site U1443 have the potential to resolve SST change at a "warm pool" tropical site, whilst also providing insight into long-term and orbital-scale changes in the Indian monsoon subsystem. SST estimates derived from Mg/Ca ratios in the surface-dwelling planktic foraminifer Trilobatus trilobus show ~4°C of cooling (from 3.8 to 2.5 mmol/mol Mg/Ca) between 8.5 and 6 Ma. Following a SST minimum at 6 Ma, reconstructed temperatures increase from 6 to 5 Ma, consistent with published extratropical SST records. SST estimates combined with paired foraminiferal δ O measurements reveal a 2‰ decrease in seawater δ O (δ O , uncorrected for ice-volume changes) between 8.5 and 6 Ma, and a subsequent increase between 6 and 5 Ma. Consistent with records from other sites, Site U1443 benthic δ O data show no long-term increase concurrent with the Mg/Ca-SST decrease. We also observe dynamic changes in coccolith mass, a proxy for cell size and/or calcification, on both million-year and more abrupt timescales, sometimes correlated to SST changes. On orbital timescales, our records show coeval cyclicity in SST, δ O , and export productivity proxies, suggesting that changes in monsoon strength affected upper water column structure and properties on these timescales during the late Miocene. 2 2 k 37 18 18 18 sw 18 18 sw
Published: 2018

25. Reconstruction of the formation history of the Darwin Mounds, N Rockall Trough: How the dynamics of a sandy contourite affected cold-water coral growth

Author: Lissette Victorero, Veerle A.I. Huvenne, Dominique Blamart, Edwige Pons-Branchu, Mark Mavrogordato, Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Paléocéanographie (PALEOCEAN), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Géochrononologie Traceurs Archéométrie (GEOTRAC), University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Water mass, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Coral, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Paleontology, Lophelia, Darwin Mounds, Continental margin, Geochemistry and Petrology, Ocean gyre, law, North-east Atlantic, 14. Life underwater, Radiocarbon dating, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Holocene, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Cold-water coral mounds, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, Geology, Contourite, CT-scan, biology.organism_classification, Lophelia pertusa
Abstract: International audience; Cold-water coral mounds, formed through a feed-back process of cold-water coral growth and sediment baffling, have been studied all along the NE Atlantic continental margin. However, major questions remain concerning their formation history, especially their initiation and early development in relation to the surrounding sediment dynamics. For the first time, two small mounds located in a sandy contourite have been cored from the top to mound base: here, the formation history of the Darwin Mounds, located in the Northern Rockall Trough was investigated and reconstructed from two piston cores using a multidisciplinary approach. This consisted of CT-scanning for quantifying coral density changes with depth, grain-size analysis to obtain the hydrodynamic trends and radiocarbon and U-series dating to place the results into a wider paleoceanographic context. The results show that the Darwin Mounds formed during the early Holocene (~ 10 ka BP) through sediment baffling, mainly by Lophelia pertusa. The initiation of both mounds shows a similar pattern of increased current velocities resulting in coarser sediment deposition and a relatively high coral density with a peak of 23 vol%. The mound growth was rapid between ~ 10–9.7 ka BP (up to 277 cm ka− 1 in one of the mounds), with further vibrant growth periods around ~ 8.8 ka BP, 6.5 ka BP and 3.4 ka BP. The demise of the mounds ca. ~ 3 ka BP was likely caused by an intensification in bottom current velocities causing a hostile environment for coral growth in the contourite setting. In a wider context, the development of the Darwin Mounds appears to have responded to the relative strength and position of the Subpolar Gyre, which affected food supply to the corals, sedimentation rates, current speeds and other water mass properties in the area.
Published: 2016

26. Physical and biogeochemical controls on the variability in surface pH and calcium carbonate saturation states in the Atlantic sectors of the Arctic and Southern Oceans

Author: Tynan, Eithne, Clarke, Jennifer S., Humphreys, Matthew P., Ribas-Ribas, Mariana, Esposito, Mario, Rérolle, Victoire M.C., Schlosser, C., Thorpe, Sally E., Tyrrell, Toby, Achterberg, Eric P., Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: Marine Sciences, Ocean acidification, Arctic Ocean, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Biogeochemistry, Carbonate system, Southern Ocean, Oceanography, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: Polar oceans are particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification due to their low temperatures and reduced buffering capacity, and are expected to experience extensive low pH conditions and reduced carbonate mineral saturations states (?) in the near future. However, the impact of anthropogenic CO2 on pH and ? will vary regionally between and across the Arctic and Southern Oceans. Here we investigate the carbonate chemistry in the Atlantic sector of two polar oceans, the Nordic Seas and Barents Sea in the Arctic Ocean, and the Scotia and Weddell Seas in the Southern Ocean, to determine the physical and biogeochemical processes that control surface pH and ?. High-resolution observations showed large gradients in surface pH (0.10–0.30) and aragonite saturation state (?ar) (0.2–1.0) over small spatial scales, and these were particularly strong in sea-ice covered areas (up to 0.45 in pH and 2.0 in ?ar). In the Arctic, sea-ice melt facilitated bloom initiation in light-limited and iron replete (dFe>0.2 nM) regions, such as the Fram Strait, resulting in high pH (8.45) and ?ar (3.0) along the sea-ice edge. In contrast, accumulation of dissolved inorganic carbon derived from organic carbon mineralisation under the ice resulted in low pH (8.05) and ?ar (1.1) in areas where thick ice persisted. In the Southern Ocean, sea-ice retreat resulted in bloom formation only where terrestrial inputs supplied sufficient iron (dFe>0.2 nM), such as in the vicinity of the South Sandwich Islands where enhanced pH (8.3) and ?ar (2.3) were primarily due to biological production. In contrast, in the adjacent Weddell Sea, weak biological uptake of CO2 due to low iron concentrations (dFe
Published: 2016
Full Text: View/download PDF

27. Geostrophic Closure of the Zonally Averaged Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation

Author: Florian Sévellec, Thierry Huck, Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meridional overturning circulation, Zonal and meridional, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Ocean circulation, Circulation/ Dynamics, Atlantic Ocean, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, Pressure gradient, Baroclinic flows, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atm/Ocean Structure/ Phenomena, Thermohaline circulation, Ekman pumping, 010505 oceanography, Ocean current, Northern Hemisphere, Shutdown of thermohaline circulation, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Geographic location/entity, Walker circulation, Geology, Geostrophic wind
Abstract: It is typically assumed that the meridional density gradient in the North Atlantic is well and positively correlated with the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). In numerical “water-hosing” experiments, for example, imposing an anomalous freshwater flux in the Northern Hemisphere leads to a slowdown of the AMOC. However, on planetary scale, the first-order dynamics are linked to the geostrophic balance, relating the north–south pressure gradient to the zonal circulation. In this study, these two approaches are reconciled. At steady state and under geostrophic dynamics, an analytical expression is derived to relate the zonal and meridional pressure gradient. This solution is only valid where the meridional density gradient length scale is shorter than Earth’s curvature length scale, that is, north of 35°N. This theoretical expression links the north–south density gradient to the AMOC and can be used as a closure for zonally averaged ocean models. Assumptions and shortcomings of the approach are presented. Implications of these results for paleoclimate problems such as AMOC collapse and asymmetry in the meridional overturning circulation of the Atlantic and of the Pacific are discussed.
Published: 2016

28. Ocean Solutions to Address Climate Change and Its Effects on Marine Ecosystems

Author: Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Alexandre K. Magnan, Laurent Bopp, William W. L. Cheung, Carlos M. Duarte, Jochen Hinkel, Elizabeth Mcleod, Fiorenza Micheli, Andreas Oschlies, Phillip Williamson, Raphaël Billé, Vasiliki I. Chalastani, Ruth D. Gates, Jean-Olivier Irisson, Jack J. Middelburg, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Greg H. Rau, Geochemistry, Bio-, hydro-, and environmental geochemistry, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales (IDDRI), Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Paris, LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, University of British Columbia (UBC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Aarhus University [Aarhus], Global Climate Forum e.V., Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, The Nature Conservancy, Stanford University, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Pacific community (SPC), University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Utrecht University [Utrecht], Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Global Change Research, Institut Mediterrani d´Estudis Avançats (IMEDEA), Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats (IMEDEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), HOPKINS MARINE STATION, Stanford University [Stanford], Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology (HIMB), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Climate change, Ocean Engineering, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, Consistency (database systems), Marine ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, lcsh:Science, Adaptation (computer science), Environmental planning, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Governance, Global and Planetary Change, Ocean acidification, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Corporate governance, Global, 15. Life on land, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, 6. Clean water, Local, Ocean solutions, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, [SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Bioclimatology
Abstract: International audience; The Paris Agreement target of limiting global surface warming to 1.5–2∘C compared to pre-industrial levels by 2100 will still heavily impact the ocean. While ambitious mitigation and adaptation are both needed, the ocean provides major opportunities for action to reduce climate change globally and its impacts on vital ecosystems and ecosystem services. A comprehensive and systematic assessment of 13 global- and local-scale, ocean-based measures was performed to help steer the development and implementation of technologies and actions toward a sustainable outcome. We show that (1) all measures have tradeoffs and multiple criteria must be used for a comprehensive assessment of their potential, (2) greatest benefit is derived by combining global and local solutions, some of which could be implemented or scaled-up immediately, (3) some measures are too uncertain to be recommended yet, (4) political consistency must be achieved through effective cross-scale governance mechanisms, (5) scientific effort must focus on effectiveness, co-benefits, disbenefits, and costs of poorly tested as well as new and emerging measures.
Published: 2018

