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1. Translating Earth system boundaries for cities and businesses

Author

Bai, X., Hasan, S., Andersen, L.S., Bjørn, A., Kilkiş, Ş., Ospina, D., Liu, J., Cornell, S.E., Sabag Muñoz, O., de Bremond, A., Crona, B., DeClerck, F., Gupta, J., Hoff, H., Nakicenovic, N., Obura, D., Whiteman, G., Broadgate, W., Lade, S.J., Rocha, J., Rockström, J., Stewart-Koster, B., van Vuuren, D., Zimm, C., Bai, X., Hasan, S., Andersen, L.S., Bjørn, A., Kilkiş, Ş., Ospina, D., Liu, J., Cornell, S.E., Sabag Muñoz, O., de Bremond, A., Crona, B., DeClerck, F., Gupta, J., Hoff, H., Nakicenovic, N., Obura, D., Whiteman, G., Broadgate, W., Lade, S.J., Rocha, J., Rockström, J., Stewart-Koster, B., van Vuuren, D., and Zimm, C.

Abstract

Operating within safe and just Earth system boundaries requires mobilizing key actors across scale to set targets and take actions accordingly. Robust, transparent and fair cross-scale translation methods are essential to help navigate through the multiple steps of scientific and normative judgements in translation, with clear awareness of associated assumptions, bias and uncertainties. Here, through literature review and expert elicitation, we identify commonly used sharing approaches, illustrate ten principles of translation and present a protocol involving key building blocks and control steps in translation. We pay particular attention to businesses and cities, two understudied but critical actors to bring on board.

Published
2024

2. Living within the safe and just Earth system boundaries for blue water

Author

Stewart-Koster, B. Bunn, S. E. Green, P. Ndehedehe, C. Andersen, L. S. Armstrong McKay, D. I. Bai, X. DeClerck, F. Ebi, K. L. Gordon, C. Gupta, J. Hasan, S. Jacobson, L. Lade, S. J. Liverman, D. Loriani, S. Mohamed, A. Nakicenovic, N. Obura, D. Qin, D. Rammelt, C. Rocha, J. C. Rockström, J. Verburg, P. H. Zimm, C. and Stewart-Koster, B. Bunn, S. E. Green, P. Ndehedehe, C. Andersen, L. S. Armstrong McKay, D. I. Bai, X. DeClerck, F. Ebi, K. L. Gordon, C. Gupta, J. Hasan, S. Jacobson, L. Lade, S. J. Liverman, D. Loriani, S. Mohamed, A. Nakicenovic, N. Obura, D. Qin, D. Rammelt, C. Rocha, J. C. Rockström, J. Verburg, P. H. Zimm, C.

Abstract

Safe and just Earth system boundaries (ESBs) for surface water and groundwater (blue water) have been defined for sustainable water management in the Anthropocene. Here we assessed whether minimum human needs could be met with surface water from within individual river basins alone and, where this is not possible, quantified how much groundwater would be required. Approximately 2.6 billion people live in river basins where groundwater is needed because they are already outside the surface water ESB or have insufficient surface water to meet human needs and the ESB. Approximately 1.4 billion people live in river basins where demand-side transformations would be required as they either exceed the surface water ESB or face a decline in groundwater recharge and cannot meet minimum needs within the ESB. A further 1.5 billion people live in river basins outside the ESB, with insufficient surface water to meet minimum needs, requiring both supply- and demand-side transformations. These results highlight the challenges and opportunities of meeting even basic human access needs to water and protecting aquatic ecosystems.

Published
2024
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4. Overcoming the coupled climate and biodiversity crises and their societal impacts

Author

Pörtner, H.-O., primary, Scholes, R. J., additional, Arneth, A., additional, Barnes, D. K. A., additional, Burrows, M. T., additional, Diamond, S. E., additional, Duarte, C. M., additional, Kiessling, W., additional, Leadley, P., additional, Managi, S., additional, McElwee, P., additional, Midgley, G., additional, Ngo, H. T., additional, Obura, D., additional, Pascual, U., additional, Sankaran, M., additional, Shin, Y. J., additional, and Val, A. L., additional

Published
2023
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5. Living within the safe and just Earth system boundaries for blue water

Author

Stewart-Koster, B., Bunn, S.E., Green, P., Ndehedehe, C., Andersen, L., Armstrong McKay, D., Bai, X., DeClerck, F., Ebi, K., Gordon, C., Gupta, J., Hasan, S., Jacobson, L., Lade, S., Liverman, D., Loriani, S., Mohamed, A., Nakicenovic, N., Obura, D., Qin, D., Rammelt, C., Rocha, J., Rockström, J., Verburg, P., Zimm, C., Stewart-Koster, B., Bunn, S.E., Green, P., Ndehedehe, C., Andersen, L., Armstrong McKay, D., Bai, X., DeClerck, F., Ebi, K., Gordon, C., Gupta, J., Hasan, S., Jacobson, L., Lade, S., Liverman, D., Loriani, S., Mohamed, A., Nakicenovic, N., Obura, D., Qin, D., Rammelt, C., Rocha, J., Rockström, J., Verburg, P., and Zimm, C.

Abstract

Safe and just Earth system boundaries (ESBs) for surface water and groundwater (blue water) have been defined for sustainable water management in the Anthropocene. Here we assessed whether minimum human needs could be met with surface water from within individual river basins alone and, where this is not possible, quantified how much groundwater would be required. Approximately 2.6 billion people live in river basins where groundwater is needed because they are already outside the surface water ESB or have insufficient surface water to meet human needs and the ESB. Approximately 1.4 billion people live in river basins where demand-side transformations would be required as they either exceed the surface water ESB or face a decline in groundwater recharge and cannot meet minimum needs within the ESB. A further 1.5 billion people live in river basins outside the ESB, with insufficient surface water to meet minimum needs, requiring both supply- and demand-side transformations. These results highlight the challenges and opportunities of meeting even basic human access needs to water and protecting aquatic ecosystems.

Published
2023
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6. Ten new insights in climate science 2023/2024

Author

Bustamante, M., Roy, J., Ospina, D., Achakulwisut, P., Aggarwal, A., Bastos, A., Broadgate, W., Canadell, J.G., Carr, E.R., Chen, D., Cleugh, H.A., Ebi, K.L., Edwards, C., Farbotko, C., Fernández-Martínez, M., Frölicher, T.L., Fuss, S., Geden, O., Gruber, N., Harrington, L.J., Hauck, J., Hausfather, Z., Hebden, S., Hebinck, A., Huq, S., Huss, M., Jamero, M.L.P., Juhola, S., Kumarasinghe, N., Lwasa, S., Mallick, B., Martin, M., McGreevy, S., Mirazo, P., Mukherji, A., Muttitt, G., Nemet, G.F., Obura, D., Okereke, C., Oliver, T., Orlove, B., Ouedraogo, N.S., Patra, P.K., Pelling, M., Pereira, L.M., Persson, Å., Pongratz, J., Prakash, A., Rammig, A., Raymond, C., Redman, A., Reveco, C., Rockström, J., Rodrigues, R., Rounce, D.R., Schipper, E.L.F., Schlosser, P., Selomane, O., Semieniuk, G., Shin, Y.-J., Siddiqui, T.A., Singh, V., Sioen, G.B., Sokona, Y., Stammer, D., Steinert, N.J., Suk, S., Sutton, R., Thalheimer, L., Thompson, V., Trencher, G., van der Geest, K., Werners, S.E., Wübbelmann, T., Wunderling, N., Yin, J., Zickfeld, K., Zscheischler, Jakob, Bustamante, M., Roy, J., Ospina, D., Achakulwisut, P., Aggarwal, A., Bastos, A., Broadgate, W., Canadell, J.G., Carr, E.R., Chen, D., Cleugh, H.A., Ebi, K.L., Edwards, C., Farbotko, C., Fernández-Martínez, M., Frölicher, T.L., Fuss, S., Geden, O., Gruber, N., Harrington, L.J., Hauck, J., Hausfather, Z., Hebden, S., Hebinck, A., Huq, S., Huss, M., Jamero, M.L.P., Juhola, S., Kumarasinghe, N., Lwasa, S., Mallick, B., Martin, M., McGreevy, S., Mirazo, P., Mukherji, A., Muttitt, G., Nemet, G.F., Obura, D., Okereke, C., Oliver, T., Orlove, B., Ouedraogo, N.S., Patra, P.K., Pelling, M., Pereira, L.M., Persson, Å., Pongratz, J., Prakash, A., Rammig, A., Raymond, C., Redman, A., Reveco, C., Rockström, J., Rodrigues, R., Rounce, D.R., Schipper, E.L.F., Schlosser, P., Selomane, O., Semieniuk, G., Shin, Y.-J., Siddiqui, T.A., Singh, V., Sioen, G.B., Sokona, Y., Stammer, D., Steinert, N.J., Suk, S., Sutton, R., Thalheimer, L., Thompson, V., Trencher, G., van der Geest, K., Werners, S.E., Wübbelmann, T., Wunderling, N., Yin, J., Zickfeld, K., and Zscheischler, Jakob

