Search

This research examines the impact of occupational choices and tax evasion on the tax administration policy in a hierarchical tax model. The economy has two sectors, wage-earners and self-employment, with evasion only possible in the latter. Incorporating occupational decisions produces a smaller marginal tax rate and a larger budget for the IRS. However, the resources are still insufficient to audit all self-employed, resulting in distortions in occupational choices favoring self-employment. These distortions prevent production efficiency from achieving the optimum level, indicating that the Diamond-Mirrlees theorem is not applicable in this context. Finally, applying differential taxation represents a Pareto improvement, but it results in higher taxes for self-employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing education costs is a crucial policy element with broad support in the U.S. However, is lowering the cost of learning a panacea for eliminating income inequality? In this paper, I theoretically examine the relationship between income inequality and the cost of education by building a three-stage overlapping generation model with two sectors and two education systems. In contrast to conventional studies treating education as a unified concept or in hierarchical order, I consider two types of education, each targeting the training of workers for different roles in production. Workers who decide to spend time learning and improving creativity skills can work to produce intermediate goods used in current production and illuminate future production technology. Coders who produce industrial robots are one example of workers who receive this type of education. The other type of education only improves workers' efficiency and helps them become experts in positions. For instance, office clerks who receive computer training can become more productive in dealing with their daily tasks. I pick a reasonable set of parameters, and the simulation result implies that reducing the cost of practical training may end up enlarging income inequality. The key is whether the effect resulting from the wage gap between jobs (wageeffect) dominates the effect of changing the share of workers in jobs (compositioneffect). Reducing the cost of learning creativity encourages marginal experts to learn creativity and marginal basic workers to receive training, leading to declining wage gaps and income inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study scrutinizes the effect of external and internal remittances on the outcomes of the labor market of Pakistan. The study uses data from PSLM – HIES 2018-2019. The labor participation analysis used the IV Probit model, while the labor supply analysis utilized the IV technique. The Multinomial Logit model with endogenous covariates is employed for the employment choice. The results reveal that an individual from a remittance-receiving household is less likely to participate in labor vis-à-vis an individual from a non-receiving household. The external and internal remittance inflow increases the labor supply for the labor-participating individual. In addition, more external remittances increase the likelihood of participation in self-employment than wage employment, which supports the positive effect of remittance inflow on labor supply. The higher internal remittances are associated with an increase in the likelihood of participation in farming. In short, our analysis supports the fact that the effect of external remittance is more pronounced on labor market outcomes than internal remittances. The study's findings assist the labor economist in observing the obstacles in the labor force participation and policymaker to understand the entrepreneurial level and economic activities in the remittance-receiving households to turn the effect of remittance into a job creator. JEL Classification : C39, C24, J22, F24. Plain language summary: This study is related to the effect of external and internal remittances on the labor market outcomes. The labor market outcomes are related to the labor participation, labor supply, and employment choices. The empirical analysis confirms that remittances lower the likelihood to participate in the labor market, suggesting the disincentive effect (participating in nonmarket activities) among the non-participants. On the other hand, remittances expose the work effect because remittances increase the labor supply for the labor-participating individuals. Moreover, remittances raise the likelihood to participate in the self-employment which indicates the presence of entrepreneurial activities in the remittance-receiving households. The effect of external remittances are more propound on the labor market outcomes than the internal remittances. The implication of the study is related to the reallocation of labor. Remittances support self-employment status because external remittances soften the financial constraint. However, relevant stakeholders need to channel the remittance inflow into industry-based business start-ups to serve the effect of remittances as job creators. The higher level of remittances supports self-employment, which can increase the entrepreneurial activities in remittance-receiving households. Similarly, the higher level of remittances supports the higher labor supply, accelerating the "work effect" of remittances. For this purpose, steps need to undertake by the government to raise the level of remittances by exporting skilled labor. Moreover, technological advances in agriculture may result in higher productivity, increasing investment opportunities in agriculture because internal remittances support employment in the agriculture sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID‐19 pandemic has led to temporary suspensions of many occupational licensing laws in an effort to manage surges in health care demand. The crisis highlights more general concerns about occupational licensing laws, yet convincing empirical evidence on the degree to which such laws have inhibited entry into health care professions is scarce. In this study, we indirectly examine how occupational licensing affects the choice to become an emergency medical technician (EMT) by exploiting the demand‐side shock from the Affordable Care Act (ACA). We find suggestive evidence that while the demand‐side shock from the ACA increased the likelihood of being an EMT, this effect was substantially moderated by more stringent occupational licensing laws. The implied effects for young individuals in the most careful specification suggests virtually complete