29. Predictability of Decadal Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Variations

Author: Florian Sévellec, Bablu Sinha, Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), and National Oceanography Centre (NOC)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 0303 health sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Oceanography, Shutdown of thermohaline circulation, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, 14. Life underwater, Predictability, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is a large, basin-scale circulation located in the Atlantic Ocean that transports climatically important quantities of heat northward. It can be described schematically as a northward flow in the warm upper ocean and a southward return flow at depth in much colder water. The heat capacity of a layer of 2 m of seawater is equivalent to that of the entire atmosphere; therefore, ocean heat content dominates Earth’s energy storage. For this reason and because of the AMOC’s typically slow decadal variations, the AMOC regulates North Atlantic climate and contributes to the relatively mild climate of Europe. Hence, predicting AMOC variations is crucial for predicting climate variations in regions bordering the North Atlantic. Similar to weather predictions, climate predictions are based on numerical simulations of the climate system. However, providing accurate predictions on such long timescales is far from straightforward. Even in a perfect model approach, where biases between numerical models and reality are ignored, the chaotic nature of AMOC variability (i.e., high sensitivity to initial conditions) is a significant source of uncertainty, limiting its accurate prediction. Predictability studies focus on factors determining our ability to predict the AMOC rather than actual predictions. To this end, processes affecting AMOC predictability can be separated into two categories: processes acting as a source of predictability (periodic harmonic oscillations, for instance) and processes acting as a source of uncertainty (small errors that grow and significantly modify the outcome of numerical simulations). To understand the former category, harmonic modes of variability or precursors of AMOC variations are identified. On the other hand, in a perfect model approach, the sources of uncertainty are characterized by the spread of numerical simulations differentiated by the application of small differences to their initial conditions. Two alternative and complementary frameworks have arisen to investigate this spread. The pragmatic framework corresponds to performing an ensemble of simulations, by imposing a randomly chosen small error on the initial conditions of individual simulations. This allows a probabilistic approach and to statistically characterize the importance of the initial condition by evaluating the spread of the ensemble. The theoretical framework uses stability analysis to identify small perturbations to the initial conditions, which are conducive to significant disruption of the AMOC. Beyond these difficulties in assessing the predictability, decadal prediction systems have been developed and tested through a range of hindcasts. The inherent difficulties of operational forecasts span from developing efficient initialization methods to setting accurate radiative forcing to correcting for model drift and bias, all these improvements being estimated and validated through a range of specifically designed skill metrics.
Published: 2018

30. Design of eco-friendly fabric softeners: Structure, rheology and interaction with cellulose nanocrystals

Author: L. Heux, I. Boucenna, Evdokia K. Oikonomou, G. Cristobal, Claudie Bourgaux, N. Christov, Jean-François Berret, Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Systèmes Non Linéaires et à Retards (SyNeR), Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille - UMR 9189 (CRIStAL), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Galien Paris-Sud (IGPS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV ), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC (UMR_7057)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille (CRIStAL) - UMR 9189 (CRIStAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille-Ecole Centrale de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille-Ecole Centrale de Lille, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)
Subjects: Cationic surfactant, cotton fibers, Guar, FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Biomaterials, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, guar polymers, Pulmonary surfactant, Rheology, Phase (matter), Lamellar structure, cellulose nanocrystals, chemistry.chemical_classification, vesicles, Guar gum, fabric softeners, Cationic polymerization, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft), 0210 nano-technology, [PHYS.COND.CM-SCM]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Soft Condensed Matter [cond-mat.soft]
Abstract: Concentrated fabric softeners are water-based formulations containing around 10 - 15 wt. % of double tailed esterquat surfactants primarily synthesized from palm oil. In recent patents, it was shown that a significant part of the surfactant contained in today formulations can be reduced by circa 50 % and replaced by natural guar polymers without detrimental effects on the deposition and softening performances. We presently study the structure and rheology of these softener formulations and identify the mechanisms at the origin of these effects. The polymer additives used are guar gum polysaccharides, one cationic and one modified through addition of hydroxypropyl groups. Formulations with and without guar polymers are investigated using optical and cryo-transmission electron microscopy, small-angle light and Xray scattering and finally rheology. Similar techniques are applied to study the phase behavior of softener and cellulose nanocrystals considered here as a model for cotton. The esterquat surfactants are shown to assemble into micron-sized vesicles in the dilute and concentrated regimes. In the former, guar addition in small amounts does not impair the vesicular structure and stability. In the concentrated regime, cationic guars induce a local crowding associated to depletion interactions and leads to the formation of a local lamellar order. In rheology, adjusting the polymer concentration at one tenth that of the surfactant is sufficient to offset the decrease of the elastic property associated with the surfactant reduction. In conclusion, we have shown that through an appropriate choice of natural additives it is possible to lower the concentration of surfactants in fabric conditioners by about half, a result that could represent a significant breakthrough in current home care formulations., Comment: 10 pages 8 figures
Published: 2018

31. Dynamical attribution of oceanic prediction uncertainty in the North Atlantic: application to the design of optimal monitoring systems

Author: Sévellec, Florian, Dijkstra, Henk A., Drijfhout, Sybren S., Germe, Agathe, Sub Physical Oceanography, Dep Natuurkunde, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research [Utrecht] (IMAU), Utrecht University [Utrecht], Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Sub Physical Oceanography, Dep Natuurkunde, and Marine and Atmospheric Research
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Sampling (statistics), Ocean general circulation model, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Physics::Geophysics, Normal distribution, Sea surface temperature, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Initial value problem, 14. Life underwater, Predictability, Underwater, Divergence (statistics), Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: In this study, the relation between two approaches to assess the ocean predictability on interannual to decadal time scales is investigated. The first pragmatic approach consists of sampling the initial condition uncertainty and assess the predictability through the divergence of this ensemble in time. The second approach is provided by a theoretical framework to determine error growth by estimating optimal linear growing modes. In this paper, it is shown that under the assumption of linearized dynamics and normal distributions of the uncertainty, the exact quantitative spread of ensemble can be determined from the theoretical framework. This spread is at least an order of magnitude less expensive to compute than the approximate solution given by the pragmatic approach. This result is applied to a state-of-the-art Ocean General Circulation Model to assess the predictability in the North Atlantic of four typical oceanic metrics: the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), the intensity of its heat transport, the two-dimensional spatially-averaged Sea Surface Temperature (SST) over the North Atlantic, and the three-dimensional spatially-averaged temperature in the North Atlantic. For all tested metrics, except for SST, $$\sim$$ 75% of the total uncertainty on interannual time scales can be attributed to oceanic initial condition uncertainty rather than atmospheric stochastic forcing. The theoretical method also provide the sensitivity pattern to the initial condition uncertainty, allowing for targeted measurements to improve the skill of the prediction. It is suggested that a relatively small fleet of several autonomous underwater vehicles can reduce the uncertainty in AMOC strength prediction by 70% for 1–5 years lead times.
Published: 2018