Abstract

Non-technical summary We identify a set of essential recent advances in climate change research with high policy relevance, across natural and social sciences: (1) looming inevitability and implications of overshooting the 1.5°C warming limit, (2) urgent need for a rapid and managed fossil fuel phase-out, (3) challenges for scaling carbon dioxide removal, (4) uncertainties regarding the future contribution of natural carbon sinks, (5) intertwinedness of the crises of biodiversity loss and climate change, (6) compound events, (7) mountain glacier loss, (8) human immobility in the face of climate risks, (9) adaptation justice, and (10) just transitions in food systems. Technical summary The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Reports provides the scientific foundation for international climate negotiations and constitutes an unmatched resource for researchers. However, the assessment cycles take multiple years. As a contribution to cross- and interdisciplinary understanding of climate change across diverse research communities, we have streamlined an annual process to identify and synthesize significant research advances. We collected input from experts on various fields using an online questionnaire and prioritized a set of 10 key research insights with high policy relevance. This year, we focus on: (1) the looming overshoot of the 1.5°C warming limit, (2) the urgency of fossil fuel phase-out, (3) challenges to scale-up carbon dioxide removal, (4) uncertainties regarding future natural carbon sinks, (5) the need for joint governance of biodiversity loss and climate change, (6) advances in understanding compound events, (7) accelerated mountain glacier loss, (8) human immobility amidst climate risks, (9) adaptation justice, and (10) just transitions in food systems. We present a succinct account of these insights, reflect on their policy implications, and offer an integrated set of policy-relevant messages. This science synthesis and science communica

Published
2023

7. Overcoming the coupled climate and biodiversity crises and their societal impacts

Author

Pörtner, H.-O., Scholes, R.J., Arneth, A., Barnes, D.K.A., Burrows, M.T., Diamond, S.E., Duarte, C.M., Kiessling, W., Leadley, P., Managi, S., McElwee, P., Midgley, G., Ngo, H.T., Obura, D., Pascual, U., Sankaran, M., Shin, Y.J., Val, A.L., Pörtner, H.-O., Scholes, R.J., Arneth, A., Barnes, D.K.A., Burrows, M.T., Diamond, S.E., Duarte, C.M., Kiessling, W., Leadley, P., Managi, S., McElwee, P., Midgley, G., Ngo, H.T., Obura, D., Pascual, U., Sankaran, M., Shin, Y.J., and Val, A.L.

Abstract

Earth’s biodiversity and human societies face pollution, overconsumption of natural resources, urbanization, demographic shifts, social and economic inequalities, and habitat loss, many of which are exacerbated by climate change. Here, we review links among climate, biodiversity, and society and develop a roadmap toward sustainability. These include limiting warming to 1.5°C and effectively conserving and restoring functional ecosystems on 30 to 50% of land, freshwater, and ocean “scapes.” We envision a mosaic of interconnected protected and shared spaces, including intensively used spaces, to strengthen self-sustaining biodiversity, the capacity of people and nature to adapt to and mitigate climate change, and nature’s contributions to people. Fostering interlinked human, ecosystem, and planetary health for a livable future urgently requires bold implementation of transformative policy interventions through interconnected institutions, governance, and social systems from local to global levels.

Published
2023

8. Achieving a nature- and people-positive future

Author

Obura, D. O. DeClerck, F. Verburg, P. H. Gupta, J. Abrams, J. F. Bai, X. Bunn, S. Ebi, K. L. Gifford, L. Gordon, C. Jacobson, L. Lenton, T. M. Liverman, D. Mohamed, A. Prodani, K. Rocha, J. C. Rockström, J. Sakschewski, B. Stewart-Koster, B. van Vuuren, D. Winkelmann, R. Zimm, C. and Obura, D. O. DeClerck, F. Verburg, P. H. Gupta, J. Abrams, J. F. Bai, X. Bunn, S. Ebi, K. L. Gifford, L. Gordon, C. Jacobson, L. Lenton, T. M. Liverman, D. Mohamed, A. Prodani, K. Rocha, J. C. Rockström, J. Sakschewski, B. Stewart-Koster, B. van Vuuren, D. Winkelmann, R. Zimm, C.

Abstract

Despite decades of increasing investment in conservation, we have not succeeded in “bending the curve” of biodiversity decline. Efforts to meet new targets and goals for the next three decades risk repeating this outcome due to three factors: neglect of increasing drivers of decline; unrealistic expectations and time frames of biodiversity recovery; and insufficient attention to justice within and between generations and across countries. Our Earth system justice approach identifies six sets of actions that when tackled simultaneously address these failings: (1) reduce and reverse direct and indirect drivers causing decline; (2) halt and reverse biodiversity loss; (3) restore and regenerate biodiversity to a safe state; (4) raise minimum wellbeing for all; (5) eliminate over-consumption and excesses associated with accumulation of capital; and (6) uphold and respect the rights and responsibilities of all communities, present and future. Current conservation campaigns primarily address actions 2 and 3, with urgent upscaling of actions 1, 4, 5, and 6 needed to help deliver the post-2020 global biodiversity framework.

Published
2023
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9. Safe and just Earth system boundaries

Author

Rockström, J., Gupta, J., Qin, D., Lade, S.J., Abrams, J.F., Andersen, L.S., Armstrong McKay, D.I., Bai, X., Bala, G., Bunn, S.E., Ciobanu, D., DeClerck, F., Ebi, K., Gifford, L., Gordon, C., Hasan, S., Kanie, N., Lenton, T.M., Loriani, S., Liverman, D.M., Mohamed, A., Nakicenovic, N., Obura, D., Ospina, D., Prodani, K., Rammelt, C., Sakschewski, B., Scholtens, J., Stewart-Koster, B., Tharammal, T., van Vuuren, D., Verburg, P.H., Winkelmann, R., Zimm, C., Bennett, E.M., Bringezu, S., Broadgate, W., Green, P.A., Huang, L., Jacobson, L., Ndehedehe, C., Pedde, S., Rocha, J., Scheffer, M., Schulte-Uebbing, L., de Vries, W., Xiao, C., Xu, C., Xu, X., Zafra-Calvo, N., Zhang, X., Rockström, J., Gupta, J., Qin, D., Lade, S.J., Abrams, J.F., Andersen, L.S., Armstrong McKay, D.I., Bai, X., Bala, G., Bunn, S.E., Ciobanu, D., DeClerck, F., Ebi, K., Gifford, L., Gordon, C., Hasan, S., Kanie, N., Lenton, T.M., Loriani, S., Liverman, D.M., Mohamed, A., Nakicenovic, N., Obura, D., Ospina, D., Prodani, K., Rammelt, C., Sakschewski, B., Scholtens, J., Stewart-Koster, B., Tharammal, T., van Vuuren, D., Verburg, P.H., Winkelmann, R., Zimm, C., Bennett, E.M., Bringezu, S., Broadgate, W., Green, P.A., Huang, L., Jacobson, L., Ndehedehe, C., Pedde, S., Rocha, J., Scheffer, M., Schulte-Uebbing, L., de Vries, W., Xiao, C., Xu, C., Xu, X., Zafra-Calvo, N., and Zhang, X.

Abstract

The stability and resilience of the Earth system and human well-being are inseparably linked1,2,3, yet their interdependencies are generally under-recognized; consequently, they are often treated independently4,5. Here, we use modelling and literature assessment to quantify safe and just Earth system boundaries (ESBs) for climate, the biosphere, water and nutrient cycles, and aerosols at global and subglobal scales. We propose ESBs for maintaining the resilience and stability of the Earth system (safe ESBs) and minimizing exposure to significant harm to humans from Earth system change (a necessary but not sufficient condition for justice)4. The stricter of the safe or just boundaries sets the integrated safe and just ESB. Our findings show that justice considerations constrain the integrated ESBs more than safety considerations for climate and atmospheric aerosol loading. Seven of eight globally quantified safe and just ESBs and at least two regional safe and just ESBs in over half of global land area are already exceeded. We propose that our assessment provides a quantitative foundation for safeguarding the global commons for all people now and into the future.