offset; the ACA demand‐side shock would increase entry by 18 percentage points, while occupational licensing restrictions reduce entry by a similar magnitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses a critical gap in our understanding of how the employer and workplace context influences the working career of older employees. Leveraging linked employer–employee data, this study examines the impact of workplace retention practices on an early labour market exit for employees aged fifty-five to sixty-four in Denmark. The findings reveal that, for those eligible for early retirement, work environment adaptation, re-employment of retired employees, and positive views of older employees' productivity significantly contribute to avoiding early retirement. However, these workplace retention practices do not influence unemployment, emphasizing their effectiveness in postponing early retirement rather than mitigating job loss. Moreover, the analysis shows that employees with managerial roles and high skill levels benefit more from workplace retention practices in terms of avoiding both early retirement and unemployment. This finding highlights the employer's key role in shaping inequalities in an ageing workforce by selectively providing opportunities to extend working lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce a model of large many‐to‐one matching markets with occupational choice where each individual can choose which side of the market to belong to. We show that stable matchings exist under mild assumptions; in particular, both complementarities and externalities can be accommodated. Our model generalizes Greinecker and Kah (2021), which focuses on one‐to‐one matching and did not allow for occupational choice. Applications include the roommate problem with nonatomic participants, explaining the size and distribution of firms and wage inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the effects of the accumulating human capital proxied with the educational level on the decision to work as self-employed in Cameroon. The methodological approach mobilizes discrete-choice models on data drawn from the second Employment and Informal Sector Survey carried out by the National Institute of Statistics. By releasing the hypothesis of the uniqueness of the labor market and assuming that decisions to work as wage earned and as self-employed are occupational choices, empirical findings reveal that the willingness to become self-employed declines with the increase of the accumulating human capital. This main result suggests that becoming self-employed in Cameroon is not a return to human capital accumulation but a default option which is probably derived from the poor wage employment opportunities and the prevalence of the informal sector. By also suggesting that opportunity motivation is less common among individuals with a higher level of education, another explanation for this result may be the lack of formal entrepreneurial culture as well as educational and training programs targeting entrepreneurial skills development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational choice models predict that, ceteris paribus, countries with higher dispersion of skill will have higher market labour income inequality. However, an extended conclusion from empirical research is that cross-country variations in dispersion of skill explain little of the variation in income inequality. This paper identifies factors related to production and organization technologies that moderate the relationship between dispersion of skill and dispersion of income in occupational choice equilibrium outcomes and that, if not properly accounted for, can bias the results of the empirical studies that explain dispersion of income as a function of dispersion of skill. In particular, comparing equilibrium outcomes from occupational choices in economies that differ in the distribution of skill and in the efficiency of supervision hierarchies, the paper can explain why the US and Sweden have similar labour productivity, but income inequality is higher in the US than in Sweden, and why productivity is lower and income inequality is higher in Spain than in Sweden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Women are underrepresented in the field of engineering within academic and professional settings. Based upon premises outlined by social role theory and goal congruity theory, a key factor that contributes to this underrepresentation is a gendered societal belief that there is a disconnect between engineering (seen as more agentic, or self-oriented) and women’s values and abilities (which are believed to be more communal, or other-oriented). While there is evidence that this perceived disconnect influences women’s pursuit of engineering, the extent to which an intervention could realistically counter these perceptions at key points along the engineering pathway has not been explored. Across two studies, we examine the impact of a communal-based intervention (in which we frame engineering majors and careers in more, though not exclusively, communally oriented ways) on women’s engineering-related attitudes and behavioral intentions at two points along the academic-employment pathway: women’s major selection and women’s job selection. Results Study 1 found that women with undeclared majors had more positive attitudes (confidence and interest) towards engineering majors when engineering major descriptions were framed as more communal versus more agentic. However, there was no impact on their behavioral intentions to pursue the major. Study 2 found that women with engineering majors were more confident in their ability to be successful in a job role and were more likely to apply when the job role was framed as more communal as compared to more agentic. However, they did not indicate greater interest in the job role. Conclusions Testing this intervention on relevant populations advances the literature by providing greater evidence for the potential of such an intervention to meaningfully address women’s underrepresentation at multiple points along the engineering pathway. Furthermore, this study provides evidence that a messaging-based intervention is impactful with a realistic representation of engineering as both an agentic and communally oriented field, which ensures that the retention of those attracted to the field is not negatively impacted by idealistic messaging. While addressing women’s pursuit of engineering is important, work must continue to seek ways to always improve women’s experience in engineering contexts as well.