32. A global perspective on the trophic geography of sharks

Author: Luis Malpica-Cruz, Diana A. Churchill, Aleksandra Maljković, Oliver N. Shipley, Robert T. Leaf, Michelle D. Staudinger, Tiphaine Chouvelon, Adam Barnett, Alex Aguilar, Jonathan C. P. Reum, Francis Juanes, Tak Cheung Wai, R. J. David Wells, Juerg M. Brunnschweiler, Hassan A. Al-Reasi, Jeffrey D. Plumlee, Philip Matich, Ana Veríssimo, Jeremy J. Kiszka, Katie Quaeck-Davies, David S. Shiffman, Mariah Boyle, Mark G. Meekan, Julien Claes, Anne Lorrain, Dana M. Bethea, Pierre Cresson, Yunkai Li, Ryan Daly, Sebastian A. Klarian, Carlos Polo-Silva, Amy K. Teffer, Alexander Tilley, Maria Valls, Clive N. Trueman, Yannis P. Papastamatiou, Dean L. Courtney, Michael J. Kinney, Paco Bustamante, Nigel E. Hussey, Daniel J. Madigan, Edward J. Brooks, Sarah Magozzi, Ivone Figueiredo, Asunción Borrell, Aaron B. Carlisle, Javier Ciancio, Gui M. Menezes, Gérard Biais, Heidi Pethybridge, Tetsuya Endo, Christopher S. Bird, Kátya G. Abrantes, Ashley J. Frisch, Alex S. J. Wyatt, Frédéric Ménard, Conrad W. Speed, Johannes A. Iitembu, Vincent Raoult, Jeremy J. Vaudo, Leigh de Necker, Yves Cherel, Diana Catarino, Samantha E. M. Munroe, Michael R. Heithaus, Stéphane Caut, Ana Colaço, Michael C. Newman, Andrew Yool, Marc Bouchoucha, Yassir Eden Torres-Rojas, Dorothée Kopp, Joan Holst Hansen, Department of Animal Biology and IRBio, University of Barcelona, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques (LRH), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), IFREMER - Laboratoire Provence Azur Corse, LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMR 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2), EMBIO, Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), IPIMAR, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University (FIU), University of Windsor [Ca], Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, China Agricultural University (CAU), Thons tropicaux et écosystèmes pélagiques : taxies, interactions et stratégies d'exploitation (THETIS), Australian Institute of Marine Science [Perth] (AIMS Perth), Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), University of Tasmania (UTAS), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), University of Southampton, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), Universitat de Barcelona, LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie Marine et BIOdiversité (EMBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN), Florida International University [Miami] (FIU), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [Lowestoft] (CEFAS), Centro de Investigacão em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), James Cook University (JCU), Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat - Biodiversity Research Institute [Barcelona, Spain] (IRBio UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Sultan Qaboos Univeristy, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Halieutique Gascogne Sud (HGS), Laboratoire Environnement Ressources Provence Azur Corse (LERPAC), LITTORAL (LITTORAL), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Biogéochimie des Contaminants Organiques (LBCO), Biogéochimie et Ecotoxicologie (BE), Laboratoire Ressources halieutiques Boulogne sur mer (LRHBL), Halieutique Manche Mer du Nord (HMMN), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, predators, Ecosistemes, 01 natural sciences, Food chain, Pesquerías, MIGRATIONS, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Isotope analysis, Trophic level, Marine biology, Carbon Isotopes, Biomass (ecology), Ecology, food web, Life Sciences, Biotic communities, ECOLOGICAL ROLE, Food web, Geography, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Ecosystem ecology, Food Chain, Oceans and Seas, CONSERVATION, stable isotopes, sharks, 010603 evolutionary biology, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, OCEAN, Animals, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, POPULATION-STRUCTURE, PREDATORS, Muscle, Skeletal, Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, trophic geography, CONSEQUENCES, MOVEMENTS, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Taurons, Pelagic zone, Biologia marina, Phytoplankton, Sharks, PATTERNS, ECOSYSTEM
Abstract: Sharks are a diverse group of mobile predators that forage across varied spatial scales and have the potential to influence food web dynamics. The ecological consequences of recent declines in shark biomass may extend across broader geographic ranges if shark taxa display common behavioural traits. By tracking the original site of photosynthetic fixation of carbon atoms that were ultimately assimilated into muscle tissues of 5,394 sharks from 114 species, we identify globally consistent biogeographic traits in trophic interactions between sharks found in different habitats. We show that populations of shelf-dwelling sharks derive a substantial proportion of their carbon from regional pelagic sources, but contain individuals that forage within additional isotopically diverse local food webs, such as those supported by terrestrial plant sources, benthic production and macrophytes. In contrast, oceanic sharks seem to use carbon derived from between 30° and 50° of latitude. Global-scale compilations of stable isotope data combined with biogeochemical modelling generate hypotheses regarding animal behaviours that can be tested with other methodological approaches., This research was conducted as part of C.S.B.’s Ph.D dissertation, which was funded by the University of Southampton and NERC (NE/L50161X/1), and through a NERC Grant-in-Kind from the Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry Facility (LSMSF; EK267-03/16). We thank A. Bates, D. Sims, F. Neat, R. McGill and J. Newton for their analytical contributions and comments on the manuscripts.
Published: 2018

33. Author Correction: High-resolution record reveals climate-driven environmental and sedimentary changes in an active rift

Author: Natalia Zakharova, Liliane Janikian, Emilio Herrero-Bervera, Casey W. Nixon, Lisa C. McNeill, Jack Gillespie, Shunli Li, Spyros Sergiou, Gino de Gelder, Erwan Le Ber, Richard E. Ll. Collier, Joana Seguin, Mary Ford, Paula Diz, Romain Hemelsdaël, Rob L. Gawthorpe, Abah P. Omale, Georgios Michas, M. Ismaiel, Clint Miller, Marcie Purkey Phillips, Kostas Panagiotopoulos, Maria Geraga, Sofia Pechlivanidou, Gareth D. O. Carter, Mai-Linh Doan, Malka L. Machlus, Simone Sauer, S. Green, Marco Maffione, Jeremy D. Everest, Sabire Asli Oflaz, Aleksandra Cvetkoska, Donna J. Shillington, Katerina Kouli, Carol Mahoney, Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], British Geological Survey [Edinburgh], British Geological Survey (BGS), Department of Earth Science [Bergen] (UiB), University of Bergen (UiB), Rice University [Houston], University of Texas at Austin [Austin], School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen = Justus Liebig University (JLU), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade de Vigo, Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Patras, Department of Earth Sciences [Adelaide], University of Adelaide, Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP), University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), University of Hyderabad, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Department of Geology [Leicester], University of Leicester, China University of Geosciences [Beijing], School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Birmingham], University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Kingsborough Community College [CUNY] (KBCC), City University of New York [New York] (CUNY), Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Louisiana State University (LSU), University of Cologne, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Michigan], Central Michigan University (CMU), and UK Research & Innovation (UKRI)Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Multidisciplinary, Rift, lcsh:R, North Anatolian Fault, High resolution, lcsh:Medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, Paleontology, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, Sedimentary rock, lcsh:Q, lcsh:Science, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Geology
Abstract: © 2019, The Author(s). This Article contains errors in Reference 40 which is incorrectly given as: Palyvos, N., Pantosti, D. & Zabci, C. Paleoseismological evidence of recent earthquakes on the 1967 Mudurnu Valley earthquake segment of the North Anatolian fault. Bull. Seis. Soc. Am. 97, 1646–1661 (2007).
Published: 2019

34. Crustal structure of active deformation zones in Africa: Implications for global crustal processes

Author: Ebinger, C.J., Keir, D., Bastow, I.D., Whaler, K., Hammond, James O.S., Ayele, A., Miller, M.S., Tiberi, C., Hautot, S., Tulane University, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra [Firenze] (DST), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Department of Earth Science and Engineering [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, University of Edinburgh, University of London [London], Addis Ababa University (AAU), Australian National University (ANU), Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Tulane University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Department of Earth Science and Engineering [London], University of London, Addis Ababa University ( AAU ), Australian National University, Canberra, and Université des Antilles et de la Guyane ( UAG ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS )
Subjects: [SDU.STU.TE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Tectonics, Geochemistry & Geophysics, es, active deformation, Africa, crustal structure, magmatic rift, Geophysics, Geochemistry and Petrology, 0403 Geology, cps, [ SDU.STU.TE ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Tectonics, 0404 Geophysics
Abstract: International audience; The Cenozoic East African rift (EAR), Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL), and Atlas Mountains formed on the slow‐moving African continent, which last experienced orogeny during the Pan‐African. We synthesize primarily geophysical data to evaluate the role of magmatism in shaping Africa's crust. In young magmatic rift zones, melt and volatiles migrate from the asthenosphere to gas‐rich magma reservoirs at the Moho, altering crustal composition and reducing strength. Within the southernmost Eastern rift, the crust comprises ~20% new magmatic material ponded in the lower crust and intruded as sills and dikes at shallower depths. In the Main Ethiopian Rift, intrusions comprise 30% of the crust below axial zones of dike‐dominated extension. In the incipient rupture zones of the Afar rift, magma intrusions fed from crustal magma chambers beneath segment centers create new columns of mafic crust, as along slow‐spreading ridges. Our comparisons suggest that transitional crust, including seaward dipping sequences, is created as progressively smaller screens of continental crust are heated and weakened by magma intrusion into 15–20 km thick crust. In the 30 Ma Recent CVL, which lacks a hot spot age progression, extensional forces are small, inhibiting the creation and rise of magma into the crust. In the Atlas orogen, localized magmatism follows the strike of the Atlas Mountains from the Canary Islands hot spot toward the Alboran Sea. CVL and Atlas magmatism has had minimal impact on crustal structure. Our syntheses show that magma and volatiles are migrating from the asthenosphere through the plates, modifying rheology, and contributing significantly to global carbon and water fluxes.
Published: 2017

