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This study examines the influence of microfinance institutions' (MFIs) financial innovation on structural transformation. For this purpose, we considered a household survey from Nepal. The survey collected data on various individual and household characteristics, borrowing patterns, and occupations over the years. The key question focused on occupations before and after borrowing, a categorical response variable indicating 1 for occupational change after borrowing and 0 otherwise. Therefore, we use logistic regression to estimate the probability of occupational change, given two measures of financial innovation: loan purpose and size. The results show that the number of households involved in agriculture significantly decreased, with the majority switching to businesses and convenience stores, indicating a shift to the manufacturing and service sectors. These findings suggest that MFIs contribute to local-level structural transformation by enabling borrowers to move away from traditional employment. This study has important implications for policymakers, development practitioners, and academics interested in promoting economic development through microfinancing in low-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study examines the influence of microfinance institutions’ (MFIs) financial innovation on structural transformation. For this purpose, we considered a household survey from Nepal. The survey collected data on various individual and household characteristics, borrowing patterns, and occupations over the years. The key question focused on occupations before and after borrowing, a categorical response variable indicating 1 for occupational change after borrowing and 0 otherwise. Therefore, we use logistic regression to estimate the probability of occupational change, given two measures of financial innovation: loan purpose and size. The results show that the number of households involved in agriculture significantly decreased, with the majority switching to businesses and convenience stores, indicating a shift to the manufacturing and service sectors. These findings suggest that MFIs contribute to local-level structural transformation by enabling borrowers to move away from traditional employment. This study has important implications for policymakers, development practitioners, and academics interested in promoting economic development through microfinancing in low-income countries.

Abstract This study investigates occupational changes in the German vocational education and training system among “stopouts,” i.e., individuals who terminate their training prematurely and switch to another occupation. We examine whether occupational changes are related to the fulfillment of career aspirations and changes in key occupational characteristics such as gender typing, social status, and task profiles. Utilizing longitudinal data from the German National Educational Panel Study and employing latent class analyses, we scrutinize patterns of change in occupational characteristics across different social categories. Results indicate that the majority of stopouts switch to occupations more aligned with their career aspirations, reflecting individual agency in career development. We identify two types of latent classes of occupational change: one in which characteristics remain more or less consistent with the previous position, reflecting practices of fine-tuning, and another showing notable task profile differences compared to the previous position. The latter primarily concerns medium-educated individuals who face a wider array of career opportunities compared to their lower-educated counterparts. Our findings emphasize the dynamic nature of career decision-making and stress the need for support for individuals undergoing career transitions. Career counselors and practitioners can use these insights to encourage alignment with individual occupational aspirations, address career compromises, and promote exploration based on interests, particularly among individuals with a medium-level education and diverse career options.

This study investigates occupational changes in the German vocational education and training system among "stopouts," i.e., individuals who terminate their training prematurely and switch to another occupation. We examine whether occupational changes are related to the fulfillment of career aspirations and changes in key occupational characteristics such as gender typing, social status, and task profiles. Utilizing longitudinal data from the German National Educational Panel Study and employing latent class analyses, we scrutinize patterns of change in occupational characteristics across different social categories. Results indicate that the majority of stopouts switch to occupations more aligned with their career aspirations, reflecting individual agency in career development. We identify two types of latent classes of occupational change: one in which characteristics remain more or less consistent with the previous position, reflecting practices of fine-tuning, and another showing notable task profile differences compared to the previous position. The latter primarily concerns medium-educated individuals who face a wider array of career opportunities compared to their lower-educated counterparts. Our findings emphasize the dynamic nature of career decision-making and stress the need for support for individuals undergoing career transitions. Career counselors and practitioners can use these insights to encourage alignment with individual occupational aspirations, address career compromises, and promote exploration based on interests, particularly among individuals with a medium-level education and diverse career options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper empirically explores occupational change in Europe after the 2008-crisis (the Great Recession). During this period, which has remained relatively unexplored by the literature so far, many European economies have implemented profound institutional changes in their labour markets and transformed their growth models. Using individual-level data of 18 economies, I build three indicators of job quality -the average educational attainment, the median earnings and an index of job instability based on the contractual characteristics of the job- and analyse relative employment growth of jobs. The findings suggest that there is not just one pattern of occupational change in Europe, in opposition to the mainstream view of pervasive polarisation. On the contrary, I detect a variety of occupational change profiles, which even differ within the same country depending on the indicator employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies of technologies' impact on occupational change focus on occupational groups' adoption and use of particular technologies in a field or workplace. Drawing on an 18-month ethnographic study of a crime laboratory, I focus instead on "evaluative spillovers": the comparisons that occupations encounter when technologies change the work of neighboring occupations in their field. I explore what happened when DNA profiling was held up as the "gold standard" of forensic evidence, resulting in