Abstract Research in psychology and medicine has linked mental health disorders, and particularly bipolar disorder (BD), to employment in creative professions. Little is known, however, about the mechanisms for this link, which could be due to biology (primarily through a person’s genes) or environmental (through socioeconomic status). Using administrative data on mental health diagnoses and occupations for the population of Denmark, we find that people with BD are more likely to be musicians than the population, but less likely to hold other creative jobs. Yet, we also show that healthy siblings of people with BD are significantly more likely to work in creative professions. Notably, people from wealthy families are consistently more likely to work in creative professions, and access to family wealth amplifies the likelihood that siblings of people with BD pursue creative occupations. Nevertheless, family wealth explains only a small share of the correlation between BD and creative employment.

Background: Women are underrepresented in the field of engineering within academic and professional settings. Based upon premises outlined by social role theory and goal congruity theory, a key factor that contributes to this underrepresentation is a gendered societal belief that there is a disconnect between engineering (seen as more agentic, or self-oriented) and women's values and abilities (which are believed to be more communal, or other-oriented). While there is evidence that this perceived disconnect influences women's pursuit of engineering, the extent to which an intervention could realistically counter these perceptions at key points along the engineering pathway has not been explored. Across two studies, we examine the impact of a communal-based intervention (in which we frame engineering majors and careers in more, though not exclusively, communally oriented ways) on women's engineering-related attitudes and behavioral intentions at two points along the academic-employment pathway: women's major selection and women's job selection. Results: Study 1 found that women with undeclared majors had more positive attitudes (confidence and interest) towards engineering majors when engineering major descriptions were framed as more communal versus more agentic. However, there was no impact on their behavioral intentions to pursue the major. Study 2 found that women with engineering majors were more confident in their ability to be successful in a job role and were more likely to apply when the job role was framed as more communal as compared to more agentic. However, they did not indicate greater interest in the job role. Conclusions: Testing this intervention on relevant populations advances the literature by providing greater evidence for the potential of such an intervention to meaningfully address women's underrepresentation at multiple points along the engineering pathway. Furthermore, this study provides evidence that a messaging-based intervention is impactful with a realistic representation of engineering as both an agentic and communally oriented field, which ensures that the retention of those attracted to the field is not negatively impacted by idealistic messaging. While addressing women's pursuit of engineering is important, work must continue to seek ways to always improve women's experience in engineering contexts as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in psychology and medicine has linked mental health disorders, and particularly bipolar disorder (BD), to employment in creative professions. Little is known, however, about the mechanisms for this link, which could be due to biology (primarily through a person's genes) or environmental (through socioeconomic status). Using administrative data on mental health diagnoses and occupations for the population of Denmark, we find that people with BD are more likely to be musicians than the population, but less likely to hold other creative jobs. Yet, we also show that healthy siblings of people with BD are significantly more likely to work in creative professions. Notably, people from wealthy families are consistently more likely to work in creative professions, and access to family wealth amplifies the likelihood that siblings of people with BD pursue creative occupations. Nevertheless, family wealth explains only a small share of the correlation between BD and creative employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a theoretical model to explore the impact of the spirit of capitalism (SOC) on entrepreneurship and the allocative efficiency of talent. In the presence of financial frictions, both individual abilities and wealth play crucial roles in shaping occupational choices. Consequently, individuals with a stronger SOC are more inclined towards entrepreneurship. However, this heightened entrepreneurial activity leads to allocative inefficiencies in talent allocation, as some wealthy but less skilled individuals pursue entrepreneurial ventures. Mitigating financial frictions serves to enhance overall productivity by rectifying this inefficiency, though