Published
2023

12. Marine Organisms Response to Climate Change Effects in the Western Indian Ocean

Author

Hollander, J, Linden, O, Gudka, M, Duncan, M, Obura, D, James, N, Bhagooli, R, Nyanapah, J, Onyango, C, Duvane, J, Louis, Y, Ngotho, D, Mvungi, E, Mamboya, F, George, R, Hama, H, Hamisi, M, Adeleke, B, Ngoa, E, Harlay, J, Oduor, N, Fondo, E, Nina, W, Raharinaivo, L, Winkler, A, Okemwa, G, Karisa, J, Bamdou, M, Mtaki, K, Randrianandrasana, J, Hollander J, Linden O, Gudka M, Duncan M, Obura D, James NC, Bhagooli R, Nyanapah J, Onyango C, Duvane J, Louis YD, Ngotho D, Mvungi E, Mamboya F, George R, Hama H, Hamisi MI, Adeleke B, Ngoa E, Harlay J, Oduor N, Fondo E, Nina W, Raharinaivo LR, Winkler A, Okemwa GM, Karisa J, Bamdou M, Mtaki K, Randrianandrasana J, Hollander, J, Linden, O, Gudka, M, Duncan, M, Obura, D, James, N, Bhagooli, R, Nyanapah, J, Onyango, C, Duvane, J, Louis, Y, Ngotho, D, Mvungi, E, Mamboya, F, George, R, Hama, H, Hamisi, M, Adeleke, B, Ngoa, E, Harlay, J, Oduor, N, Fondo, E, Nina, W, Raharinaivo, L, Winkler, A, Okemwa, G, Karisa, J, Bamdou, M, Mtaki, K, Randrianandrasana, J, Hollander J, Linden O, Gudka M, Duncan M, Obura D, James NC, Bhagooli R, Nyanapah J, Onyango C, Duvane J, Louis YD, Ngotho D, Mvungi E, Mamboya F, George R, Hama H, Hamisi MI, Adeleke B, Ngoa E, Harlay J, Oduor N, Fondo E, Nina W, Raharinaivo LR, Winkler A, Okemwa GM, Karisa J, Bamdou M, Mtaki K, and Randrianandrasana J

Abstract

There is widespread consensus among climate scientists today that global climate change is real and has anthropogenic roots. Marine species, for example, are exposed to a large array of abiotic stressors, such as warming and ocean acidification, that are linked directly to anthropogenic climate change. The general view on whether natural populations can adapt to anthropogenic change is that many species will fail to adapt to rapid climate change effects. This accelerating trend has profound effects on marine species and ecosystems, globally and the Eastern African region is no exception. Here, we provide a review that is the result of the workshop “Marine Organisms Response to Climate Change Effects – Adaptation or Extinction?” among ocean scientists actively studying the impact of climate change in the Western Indian Ocean. The review examines several key marine organisms and ecosystems in the region of the Western Indian Ocean, how these may be impacted by climate change, and the way forward for successful conservation and management.

Published
2020

13. Essential Biodiversity Variables

Author

Pereira, H. M., Ferrier, S., Walters, M., Geller, G. N., Jongman, R. H. G., Scholes, R. J., Bruford, M. W., Brummitt, N., Butchart, S. H. M., Cardoso, A. C., Coops, N. C., Dulloo, E., Faith, D. P., Freyhof, J., Gregory, R. D., Heip, C., Höft, R., Hurtt, G., Jetz, W., Karp, D. S., McGeoch, M. A., Obura, D., Onoda, Y., Pettorelli, N., Reyers, B., Sayre, R., Scharlemann, J. P. W., Stuart, S. N., Turak, E., Walpole, M., and Wegmann, M.

Published
2013
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14. Actions needed to achieve ambitious objectives of net gains in natural ecosystem area by 2030 and beyond

Author

Leadley, P., Obura, D., Archer, E., Costello, M.J., Dávalos, L.M., Essl, F., Hansen, A., Hashimoto, S., Leclere, D., Mori, A.S., Nicholson, E., Purvis, A., Rondinini, C., Shannon, L., Shen, X., Turak, E., Verburg, P.H., Visconti, P., Leadley, P., Obura, D., Archer, E., Costello, M.J., Dávalos, L.M., Essl, F., Hansen, A., Hashimoto, S., Leclere, D., Mori, A.S., Nicholson, E., Purvis, A., Rondinini, C., Shannon, L., Shen, X., Turak, E., Verburg, P.H., and Visconti, P.

Published
2022
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15. Achieving global biodiversity goals by 2050 requires urgent and integrated actions

Author

Leadley, P., Gonzalez, A., Obura, D., Krug, C.B., Londoño-Murcia, M.C., Millette, K.L., Radulovici, A., Rankovic, A., Shannon, L.J., Archer, E., Armah, F.A., Bax, N., Chaudhari, K., Costello, M.J., Dávalos, L.M., Roque, F., DeClerck, F., Dee, L.E., Essl, F., Ferrier, S., Genovesi, P., Guariguata, M.R., Hashimoto, S., Ifejika Speranza, C., Isbell, F., Kok, M., Lavery, S.D., Leclere, D., Loyola, R., Lwasa, S., McGeoch, M., Mori, A.S., Nicholson, E., Ochoa, J.M., Öllerer, K., Polasky, S., Rondinini, C., Schroer, S., Selomane, O., Shen, X., Strassburg, B., Sumaila, U.R., Tittensor, D.P., Turak, E., Urbina, L., Vallejos, M., Vázquez-Domínguez, E., Verburg, P.H., Visconti, P., Woodley, S., Xu, J., Leadley, P., Gonzalez, A., Obura, D., Krug, C.B., Londoño-Murcia, M.C., Millette, K.L., Radulovici, A., Rankovic, A., Shannon, L.J., Archer, E., Armah, F.A., Bax, N., Chaudhari, K., Costello, M.J., Dávalos, L.M., Roque, F., DeClerck, F., Dee, L.E., Essl, F., Ferrier, S., Genovesi, P., Guariguata, M.R., Hashimoto, S., Ifejika Speranza, C., Isbell, F., Kok, M., Lavery, S.D., Leclere, D., Loyola, R., Lwasa, S., McGeoch, M., Mori, A.S., Nicholson, E., Ochoa, J.M., Öllerer, K., Polasky, S., Rondinini, C., Schroer, S., Selomane, O., Shen, X., Strassburg, B., Sumaila, U.R., Tittensor, D.P., Turak, E., Urbina, L., Vallejos, M., Vázquez-Domínguez, E., Verburg, P.H., Visconti, P., Woodley, S., and Xu, J.

Abstract

Governments are negotiating actions intended to halt biodiversity loss and put it on a path to recovery by 2050. Here, we show that bending the curve for biodiversity is possible, but only if actions are implemented urgently and in an integrated manner. Connecting these actions to biodiversity outcomes and tracking progress remain a challenge.

Published
2022

16. Safeguarding the Blue Planet – Eight Recommendations to sustainably use and govern the Ocean and its Resources

Author

Schoderer, M., Bittig, H., Gaill, F., Gjerde, K., Heymans, S., Klein, B., Obura, D., Thiele, T., Unger, S., Visbeck, M., and Hornidge, A.

Abstract

Over 30% of the world’s population lives within 100 km of the oceanic coast. More than three billion people rely on fishing and other ocean-related livelihoods. The ocean is a biodiversity hotspot and moderates the climate, having absorbed around 40% of the world’s total carbon emissions. Oceanscapes provide an essential cultural good, offer recreational opportunities, health benefits, artistic inspiration and an entire cosmology and way of life for indigenous communities. However, anthropogenic pressures have seriously impacted the ocean and threaten its ability to provide human societies with the required climatic and ecosystem conditions for life on earth. The German G7 presidency has proposed a G7 “Ocean Deal” for the sustainable use, protection and effective governance of the ocean and its resources. Several ongoing global ocean governance processes require strong multilateral leadership and close alignment between the G7, in particular in this period of serious international tensions following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. At the One Ocean Summit in February 2022, global leaders have put forth first commitments to make 2022 a decision year for the ocean. Building on the final declaration of the summit and the UK G7 Ocean Decade Navigation Plan, we highlight that a G7 “Ocean Deal” should include provisions for 1) ambitious ocean governance to safeguard ocean health and climate (in the G7’s own waters and through leadership in international settings), 2) improving ocean observation, data infrastructure and knowledge sharing, and 3) financing the transition towards more sustainable interactions with the ocean. Specifically, we recommend that G7 states: 1a. Eliminate national subsidies that contribute to overfishing and push to finalize the related WTO agreement; step up international cooperation, financial & technical assistance to prevent IUU fishing. 1b. Reduce marine debris through a comprehensive global agreement on plastic pollution. 1c. Pause deep sea mining until risks are better understood and a transparent, inclusive and accountable institutional structure is in place that guarantees the effective protection of the marine environment. 1d. Expand marine protected areas in line with the proposed goal of at least 30% by 2030, and accelerate work in the coming months to successfully finalize negotiations for a legally binding instrument to conserve and sustainably use marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). 1e. Fully recognize the importance of the ocean-climate nexus and strengthen the ocean dimension in key climate negotiations. 2a. Adopt a legal framework and binding commitments for a sustained and shared global coordination of ocean observations and infrastructure on marine data, compliant with FAIR and CARE principles. 2b. Ensure long-term, guaranteed funding, clear institutional affiliations, coordinated and integrated data products to enable continuous, comprehensive observations supporting policy monitoring & evaluation 3a. Redesign and scale up ocean finance by increasing funding of early-stage, nature-positive and science-based opportunities, and large-scale investment into zero-carbon, resilient and nature-based coastal blue infrastructure, and by integrating ocean criteria into sustainability finance frameworks (EU Taxonomy, Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD), Taskforce for Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD)).