scientific, public, and legal scrutiny of other forensic science occupational groups. Comparisons with DNA profiling challenged the working techniques and the values of firearms examiners, toxicologists, and narcotics analysts, but each group responded differently, either embracing or resisting changes to their work practices. Their responses were predicated on the institutional pathways that evaluative spillovers traveled through the field in locales such as professional association meetings and court proceedings. These three aspects of the occupational system—technique, values, and institutional pathways—influenced how workers negotiated the impact of technological change in the field of forensic science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological change has two first-order effects on the nature of work. First, new technologies can cause changes within workers' occupations, and second, it can push workers to move between occupations. To quantify these effects, we match detailed occupational data from the 2006 and 2016 Canadian censuses to detailed data that associates each occupation with sets of tasks, activities, and skills required for that occupation. Our results show that the importance of attributes related to social interactions and non-routine cognitive tasks has increased significantly. Moreover, most of the increase occurred within narrowly defined occupations. Men were more affected by the observed changes than women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the emergence and growth of “green chemistry”—an effort by chemists to encourage other chemists to reduce the health, safety, and environmental impacts of chemical products and processes—to explore how occupational members, absent external triggers for change, influence how their peers do their work. Using extensive interviews, archival data, and observations, we find that advocates simultaneously advanced different frames that specified the utility of making the change: (1) a normalizing frame, positioning green chemistry as consistent with mainstream chemistry innovation; (2) a moralizing frame, positioning it as an ethical imperative; and (3) a pragmatizing frame, positioning it as a tool that could help chemists tackle problems they encountered in their day-to-day work. Each frame resonated differently with chemists in their various occupational roles. Though this pluralistic approach generated broad acceptance of the change effort, it also exposed tensions, which threatened the coherence of the change. Advocates’ diverse responses to these tensions contribute to a persistent state of pluralism and dynamism in the change effort. We uncover a process through which occupational members generate and sustain change, show how occupational heterogeneity can enable and delimit change, and show how well-meaning efforts to “moralize” occupational work can heighten resistance, inhibiting the very changes that enable experts to address urgent societal problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australian hospital medical staff experienced extensive disruptions to workplace conditions and suffered a high burden of mental health symptoms during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Exposure to COVID-19 was common despite low caseloads, particularly in junior staff. Despite high levels of resilience, junior staff were especially vulnerable to mental health impacts. Objective: This study investigated severity, prevalence, and predictors of workplace disruption and mental health symptoms in Australian junior and senior hospital medical staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional survey collected data on demographics, workplace disruption, personal relationships, and mental health. Results: One thousand twenty-one (62.1%) senior and 745 (37.9%) junior medical staff, located primarily in Victoria, completed the survey. Work disruptions were common but varied by seniority, withjunior staff more frequently exposed to COVID- 19 (P  < 0.001). Symptoms of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and burnout were common but significantly higher in junior doctors (P   =  0.011 to < 0.001). Common predictors for experiencing mental health symptoms were identified, including prior mental health diagnoses and worsening personal relationships. Conclusions: COVID-19 has had significant but varied impacts on junior and senior doctors, with junior doctors particularly susceptible to harm to mental health. Interventions to safeguard hospital medical staff and prevent attrition of this important workforce are urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to the discussion on how the Swedish labor market is changing: is it upgrading or polarizing? Drawing on the Swedish Labor Force Survey the study examines the overall changes in the occupational job structure in Sweden by exploring how women and men were distributed within the occupational prestige hierarchy at two points of time, 1997 and 2015. The results show that changes in the labor market have resulted in different patterns of how women and men are distributed within the occupational prestige hierarchy. Women have an upgrading movement and have entered high-prestige occupations, while men have been subjected to job polarization, with an increase in employment in low-prestige occupations, as well as high-prestige ones.

Recent decades have witnessed return migration of rural labour. Whether urban work experience could help return migrant rural labour engaged in non-agricultural employment and archive career development? In this article, we employ 2014 China Labor Dynamic Survey (CLDS) data set to investigate the effect of outgoing working experience on return migrated labour's non-agricultural occupational change. This article indicates that, compared with agricultural employment, return migrated labour is more inclined to engage in waged employment than remaining village labour. What's more, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between outside working time and non-agricultural employment preference. Based on the above research, this article puts forward relevant policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the term occupational change is used to refer to problems Nigerian skilled immigrants encounter in the Netherlands. Immigrants who may have had stable occupations or have attended higher education before migrating to the Netherlands face numerous difficulties including foreign qualification recognition, lack of Dutch language skills, and age factors in their search for jobs. They fall back to low cadre jobs as a way of survival in the Netherlands. I have explored the relationship between occupational change and stress among Nigerian immigrants who studied and worked in Nigeria before migrating to the Netherlands. First I argue that stress, which manifests as a result of occupational change amongst Nigerian immigrants in the Netherlands, is a clear reason for downward mobility amongst migrant children and their parents. Using the case of Nigerian skilled migrants in the Netherlands, I have designed a new framework that could be used to tackle issues of migrant occupational change as a result of foreign qualification recognition in host countries.