its influence on entrepreneurship remains uncertain. Conversely, increasing the fraction of individuals with higher SOC yields non-monotonic effects on both aggregate productivity and entrepreneurship. The calibrated model introduces a novel perspective on the decline in entrepreneurship witnessed in the U.S. and other advanced economies over recent decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a simple agency model with a monopolist lender and an individual facing an occupational choice between entering the labor market as a wage worker and starting a self‐managed business. We show that, when the reservation utility is relatively low, the lender may not want to offer any credit contract, so the individual is forced to become a wage worker out of necessity, whereas when the reservation utility is high, the bank may find it profitable to finance the investment project, and the individual can choose to become an entrepreneur out of opportunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Economic Science is the property of Modern Economic Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study is aimed at adapting the Family Influence Scale into Serbian, as well as at examining the functional equivalence of the adapted version compared to the original one using the sample of Serbian students. The sample consisted of 204 students (M age = 22.24, SD age = 2.40, Min age = 18, Max age = 34), 77.5% of whom were female. To assess the construct validity of the adapted version of the scale, principal component analysis, parallel analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis were used. The results indicate that there is an equal number of dimensions that are distinguished within both the original and adapted versions of the scale (Informational Support, Financial Support, Family Expectations, and Values/Beliefs). Additionally, the results support the convergent validity considered through calculating the correlations with the Support, Involvement, and Lack of Engagement Scale. The nomological network of the adapted version of the scale was examined, and the results generally support its equivalence with the nomological network of the original version of the scale. The internal validity of the scale was considered by examining the interrelationships of its measures. These results generally support this type of validity. The adapted version of the scale has generally shown satisfactory reliability of internal consistency in our sample. Despite its limitations, the study has shown that the adapted version of the Family Influence Scale can be used to examine the possible influence of family on career choice and development among students. Hence, the current study provides valuable insights into the development of the career-related measures that can be implemented in other cultural contexts.

We find that in a typical year, between 2010 and 2019, there were an estimated 887,778 self-employed poor people in the U.S. The self-employed poor (vs. poor wage/salary workers) are less likely to belong to racial/ethnic minority groups, more educated, and more likely to be homeowners. Self-employment does not appear to pay off for America’s poor. The poor experience an entrepreneurial earnings penalty (the loss in earnings being self-employed vs. working for wages) ranging between 12% and 43%. Future research is needed to understand why poor people choose self-employment, despite lower earnings on average than in wage work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the undergraduate major as a closure mechanism in occupations among college graduates, using the American Community Surveys. We measure the college major density of occupations, termed "major specialization", finding that greater major specialization of an occupation is associated with higher earnings, over and above previously identified closure devices (licensure, unionization, and vertical educational credentialing), and college selectivity. We conclude that major specialization operates as a powerful earnings-boosting closure device within higher-educated labor markets. Additional analyses regarding premiums from individuals matching their own college major with their occupation's typical major indicate comparatively small earnings payoffs. Hence, deviating from one's occupation's usual credential does not generate a substantial earnings penalty. Furthermore, payoffs from major-occupation matching have a ceiling: there is no further payoff above the average match level. These findings demonstrate how occupational closure theory helps explain the substantial earnings advantages of certain college majors in the labor force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Less-educated workers have the lowest participation rates in job-related further training across the industrialized world, but the extent of their disadvantage varies. Using data on 28 high- and middle-income countries, we assess different explanations for less-educated workers' training disadvantage relative to intermediate-educated workers, with a focus on the role of labor market allocation (i.e. job tasks, other job features and firm characteristics). Shapley decompositions reveal a broadly similar pattern for all countries: differences in labor market allocation between less- and intermediate-educated workers are more important for explaining the training gap than differences in individual learning disposition (i.e. cognitive skills and motivation to learn). Our analysis further suggests that the training gap is related to educational and labor market institutions and that labor market allocation processes play a key role in mediating any institutional 'effects'. Strong conclusions regarding the role of institutions are hampered by the small country-level sample, however. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the unresolved debate on the effects of minimum wages on output, employment, and income inequality by modeling an occupational choice economy calibrated for a representative OECD economy. The minimum wage sets a minimum skill requirement for employees, which reduces the effective labor supply and raises its price. Consequently, salaries increase, business profits fall, and some entrepreneurs transition to solo self-employment. With a minimum-to-average wage ratio of 0.43 (the OECD countries average in 2020), a 10% increase in the minimum wage reduces output, employment, and inequality among employees by 0.2%, 1.0%, and 2.1%, respectively, and increases total income inequality by 0.57%. If the minimum-to-average wage ratio were 0.55, output, employment, and inequality among employees would decrease by 0.87%, 3.55%, and 5.19%, respectively, and income inequality would rise by 2.09%. In summary, the effects are mainly negative, contrary to what is promised, and quantitatively large for high minimum-to-average wage ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We empirically analyse the relation between language proficiency and job level of migrants in the Netherlands. A lack of language skills may induce the migrant to work in jobs of a lower level leading to lower job satisfaction. We analyse information about job satisfaction, the fit between the migrant's education and skill level and the job, and professional level. Men with a higher proficiency level are more satisfied with their type of work and are employed at a higher professional level. For women, no impact of language proficiency can be found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composing remains a male-dominated field within the domain of Western art music. Through analysis of two case studies of composing education schemes in Finland (Equity in Composing/Yhdenvertaisesti säveltäen), and England (Young Composers Project), this paper seeks to better understand how music education may play a role in addressing and alleviating gender inequality in music composing. Thematic analysis of qualitative data identified three ways in which the two educational projects addressed issues related to inequality in composing, namely by (1) challenging narrow perceptions of “The Composer”; (2) addressing the lack of diverse role models; and (3) introducing diverse pedagogical approaches in composing. The findings illustrate how music education has the potential to challenge narrow and stereotypical perceptions of what it is to become and be a composer, and provide alternative and more diverse narratives.

This study uses an epidemiological approach to consider how culturally-inherited beliefs about appropriate gender roles may affect women's relative representation in STEM. Prior literature has generally documented an inverse relationship between gender equity and women's relative representation in STEM, known as the gender-equity paradox. When limiting to the sample of home countries to those considered in prior literature, I obtain robust evidence of a gender-equity paradox on both first and second-generation immigrants living in the USA. However, when I consider the full sample of home countries available, women's relative representation in STEM no longer appears to decrease as equity increases. These results cast doubt on the existence of a gender-equity paradox between culturally-inherited beliefs about gender equality and women's representation in STEM and have important implications for policy design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents' occupational expectations are relevant for occupational status attainment. In strong vocational education and training (VET) systems, such as in Germany, school leavers face the challenge of forming occupational expectations that correspond to the competitive VET market. This study investigates students' target occupations in the application process and its relation to their first training occupation. Do applicants for VET positions apply for occupations of different socioeconomic status over time? Does the status of the target occupations increasingly fit to the finally achieved training occupation? Are there differences by familial socioeconomic background? Analysis are based on longitudinal data on the application process collected from German students