35. Arctic sea-ice decline weakens the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation

Author: Florian Sévellec, Alexey V. Fedorov, Wei Liu, Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Department of Geology & Geophysics, Yale University [New Haven], School of Computer [Chine], and National University of Defense Technology [China]
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Arctic sea ice decline, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Arctic dipole anomaly, Ocean current, North Atlantic Deep Water, Forcing (mathematics), Environmental Science (miscellaneous), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Arctic ice pack, Oceanography, Shutdown of thermohaline circulation, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Climate model, 14. Life underwater, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Social Sciences (miscellaneous), Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The ongoing decline of Arctic sea ice exposes the ocean to anomalous surface heat and freshwater fluxes, resulting in positive buoyancy anomalies that can affect ocean circulation. In this study, we use an optimal flux perturbation framework and comprehensive climate model simulations to estimate the sensitivity of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) to such buoyancy forcing over the Arctic and globally, and more generally to sea-ice decline. It is found that on decadal timescales, flux anomalies over the subpolar North Atlantic have the largest impact on the AMOC, while on multi-decadal timescales (longer than 20 years), flux anomalies in the Arctic become more important. These positive buoyancy anomalies spread to the North Atlantic, weakening the AMOC and its poleward heat transport. Therefore, the Arctic sea-ice decline may explain the suggested slow-down of the AMOC and the ‘Warming Hole’ persisting in the subpolar North Atlantic. Sea-ice loss has exposed the Arctic Ocean to anomalous heat and freshwater. Climate model experiments suggest that these changes, particularly on multi-decadal timescales, may explain the observed slow-down in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.
Published: 2017

36. On the robustness of near term climate predictability regarding initial state uncertainties

Author: Sébastien Nguyen, Juliette Mignot, Agathe Germe, Didier Swingedouw, Florian Sévellec, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Processus de la variabilité climatique tropicale et impacts (PARVATI), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mixed layer, 530 Physics, Perturbation (astronomy), Ensemble spread, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Deep sea, Physics::Geophysics, Ensemble generation, Climate predictability, Predictability, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Ensemble forecasting, Rossby wave, White noise, Uncertainties, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Initial condition perturbation, Thermocline, Prediction reliability
Abstract: A set of four ensemble simulations has been designed to assess the relative importance of atmospheric, oceanic, and deep ocean initial state uncertainties, as represented by spatial white noise perturbations, on seasonal to decadal prediction skills in a perfect model framework. It is found that a perturbation mimicking random oceanic uncertainties have the same impact as an atmospheric-only perturbation on the future evolution of the ensemble after the first 3 months, even if they are initially only located in the deep ocean. This is due to the fast (1 month) perturbation of the atmospheric component regardless of the initial ensemble generation strategy. The divergence of the ensemble upper-ocean characteristics is then mainly induced by ocean–atmosphere interactions. While the seasonally varying mixed layer depth allows the penetration of the different signals in the thermocline in the mid-high latitudes, the rapid adjustment of the thermocline to wind anomalies followed by Kelvin and Rossby waves adjustment dominates the growth of the ensemble spread in the tropics. These mechanisms result in similar ensemble distribution characteristics for the four ensembles design strategy at the interannual timescale.
Published: 2017

37. Direct Action of Endothelin-1 on Podocytes Promotes Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis

Author: Pierre-Louis Tharaux, David J. Webb, Carole Hénique, Jean Marc Massé, Masashi Yanagisawa, Anne Virsolvy, Olivia Lenoir, Alain Schmitt, Sylvain Richard, Marine Milon, Yuri Kotelevtsev, Passerieux, Emilie, Paris-Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC (UMR_S 970/ U970)), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Physiologie & médecine expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles [U 1046] (PhyMedExp), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Cochin (IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Renal glomerulus, Down-Regulation, [SDV.MHEP.UN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Urology and Nephrology, Podocyte, Diabetic nephropathy, Mice, Up Front Matters, Internal medicine, [SDV.BBM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, medicine, Humans, Animals, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Diabetic Nephropathies, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, beta Catenin, Mice, Knockout, Endothelin-1, Podocytes, business.industry, Glomerular basement membrane, Cholesterol, HDL, NF-kappa B, Glomerulosclerosis, Glomerulonephritis, General Medicine, Receptor, Endothelin A, medicine.disease, [SDV.MHEP.UN] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Urology and Nephrology, Receptor, Endothelin B, Endothelin 1, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Basic Research, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Diseases, Nephrology, Female, Endothelin receptor, business, Signal Transduction
Abstract: International audience; The endothelin system has emerged as a novel target for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Endothelin-1 promotes mesangial cell proliferation and sclerosis. However, no direct pathogenic effect of endothelin-1 on podocytes has been shown in vivo and endothelin-1 signaling in podocytes has not been investigated. This study investigated endothelin effects in podocytes during experimental diabetic nephropathy. Stimulation of primary mouse podocytes with endothelin-1 elicited rapid calcium transients mediated by endothelin type A receptors (ETARs) and endothelin type B receptors (ETBRs). We then generated mice with a podocyte-specific double deletion of ETAR and ETBR (NPHS2-Cre3Ednra lox/lox 3Ednrb lox/lox [Pod-ETRKO]). In vitro, treatment with endothelin-1 increased total b-catenin and phospho-NF-kB expression in wild-type glomeruli, but this effect was attenuated in Pod-ETRKO glomeruli. After streptozotocin injection to induce diabetes, wild-type mice developed mild diabetic nephropathy with microalbuminuria, mesangial matrix expansion, glomerular basement membrane thickening, and podocyte loss, whereas Pod-ETRKO mice presented less albuminuria and were completely protected from glomerulosclerosis and podocyte loss, even when uninephrectomized. Moreover, glomeruli from normal and diabetic Pod-ETRKO mice expressed substantially less total b-catenin and phospho-NF-kB compared with glomeruli from counterpart wild-type mice. This evidence suggests that endothelin-1 drives development of glomerulosclerosis and podocyte loss through direct activation of endo-thelin receptors and NF-kB and b-catenin pathways in podocytes. Notably, both the expression and function of the ETBR subtype were found to be important. Furthermore, these results indicate that activation of the endothelin-1 pathways selectively in podocytes mediates pathophysiologic crosstalk that influences mesangial architecture and sclerosis.
Published: 2014