This paper analyses insurance companies' online communication to potential occupational changers into sales by a qualitative content analysis of corresponding online job advertisements. Since the addressees do not know this job in detail, a realistic job preview was expected. In the structuring part of the content analysis, the main categories of the online job advertisements were determined first, after which the summarizing part shows the contents in a first and second reduction. It turns out that neither the tasks nor the requirements or compensations are described sufficiently to enable potential candidates to assess their interest or suitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupation of the populace who live in the coastal areas of Bangladesh needs to be changed in the pattern of source of income owing to sea level rise and natural disaster in a cyclical manner and also irregular variations. This is now a great concern for Bangladesh especially in the country’s coastal regions. As such, the research question relates to assessing the impact of climate change and natural catastrophe on the occupational changes in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. This study explored using both primary and secondary sources. The study had been conducted from May to December 2017. The study found that climate change was causing sea level raising and created salinity problem in the coastal areas, which has caused change of the occupational changes. Salinity problem had caused damage of most of the agricultural production, fisheries and household. The binary logistic regression equation indicated that occupational change was due to climate change and natural catastrophe that also depend on socio-economic situation of the people of that area of the country. From another binary logistic regression equation, it was found that occupational change also depends on the various demographic factors and if the personal position of the respondents is changed then it will occur. Each year in coastal areas, people are permanently and temporarily dispersed because of global warming in Bangladesh. The country should take effective steps in the coastal areas to diminish climate change threat and also control over its phenomenon. Those who are responsible internally to increase climate change should be supported by creating employment opportunities for affecting community development as suggested by the researcher. To reduce natural catastrophe, more trees should be planted in the coastal regions, and there is a need in balanced development at urban and rural areas without destroying nature.

This study provides novel evidence on the relevance of task content changes between and within occupations to wage dynamics of occupational changers and stayers. I use individual‐level, cross‐sectional data featuring tasks performed on the job to compute a measure of proximity of job contents. Then, I merge this measure to a large‐scale panel survey to show that occupational changers experience a wage growth that is declining when the accompanying alterations in task contents are big. For occupational stayers, alterations in task contents generate a positive wage component, beyond tenure effect. However, the results are not robust with respect to the choice of proximity measure and over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper refers the debate on the occupational change, based on the contraposition between the theories of upgrading and polarization of the labor market, to Italy. The Italian labor market is characterized by some peculiar features that make it an interesting (and underrated) case study. Hence, the goal is analysing the employment change trajectories in Italy from 1992 to 2015, taking into particular account gender and territorial area of the worker (two dimensions of internal inequalities). Furthermore, I distinguish a pre-crisis from a post-crisis period, so to pick the effects of the Great Recession on the dynamics under analysis. In order to consider the multidimensionality of the concept of job quality I adopt a «multi-indicator» approach, defining the quality of each job by means of five different indicators. Results show that the economic crisis has interrupted the process of occupational upgrading, fostering the occupation also in unqualified sectors of the demand and shaping the labor market into the «hourglass» structure theorized by the polarization trend. The analysis, dissected by gender and territorial area, allows further reflections about the drivers of the occupational change in the temporal span under analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prominent theoretical positions in sociology and labor economics disagree whether educational expansion has outstripped the demand for qualified labor (overexpansion), or whether economies face a skill shortage despite increases in education (underexpansion). Focusing on the United Kingdom and West Germany, two countries with dissimilar skill formation institutions, patterns of expansion, and labor markets, this paper asks to what degree expansion of education has been absorbed. I point out shortcomings of wage-centered analyses and develop an approach that focuses on trends in self-assessed over- and underqualification. Using repeated surveys among workers and official labor market statistics, I estimate regression models that link the cohort-level expansion of education to the cohort-level prevalence of mismatch. Results suggest overexpansion in the United Kingdom, with overqualification increasing and underqualification decreasing over historical times and cohorts. West Germany, on the other hand, shows signs of underexpansion. While dominant theoretical accounts focus on the under-/overexpansion of tertiary education, my results show that mismatch-dynamics in both contexts are strongest for workers without university degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spain's economy grew at a real annual average rate of over 3.5% between 1995 and 2005. Total employment increased by more than five million. This process altered the sectoral and occupational structure of employment. The dynamics of final demand, technology and labour requirements linked to technology and labour market institutions mostly drive shifts in the structure of employment. We analyse their effects and relative weights on private employment growth in an input-output framework, by means of structural