in lower secondary and intermediate secondary schools in one urban area. Overall, the status level of the target occupations at the beginning of the application process differs significantly according to school track, but additionally to school grades or family background. At the end of the application process, the application behaviour becomes diversified: applicants with poor school grades and of low status continue to apply for target occupations at a similar status level but at the same time apply for occupations of relative lower status. This lower level does not, however, translate into training occupations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ergoscience is the property of Schulz-Kirchner Verlag Gmbh and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) professionals are regarded as the highly skilled labor force that fosters economic productivity, enterprise innovation, and international competitiveness of a country. This study aims to understand the genetic predisposition to STEM occupations and investigate its associations with regional economic performance. We conducted a genome-wide association study on the occupational choice of STEM jobs based on a sample of 178,976 participants from the UK Biobank database. Results We identified two genetic loci significantly associated with participants’ STEM job choices: rs10048736 on chromosome 2 and rs12903858 on chromosome 15. The SNP heritability of STEM occupations was estimated to be 4.2%. We also found phenotypic and genetic evidence of assortative mating in STEM occupations. At the local authority level, we found that the average polygenic score of STEM is significantly and robustly associated with several metrics of regional economic performance. Conclusions The current study expands our knowledge of the genetic basis of occupational choice and potential regional disparities in socioeconomic developments.

Using primary data from Sierra Leone, this article explores the relationship between gender and occupational aspirations. Descriptive findings suggest largely similar desired occupational roles across gender; however, regression results show that the odds of females aspiring for public sector employment are half that of males. Lower ambition for public sector employment among females is associated with less favourable perceptions of public sector employment in key areas that are deemed important to graduates such as salary, status from employment, the ability to contribute to society, training opportunities and career progression. Such 'opting out' by university‐educated women has implications for women's inclusion in national development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study exploits a randomized school health intervention that provided deworming treatment to Kenyan children and utilizes longitudinal data to estimate impacts on economic outcomes up to 20 years later. The effective respondent tracking rate was 84%. Individuals who received 2 to 3 additional years of childhood deworming experience an increase of 14% in consumption expenditure, 13% in hourly earnings, 9% in non-agricultural work hours, and are 9% more likely to live in urban areas. Most effects are concentrated among males and older individuals. Given deworming's low cost, a conservative annualized social internal rate of return estimate is 37%.

Given the advent of Industry 4.0 and the importance of labour-based automation in ensuring competitiveness at the firm, regional cluster, or country level, the paper aims to explore, for the first time, the features of several estimates of occupational/labour automation and to assess the potential risks associated with it. A comparative analysis of the most well-established estimates of labour automation, the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) degree of automation estimates and Frey and Osborne’s future probabilities of automation was carried out to see whether, and to what extent, these estimates are compatible. Results show significant distributional differences between them, which are quantified into automation-triggered disruption risks at the occupational level, as current levels of labour automation are, in some cases, well below their future estimates. Work context features were used to derive a typology of occupations, which can explain up to one-third of the current, and up to half of the future levels of labour automation. Finally, we identified which occupations and occupational groups are likely to be affected by the highest risk of automation-induced displacement and estimated the magnitude of different disruption classes. Conclusions are compatible with other economywide assessments of the impact of labour automation on the workforce, thus being valuable inputs for corporate strategy, decision-makers and human resource planners as they address a growing need for quantitative insights useful for adapting the labour force structure, workers’ skills, and the task content of occupations to the competitiveness requirements related to the process of digitization in the Industry 4.0 context.