Published
2022

18. Scientific foundations for an ecosystem goal, milestones and indicators for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework

Author

Nicholson, Emily, Watermeyer, Katherine, Rowland, Jessica, Sato, Chloe, Stevenson, Simone, Andrade, A, Brooks, TM, Burgess, ND, Cheng, ST, Grantham, HS, Hill, SL, Keith, DA, Maron, M, Metzke, D, Murray, NJ, Nelson, CR, Obura, D, Plumptre, A, Skowno, AL, Watson, JEM, Nicholson, Emily, Watermeyer, Katherine, Rowland, Jessica, Sato, Chloe, Stevenson, Simone, Andrade, A, Brooks, TM, Burgess, ND, Cheng, ST, Grantham, HS, Hill, SL, Keith, DA, Maron, M, Metzke, D, Murray, NJ, Nelson, CR, Obura, D, Plumptre, A, Skowno, AL, and Watson, JEM

Published
2021

19. IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop report on biodiversity and climate change

Author

Portner, H.O., Scholes, R.J., Agard, J., Archer, E., Arneth, A., Bai, X., Barnes, D., Burrows, M., Chan, L., Cheung, W.L., Diamond, S., Donatti, C., Duarte, C., Eisenhauer, N., Foden, W., Gasalla, M.A., Handa, C., Hickler, T., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Ichii, K., Jacob, U., Insarov, G., Kiessling, W., Leadley, P., Leemans, R., Levin, L., Lim, M., Maharaj, S., Managi, S., Marquet, P.A., McElwee, P., Midgley, G., Oberdorff, T., Obura, D., Osman, E., Pandit, R., Pascual, U., Pires, A.P.F., Popp, A., Reyes-Garcia, V., Sankaran, M., Settele, J., Shin, Y.J., Sintayehu, D.W., Smith, P., Steiner, N., Strassburg, B., Sukumar, R., Trisos, C., Val, A.L., Wu, J., Aldrian, E., Parmesan, C., Pichs-Madruga, R., Roberts, D.C., Rogers, A.D., Diaz, S., Fischer, M., Hashimoto, S., Lavorel, S., Wu, N., Ngo, H.T., Portner, H.O., Scholes, R.J., Agard, J., Archer, E., Arneth, A., Bai, X., Barnes, D., Burrows, M., Chan, L., Cheung, W.L., Diamond, S., Donatti, C., Duarte, C., Eisenhauer, N., Foden, W., Gasalla, M.A., Handa, C., Hickler, T., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Ichii, K., Jacob, U., Insarov, G., Kiessling, W., Leadley, P., Leemans, R., Levin, L., Lim, M., Maharaj, S., Managi, S., Marquet, P.A., McElwee, P., Midgley, G., Oberdorff, T., Obura, D., Osman, E., Pandit, R., Pascual, U., Pires, A.P.F., Popp, A., Reyes-Garcia, V., Sankaran, M., Settele, J., Shin, Y.J., Sintayehu, D.W., Smith, P., Steiner, N., Strassburg, B., Sukumar, R., Trisos, C., Val, A.L., Wu, J., Aldrian, E., Parmesan, C., Pichs-Madruga, R., Roberts, D.C., Rogers, A.D., Diaz, S., Fischer, M., Hashimoto, S., Lavorel, S., Wu, N., and Ngo, H.T.

Published
2021

20. Identifying a Safe and Just Corridor for People and the Planet

Author

Rockström, J. Gupta, J. Lenton, T. M. Qin, D. Lade, S. J. Abrams, J. F. Jacobson, L. Rocha, J. C. Zimm, C. Bai, X. Bala, G. Bringezu, S. Broadgate, W. Bunn, S. E. DeClerck, F. Ebi, K. L. Gong, P. Gordon, C. Kanie, N. Liverman, D. M. Nakicenovic, N. Obura, D. Ramanathan, V. Verburg, P. H. van Vuuren, D. P. Winkelmann, R. and Rockström, J. Gupta, J. Lenton, T. M. Qin, D. Lade, S. J. Abrams, J. F. Jacobson, L. Rocha, J. C. Zimm, C. Bai, X. Bala, G. Bringezu, S. Broadgate, W. Bunn, S. E. DeClerck, F. Ebi, K. L. Gong, P. Gordon, C. Kanie, N. Liverman, D. M. Nakicenovic, N. Obura, D. Ramanathan, V. Verburg, P. H. van Vuuren, D. P. Winkelmann, R.

Abstract

Keeping the Earth system in a stable and resilient state, to safeguard Earth's life support systems while ensuring that Earth's benefits, risks, and related responsibilities are equitably shared, constitutes the grand challenge for human development in the Anthropocene. Here, we describe a framework that the recently formed Earth Commission will use to define and quantify target ranges for a “safe and just corridor” that meets these goals. Although “safe” and “just” Earth system targets are interrelated, we see safe as primarily referring to a stable Earth system and just targets as being associated with meeting human needs and reducing exposure to risks. To align safe and just dimensions, we propose to address the equity dimensions of each safe target for Earth system regulating systems and processes. The more stringent of the safe or just target ranges then defines the corridor. Identifying levers of social transformation aimed at meeting the safe and just targets and challenges associated with translating the corridor to actors at multiple scales present scope for future work.

Published
2021
Full Text
View/download PDF

21. Scientific outcome of the IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop on biodiversity and climate change

Author

Pörtner, H.-O., Scholes, R.J., Agard, J., Archer, E., Arneth, A., Bai, X., Barnes, D., Burrows, M., Chan, L., Cheung, W.L., Diamond, S., Donatti, C., Duarte, C., Eisenhauer, N., Foden, W., Gasalla, M.A., Handa, C., Hickler, T., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Ichii, K., Jacob, U., Insarov, G., Kiessling, W., Leadley, P., Leemans, R., Levin, L., Lim, M., Maharaj, S., Managi, S., Marquet, P.A., McElwee, P., Midgley, G., Oberdorff, T., Obura, D., Osman Elasha, B., Pandit, R., Pascual, U., Pires, A.P.F., Popp, A., Reyes-García, V., Sankaran, M., Settele, Josef, Shin, Y.-J., Sintayehu, D.W., Smith, P., Steiner, N., Strassburg, B., Sukumar, R., Trisos, C., Val, A.L., Wu, J., Aldrian, E., Parmesan, C., Pichs-Madruga, R., Roberts, D.C., Rogers, A.D., Díaz, S., Fischer, M., Hashimoto, S., Lavorel, S., Wu, N., Ngo, H., Pörtner, H.-O., Scholes, R.J., Agard, J., Archer, E., Arneth, A., Bai, X., Barnes, D., Burrows, M., Chan, L., Cheung, W.L., Diamond, S., Donatti, C., Duarte, C., Eisenhauer, N., Foden, W., Gasalla, M.A., Handa, C., Hickler, T., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Ichii, K., Jacob, U., Insarov, G., Kiessling, W., Leadley, P., Leemans, R., Levin, L., Lim, M., Maharaj, S., Managi, S., Marquet, P.A., McElwee, P., Midgley, G., Oberdorff, T., Obura, D., Osman Elasha, B., Pandit, R., Pascual, U., Pires, A.P.F., Popp, A., Reyes-García, V., Sankaran, M., Settele, Josef, Shin, Y.-J., Sintayehu, D.W., Smith, P., Steiner, N., Strassburg, B., Sukumar, R., Trisos, C., Val, A.L., Wu, J., Aldrian, E., Parmesan, C., Pichs-Madruga, R., Roberts, D.C., Rogers, A.D., Díaz, S., Fischer, M., Hashimoto, S., Lavorel, S., Wu, N., and Ngo, H.

Abstract

The Scientific Outcome was produced by participants in the first-ever IPCC-IPBES co-sponsored workshop which took place in December 2020.  This workshop is placed in the context of recent international agreements including the Paris Agreement, the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and ongoing preparation for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development that converge on solving the dual crises of climate change and biodiversity loss as essential to support human well-being.The Scientific Outcome further develops and substantiates the conclusions of the Synopsis, summarizes the emerging state of knowledge involving climate change and biodiversity with the objective to inform decision making and highlight options for action, and to identify knowledge gaps to be filled by scientific research. The Scientific Outcome includes seven sections, the references outlining the evidence reviewed within those sections and the report glossary.