decomposition. The analysis of the occupational structure is a novelty. Sectoral and occupational structures of employment are receiving a great deal of attention: the productivity growth and economic prospects of service economies and the debate between skilling and polarization are, respectively, the main issues. This paper provides useful insights on the dynamics of the structure of employment during a process of vigorous job growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We analyze the changes in the task content of jobs in 24 European countries between 1998 and 2015. We link the O*NET occupational data with the European Union Labour Force Survey (EU‐LFS), and use the methodology of Acemoglu and Autor ( ). We find that the intensity of non‐routine cognitive tasks grew in all countries, while the intensity of manual tasks declined. Workforce upskilling was the major factor contributing to these developments. The intensity of routine cognitive tasks grew in most Central and Eastern European countries, but it declined in Western European countries. This difference is attributed to the contrasting patterns of structural changes in these groups of countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely recognized that migration has a great impact on households’ quality of life, and income is an important indicator for evaluating success of a migration (or mobility) strategy. Using data drawn from a family survey conducted in 2014, this paper analyzes the characteristics of four types of rural households: traditional agricultural family (TAF), mobility in a local small town (MST), semi-migrant family (SMF), and migrant in a large city (MLC). We isolated the impact of geographic and occupational mobility on the income of rural families. Findings reveal that there is a preference among rural households to live and work in a small town and that family income has a strong positive correlation with occupational change and family geographic mobility. The locations of family or work are shown to have important effects on family income, and moving to a much less developed city (small town) may be a way to increase income in an impoverished household. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research shows that individuals experience a honeymoon-hangover pattern when they change employers. This study provides further insight into this pattern by comparing the experience of those who change employers within and across occupations. Drawing on the longitudinal data from the British House Panel Survey 1991–2008, we find that the honeymoon effect was primarily driven by the experience of those who change employers across occupations. Patterns of post-transition adaptation also differ between the two categories of job changers. While there is evidence of adaptation of job satisfaction to employer change within occupation, those who change employers across occupations experience a steady decline of intrinsic job satisfaction which continues for at least six years after the transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study links TREE panel data surveying school-to-work transitions in Switzerland with unique job advertising data from the Swiss Job Market Monitor that mirrors individual job opportunities. We investigate: (i) whether occupational change and unskilled entry level employment are two related transition outcomes among graduates from initial vocational education and training (IVET) in the occupational labour market of Switzerland. Our analysis further focuses on (ii) the impact of a low number of occupation-specific job opportunities on the risk of such a combined horizontal and vertical job-education mismatch, and (iii) the extent to which overall labour demand facilitates occupational changes to skilled employment. Methods: We make use of bivariate probit analysis to investigate occupational change and unskilled entry employment among IVET graduates as interrelated transition outcomes. Results: The empirical results suggest that occupational change and unskilled entry employment are two interrelated transition outcomes among IVET graduates in Switzerland. The results further support our hypothesis that a low number of occupation-specific job vacancies at labour market entry increase the risk of simultaneously experiencing both forms of job-education mismatches for IVET graduates. High overall labour demand enables occupational changes to skilled employment. Conclusions: We conclude that for an integration of IVET graduates into occupationally and educationally matching positions it is crucial that the IVET programmes offered match labour demand on an occupational basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state's 'eminent domain' provision under colonial Land Acquisition Act, 1894 is the major cause that forcefully dispossesses the peasantry of their major means of production, that is, land. Though it facilitates rapid industrialization, it has a severe impact on affected persons that often leads to socio-economic impoverishment. Despite the existence of a significant number of studies on the relationship and impacts of development-forced displacement and resettlement in general, only a few studies focus on gender issues. Moreover, there is complete absence of studies on the consequences, which women face in the context of acquisition of agricultural land, where the affected persons are not physically relocated. Based on a micro-level field study, it tries to explore what the affected persons, particularly the women, do when the productive assets like agricultural lands have been acquired for private industries. Furthermore, it tries to examine whether there is any impact on the members of neighbouring families, particularly the women, whose lands have not been acquired. Analyzing the village-level data in an industrial zone of South Bengal, India, it is revealed that land acquisition forced the affected women to go outside for earning, thereby enhancing their position in the family in an agrarian environment. This positively affected the neighbouring women and made them engage in income-generating activities, breaking the cultural traditions of non-participation of women in outside work and patriarchal subjugation, prevalent in peasant societies of India. INSET: 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the relationship between migration duration and occupational changes, using the case of Indian expatriates in the Gulf