38. A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT)

Author: Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Pfeil, Benjamin, Landa, Camilla S., Metzl, Nicolas, O'Brien, Kevin M., Olsen, Are, Smith, Karl M., Cosca, Catherine E., Harasawa, Sumiko, Jones, Stephen D., Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, Nojiri, Yukihiro, Schuster, Ute, Steinhoff, Tobias, Sweeney, Colm, Takahashi, Taro, Tilbrook, Bronte, Wada, Chisato, Wanninkhof, Rik H., Alin, Simone R., Balestrini, Carlos F., Barbero, Leticia, Bates, Nicholas R., Bianchi, Alejandro A., Bonou, Frédéric, Boutin, Jacqueline, Bozec, Yann, Burger, Eugene F., Cai, Wei-Jun, Castle, Robert D., Chen, Liqi, Chierici, Melissa, Currie, Kim, Evans, Wiley, Featherstone, Charles, Feely, Richard A., Fransson, Agneta, Goyet, Catherine, Greenwood, Naomi, Gregor, Luke, Hankin, Steven, Hardman-Mountford, Nick J., Harlay, Jérôme, Hauck, Judith, Hoppema, Mario, Humphreys, Matthew P., Hunt, Christopher W., Huss, Betty, Ibánhez, J. Severino P., Johannessen, Truls, Keeling, Ralph F., Kitidis, Vassilis, Körtzinger, Arne, Kozyr, Alex, Krasakopoulou, Evangelia, Kuwata, Akira, Landschützer, Peter, Lauvset, Siv K., Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lo Monaco, Claire, Manke, Ansley B., Mathis, Jeremy T., Merlivat, Liliane, Millero, Frank J., Monteiro, Pedro M. S., Munro, David R., Murata, Akihiko, Newberger, Timothy, Omar, Abdirahman M., Ono, Tsuneo, Paterson, Kristina, Pearce, David, Pierrot, Denis, Robbins, Lisa L., Saito, Shu, Salisbury, Joseph E., Schlitzer, Reiner, Schneider, Bernd, Schweitzer, Roland, Sieger, Rainer, Skjelvan, Ingunn, Sullivan, Kevin F., Sutherland, Stewart C., Sutton, Adrienne J., Tadokoro, Kazuaki, Telszewski, Maciej, Tuma, Matthias, van Heuven, Steven M. A. C., Vandemark, Doug, Ward, Brian, Watson, Andrew J., Xu, Suqing, Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric, school of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), University of Bergen (UiB), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Équipe CO2 (E-CO2), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), University of Washington [Seattle], National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), University of Exeter, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CSIRO-MAR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), Departamento de Oceanografia, Servicio de Hidrografía Naval, Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science (CIMAS), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables]-University of Miami [Coral Gables], Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Departmento de Engenharia de Produção, Centro de Estudos e Ensaios em Risco e Modelagem Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco [Recife] (UFPE), Interactions et Processus au sein de la couche de Surface Océanique (IPSO), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware [Newark], The Third Institute of Oceanography SOA, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg (GU), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), Norwegian Polar Institute, Institut de Modélisation et d'Analyses en géo-environnement et santé - Espace Développement (IMAGES-Espace DEV), UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA), Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [Lowestoft] (CEFAS), Ocean Systems and Climate Group, CSIR, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere, University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory, University of New Hampshire (UNH), IRD Lago Sul, Brazil, University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, University of the Aegean, Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, National Fisheries Research Institute, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Department of Ocean Sciences, University of Miami [Coral Gables], Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Boulder] (ATOC), University of Colorado [Boulder], Institute of Arctic Alpine Research [University of Colorado Boulder] (INSTAAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Research Institute for Fisheries Science,Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory (OPAL), Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Weathertop consulting LLC, International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project, WCRP Joint planning staff, World Meteorological Organization (WCRP), Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), AirSea Laboratory, School of Physics and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), University of Leeds, College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], Met Eireann, CSIRO Wealth from Oceans National Research Flagship and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems CRC, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS), Centre de résonance magnétique des systèmes biologiques (CRMSB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), CHImie Marine (CHIM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Department of Chemistry, Computer Science Department (UBC-Computer Science), University of British Columbia (UBC), Laboratoire de Biophysique et Dynamique des Systèmes Intégrés (BDSI), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship (CSIRO), CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Department of Oceanography (DOCEAN), Federal University of Pernambuco [Recife], University of California, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [Berkeley] (CEE), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, University of Wisconsin Whitewater, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Department of Computer Science [Royal Holloway], Royal Holloway [University of London] (RHUL), Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, School of Physics [NUI Galway], School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), and University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)
Subjects: lcsh:GE1-350, lcsh:Geology, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], lcsh:QE1-996.5, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], lcsh:Environmental sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract: The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) is a synthesis of quality-controlled fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) values for the global surface oceans and coastal seas with regular updates. Version 3 of SOCAT has 14.7 million fCO2 values from 3646 data sets covering the years 1957 to 2014. This latest version has an additional 4.6 million fCO2 values relative to version 2 and extends the record from 2011 to 2014. Version 3 also significantly increases the data availability for 2005 to 2013. SOCAT has an average of approximately 1.2 million surface water fCO2 values per year for the years 2006 to 2012. Quality and documentation of the data has improved. A new feature is the data set quality control (QC) flag of E for data from alternative sensors and platforms. The accuracy of surface water fCO2 has been defined for all data set QC flags. Automated range checking has been carried out for all data sets during their upload into SOCAT. The upgrade of the interactive Data Set Viewer (previously known as the Cruise Data Viewer) allows better interrogation of the SOCAT data collection and rapid creation of high-quality figures for scientific presentations. Automated data upload has been launched for version 4 and will enable more frequent SOCAT releases in the future. High-profile scientific applications of SOCAT include quantification of the ocean sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide and its long-term variation, detection of ocean acidification, as well as evaluation of coupled-climate and ocean-only biogeochemical models. Users of SOCAT data products are urged to acknowledge the contribution of data providers, as stated in the SOCAT Fair Data Use Statement. This ESSD (Earth System Science Data) "living data" publication documents the methods and data sets used for the assembly of this new version of the SOCAT data collection and compares these with those used for earlier versions of the data collection (Pfeil et al., 2013; Sabine et al., 2013; Bakker et al., 2014). Individual data set files, included in the synthesis product, can be downloaded here: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.849770. The gridded products are available here: doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.SOCAT_V3_GRID.
Published: 2016

39. AMOC sensitivity to surface buoyancy fluxes: Stronger ocean meridional heat transport with a weaker volume transport?

Author: Florian Sévellec, Alexey V. Fedorov, Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Department of Geology & Geophysics, and Yale University [New Haven]
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Buoyancy, Steady state, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010505 oceanography, Lead (sea ice), Zonal and meridional, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, Physics::Geophysics, Ocean dynamics, Volume (thermodynamics), 13. Climate action, Climatology, Paleoclimatology, engineering, Environmental science, 14. Life underwater, Boundary value problem, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Oceanic northward heat transport is commonly assumed to be positively correlated with the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). For example, in numerical “water-hosing” experiments, imposing anomalous freshwater fluxes in the northern Atlantic leads to a slow-down of the AMOC and the corresponding reduction of oceanic northward heat transport. Here, we study the sensitivity of the ocean heat and volume transports to surface heat and freshwater fluxes using a generalized stability analysis. For the sensitivity to surface freshwater fluxes, we find that, while the direct relationship between the AMOC volume and heat transports holds on shorter time scales, it can reverse on timescales longer than 500 years or so. That is, depending on the model surface boundary conditions, reduction in the AMOC volume transport can potentially lead to a stronger heat transport on long timescales, resulting from the gradual increase in ocean thermal stratification. We discuss the implications of these results for the problem of steady state (statistical equilibrium) in ocean and climate GCM as well as paleoclimate problems including millennial climate variability.
Published: 2016

40. Independent $^{40}$Ar/$^{39}$Ar and $^{14}$C age constraints on the last five glacial terminations from the aggradational successions of the Tiber River, Rome (Italy)

Author: Eelco J. Rohling, Brian R. Jicha, Paul R. Renne, Fabio Florindo, Alison Pereira, Sébastien Nomade, Fabrizio Marra, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Roma (INGV), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Research School of Earth Sciences [Canberra] (RSES), Australian National University (ANU), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Department of Geoscience [Madison], University of Wisconsin-Madison, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Paléocéanographie (PALEOCEAN), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Ecole française de Rome (EFR), Sezione di Scienze Preistoriche e Antropologiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara (UniFE), Berkeley Geochronology Center (BGC), Department of Earth and Planetary Science [UC Berkeley] (EPS), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Ferrara = University of Ferrara (UniFE), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), and University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)
Subjects: Marine isotope stage, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 15. Life on land, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Paleontology, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Benthic zone, Aggradation, Interglacial, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Deglaciation, Glacial period, Quaternary, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Chronology
Abstract: We use 13 new 40Ar/39Ar and 4 new 14C datings of volcanic deposits and organic material found within near-coastal aggradational successions deposited by the Tiber River near Rome, Italy, to integrate a larger dataset previously achieved in order to offer independent age constraints to the sea-level fluctuations associated with Late Quaternary glacial cycles during the last 450 ka. Results are compared with the chronologically independently constrained Red Sea relative sea-level curve, and with the astronomically tuned deep-sea benthic ?18O record. We find good agreements for the timings of change, and in several cases for both the amplitudes and timings of change during glacial terminations T-1, T-2, T-3, and T-5. There is one striking exception, namely for glacial termination T-4 that led into interglacial Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 9. T-4 in our results is dated a full 18 ka earlier than in the Red Sea and deep-sea benthic ?18O records (which are in good agreement with each other in spite of their independent chronological constraints). The observed discrepancy is beyond the scale of the combined age uncertainties. One possible explanation is that the documented aggradation represents an early phase, triggered by a smaller event in the sea-level record, but the thickness of the aggradational sediment sequence then suggests that the amplitude of this earlier sea-level rise is underestimated in the Red Sea and benthic ?18O records. Also, this would imply that the aggradational succession of the main T-4 deglaciation has not yet been located in the study region, which is hard to reconcile with our extensive fieldwork and borehole coverage, unless unlikely non-deposition or complete erosion. Resolving this discrepancy will improve understanding of the timing of deglaciations relative to the orbitally modulated insolation forcing of climate and will require further focused research, both into the nature and chronology of the Tiber sequences of this period, and into the chronologies of the Red Sea and deep-sea benthic ?18O records.
Published: 2016