Published
2021

22. Scientific outcome of the IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop on biodiversity and climate change

Author

Pörtner, Hans-Otto, Scholes, R.J., Agard, John, Archer, Emma, Arneth, Almut, Bai, Xuemei, Barnes, David, Burrows, Michael, Chan, Lena, Cheung, William, Diamond, Sarah, Donatti, Camila I., Duarte, Carlos M., Eisenhauer, Nico, Foden, Wendy, Gasalla, Maria A., Handa, C., Hickler, Thomas, Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove, Ichii, Kazuhito, Jacob, Ute, Insarov, Gregory, Kiessling, Wolfgang, Leadley, P., Leemans, R., Levin, Lisa, Lim, Michelle, Maharaj, Shobha, Managi, Shunsuke, Marquet, Pablo A., McElwee, Pamela, Midgley, Guy, Oberdorff, T., Obura, D., Osman-Elasha, B., Pandit, Ram, Pascual, Unai, Pires, Aliny Patricia Flauzino, Popp, Alexander, Reyes-García, Victoria, Sankaran, M., Settele, Josef, Shin, Yunne Jai, Sintayehu, Dejene W., Smith, Peter, Steiner, Nadja S., Strassburg, Bernardo B.N., Sukumar, Raman, Trisos, Christopher, Val, Adalberto Luis, Wu, Jianguo, Aldrian, Edvin, Parmesan, Camille, Pichs-Madruga, Ramon, Roberts, Debra C., Rogers, Alex D., Díaz, Sandra, Fischer, Markus, Hashimoto, Shizuka, Lavorel, Sandra, Wu, Ning, Ngo, Hien, Pörtner, Hans-Otto, Scholes, R.J., Agard, John, Archer, Emma, Arneth, Almut, Bai, Xuemei, Barnes, David, Burrows, Michael, Chan, Lena, Cheung, William, Diamond, Sarah, Donatti, Camila I., Duarte, Carlos M., Eisenhauer, Nico, Foden, Wendy, Gasalla, Maria A., Handa, C., Hickler, Thomas, Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove, Ichii, Kazuhito, Jacob, Ute, Insarov, Gregory, Kiessling, Wolfgang, Leadley, P., Leemans, R., Levin, Lisa, Lim, Michelle, Maharaj, Shobha, Managi, Shunsuke, Marquet, Pablo A., McElwee, Pamela, Midgley, Guy, Oberdorff, T., Obura, D., Osman-Elasha, B., Pandit, Ram, Pascual, Unai, Pires, Aliny Patricia Flauzino, Popp, Alexander, Reyes-García, Victoria, Sankaran, M., Settele, Josef, Shin, Yunne Jai, Sintayehu, Dejene W., Smith, Peter, Steiner, Nadja S., Strassburg, Bernardo B.N., Sukumar, Raman, Trisos, Christopher, Val, Adalberto Luis, Wu, Jianguo, Aldrian, Edvin, Parmesan, Camille, Pichs-Madruga, Ramon, Roberts, Debra C., Rogers, Alex D., Díaz, Sandra, Fischer, Markus, Hashimoto, Shizuka, Lavorel, Sandra, Wu, Ning, and Ngo, Hien

Abstract

The Scientific Outcome was produced by participants in the first-ever IPCC-IPBES co-sponsored workshop which took place in December 2020. This workshop is placed in the context of recent international agreements including the Paris Agreement, the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and ongoing preparation for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development that converge on solving the dual crises of climate change and biodiversity loss as essential to support human well-being.The Scientific Outcome further develops and substantiates the conclusions of the Synopsis, summarizes the emerging state of knowledge involving climate change and biodiversity with the objective to inform decision making and highlight options for action, and to identify knowledge gaps to be filled by scientific research. The Scientific Outcome includes seven sections, the references outlining the evidence reviewed within those sections and the report glossary.

Published
2021

23. IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop report on biodiversity and climate change

Author

Pörtner, Hans-Otto, Scholes, R.J., Agard, John, Leemans, R., Archer, Emma, Bai, Xuemei, Barnes, David, Burrows, Michael, Chan, Lena, Cheung, William, Diamond, Sarah, Donatti, Camila I., Duarte, Carlos M., Eisenhauer, Nico, Foden, Wendy, Gasalla, Maria A., Handa, C., Hickler, Thomas, Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove, Ichii, Kazuhito, Jacob, Ute, Insarov, Gregory, Kiesling, Wolfgang, Leadly, Paul, Levin, Lisa, Lim, Michelle, Maharaj, Shobha, Managi, Shunsuke, Marquet, Pablo A., McElwee, Pamela, Midgley, Guy, Oberdorff, T., Obura, D., Osman-Elasha, B., Pandit, Ram, Pascual, Unai, Pires, Aliny Patricia Flauzino, Popp, Alexander, Reyes-García, Victoria, Sankaran, M., Settele, Josef, Shin, Yunne Jai, Sintayehu, Dejene W., Smith, Peter, Steiner, Nadja S., Strassburg, Bernardo B.N., Sukumar, Raman, Trisos, Christopher, Val, Adalberto Luis, Wu, Jianguo, Aldrian, Edvin, Parmesan, Camille, Pichs-Madruga, Ramon, Roberts, Debra C., Rogers, Alex D., Díaz, Sandra, Fischer, Markus, Hashimoto, Shizuka, Lavorel, Sandra, Wu, Ning, Ngo, Hien, Pörtner, Hans-Otto, Scholes, R.J., Agard, John, Leemans, R., Archer, Emma, Bai, Xuemei, Barnes, David, Burrows, Michael, Chan, Lena, Cheung, William, Diamond, Sarah, Donatti, Camila I., Duarte, Carlos M., Eisenhauer, Nico, Foden, Wendy, Gasalla, Maria A., Handa, C., Hickler, Thomas, Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove, Ichii, Kazuhito, Jacob, Ute, Insarov, Gregory, Kiesling, Wolfgang, Leadly, Paul, Levin, Lisa, Lim, Michelle, Maharaj, Shobha, Managi, Shunsuke, Marquet, Pablo A., McElwee, Pamela, Midgley, Guy, Oberdorff, T., Obura, D., Osman-Elasha, B., Pandit, Ram, Pascual, Unai, Pires, Aliny Patricia Flauzino, Popp, Alexander, Reyes-García, Victoria, Sankaran, M., Settele, Josef, Shin, Yunne Jai, Sintayehu, Dejene W., Smith, Peter, Steiner, Nadja S., Strassburg, Bernardo B.N., Sukumar, Raman, Trisos, Christopher, Val, Adalberto Luis, Wu, Jianguo, Aldrian, Edvin, Parmesan, Camille, Pichs-Madruga, Ramon, Roberts, Debra C., Rogers, Alex D., Díaz, Sandra, Fischer, Markus, Hashimoto, Shizuka, Lavorel, Sandra, Wu, Ning, and Ngo, Hien

Abstract

This report presents the main conclusions of the first-ever IPCC-IPBES co-sponsored workshop which took place in December 2020. The workshop explored diverse facets of the interaction between climate and biodiversity, from current trends to the role and implementation of nature-based solutions and the sustainable development of human society.This report is underpinned by the Scientific Outcome, which includes seven sections, the complete references and the report glossary. You can find the Scientific Outcome here https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4659158

Published
2021

24. Identifying a safe and just corridor for people and the planet

Author

Rockström, J., Gupta, J., Lenton, T.M., Qin, D., Lade, S.J., Abrams, J.F., Jacobson, L., Rocha, J.C., Zimm, C., Bai, X., Bala, G., Bringezu, S., Broadgate, W., Bunn, S.E., DeClerck, F., Ebi, K.L., Gong, P., Gordon, C., Kanie, N., Liverman, D.M., Nakicenovic, N., Obura, D., Ramanathan, V., Verburg, P.H., van Vuuren, D.P., Winkelmann, R., Rockström, J., Gupta, J., Lenton, T.M., Qin, D., Lade, S.J., Abrams, J.F., Jacobson, L., Rocha, J.C., Zimm, C., Bai, X., Bala, G., Bringezu, S., Broadgate, W., Bunn, S.E., DeClerck, F., Ebi, K.L., Gong, P., Gordon, C., Kanie, N., Liverman, D.M., Nakicenovic, N., Obura, D., Ramanathan, V., Verburg, P.H., van Vuuren, D.P., and Winkelmann, R.

Abstract

Keeping the Earth system in a stable and resilient state, in order to safeguard Earth's life support systems while ensuring that Earth's benefits, risks and related responsibilities are equitably shared, constitutes the grand challenge for human development in the Anthropocene. Here, we describe a framework that the recently formed Earth Commission will use to define and quantify target ranges for a ‘safe and just corridor’ that meets these goals. Although ‘safe’ and ‘just’ Earth system targets are interrelated, we see safe as primarily referring to a stable Earth system and just targets as being associated with meeting human needs and reducing exposure to risks. To align safe and just dimensions, we propose to address the equity dimensions of each safe target for Earth system regulating systems and processes. The more stringent of the safe or just target ranges then defines the corridor. Identifying levers of social transformation aimed at meeting the safe and just targets and challenges associated with translating the corridor to actors at multiple scales present scope for future work.

Published
2021

26. Intensite&769; et impact environnemental du blanchissement corallien massif de 2019 sur les re&769;cifs coralliens de La Re&769;union [rapport du projet BECOMING]

Author

Nicet, J.B., Dufay, V., Mouquet, P., Obura, D., Pennober, G., Pinault, M., Wickel, J., Bigot, L., and Chabanet, Pascale

Subjects
RECIF CORALLIEN, TEMPERATURE DE SURFACE, TAUX DE MORTALITE, SURVEILLANCE, IMAGE SATELLITE, GESTION DU RISQUE, GESTION DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT, INDICATEUR ECOLOGIQUE, BLANCHISSEMENT, CARTOGRAPHIE, IMPACT SUR L'ENVIRONNEMENT
Published
2020

27. Investments' role in ecosystem degradation—Response

Author

Díaz, S., Settele, Josef, Brondizio, E., Ngo, H.T., Pfaff, A., Polasky, S., Agard, J., Arneth, A., Balvanera, P., Brauman, K.A., Butchart, S.H.M., Chan, K.M.A., Garibaldi, L.A., Ichii, K., Liu, J., Subramanian, S.M., Midgley, G.F., Miloslavich, P., Molnár, Z., Obura, D., Purvis, A., Razzaque, J., Reyers, B., Chowdhury, R.R., Shin, Y.J., Visseren-Hamakers, I., Willis, K.J., Zayas, C.N., Díaz, S., Settele, Josef, Brondizio, E., Ngo, H.T., Pfaff, A., Polasky, S., Agard, J., Arneth, A., Balvanera, P., Brauman, K.A., Butchart, S.H.M., Chan, K.M.A., Garibaldi, L.A., Ichii, K., Liu, J., Subramanian, S.M., Midgley, G.F., Miloslavich, P., Molnár, Z., Obura, D., Purvis, A., Razzaque, J., Reyers, B., Chowdhury, R.R., Shin, Y.J., Visseren-Hamakers, I., Willis, K.J., and Zayas, C.N.