Background: Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) professionals are regarded as the highly skilled labor force that fosters economic productivity, enterprise innovation, and international competitiveness of a country. This study aims to understand the genetic predisposition to STEM occupations and investigate its associations with regional economic performance. We conducted a genome-wide association study on the occupational choice of STEM jobs based on a sample of 178,976 participants from the UK Biobank database. Results: We identified two genetic loci significantly associated with participants' STEM job choices: rs10048736 on chromosome 2 and rs12903858 on chromosome 15. The SNP heritability of STEM occupations was estimated to be 4.2%. We also found phenotypic and genetic evidence of assortative mating in STEM occupations. At the local authority level, we found that the average polygenic score of STEM is significantly and robustly associated with several metrics of regional economic performance. Conclusions: The current study expands our knowledge of the genetic basis of occupational choice and potential regional disparities in socioeconomic developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The labor market has changed fundamentally in recent years. And its future depends on many factors: long-term competitiveness and demographic developments, smart employment regulations, preventive policies in the field, social dialogue, etc. The multidimensional impact of new technologies on society is already being felt. On the one hand, viewed from a favorable angle, transformations generate new opportunities. On the other hand, beyond opportunities, it is generator of many ontological fears. On the other hand, beyond opportunities, many ontological fears are potentiated. 2023 Edelman Trust Barometer, pointed out that about 89% of the working population worldwide is currently worried about the loss of jobs precisely because of the transformations in the labor market. Specialists estimate that intelligent automation will not cause job losses, but they do not rule out changes in their structure. Demands of new tasks will put serious pressure on workers to develop new skills and abilities. Inside an economy increasingly connected to new technologies, 6G internet, cloud services, a simple yet pressing question arises: how prepared is the world's population for the jobs of the future?. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Educación is the property of Universidad Pedaggica Nacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We consider the extent to which temporal shifts have been responsible for an increased tendency for females to sort into traditionally male roles over time, versus childhood factors. Drawing on three cohort studies, which follow individuals born in the UK in 1958, 1970 and 2000, we compare the shift in the tendency of females in these cohorts to sort into traditionally male roles compared to males, to the combined effect of a large set of childhood variables. For all three cohorts, we find strong evidence of sorting along gendered lines, which has decreased over time, yet there is no erosion of the gender gap in the tendency to sort into occupations with the highest share of males. Within the cohort, we find little evidence that childhood variables change the tendency for females of either the average or highest ability to sort substantively differently. Our work is highly suggestive that temporal shifts are what matter in determining the differential gendered sorting patterns we have seen over the last number of decades, and also those that remain today. These temporal changes include attitudinal changes, technology advances, policy changes and economic shifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do the long work hours required by many high-paying professions inhibit the entry of women? I investigate this question by studying a 2003 policy that capped the average workweek for medical residents at 80 hours. Using data on the universe of US medical school graduates, I find that when a specialty reduces its weekly hours, more women enter the specialty, whereas there is little change in men's entry. I provide evidence that the increase in women is due to changes in labour supply, rather than labour demand. At the residency program level, I document that baseline female representation predicts female entry after the reform. A back-of-the-envelope calculation suggests that the reallocation of women among medical specialties due to the hours reduction can close the physician gender wage gap by 11 |$\%$|⁠. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the relationship between entrepreneurship intention and personal characteristics and skills by using the surveys we conducted in Turkey on 1465 senior university students. We use a modified version of the Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) scale and the Political Skills Inventory to measure some personal characteristics and skills. We also use the nine sub-dimensions of these two scales. Probit model and wavelet coherence analysis results show that proactivity, entrepreneurship, and networking sub-dimensions of the scales are related to entrepreneurship intention. We also find that gender, the number of siblings, the grade point average (GPA) of the students, their family's education level, the parent' ownership of an enterprise, and the number of non-governmental organizations (NGO) that they are a member of are also related to entrepreneurship intention. Results may be useful to understand and enhance entrepreneurship potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational sex segregation is a key driver of the gender gap in earnings. Using data from 11,691 aspiring agribusiness entrepreneurs in Nigeria, this article explores factors that drive sectoral choice, gender differences in the choice decision, and especially the role played by norms around gender roles. When given a choice of 11 agricultural value chains in a government program, we