41. Volcanic ash layers illuminate the resilience of Neanderthals and early modern humans to natural hazards

Author: Lowe, John, Barton, N., Blockley, Simon, Ramsey, C. Bronk, Cullen, Victoria L., Davies, S. W. G., Gamble, Clive, Grant, Katharine, Hardiman, Mark, Housley, Rupert, Lane, Christine S., Lee, Sharen, Lewis, Mark, MacLeod, Alison, Menzies, Martin, Muller, Wolfgang, Pollard, Mark, Price, Catherine, Roberts, Andrew P., Rohling, Eelco J., Satow, Christopher, Smith, V.C., Stringer, C. B., Tomlinson, Emma, White, Dustin, Albert, Paul, Arienzo, Ilenia, Barker, G., Carandente, Antonio, Civetta, Lucia, Farrand, William, Ferrier, Catherine, Gaudelli, Jean-Luc, Karkanas, Panagiotis, Koumouzelis, Margarita, Muller, Ulrich C., Orsi, Giovanni, Pross, Jorg, Rosi, Mauro, Shalamanov-Korobar, Ljiljiana, Sirakov, Nikolay, Tzedakis, Polychronis C., Boric, Dusan, Lowe, J., Barton, N., Blockley, S., Bronk Ramsey, C., Cullen, V. L., Davies, W., Gamble, C., Grant, K., Hardiman, M., Housley, R., Lane, C. S., Lee, S., Lewis, M., Macleod, A., Menzies, M., Müller, W., Pollard, M., Price, C., Roberts, A. P., Rohling, E. J., Satow, C., Smith, V., Stringer, C., Tomlinson, E. L. White D., Albert, P., Arienzo, I., Barker, G., Carandente, A., Civetta, Lucia, Farrand, W., Ferrier, C., Gaudelli, J. L., Karkanas, P., Koumouzelis, M., Muller, U. C., Orsi, G., Pross, J., Rosi, M., Shalamanov Korobar, L., Sirakov, N., Tzedakis, P. C., Borić, D., Department of Geography, University College of London [London] (UCL), Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford [Oxford], Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art [Oxford], Archaeology Department, University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Palaeontology Department, The Natural History Museum [London] (NHM), Department of Earth Sciences [Egham], Royal Holloway [University of London] (RHUL), Research School of Earth Sciences [Canberra] (RSES), Australian National University (ANU), The Natural History Museum, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Cardiff School of History, Ancient History, Archaeology and Religion, Cardiff University, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche [Naples], Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, PPP, De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ephoreia of Palaeoanthropology-Speleology of Southern Greece, Institute of Geosciences [Frankfurt am Main], Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Universita di Pisa Dip. Scienze Geologiche (UNIV. PISA), University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, National Institution Museum of Macedonia, National Archaeological Institute and Museum (NAIM), and Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS)
Subjects: Neanderthal, Human dispersal, Climate, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mass Spectrometry, Research Groups and Centres\Earth Sciences\Geochemistry, Campanian Ignimbrite, Earliest anatomically modern human, VOLCANIC ASH, Tephra, Neanderthals, MODERN HUMANS, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, biology, Fossils, Hominidae, Biological Sciences, ABRUPT CLIMATE-CHANGE, Archaeology, campi Flegrei, Geology, 010506 paleontology, Cryptotephra deposits, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, Faculty of Science\Geography, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Population, Research Groups and Centres\Earth Sciences\Ancient and Modern Earth Systems, Volcanic Eruptions, Paleontology, volcanology, Natural hazard, biology.animal, Commentaries, Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, Faculty of Science\Earth Sciences, Animals, Humans, education, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Vulcanian eruption, Volcanic eruption, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Research Groups and Centres\Geography\Centre for Quaternary Research, archeology, 13. Climate action, Anatomically modern human, Upper Paleolithic, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Paleolithic Transitions, Volcanic ash
Abstract: Marked changes in human dispersal and development during the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition have been attributed to massive volcanic eruption and/or severe climatic deterioration. We test this concept using records of volcanic ash layers of the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption dated to ca. 40,000 y ago (40 ka B.P.). The distribution of the Campanian Ignimbrite has been enhanced by the discovery of cryptotephra deposits (volcanic ash layers that are not visible to the naked eye) in archaeological cave sequences. They enable us to synchronize archaeological and paleoclimatic records through the period of transition from Neanderthal to the earliest anatomically modern human populations in Europe. Our results confirm that the combined effects of a major volcanic eruption and severe climatic cooling failed to have lasting impacts on Neanderthals or early modern humans in Europe. We infer that modern humans proved a greater competitive threat to indigenous populations than natural disasters.
Published: 2016

42. Multidecadal accumulation of anthropogenic and remineralized dissolved inorganic carbon along the Extended Ellett Line in the northeast Atlantic Ocean

Author: Humphreys, Matthew P., Griffiths, Alex M., Achterberg, Eric P., Holliday, N. Penny, Rérolle, Victoire M.C., Menzel Barraqueta, Jan-Lukas, Couldrey, Matthew P., Oliver, Kevin I.C., Hartman, Susan E., Esposito, Mario, Boyce, Adrian J., Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Department of Earth Science and Technology [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), University of Glasgow-University of Edinburgh, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))
Subjects: [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract: International audience; Marine carbonate chemistry measurements have been carried out annually since 2009 during UK research cruises along the Extended Ellett Line (EEL), a hydrographic transect in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. The EEL intersects several water masses that are key to the global thermohaline circulation, and therefore the cruises sample a region in which it is critical to monitor secular physical and biogeochemical changes. We have combined results from these EEL cruises with existing quality-controlled observational data syntheses to produce a hydrographic time series for the EEL from 1981 to 2013. This reveals multidecadal increases in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) throughout the water column, with a near-surface maximum rate of 1.80 ± 0.45 μmol kg-1 yr-1. Anthropogenic CO2 accumulation was assessed, using simultaneous changes in apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and total alkalinity (TA) as proxies for the biogeochemical processes that influence DIC. The stable carbon isotope composition of DIC (δ13CDIC) was also determined and used as an independent test of our method. We calculated a volume-integrated anthropogenic CO2 accumulation rate of 2.8 ± 0.4 mg C m-3 yr-1 along the EEL, which is about double the global mean. The anthropogenic CO2 component accounts for only 31 ± 6% of the total DIC increase. The remainder is derived from increased organic matter remineralization, which we attribute to the lateral redistribution of water masses that accompanies subpolar gyre contraction. Output from a general circulation ecosystem model demonstrates that spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the observations has not significantly biased our multidecadal rate of change calculations and indicates that the EEL observations have been tracking distal changes in the surrounding North Atlantic and Nordic Seas.
Published: 2016

43. On the Consumption of Antarctic Bottom Water in the Abyssal Ocean

Author: Julien Le Sommer, Casimir de Lavergne, Gurvan Madec, A. J. George Nurser, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean ( NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques ( LOCEAN ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] ( NOC ), University of Southampton [Southampton], Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement ( LGGE ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble ( OSUG ), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS )
Subjects: Water mass, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geothermal heating, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Diapycnal mixing, Circulation/Dynamics, Abyssal zone, 14. Life underwater, Internal waves, Geothermal gradient, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [ SDU.STU.OC ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 010505 oceanography, Upwelling/downwelling, Internal wave, Marine Sciences, Abyssal circulation, Antarctic Bottom Water, 13. Climate action, Upwelling, Geology, Geostrophic wind
Abstract: The abyssal ocean is primarily filled by cold, dense waters formed around Antarctica and collectively referred to as Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). At steady state, AABW must be consumed in the ocean interior at the same rate it is produced, but how and where this consumption is achieved remains poorly understood. Here, estimates of abyssal water mass transformation by geothermal heating and parameterized internal wave–driven mixing are presented. This study uses maps of the energy input to internal waves by tidal and geostrophic motions interacting with topography combined with assumptions about the distribution of energy dissipation to evaluate dianeutral transports induced by breaking internal tides and lee waves. Geothermal transformation is assessed based on a map of geothermal heat fluxes. Under the hypotheses underlying the constructed climatologies of buoyancy fluxes, the authors calculate that locally dissipating internal tides and geothermal heating contribute, respectively, about 8 and 5 Sverdrups (Sv; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) of AABW consumption (upwelling), mostly north of 30°S. In contrast, parameterized lee wave–driven mixing causes significant transformation only in the Southern Ocean, where it forms about 3 Sv of AABW, decreasing the mean density but enhancing the northward flow of abyssal waters. The possible role of remotely dissipating internal tides in complementing AABW consumption is explored based on idealized distributions of mixing energy. Depending mostly on the chosen vertical structure, such mixing could drive 1 to 28 Sv of additional AABW upwelling, highlighting the need to better constrain the spatial distribution of remote dissipation. Though they carry large uncertainties, these climatological transformation estimates shed light on the qualitative functioning and key unknowns of the diabatic overturning.
Published: 2016