Abstract

no abstract

Published
2020

28. Set ambitious goals for biodiversity and sustainability

Author

Diaz, S, Zafra-Calvo, N., Purvis, A., Verburg, P. H., Obura, D., Leadley, P., Chaplin-Kramer, R., De Meester, L., Dulloo, E., Martín-López, B., Shaw, M. R., Visconti, P., Broadgate, W., Bruford, M. W., Burgess, N. D., Cavender- Bares, J., DeClerck, F., Fernández-Palacio, J. M., Garibaldi, L. A., Hill, S. L. L., Isbell, F., Khoury, C. K., Krug, C. B, Liu, J., Maron, M., McGowan, P. J. K., Pereira, H. M., Reyes-García, V., Rocha, J., Rondinini, C., Shannon, L., Snelgrove, P. V. R., Shin, Y. J., Speh, E. M., Strassburg, B., Subramanian, S. M., Tewksbury, J. J., Watson, J. E. M., Zanne, A. E., Diaz, S, Zafra-Calvo, N., Purvis, A., Verburg, P. H., Obura, D., Leadley, P., Chaplin-Kramer, R., De Meester, L., Dulloo, E., Martín-López, B., Shaw, M. R., Visconti, P., Broadgate, W., Bruford, M. W., Burgess, N. D., Cavender- Bares, J., DeClerck, F., Fernández-Palacio, J. M., Garibaldi, L. A., Hill, S. L. L., Isbell, F., Khoury, C. K., Krug, C. B, Liu, J., Maron, M., McGowan, P. J. K., Pereira, H. M., Reyes-García, V., Rocha, J., Rondinini, C., Shannon, L., Snelgrove, P. V. R., Shin, Y. J., Speh, E. M., Strassburg, B., Subramanian, S. M., Tewksbury, J. J., Watson, J. E. M., and Zanne, A. E.

Abstract

Global biodiversity policy is at a crossroads. Recent global assessments of living nature (1, 2) and climate (3) show worsening trends and a rapidly narrowing window for action. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has recently announced that none of the 20 Aichi targets for biodiversity it set in 2010 has been reached and only six have been partially achieved (4). Against this backdrop, nations are now negotiating the next generation of the CBD's global goals [see supplementary materials (SM)], due for adoption in 2021, which will frame actions of governments and other actors for decades to come. In response to the goals proposed in the draft post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) made public by the CBD (5), we urge negotiators to consider three points that are critical if the agreed goals are to stabilize or reverse nature's decline. First, multiple goals are required because of nature's complexity, with different facets—genes, populations, species, deep evolutionary history, ecosystems, and their contributions to people—having markedly different geographic distributions and responses to human drivers. Second, interlinkages among these facets mean that goals must be defined and developed holistically rather than in isolation, with potential to advance multiple goals simultaneously and minimize trade-offs between them. Third, only the highest level of ambition in setting each goal, and implementing all goals in an integrated manner, will give a realistic chance of stopping—and beginning to reverse—biodiversity loss by 2050.

Published
2020

29. Set ambitious goals for biodiversity and sustainability

Author

Díaz, S., Zafra-Calvo, N., Purvis, A., Verburg, P.H., Obura, D., Leadley, Paul, Chaplin-Kramer, R., De Meester, L., Dulloo, E., Martín-López, B., Shaw, M.R., Visconti, P., Broadgate, W., Bruford, M.W., Burgess, N.D., Cavender-Bares, J., DeClerck, F., Fernández-Palacios, J.M., Garibaldi, Lucas A., Hill, S.L.L., Isbell, F., Khoury, C.K., Krug, C.B., Liu, J., Maron, Martine, McGowan, P.J.K., Pereira, H.M., Reyes-García, V., Rocha, J., Rondinini, C., Shannon, L., Shin, Y.-J., Snelgrove, P.V.R., Spehn, E.M., Strassburg, B., Subramanian, S.M., Tewksbury, J.J., Watson, J.E.M., Zanne, A.E., Díaz, S., Zafra-Calvo, N., Purvis, A., Verburg, P.H., Obura, D., Leadley, Paul, Chaplin-Kramer, R., De Meester, L., Dulloo, E., Martín-López, B., Shaw, M.R., Visconti, P., Broadgate, W., Bruford, M.W., Burgess, N.D., Cavender-Bares, J., DeClerck, F., Fernández-Palacios, J.M., Garibaldi, Lucas A., Hill, S.L.L., Isbell, F., Khoury, C.K., Krug, C.B., Liu, J., Maron, Martine, McGowan, P.J.K., Pereira, H.M., Reyes-García, V., Rocha, J., Rondinini, C., Shannon, L., Shin, Y.-J., Snelgrove, P.V.R., Spehn, E.M., Strassburg, B., Subramanian, S.M., Tewksbury, J.J., Watson, J.E.M., and Zanne, A.E.

Abstract

Global biodiversity policy is at a crossroads. Recent global assessments of living nature and climate show worsening trends and a rapidly narrowing window for action. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has recently announced that none of the 20 Aichi targets for biodiversity it set in 2010 has been reached and only six have been partially achieved. Against this backdrop, nations are now negotiating the next generation of the CBD's global goals [see supplementary materials (SM)], due for adoption in 2021, which will frame actions of governments and other actors for decades to come. In response to the goals proposed in the draft post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) made public by the CBD (5), we urge negotiators to consider three points that are critical if the agreed goals are to stabilize or reverse nature's decline. First, multiple goals are required because of nature's complexity, with different facets—genes, populations, species, deep evolutionary history, ecosystems, and their contributions to people—having markedly different geographic distributions and responses to human drivers. Second, interlinkages among these facets mean that goals must be defined and developed holistically rather than in isolation, with potential to advance multiple goals simultaneously and minimize trade-offs between them. Third, only the highest level of ambition in setting each goal, and implementing all goals in an integrated manner, will give a realistic chance of stopping—and beginning to reverse—biodiversity loss by 2050.

Published
2020

30. ECOLOGY: Essential Biodiversity Variables

Author

Pereira, H. M., Ferrier, S., Walters, M., Geller, G. N., Jongman, R. H. G., Scholes, R. J., Bruford, M. W., Brummitt, N., Butchart, S. H. M., Cardoso, A. C., Coops, N. C., Dulloo, E., Faith, D. P., Freyhof, J., Gregory, R. D., Heip, C., Höft, R., Hurtt, G., Jetz, W., Karp, D. S., McGeoch, M. A., Obura, D., Onoda, Y., Pettorelli, N., Reyers, B., Sayre, R., Scharlemann, J. P. W., Stuart, S. N., Turak, E., Walpole, M., and Wegmann, M.

Published
2013
Full Text
View/download PDF

31. A response to scientific and societal needs for marine biological observations [+ Corrigendum]

Author

Bax, N. J., Miloslavich, P., Muller-Karger, F. E., Allain, V., Appeltans, W., Batten, S. D., Benedetti-Cecchi, L., Buttigieg, P. L., Chiba, S., Costa, D. P., Duffy, J. E., Dunn, D. C., Johnson, C. R., Kudela, R. M., Obura, D., Rebelo, L. M., Shin, Yunne-Jai, Simmons, S. E., and Tyack, P. L.

Subjects
ocean observing, GOOS, EOV, Sustainable Development Goals, UN Decade, capacity development, essential ocean variable
Abstract

Development of global ocean observing capacity for the biological EOVs is on the cusp of a step-change. Current capacity to automate data collection and processing and to integrate the resulting data streams with complementary data, openly available as FAIR data, is certain to dramatically increase the amount and quality of information and knowledge available to scientists and decision makers into the future. There is little doubt that scientists will continue to expand their understanding of what lives in the ocean, where it lives and how it is changing. However, whether this expanding information stream will inform policy and management or be incorporated into indicators for national reporting is more uncertain. Coordinated data collection including open sharing of data will help produce the consistent evidence-based messages that are valued by managers. The GODS Biology and Ecosystems Panel is working with other global initiatives to assist this coordination by defining and implementing Essential Ocean Variables. The biological EOVs have been defined, are being updated following community feedback, and their implementation is underway. In 2019, the coverage and precision of a global ocean observing system capable of addressing key questions for the next decade will be quantified, and its potential to support the goals of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development identified. Developing a global ocean observing system for biology and ecosystems requires parallel efforts in improving evidence-based monitoring of progress against international agreements and the open data, reporting and governance structures that would facilitate the uptake of improved information by decision makers.

Published
2019

32. Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change

Author

Diaz, S., Settele, J., Brondizio, E.S., Ngo, H.T., Agard, J., Arneth, A., Balvanera, P., Brauman, K.A., Butchart, S.H.M., Chan, K.M.A., Garibaldi, L.A., Ichii, K., Liu, J., Subramanian, S.M., Midgley, G.F., Miloslavich, P., Molnár, Z., Obura, D., Pfaff, A., Polasky, S., Purvis, A., Razzaque, J., Reyers, B., Chowdhury, R.R., Shin, Y., Visseren-Hamakers, I.J., Willis, K.J., Zayas, C.N., Diaz, S., Settele, J., Brondizio, E.S., Ngo, H.T., Agard, J., Arneth, A., Balvanera, P., Brauman, K.A., Butchart, S.H.M., Chan, K.M.A., Garibaldi, L.A., Ichii, K., Liu, J., Subramanian, S.M., Midgley, G.F., Miloslavich, P., Molnár, Z., Obura, D., Pfaff, A., Polasky, S., Purvis, A., Razzaque, J., Reyers, B., Chowdhury, R.R., Shin, Y., Visseren-Hamakers, I.J., Willis, K.J., and Zayas, C.N.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 214511.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)

Published
2019

33. The future of resilience-based management in coral reef ecosystems

Author

Mcleod, E., Anthony, K.R.N., Mumby, P.J., Maynard, J., Beeden, R., Graham, N.A.J., Heron, S.F., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jupiter, S., MacGowan, P., Mangubhai, S., Marshall, N., Marshall, P.A., McClanahan, T.R., Mcleod, K., Nyström, M., Obura, D., Parker, B., Possingham, H.P., Salm, R.V., Tamelander, J., Mcleod, E., Anthony, K.R.N., Mumby, P.J., Maynard, J., Beeden, R., Graham, N.A.J., Heron, S.F., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jupiter, S., MacGowan, P., Mangubhai, S., Marshall, N., Marshall, P.A., McClanahan, T.R., Mcleod, K., Nyström, M., Obura, D., Parker, B., Possingham, H.P., Salm, R.V., and Tamelander, J.

Abstract

Resilience underpins the sustainability of both ecological and social systems. Extensive loss of reef corals following recent mass bleaching events have challenged the notion that support of system resilience is a viable reef management strategy. While resilience-based management (RBM) cannot prevent the damaging effects of major disturbances, such as mass bleaching events, it can support natural processes that promote resistance and recovery. Here, we review the potential of RBM to help sustain coral reefs in the 21st century. We explore the scope for supporting resilience through existing management approaches and emerging technologies and discuss their opportunities and limitations in a changing climate. We argue that for RBM to be effective in a changing world, reef management strategies need to involve both existing and new interventions that together reduce stress, support the fitness of populations and species, and help people and economies to adapt to a highly altered ecosystem. © 2018 The Authors

Published
2019

34. Zusammenfassung für politische Entscheidungsträger des globalen IPBES-Assessments der biologischen Vielfalt und Ökosystemleistungen

Author

Díaz, S., Settele, Josef, Brondízio, E.S., Ngo, H.T., Guèze, M., Agard, J., Arneth, A., Balvanera, P., Brauman, K.A., Butchart, S.H.M., Chan, K.M.A., Garibaldi, L.A., Ichii, K., Liu, J., Subramanian, S.M., Midgley, G.F., Miloslavich, P., Molnár, Z., Obura, D., Pfaff, A., Polasky, S., Purvis, A., Razzaque, J., Reyers, B., Chowdhury, R.R., Shin, Y.J., Visseren-Hamakers, I.J., Willis, K.J., Zayas, C.N., Díaz, S., Settele, Josef, Brondízio, E.S., Ngo, H.T., Guèze, M., Agard, J., Arneth, A., Balvanera, P., Brauman, K.A., Butchart, S.H.M., Chan, K.M.A., Garibaldi, L.A., Ichii, K., Liu, J., Subramanian, S.M., Midgley, G.F., Miloslavich, P., Molnár, Z., Obura, D., Pfaff, A., Polasky, S., Purvis, A., Razzaque, J., Reyers, B., Chowdhury, R.R., Shin, Y.J., Visseren-Hamakers, I.J., Willis, K.J., and Zayas, C.N.

Abstract

IPBES ist ein unabhängiges zwischenstaatliches Gremium, dem über 130 Mitgliedsregierungen angehören. IPBES wurde 2012 von den Regierungen gegründet und bietet politischen Entscheidungsträgern objektive wissenschaftliche Beurteilungen über den Stand des Wissens über die biologische Vielfalt des Planeten, die Ökosysteme und die Beiträge, die sie für die Menschen leisten sowie über Optionen und Maßnahmen zum Schutz und zur nachhaltigen Nutzung dieser lebenswichtigen natürlichen Ressourcen. Dieses globale Assessment der biologischen Vielfalt und Ökosystemleistungen stellt das bahnbrechende Produkt des ersten Arbeitsprogramms des IPBES (2014-2018) dar. Das Assessment wurde nach einem Beschluss des IPBES-Plenums auf seiner vierten Sitzung (IPBES 4, Kuala Lumpur, 2016) initiiert und vom IPBES-Plenum auf seiner siebten Sitzung (IPBES 7, Paris, 2019) beraten. Es besteht aus einer Zusammenfassung für politische Entscheidungsträger, die auf der IPBES 7 angenommen wurde, und sechs Kapiteln, die auf der IPBES 7 angenommen wurden.

Published
2019

36. Coral responses to a repeat bleaching event in Mayotte in 2010

Author

Obura, D, Bigot, L, Benzoni, F, Obura, DO, Obura, D, Bigot, L, Benzoni, F, and Obura, DO

Abstract

Background. High sea surface temperatures resulted in widespread coral bleaching and mortality in Mayotte Island (northern Mozambique channel, Indian Ocean: 12.1°S, 45.1°E) in April-June 2010. Methods. Twenty three representative coral genera were sampled quantitatively for size class distributions during the peak of the bleaching event to measure its impact. Results. Fifty two percent of coral area was impacted, comprising 19.3% pale, 10.7% bleached, 4.8% partially dead and 17.5% recently dead. Acropora, the dominant genus, was the second most susceptible to bleaching (22%, pale and bleached) and mortality (32%, partially dead and dead), only exceeded by Pocillopora (32% and 47%, respectively). The majority of genera showed intermediate responses, and the least response was shown by Acanthastrea and Leptastrea (6% pale and bleached). A linear increase in bleaching susceptibility was found from small colonies (< 2.5 cm, 83% unaffected) to large ones (> 80 cm, 33% unaffected), across all genera surveyed. Maximum mortality in 2010 was estimated at 32% of coral area or biomass, compared to half that (16%), by colony abundance. Discussion. Mayotte reefs have displayed a high level of resilience to bleaching events in 1983, 1998 and the 2010 event reported here, and experienced a further bleaching event in 2016. However, prospects for continued resilience are uncertain as multiple threats are increasing: the rate of warming experienced (0.1 °C per decade) is some two to three times less than projected warming in coming decades, the interval between severe bleaching events has declined from 16 to 6 years, and evidence of chronic mortality from local human impacts is increasing. The study produced four recommendations for reducing bias when monitoring and assessing coral bleaching: coral colony size should be measured, unaffected colonies should be included in counts, quadrats or belt transects should be used and weighting coefficients in the calculation of indices should

Published
2018

37. Methods for the study of marine biodiversity

Author

Costello, M.J., Basher, Z., McLeod, L., Asaad, I., Claus, S., Vandepitte, L., Yasuhara, M., Gislason, H., Edwards, M., Appeltans, W., Enevoldsen, H., Edgar, G.J., Miloslavich, P., De Monte, S., Pinto, I.S., Obura, D., and Bates, A.E.

Subjects
Monitoring, Methods, Biodiversity, Sampling
Abstract

Recognition of the threats to biodiversity and its importance to society has led to calls for globally coordinated sampling of trends in marine ecosystems. As a step to defining such efforts, we review current methods of collecting and managing marine biodiversity data. A fundamental component of marine biodiversity is knowing what, where, and when species are present. However, monitoring methods are invariably biased in what taxa, ecological guilds, and body sizes they collect. In addition, the data need to be placed, and/or mapped, into an environmental context. Thus a suite of methods will be needed to encompass representative components of biodiversity in an ecosystem. Some sampling methods can damage habitat and kill species, including unnecessary bycatch. Less destructive alternatives are preferable, especially in conservation areas, such as photography, hydrophones, tagging, acoustics, artificial substrata, light-traps, hook and line, and live-traps. Here we highlight examples of operational international sampling programmes and data management infrastructures, notably the Continuous Plankton Recorder, Reef Life Survey, and detection of Harmful Algal Blooms and MarineGEO. Data management infrastructures include the World Register of Marine Species for species nomenclature and attributes, the Ocean Biogeographic Information System for distribution data, Marine Regions for maps, and Global Marine Environmental Datasets for global environmental data. Existing national sampling programmes, such as fishery trawl surveys and intertidal surveys, may provide a global perspective if their data can be integrated to provide useful information. Less utilised and emerging sampling methods, such as artificial substrata, light-traps, microfossils and eDNA also hold promise for sampling the less studied components of biodiversity. All of these initiatives need to develop international standards and protocols, and long-term plans for their governance and support.