find the majority (54 percent) of the applicants chose to enter into the poultry value chain, and women were more likely to choose poultry than men. This article finds evidence of more restrictive gender norms in Northern Nigeria states, which lowers women's likelihood of entering into agricultural value chains where the potential for profit may be higher. The gender bias in sectoral choice is also attributed to differences in work experience especially in agricultural activities and in the chosen value chain, as well as in land ownership. Women with more experience in male‐dominated agricultural value chains exhibit lower self‐efficacy, which could reflect the challenges they face when deviating from social norms to operate within nontraditional value chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many adolescents in Germany are unable to realize their realistic occupational aspirations when they transition from school to vocational education and training (VET). However, little is known about the underlying circumstances and what the compromises look like when these adolescents come to take up a VET occupation. As parents perform an important socialization role, which is also influential in occupational orientation, this article examines the role of divergent parental expectations. Are parental expectations, which differ from adolescents’ realistic occupational aspirations, related to the probability that adolescents will take up different occupations than they originally aspired to? Are relatively higher or lower parental expectations associated with a corresponding direction of compromise formation? Are there differences between men and women in the relationship between divergent parental expectations and compromise formation? This empirical analysis is based on a sample of 1243 VET entrants from the starting cohort 4 of the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS). The compromise formation of the adolescents is measured by comparing their realistic occupational aspirations from ninth grade with their first VET occupation. Results from multinomial logistic regression models show that adolescents adjust their occupational choices to their parents’ divergent expectations. Women are more likely to make compromises that accommodate their parents’ higher expectations.

Composing remains a male-dominated field within the domain of Western art music. Through analysis of two case studies of composing education schemes in Finland (Equity in Composing/Yhdenvertaisesti säveltäen), and England (Young Composers Project), this paper seeks to better understand how music education may play a role in addressing and alleviating gender inequality in music composing. Thematic analysis of qualitative data identified three ways in which the two educational projects addressed issues related to inequality in composing, namely by (1) challenging narrow perceptions of "The Composer"; (2) addressing the lack of diverse role models; and (3) introducing diverse pedagogical approaches in composing. The findings illustrate how music education has the potential to challenge narrow and stereotypical perceptions of what it is to become and be a composer, and provide alternative and more diverse narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Interuniversitaria de Formación del Profesorado is the property of Asociacion Universitaria de Formacion del Profesorado (AUFOP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper studies potentially relevant factors affecting changes in the number of self-employed in Korea during the period of 1986-2018. The number of self-employed had increased steadily until 2002 but started to decrease around that time and had continued to decline. The increasing trend in the number of self-employed during 1986-2001 is mostly explained by demographic changes, whereas the declining trend during 2002-2018 cannot be explained by demographic factors. In this study, I consider four institutional factors that potentially affect the decrease in the number of self-employed after 2002: i) a decrease in the job-separation rate of wage workers, ii) an increase in the income tax rate applied to the self-employed, iii) an increase in minimum wages, iv) an expansion of unemployment insurance benefits. Using a search and matching model with the self-employed, I quantify the effects of these four factors on the decrease in the number of self-employed during 2002-2018. Quantitative results show that the impact of the increase in the minimum wage is relatively large, whereas the effects of the other three factors are limited. The increase in the minimum wage accounts for approximately 17.5% (0.169 million) of the decrease in the number of self-employed during 2002-2018 (0.964 million).

Gender specific diversity of Self-employment is taking place in the labour market, including nearly sixty percent of the informal sector employment in Sri Lanka. Involvement in Self-employment is higher among males than the females, thus showing the general gender disparity in the Sri Lankan labour market. However, gender specific involvements differ by the nature of self-employment. This study examines the gender differences of self-employment by major industry groups in Sri Lanka, including agriculture, industry and services. The Sri Lanka Labour Force Survey (2018) conducted by the Department of Census and Statistics was used as the data source and nine binary logistic regression models were applied for the analysis. Results revealed that gender is a significant factor on self-employment choice in each sector. Women are less prone to be self-employed in the agricultural and services sectors while they are highly prone to be self-employed in the industrial sector. Occupational choices under self-employment also considerably differ for men and women. Gender specific policies were finally suggested to promote self-employment in each major industry groups in Sri Lanka by enhancing awareness, training opportunities and introducing educational reforms in both school and higher education.