44. Key impacts of climate engineering on biodiversity and ecosystems, with priorities for future research

Author: Hans O. Pörtner, Emma Woods, Jeff A. Ardron, Rachel Warren, Oliver Schweiger, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Nicholas J. P. Owens, Josef Settele, Peter J. Irvine, Katrin Vohland, Tatsuya Amano, Jill Thompson, Stephen J. Hawkins, Nick Ostle, Eugene J. Murphy, Salvador E. Lluch-Cota, Mark van Kleunen, Erica Hendy, Steve Widdicombe, Phillip Williamson, Rebecca K. Smith, Andrew R. Watkinson, Frank M. Schurr, Robert J. Scholes, Wanda Born, R. Ian Perry, Eric P. Achterberg, Derek P. Tittensor, Pru N. Foster, Caitlin G. McCormack, Jason J. Blackstock, W. Daniel Kissling, Chris Vivian, Sarah Smith, William J. Sutherland, Department of Zoology [Cambridge], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies [Potsdam] (IASS), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sciences Po (Sciences Po), School of Biological Sciences [Bristol], Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste [Mexico] (CONACYT-CIBNOR), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología [Mexico] (CONACYT), British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Pacific Biological Station (PBS), Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research [Pretoria] (CSIR), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Dalhousie University [Halifax], University of Konstanz, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [Lowestoft] (CEFAS), Museum für Naturkunde [Berlin], Leibniz Institut für Evolutions und Biodiversitätsforschung, School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Department of Science, Technology, Engineering and Public Policy (STEaPP), University College of London [London] (UCL), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Computational Geo-Ecology (IBED, FNWI), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecological forecasting, Climate change, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, Meteorology and Climatology, Solar radiation management, geoengineering, ddc:570, Aquatic biodiversity research, 11. Sustainability, 14. Life underwater, Ecosystem diversity, solar radiation management, carbon dioxide removal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, Global warming, Environmental resource management, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Biodiversity, 15. Life on land, 6. Clean water, 13. Climate action, Ocean fertilization, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Earth Sciences, climate engineering, Environmental science, Climate engineering, [SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Bioclimatology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, ecosystems
Abstract: International audience; Climate change has significant implications for biodiversity and ecosystems. With slow progress towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions, climate engineering (or ‘geoengineering’) is receiving increasing attention for its potential to limit anthropogenic climate change and its damaging effects. Proposed techniques, such as ocean fertilization for carbon dioxide removal or stratospheric sulfate injections to reduce incoming solar radiation, would significantly alter atmospheric, terrestrial and marine environments, yet potential side-effects of their implementation for ecosystems and biodiversity have received little attention. A literature review was carried out to identify details of the potential ecological effects of climate engineering techniques. A group of biodiversity and environmental change researchers then employed a modified Delphi expert consultation technique to evaluate this evidence and prioritize the effects based on the relative importance of, and scientific understanding about, their biodiversity and ecosystem consequences. The key issues and knowledge gaps are used to shape a discussion of the biodiversity and ecosystem implications of climate engineering, including novel climatic conditions, alterations to marine systems and substantial terrestrial habitat change. This review highlights several current research priorities in which the climate engineering context is crucial to consider, as well as identifying some novel topics for ecological investigation.
Published: 2016

45. Discovery of a large 2.4 Ma Plinian eruption of Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, from the marine sediment record

Author: Palmer, Martin, Hatter, Stuart, Gernon, Thomas M., Taylor, Rex N., Cassidy, Michael, Johnson, Peter, Le Friant, Anne, Ishizuka, Osamu, Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz (JGU), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institute of Geology and Geoinformation, and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)-Geological Survey of Japan
Subjects: [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology
Abstract: International audience; Large volcanic eruptions are major geo-hazards, so identifying their frequency in the geologic record is critical for making predictions and hazard assessments. Following the discovery of a thick (18 cm) tephra layer in marine sediments from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site U1396 between Montserrat and Guadeloupe in the Caribbean Sea, we document here how high-precision Pb isotopes, trace elements, and grain morphological analyses of the tephra can be used, together with volcanological models, to identify a large (Volcanic Explo-sivity Index ~6) Plinian eruption from Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, at ca. 2.36 Ma. This previously unrecognized eruption is believed to be the largest documented volcanic event in this region since this time. We hypothesize that this large eruption was associated with the final stage in the evolution of an individual volcanic center, which has implications for prediction of geohazards in this setting.
Published: 2016

46. Sustained hydrostatic pressure tolerance of the shallow water shrimp Palaemonetes varians at different temperatures: Insights into the colonisation of the deep sea

Author: Andrew Oliphant, Bruce Shillito, Sven Thatje, Nélia C. Mestre, Juliette Ravaux, Alastair Brown, Delphine Cottin, Écologie, Évolution, Écosystemes Souterrains, Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.)-Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.)-Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Systématique, adaptation, évolution (SAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Équipe 3 - Écologie, Évolution, Écosystemes Souterrains (E3S), and Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Evolution, Physiology, Acclimatization, Oceans and Seas, Hydrostatic pressure, Gene Expression, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Deep sea, Arthropod Proteins, Animal science, Water column, Stress, Physiological, Hydrostatic Pressure, Pressure, Animals, Cannibalism, HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins, 14. Life underwater, Molecular Biology, Palaemonetes, Ecosystem, HSP70, Behavior, Animal, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Shallow water, Temperature, biology.organism_classification, Shrimp, Colonisation, Waves and shallow water, Palaemonidae, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Specific dynamic action
Abstract: International audience; We investigated the tolerance of adult specimens of the shallow-water shrimp Palaemonetes varians to sus- tained high hydrostatic pressure (10 MPa) across its thermal tolerance window (from 5 to 27 °C) using both behavioural (survival and activity) and molecular (hsp70 gene expression) approaches. To our knowl- edge, this paper reports the longest elevated hydrostatic pressure exposures ever performed on a shallow- water marine organism. Behavioural analysis showed a 100% survival rate of P. varians after 7 days at 10 MPa and 5 or 10 °C, whilst cannibalism was observed at elevated temperature (27 °C), suggesting no im- pairment of specific dynamic action. A significant interaction of pressure and temperature was observed for both behavioural and molecular responses. Elevated pressure was found to exacerbate the effect of temper- ature on the behaviour of the animals by reducing activity at low temperature and by increasing activity at high temperature. In contrast, only high pressure combined with low temperature increased the expression of hsp70 genes. We suggest that the impressive tolerance of P. varians to sustained elevated pressure may re- flect the physiological capability of an ancestral species to colonise the deep sea. Our results also support the hypothesis that deep-sea colonisation may have occurred during geological periods of time when the oceanic water column was warm and vertically homogenous.
Published: 2012

47. Permeability and pressure measurements in Lesser Antilles submarine slides: Evidence for pressure-driven slow-slip failure

Author: Nicole A Stroncik, Peter Kent Miller, Michael Martínez-Colón, Michael Genecov, Sally Morgan, Anne Le Friant, Kyoko S. Kataoka, Osamu Ishizuka, Yoshihiko Tamura, Robert G. Hatfield, Deborah Wall-Palmer, Esther Adelstein, Akihiko Fujinawa, Benoît Villemant, Georges Boudon, Sara Lafuerza, Michael Manga, Fukashi Maeno, Robert Valdez, K.S.V. Subramanyam, Andrew J. Fraass, Matthew J. Hornbach, Martin Jutzeler, Demian M. Saffer, Mohammed Aljahdali, A. Stinton, T. Adachi, Molly C. McCanta, Fei Wang, Angela L. Slagle, Martin R. Palmer, Christoph Breitkreuz, Peter J. Talling, Sebastian F. L. Watt, Huffington Department of Earth Sciences [SMU Dallas], Southern Methodist University (SMU), Department of Earth and Planetary Science [UC Berkeley] (EPS), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Department of Geosciences [Pennsylvania], Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (iSTeP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Graduate School of Science and Engineering [Yamagata], Yamagata University, Department of Palaeontology - Institute for Geology, Technishe Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (TU Bergakademie Freiberg), National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Department of Geology [Leicester], University of Leicester, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts [Amherst] (UMass Amherst), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS)-University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Birmingham], University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University [College Station], Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science [Tallahassee] (FSU | EOAS), Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), Department of Environmental Sciences [Ibaraki], Ibaraki University, College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Corvallis] (CEOAS), Oregon State University (OSU), Research Institute for Natural Hazards and Disaster Recovery [Niigata], Niigata University, Volcano Research Center [Tokyo], The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), College of Marine Science [Florida], University of South Florida [Tampa] (USF), Geology Department, Tufts University [Medford], Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO), Geochemistry Division, National Geophysical Research Institute [India], Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Plymouth] (SoGEES), Plymouth University, Institute of Geology and Geophysics [Beijing] (IGG), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Department of Geology and Paleontology [Freiberg], Technishe Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Geological Survey of Japan, Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science [Tallahassee] (EOAS), CEOAS, The University of Tokyo, University of South Florida (USF), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Consolidation (soil), Sediment, Drilling, Geology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], law.invention, Pore water pressure, Pressure measurement, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, law, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Fluid dynamics, Geotechnical engineering, Submarine pipeline, 14. Life underwater, Martinique
Abstract: Recent studies hypothesize that some submarine slides fail via pressure-driven slow-slip deformation. To test this hypothesis, this study derives pore pressures in failed and adjacent unfailed deep marine sediments by integrating rock physics models, physical property measurements on recovered sediment core, and wireline logs. Two drill sites (U1394 and U1399) drilled through interpreted slide debris; a third (U1395) drilled into normal marine sediment. Near-hydrostatic fluid pressure exists in sediments at site U1395. In contrast, results at both sites U1394 and U1399 indicate elevated pore fluid pressures in some sediment. We suggest that high pore pressure at the base of a submarine slide deposit at site U1394 results from slide shearing. High pore pressure exists throughout much of site U1399, and Mohr circle analysis suggests that only slight changes in the stress regime will trigger motion. Consolidation tests and permeability measurements indicate moderately low (~10-16–10-17 m2) permeability and overconsolidation in fine-grained slide debris, implying that these sediments act as seals. Three mechanisms, in isolation or in combination, may produce the observed elevated pore fluid pressures at site U1399: (1) rapid sedimentation, (2) lateral fluid flow, and (3) shearing that causes sediments to contract, increasing pore pressure. Our preferred hypothesis is this third mechanism because it explains both elevated fluid pressure and sediment overconsolidation without requiring high sedimentation rates. Our combined analysis of subsurface pore pressures, drilling data, and regional seismic images indicates that slope failure offshore Martinique is perhaps an ongoing, creep-like process where small stress changes trigger motion.
Published: 2015