Published
2017

40. Reefs and islands of the Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean: Why it is the world's largest no-take marine protected area

Author

Sheppard, C, Ateweberhan, M, Bowen, B, Carr, P, Chen, C, Clubbe, C, Craig, M, Ebinghaus, R, Eble, J, Fitzsimmons, N, Gaither, MR, Gan, C, Gollock, M, Guzman, N, Graham, N, Harris, A, Jones, R, Keshavmurthy, S, Koldewey, H, Lundin, C, Mortimer, J, Obura, D, Pfeiffer, M, Price, A, and Purkis, S

Abstract

The Chagos Archipelago was designated a no-take marine protected area (MPA) in 2010; it covers 550 000km2, with more than 60 000km2 shallow limestone platform and reefs. This has doubled the global cover of such MPAs. It contains 25-50% of the Indian Ocean reef area remaining in excellent condition, as well as the world's largest contiguous undamaged reef area. It has suffered from warming episodes, but after the most severe mortality event of 1998, coral cover was restored after 10years. Coral reef fishes are orders of magnitude more abundant than in other Indian Ocean locations, regardless of whether the latter are fished or protected. Coral diseases are extremely low, and no invasive marine species are known. Genetically, Chagos marine species are part of the Western Indian Ocean, and Chagos serves as a 'stepping-stone' in the ocean. The no-take MPA extends to the 200nm boundary, and. includes 86 unfished seamounts and 243 deep knolls as well as encompassing important pelagic species. On the larger islands, native plants, coconut crabs, bird and turtle colonies were largely destroyed in plantation times, but several smaller islands are in relatively undamaged state. There are now 10 'important bird areas', coconut crab density is high and numbers of green and hawksbill turtles are recovering. Diego Garcia atoll contains a military facility; this atoll contains one Ramsar site and several 'strict nature reserves'. Pollutant monitoring shows it to be the least polluted inhabited atoll in the world. Today, strict environmental regulations are enforced. Shoreline erosion is significant in many places. Its economic cost in the inhabited part of Diego Garcia is very high, but all islands are vulnerable. Chagos is ideally situated for several monitoring programmes, and use is increasingly being made of the archipelago for this purpose. © 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.

Published
2016

41. Assessing coral bleaching and recovery with a colour reference card in Watamu Marine Park, Kenya

Author

Montano, S, Seveso, D, Galli, P, Obura, D, MONTANO, SIMONE, SEVESO, DAVIDE, GALLI, PAOLO, Obura, D., Montano, S, Seveso, D, Galli, P, Obura, D, MONTANO, SIMONE, SEVESO, DAVIDE, GALLI, PAOLO, and Obura, D.

Abstract

With this study we estimated the changes in colour, bleaching and mortality of coral colonies from February to December 2007, using the colour reference card method. The study was developed in the Watamu Marine Park lagoon (Kenya), bridging the local summer when seawater temperatures were highest and coral bleaching risk was at its maximum. Seven coral genera were selected, and their colour recorded using a colour reference card (Coral Watch card). Seven different scenarios of bleaching and mortality were observed, varying among the coral genera and between two species in the genus Pocillopora. Twenty percent of the colonies bleached, of which 50% died. Only 15% of the coral that did not bleach died. Branching genera had a higher bleaching incidence than massive and sub-massive genera. Pocillopora showed the highest bleaching susceptibility, followed by Acropora, and the highest level of mortality. Of the two species of Pocillopora considered in this study, P. eydouxi showed higher bleaching and mortality levels, while P. verrucosa bleached less and experienced only partial mortality. Our results evidenced different patterns of coral bleaching and mortality which were easily and clearly detected with the colour card method during both bleaching and a post-bleaching events.

Published
2010

42. Methods for the study of marine biodiversity

Author

Walters, M., Scholes, R.J., Costello, M. I., Basher, Z., McLeod, L., Asaad, I., Claus, S., Vanderpitte, L., Moriaki, Y., Gislason, Henrik, Edwards, M., Appeltans, W., Enevoldsen, H., Edgar, G. I., Miloslavich, P., Monte, S. de, Pinto, I. S., Obura, D., Bates, A. E., Walters, M., Scholes, R.J., Costello, M. I., Basher, Z., McLeod, L., Asaad, I., Claus, S., Vanderpitte, L., Moriaki, Y., Gislason, Henrik, Edwards, M., Appeltans, W., Enevoldsen, H., Edgar, G. I., Miloslavich, P., Monte, S. de, Pinto, I. S., Obura, D., and Bates, A. E.

Published
2016

43. Reefs and islands of the Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean: why it is the world's largest no-take marine protected area

Author

Sheppard, CRC, Ateweberhan, M, Bowen, BW, Carr, P, Chen, CA, Clubbe, C, Craig, MT, Ebinghaus, R, Eble, J, Fitzsimmons, N, Gaither, MR, Gan, C-H, Gollock, M, Guzman, N, Graham, NAJ, Harris, A, Jones, R, Keshavmurthy, S, Koldewey, H, Lundin, CG, Mortimer, JA, Obura, D, Pfeiffer, M, Price, ARG, Purkis, S, Raines, P, Readman, JW, Riegl, B, Rogers, A, Schleyer, M, Seaward, MRD, Sheppard, ALS, Tamelander, J, Turner, JR, Visram, S, Vogler, C, Vogt, S, Wolschke, H, Yang, JM-C, Yang, S-Y, and Yesson, C

Subjects
Article
Abstract

The Chagos Archipelago was designated a no-take marine protected area (MPA) in 2010; it covers 550 000km2, with more than 60 000km2 shallow limestone platform and reefs. This has doubled the global cover of such MPAs. It contains 25-50% of the Indian Ocean reef area remaining in excellent condition, as well as the world's largest contiguous undamaged reef area. It has suffered from warming episodes, but after the most severe mortality event of 1998, coral cover was restored after 10years. Coral reef fishes are orders of magnitude more abundant than in other Indian Ocean locations, regardless of whether the latter are fished or protected. Coral diseases are extremely low, and no invasive marine species are known. Genetically, Chagos marine species are part of the Western Indian Ocean, and Chagos serves as a 'stepping-stone' in the ocean. The no-take MPA extends to the 200nm boundary, and. includes 86 unfished seamounts and 243 deep knolls as well as encompassing important pelagic species. On the larger islands, native plants, coconut crabs, bird and turtle colonies were largely destroyed in plantation times, but several smaller islands are in relatively undamaged state. There are now 10 'important bird areas', coconut crab density is high and numbers of green and hawksbill turtles are recovering. Diego Garcia atoll contains a military facility; this atoll contains one Ramsar site and several 'strict nature reserves'. Pollutant monitoring shows it to be the least polluted inhabited atoll in the world. Today, strict environmental regulations are enforced. Shoreline erosion is significant in many places. Its economic cost in the inhabited part of Diego Garcia is very high, but all islands are vulnerable. Chagos is ideally situated for several monitoring programmes, and use is increasingly being made of the archipelago for this purpose. © 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.

Published
2014

47. Assessing coral reef biodiversity at the Glorieuses Islands Marine Park (Scattered Islands, SW Indian Ocean) with identification of priority zones for conservation

Author

Chabanet, Pascale, Bigot, L., Bourmaud, A-F, Cavailles, G, Conand, C, Durville, P., Gravier-Bonnet, N, Mattio, L, Mulochau, T, Magalon, H, Nicet, J-B, Obura, D, Poupin, J, Zubia, Mayalen, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules - UMR 8523 (PhLAM), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aquarium de la Réunion, Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens (UMR 241) (EIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Institut Louis Malardé [Papeete] (ILM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Aquarium of Reunion Island, Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Institut Louis Malardé [Papeete] (ILM), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)

Subjects
Coral reef biodiversity, Scattered Islands, Glorieuses Islands Marine Park, Conservation zone, Indian Ocean, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract

International audience

Published
2013

50. Multi-disciplinary approach for coral reef management in Eparses Islands, SWIO

Author

Chabanet, Pascale, Bigot, Lionel, Nicet, JB, Andréfouët, Serge, Bourmaud, Chloé A.-F., Conand, Chantal, Durville, P, Fricke, R, Gravier-Bonnet, Nicole, Mattio, N, Le Pape, Olivier, Mulochau, T, Magalon, Hélène, Obura, D, Poupin, J, Tessier, Emmanuel, Quod, JP, Zubia, M, Alarcon, Nicolas, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Marine (ECOMAR), Université de La Réunion (UR), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie])

Subjects
[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

International audience; Oral presentation about Multi-disciplinary approach for coral reef management in Eparses Islands, SWIO in 12th International Coral Reef Symposium

Published
2012

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