states. Based on the Kerala (India) Migration Survey 2008 and the Return Migration Survey 2009, this analysis investigates whether the length of stay in the Gulf depends on migrants' occupational trajectories before, during, and after the migration experience. We find inter alia that a prospect of acquiring an occupation which entails upward social mobility (mainly in the public sector or as self-employees) seems to be associated with a shorter stay in the Gulf states, whereas the prospect of post-return labour market dropout significantly increases migration duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to reconstruct the process of professionalization of Italian dentists and the profession's current configuration. It is based on three lines of inquiry. The first line adopts a historical perspective through the analysis of legislation that has regulated the dental sector over time. The second line depicts the current configuration of the profession through institutional and sectoral statistics. The third line focuses on the impact of the 2008 economic crisis, using the main findings of a survey conducted among the profession's representatives. The economic crisis has exacerbated the profession's structural weaknesses caused by the difficulties associated with self-regulation and by organizational-managerial inefficiency. Given this situation, one may inquire as to the actual professional nature of dentistry in Italy: It is not pointless to ask whether--and, if so, what type of--professionalism exists in dentistry in Italy today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents a study which examines the effectiveness of the Modified Instrumentalism in Occupational Therapy model for facilitating occupational behavior change to address climate issues. Data from the Modified Assessment and Intervention Instrument for Instrumentalism in Occupational Therapy and Daily Occupational Inventories were analyzed. The study concludes that occupation-based interventions could empower people to be agents for action to mitigate climate issues.

This article is about occupational change concerning a non-professional group of Street Level Bureaucrats--student aid officials at the Swedish Board for Study Support (SBSS). The aim is to describe and analyze changes in their occupational role--their discretional space and working conditions under the impact of changed ways to manage public service organizations and new information and communication technology. The SBSS is the sole administrator of student financial aid in Sweden. Its officials investigate and take decisions about students' applications and repayment of loans. This work includes interacting with clients via telephone and computer. These officials have to have a certain amount of discretion to interpret and apply rules and regulations on specific circumstances in individual cases. How are their working conditions affected by organizational and policy changes in the authority? How is their ability to exercise influence and control over their own work performance affected? The analysis highlights how officials suffer from decreased discretion and an increasing routinization in their work. This is a result of a regulatory framework continuously growing in detail together with increasing management control based on new information and communication technology. What remains of discretion is a kind of 'task' discretion, the ability to do minor technical manipulations of rules in individual cases. Even today's top management seems critical of this development. Besides further automatization and reduction of staff an ongoing process of organizational change is therefore also aiming to develop officials' competence and working conditions toward what may be seen as organizational professionalism, a development of specific occupational skills and a discretion adjusted and subordinated to managerial means and ends. The analysis rests on data from a research project (2011 to 2014) about Institutional Talk. Data sources are qualitative interviews, audio-taped speech sequences, observational field notes, and official documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the author refers to the decades-long transformation of the Ruhr region as one of the exemplary cases for managing change from traditional industry-based, resource- and material-intensive economic activity towards a knowledge-based, resource-efficient economy. The major question this necessary restructuring poses to trade unions is how to manage it in a socially balanced way where the inevitable burdens and costs are shared by all major actors in an equitable manner. The Ruhr experience also offers a lesson from the point of view of "just transition". The economic diversification of the once mining-dependent Ruhr region was actively managed by the federal and regional governments and restructuring processes were embedded in an industrial relations culture marked by the strong role of worker participation. The paper follows up on the changes in employment, the applied structural and industrial policies and social plans, and takes a look at the role of the main actors. The case of the Ruhr delivers lessons not just because of its outcome and the difficulties faced during the process, but even more so through the ways it happened, in close coordination and cooperation between the major actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changes that have taken place in professional life have led to changes both in the occupations and social positions of practitioners. In this article, the authors analyse the implications of occupational changes on professionalisation and professional learning, using chefs in Estonia as an example. The article aims to interpret the theoretical framework of professionalism by exploring the beliefs and opinions of chefs and the assessments of their work. The methodological approach is qualitative, relying on semi-structured interviews with outstanding chefs and experts in the field of food science in Estonia. Based on this analysis, we conclude that the chefs are still experts in their field of cooking but new managerial and leadership roles have become more significant. We argue that professionalisation can lead to hybrid professionalism of chefs, which involves communication with the public, reliance on practical knowledge, nonformal learning and reflexive control over their work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]