48. Kinetic study reveals weak Fe-binding ligand, which affects the solubility of Fe in the Scheldt estuary

Author: Marie Boye, de Henricus Baar, T. G. Verburg, Loes J. A. Gerringa, H. Th. Wolterbeek, Micha J. A. Rijkenberg, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Sciences, University of Groningen [Groningen], Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), project FePATH funded by the Dutch NWO/NAAP under grant number 85120004, and Ocean Ecosystems
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, CHEMICAL SPECIATION, kinetic rate constants, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, CATHODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY, Kinetics, Analytical chemistry, NATURAL ORGANIC-LIGANDS, Mineralogy, ligand, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, estuary, Dissociation (chemistry), CLE-ADSV, Hydrolysis, iron, TRACE-METALS, Reaction rate constant, Cathodic stripping voltammetry, Environmental Chemistry, Solubility, SOUTHERN-OCEAN, ATLANTIC-OCEAN, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Chemistry, Ligand, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, General Chemistry, IRON COMPLEXATION, 6. Clean water, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, MARINE IRON(III) COMPLEXES, Seawater, Fe species, COASTAL WATERS
Abstract: The chemistry of dissolved Fe(III) was studied in the Scheldt estuary (The Netherlands). Two discrete size fractions of the dissolved bulk (Within the upper estuary, where fresh river water meets seawater, the dissolved Fe concentration decreases steeply with increasing salinity, for the fraction Characteristics of dissolved Fe-binding ligands were determined by observing kinetic interactions with adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry. From these kinetic experiments we concluded that apart from the well-known strong Fe-binding organic ligands (L, logK' = 19-22) also weak Fe-binding ligands (P) existed with an a value (binding potential = K-1.[P]) varying between 10(11.1) and 10(11.9). The presence of this relatively weak ligand explained the high concentrations of labile Fe present in both size fractions in the estuary. This weak ligand can retard or prevent a direct precipitation after an extra input of Fe.The dissociation rate constants of the weak ligand varied between 0.5 x 10(-4) and 4.3 x 10(-4) s(-1). The rate constants of the strong organic ligand varied between k(d) = 1.5 x 10(-3) 17 x 10(-2) s(-1) and k(f) = 2.2 x 10(8)-2.7 x 10(9) M-1 s(-1). The dissociation rate constant of freshly amorphous Fe-hydroxide was found to be between 4.3 x 10(-4) and 3.7 x 10(-3) s(-1), more labile or equal to the values found by Rose and Waite [Rose, A.L., Waite, T.D., 2003a. Kinetics of hydrolysis and precipitation of ferric iron in seawater. Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 3897-3903.] for freshly precipitated Fe in seawater.Kinetic rate constants of Fe with the ligand TAC (2-(2-Thiazolylazo)-p-cresol) were also determined. The formation rate constant of Fe(TAC)2 varied between 0.1 x 10(8) and 3.6 x 10(8) M-1 s(-1), the dissociation rate constant between 0.2 x 10(-5) and 17 x 10(-5) s(-1) for both S=26 and S=10. The conditional stability constant of Fe(TAC)(2) (beta(Fe(TAC)2)') varied between 22 and 23.4 for S=10 and S=26 more or less equal to that known from the literature (log beta(Fc(TAC)2)'=22.4; [Croot, P.L., Johansson, M., 2000. Determination of iron speciation by cathodic stripping voltammetry in seawater using the competing ligand 2-(2-Tbiazolylazo)-p-cresol (TAC). Electroanalysis, 12, 565-576]). However, at S=0.3 the log beta(Fe(TAC)2)' was 25.3, three orders of magnitude higher. Apparently the application of TAC to samples of low salinity can only be done when the correct log beta(Fe(TAC)2)' is known. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Published: 2007

49. Developments since 2005 in understanding potential environmental impacts of CO2 leakage from geological storage

Author: Ana M. Queirós, Julia M. West, Stephen Widdicombe, Chris Hauton, Julie Lions, David G. Jones, C. de Vittor, E.M. Foekema, S. E. Beaubien, Jerry Blackford, British Geological Survey (BGS), Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], School of Engineering - Institute of Materials and Processes, University of Edinburgh, IMARES, Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e di Oceanografia Sperimentale (OGS), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], and University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC)
Subjects: Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, energy (all), Aquifer, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Co2 storage, 01 natural sciences, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Environmental protection, CO2 storage, Co2 leakage, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Leakage (economics), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, policy and law, business.industry, Environmental engineering, aquifers, environmental impacts, offshore, onshore, industrial and manufacturing engineering, pollution, management, monitoring, Ocean acidification, Environmental impacts, Pollution, 6. Clean water, Aquifers, General Energy, 13. Climate action, CO storage, Submarine pipeline, Offshore, business, Onshore, Maritiem
Abstract: Highlights: • We review research since 2005 on potential impacts of leakage from CO2 storage. • We consider near surface onshore and offshore impacts and those on potable groundwaters. • Low level leakage through faults or wells is likely to be limited and recovery rapid. • Effects are reduced by mixing, dispersion and buffering. • Larger leaks are possible but less likely and should be easier to detect and remedy. Abstract: This paper reviews research into the potential environmental impacts of leakage from geological storage of CO2 since the publication of the IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage in 2005. Possible impacts are considered on onshore (including drinking water aquifers) and offshore ecosystems. The review does not consider direct impacts on man or other land animals from elevated atmospheric CO2 levels. Improvements in our understanding of the potential impacts have come directly from CO2 storage research but have also benefitted from studies of ocean acidification and other impacts on aquifers and onshore near surface ecosystems. Research has included observations at natural CO2 sites, laboratory and field experiments and modelling. Studies to date suggest that the impacts from many lower level fault- or well-related leakage scenarios are likely to be limited spatially and temporarily and recovery may be rapid. The effects are often ameliorated by mixing and dispersion of the leakage and by buffering and other reactions; potentially harmful elements have rarely breached drinking water guidelines. Larger releases, with potentially higher impact, would be possible from open wells or major pipeline leaks but these are of lower probability and should be easier and quicker to detect and remediate.
Published: 2015

50. Reconciling two alternative mechanisms behind bi-decadal variability in the North Atlantic

Author: Didier Swingedouw, Juliette Mignot, Florian Sévellec, Pablo Ortega, Eric Guilyardi, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Processus de la variabilité climatique tropicale et impacts (PARVATI), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), NCAS-Climate [Reading], Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR)-University of Reading (UOR), Natural and Environmental Research Council UK (MESO-CLIP, NE/K005928/1), ANR-13-SENV-0002,MORDICUS,Oscillations et rétroactions climatiques aux échelles décennales : mécanismes, sensibilité et incertitudes(2013), European Project: 308378,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2012-two-stage,SPECS(2012), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))
Subjects: Convection, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Buoyancy, Mode (statistics), Geology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Thermal wind, Aquatic Science, engineering.material, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, Climatology, engineering
Abstract: International audience; Understanding the preferential timescales of variability in the North Atlantic, usually associated with the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), is essential for the prospects for decadal prediction. However, the wide variety of mechanisms proposed from the analysis of climate simulations, potentially dependent on the models themselves, has stimulated the debate of which processes take place in reality. One mechanism receiving increasing attention, identified both in idealized models and observations, is a westward propagation of subsurface buoyancy anomalies that impact the AMOC through a basin-scale intensification of the zonal density gradient, enhancing the northward transport via thermal wind balance. In this study, we revisit a control simulation from the Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace Coupled Model 5A (IPSL-CM5A), characterized by a strong AMOC periodicity at 20 years, previously explained by an upper ocean–atmosphere–sea ice coupled mode driving convection activity south of Iceland. Our study shows that this mechanism interacts constructively with the basin-wide propagation in the subsurface. This constructive feedback may explain why bi-decadal variability is so intense in this coupled model as compared to others.
Published: 2015

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources

See catalog results

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles Catalog books, media & more in Jio Institute collections Articles journal articles & other e-resources

Search

Search Constraints

Refine your results

Search Limiters

Topic

Publication Year Range

Language

Publication Type

Journal

Database

Publisher

102 results on '"Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton]"'

Search Results

Catalog

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources