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Either as insider or as sensitive observer, Plutarch provides us with exceptional evidence to reconstruct the spiritual and intellectual atmosphere of the first centuries CE. This collection of articles sheds important light on the religious and philosophical discourse of Late Antiquity.

This article addresses the ways in which education systems responded to the aftermath of World War I with respect to education for nationalism and internationalism. It does so by drawing on theories of internationalism and through an analysis of the writings of Daniel Prescott, an American scholar who toured European schools in the middle of the 1920s. Influenced by his experience of frontline warfare as a volunteer driver in France in 1917, Prescott travelled in Austria, Czechoslovakia, England, France, Germany and Switzerland from September 1926 to June 1927 hoping to see education systems being more internationalist and less chauvinist. He interviewed prominent educationists and observed and interviewed teachers in schools, sending regular reports by letter to his sponsors and then publishing a book Education and International Relations. A Study of the Social Forces That Determine the Influence of Education, in 1930. The analysis of his account of his observations demonstrates that Prescott collected evidence of a growing internationalist approach to education particularly among elementary school teachers. The analysis also relates this to the contemporaneous concern to develop internationalism as a response to the nationalism at the heart of WWI.

The fundamental concepts and principles of mechanics, or dynamics, were established in the 17th century. Copernicus gave the notion of reference system in 1543, and Galileo stated the principle of inertia in 1638 in his important work Discorsi e dimostrazioni mathematiche intorno a due nove scienze alla meccanica ed i movimenti locali.1 A particle on which no force is exerted has a constant velocity. Linear uniform motion is a state relative to the observer, and not a process. It is the variation of the velocity that is a process resulting from an external action. Many scientists participated in this evolution, such as Tycho Brahe, Kepler, Descartes, and Christiaan Huygens, to name a few.

Integration associations in the modern world. Depending on the foreign economic and foreign policy priorities of the country, its status in the integration associations is designated. In the course of writing this article, based on empirical and theoretical research methods, it was possible to determine the difference between the types of participation of countries in international organizations, highlight the main reasons for countries to obtain observer status with the Eurasian Economic Union, and also analyze the prospects for expanding the integration association.

The Climate Data Modernization Program Forts and Volunteer Observer Database (CDMP-Forts) currently consists of 450 keyed and 355 quality-controlled stations for the period 1788–1892, reaching across the United States. In conjunction with the Global Historical Climate Network (GHCN) daily data, this resource is invaluable for examining 19th century weather and climate in the United States. CDMP-Forts is incomplete, however, with a considerable amount of data remaining to be digitally transcribed and quality controlled. It is the intent of this paper to provide an overview of the processes involved in rescuing these data and to show important ways these data can be used and the considerations that may have to be taken to create meaningful analyses. Finally, the dataset is placed in the context of other global datasets and efforts to rescue historical weather data.

Some of the most decisive moments in the neoliberal era were implanted first as major changes to the United States and world financial system during the early 1980s. As an inside observer at the Federal Reserve briefly during the time, learning a bourgeois mode of economic theory and description—especially applied to the global recession, financial failures, and worsening inequality of that era—was unsatisfying. The ideological and applied power configuration was shifting from Keynesianism to Monetarism and with it came irresponsible banking deregulation. Seeing this from the Fed, and beginning to grasp the formidable implications for low-income people of the Global South—from redlined West Philadelphia to debt-riddled Southern Africa—meant that instead of social-democratic nostalgia, I sought an antidote in Marxist theory and anti-apartheid solidarity activism. With the help of Johns Hopkins University geographers, the financial frothiness that was washing over sites I was learning about in detail, suddenly became explicable in terms of underlying capitalist crisis tendencies. As I saw how they applied to uneven development, race, gender, ecological, and other super-exploitative relations in Zimbabwe and South Africa, especially using Rosa Luxemburg’s capitalist/non-capitalist framing in her theory of imperialism, not only analysis but praxis became all the more urgent. Those overaccumulation tendencies, their spatial and temporal displacement, and accumulation by dispossession have been central categories for analysis and strategy ever since.

In opposition to the natural view that observer perspective memory is bound to be inauthentic, McCarroll (2018) argues for the surprising conclusion that memories in which the subject sees himself in the remembered scene are, in many cases, true to the subject’s original experience of the scene. By means of a careful reconstruction of his argument, this paper shows that McCarroll does not succeed in establishing his conclusion. It shows, in fact, that we ought to come to the opposed conclusion that, while it may be possible in principle for observer perspective memory to be authentic, this is unlikely ever to happen in practice. The natural view, in short, is more or less right.

Uno de los pasajes más curiosos de La divina comedia llega en el canto décimo sexto del Infierno cuando Dante se dirige al lector y le jura por las páginas de su propia obra que lo que está a punto de narrar es verdad. La creación de evidencia a través de apelaciones al lector es algo usual en Dante, y algo similar ocurre con uno de sus contemporáneos más notables, el pintor Giotto di Bondone. En varios de los frescos que se han preservado de su mano, el artista representa un espacio de evidencia trascendente a través de extraños juegos de miradas entre los personajes, pero también invocando la participación del observador de la obra y de sus propios ojos. Tanto Dante como Giotto, cada uno a su manera, transmiten a través de su obra una inquietud que será la marca de la modernidad: la necesidad de producir evidencia.

During the late 1950s and early 1960s, Carolee Schneemann primarily identified as a painter. But she was a keen and cutting observer of dance. This article considers Schneemann's audacious performance work for the Judson Dance Theater and reflects on its ongoing importance both at the time of her death and in a world forced apart by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19).

The making of Micro-district II, a digital film made by the author in the edgelands of Tbilisi, Georgia, is used as a vehicle for exploring the tourist gaze and the observer’s paradox amongst ethno...

We analyzed urine samples from 191 cats for bacteriuria with an automated urine sediment analyzer (Idexx SediVue Dx), combined with image review by an observer, and compared to bacteriologic culture results. Sixty-nine samples were unambiguously assigned to be free of bacteria by the instrument and the observer, and no bacterial growth was detected. Twenty-seven samples were unambiguously assigned to have bacteriuria; 24 of these 27 samples were culture-positive. For these samples, bacteriuria was predicted with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 96%. A clear assignment was not possible for 95 samples, 81 of which were culture-negative. Specificity dropped to 45% when all samples were considered. Using the automated leukocyte count to predict bacteriuria, sensitivity was 82% and specificity was 75%. Automated sediment analysis is faster and less observer-dependent than sediment analysis under a microscope, but accurate detection of bacteriuria remains difficult in a large proportion of samples. Bacteriuria was significantly associated with leukocyte count; the leukocyte count was >5/high power field in 82% of culture-positive samples.

Opacity is an information flow property characterizing whether a system reveals its secret to a passive observer. Several notions of opacity have been introduced in the literature. We study the notions of language-based opacity, current-state opacity, initial-state opacity, initial-and-final-state opacity, K-step opacity, and infinite-step opacity. Comparing the notions is a natural question that has been investigated and summarized by Wu and Lafortune, who provided transformations among current-state opacity, initial-and-final-state opacity, and language-based opacity, and, for prefix-closed languages, also between language-based opacity and initial-state opacity. We extend these results by showing that all the discussed notions of opacity are transformable to each other. Besides a deeper insight into the differences among the notions, the transformations have applications in complexity results. In particular, the transformations are computable in polynomial time and preserve the number of observable events and determinism, and hence the computational complexities of the verification of the notions coincide. We provide a complete and improved complexity picture of the verification of the discussed notions of opacity, and improve the algorithmic complexity of deciding language-based opacity, infinite-step opacity, and K-step opacity.

This observation as a mature Latinx immigrant critiques the Canadian museum complex as an observer (Spectator) and a ‘curator’ of my own experiences. The non-linear texts borrow from Julio Cortazar...

This article presents an analysis of the modern paradigm of information science and the main scientific approaches to the definition of information. The need for a transition to a new paradigm that would reflect the energy nature of information processes and their systemic features is substantiated. The physical meaning of the phenomenon of information and the key role of the observer as a subject of the interactive information process are described. The basic postulates of the new information science paradigm are formulated.

No abstract since it is a Reply to a Comment.

The paper engages in ‘paradigmatic talk’ about public outcomes of higher education (HE). We were drawn to this paradigmatic discussion because of its inherent ‘cultural’ dimensions and the opportun...

In this interview, the Indian novelist, short story writer, poet, anthologist, and film-maker Siddhartha Gigoo recalls his early development as a writer and comments on his approach to the writing ...

Dwyer et al. proposed qualitative specification patterns that enable the practitioners of model checking tools to write formal specifications mainly used for automatic model checking. Although this involves formalisms that are not always easy to handle by engineers, to facilitate the integration of formal methods based on these definition patterns in the industrial field, several formal techniques and languages have been proposed. This paper studies a domain specific language named CDL which help non-experts writing formal specifications effortlessly. In CDL, a property is transformed into an observer automaton to perform a reachability analysis. The existing CDL patterns allow non-experts to reason about occurrence and order of events, but not enough about their timing. Furthermore, the semantics of patterns and transformations are not ideally formalized and are still complex. This work serves to extend the existing CDL system by patterns related to time. The contribution is illustrated in an industrial embedded system.

I build on Adam Smith’s account of the impartial spectator in The Theory of Moral Sentiments in order to offer a modest ideal observer theory of moral judgment that is adequate in the following sense: the account specifies the hypothetical conditions that guarantee the authoritativeness of an agent’s (or agents’) responses in constituting the standard in question, and, if an actual agent or an actual community of agents are not under those conditions, their responses are not authoritative in setting this standard. However, in the account that I provide, the hypothetical conditions can themselves be constructed from the psychology and interactions of actual human beings. In other words, facts about the morally appropriate and inappropriate are determined from hypothetical conditions that––while agents in a given society might have yet to attain them––can be constructed from those agents’ shared experiences. Thus, the account offers both an attainable standard of moral judgment and a standard that can transcend the biases of the society which gave rise to it. I also defend the account against three challenges: (a) ideal observer theories do not offer the right kind of motivation to act on the verdicts of the ideal observer; (b) ideal observer theories cannot explain why the idealization in question is well-motivated and not objectionably ad hoc; (c) the standard used in ideal observer theories cannot be defended upon further reflection, because we would need a non-arbitrary, second-order standard to govern our reflection on the first-order standard of moral judgment.

Neste artigo, analisamos as obras de Gordon Matta-Clark e Michael Wesely a partir de uma visualidade fragmentada que teve início na relação do sujeito com a câmera escura. Com base nessa visão descontínua e instável do observador, conceituada e relatada por Jonathan Crary, investigamos de que maneira os dois artistas se utilizam da fotografia como uma forma de desagregação dos limites que se estabelecem entre passado e presente, de modo que espaço e tempo tornam-se indeterminados. Utilizamo-nos, assim, das leituras de Walter Benjamin, Maurice Blanchot e Jacques Derrida sobre a ruína, para estudar como a imagem fotográfica se afirma como configurações dilaceradas, ao se oferecer, por meio de sobreposições, ramificações e excessos, como representações obliteradas e incompletas.

This paper is mainly devoted to estimating the lateral velocity of vehicle with an observer synthesis method using a cost-effective 6D inertial measurement unit. The four sources of observer to be synthesized come from the dynamics model, the kinematics model, and a LuGre tire model, respectively. The weight of each source is calculated by considering the nonlinear extent of each tire by means of the adaptation of tire cornering stiffness, which is adapted and updated using the dynamics model observer with the information obtained from the kinematics model observer. Then using the weighted sum of the four sources as the reference information for a modified kinematics observer, the final estimation can provide smooth and accurate results that are robust to sensor drifts and measurement noise, which is verified with several dSPACE based hardware-in-the-loop simulations.

This paper introduces a dream component I refer to as an inner voice within dreams; i.e., a splitting of the self into an experiencing subject immersed in the dream and an inner observer that comme...

Zhuang Zi has a seminal influence on Jacques Lacan. Seeing enables an observer to penetrate into the nature of the examined thing so that he will have a potential mastery over the observed object....

The housing estate of Julino Brdo was built in the late 1960s in the Čukarica municipality of Belgrade, and housed the ‘middle class’ of Yugoslav selfmanagement socialism – managers, experts, and administrators, in an area that was also populated by the improvised homes of illegal settlers. Approaching the estate from the north, the observer first notices two clusters of homogeneous masses rising out of a plateau known as ‘Grujina Strana’. As the observer moves forward, the estate briefly disappears from sight, only to reappear as a single cluster merged with the steep sides of the plateau.

It has been suggested that the locality of information transfer in quantum entanglement indicates that reality is subjective, meaning that there is an innate inseparability between the physical system being observed and the conscious mind of the observer. This paper attempts to outline the relation between macroscopic and microscopic worlds in the measurement process in regards to whether observation creates reality. Indeed, the Maxwell's demon thought experiment suggests a correlation between a microscopic (quantum) system and a macroscopic (classical) apparatus, which leads to an energy transfer from the quantum vacuum to the physical world, similar to particle creation from a vacuum. This explanation shows that observation in quantum theory conserves, rather than creates, energy.

Decoherence is an unavoidable phenomenon that results from the interaction of the system with its surroundings. The study of decoherence due to the relativistic effects has the fundamental importance. The Unruh effect is observed by the relativistically accelerator observer. The unruh effect acts as a quantum channel and we call it the Unruh Channel. The Unruh channel can be characterize by providing its Kraus representation. We consider the bipartite scheme in which the quantum information is shared between an inertial observer (Alice) and an accelerated observer (Rob) in the case of Dirac field. We will show that this channel reduces the common quantum information between the two observers. In this work we will study the effects of the Unruh channel on various facets of quantum correlations, such as the quantum teleportation, entanglement, and Bell inequality violations for a Dirac field mode., 10 pages, 9 figures

We examined whether incident- and observer-level factors found previously to influence blame assignment and foster justification for severe unidirectional partner aggression would replicate in the context of reciprocated psychological and minor physical dating violence. We employed a factorial vignette methodology, simultaneously varying the form of the violence (i.e., psychological or minor physical), gender of the initiator and retaliator, alcohol use, history of aggression, and commitment status. Observer-level variables included participant gender, history of dating violence perpetration and victimization, and social desirability. Using a sample of 321 undergraduates, we found that initiating violence with physical versus psychological tactics was judged comparably in terms of blame, but responding with symmetrical physical violence was viewed more negatively than the reciprocation of psychological aggression. Men's aggression was more negatively evaluated only in situations involving physical force, except in cases where the woman's capacity to inflict physical harm was comparable. Other characteristics of the incident (e.g., alcohol use) and observer (e.g., gender) were also relevant, but their effects were tethered to the particulars of the violent exchange or the type of attribution being solicited. Asymmetrical violence (e.g., physical response to psychological initiation) appeared to elicit the most attributional activity with respect to the predictors. Exploratory analyses also revealed that participants with intimate partner violence (IPV) histories responded differently to vignettes wherein the violence initiator had aggressed previously. The overall pattern of results highlights that attributions about dating violence are complexly determined and contextualized, and that the form and relative symmetry of the violence may shape how incident- and observer-level variables impact evaluations of blame and justification.

Is the brain a digital computer? What about your own brain? This article will examine these questions, some possible answers, and what persistent disagreement on the topic might indicate. Along the way we explore the metaphor at the heart of the question and assess how observer relativity features in it. We also reflect on the role of models in scientific endeavour. By the end you should have a sense of why the question matters, what some answers to it might be, and why your preferred answer is highly pertinent to any discussion.

Janny Leung is a gifted writer and an avid observer of international legal orders. She is an expert in the field of linguistic justice and has conducted substantial research on challenges in multil...

As one of the Arctic Council’s permanent observer states, South Korea has implemented various policies related to the Arctic despite its significant geographical and cultural distance from the Arct...

The axiomatic foundation of Einstein's theory of General Relativity is discussed based on an epistemological point of view, yielding a possible logical restriction on the range of validity regarding the strength of gravitational fields. To be precise, the validity of the geodetic equations of motion derived from the Einstein Equivalence Principle is examined in view of Einstein's thought experiment, where an observer situated in a closed elevator cannot distinguish between acceleration and gravitation.

The purpose of this paper is to propose a new method for evaluating a human observer's perception of color differences in digital environment. The method is based on recording the observer's reaction when watching the fields of different colors. The fields are shown on high-end expanded gamut calibration monitor driven by originally developed software for performing the test. The method is convenient for quantification of an individual observer's tolerance to color difference for one or more specific colors. It could help in situations when color is a critical parameter for product quality, to quantitatively determine color tolerance that would be acceptable for the final user or client.

In this article, the author, as possible, subjects to a comprehensive (though mostly, it's true, critical) analysis the one-sided attempts of a number of current Western astrophysicists to somehow substantiate the well-known Fermi paradox. Is it a joke to say: in own perverted designs, some of them even go so far as to unceremoniously rearrange the cause with the effect! However, so to speak, "for greater pluralism of views", we'll along the way quote many other, much clearer and sapider opinions on this topic | right from the lips of alternatively thinking scholars (and besides - I note - with a world name!). Wherein some of them frankly assess the today stalemate uncertainty as a kind of creative stagnation; second are inclined towards the version of consumerity-driven global theoretical shift; while third directly declare that it is time for representatives of the exact sciences, obviously, to prepare for the change of the old starry paradigm to cardinally updated one. But still, without waiting for the weather by the sea (as well as just for spite the arrogant purse-proud Yankees, who, alas, do not seriously recognize our current potential capabilities, or even past truly grandiose achievements), here we will try independently to resolve some of the most controversial issues.

The article offers observations on life circumstances and love failures of A. A. Fet and his friend I. P. Borisov, reflected in their correspondence between 1849 and 1850. Parallels are found with the family picture in the comedy “Woe from Wit” and the images of Molchalin and Chatsky. The way Fet percepted Griboedov is commented as well as his use of winged words borrowed from the comedy “Woe from Wit”. The meaning of Griboedov’s nomination of “a ready-witted observer of the impossible” is revealed. The biographies and life circumstances of the characters of the comedy are analysed; in the context of Griboedov’s works and a historical perspective, the images of the candidates for the hand of Sophia and their life strategies are interpreted, various interpretations of the image of Molchalin are noted. The innovation of Griboedov connected with the destruction of the moral perspectives in the traditional literary plot focused on the triumph of “the virtue” and the punishment of “the vice” is demonstrated.

Sullivan’s concept of the participant/observer requires the psychiatrist “to place himself in the psychological shoes of the patient and perceive the situation from that perspective; and to respond...

I decipher quantum duality of electron in Young’s Double-Slit experiment. Hypothesis intends to decode interaction of knocked-electrons with observer, and perturbative disappearance of interference pattern. Hypothesis is based on Bohr’s Atomic Model, and the theoretical concepts of Quantization of electron. The hypothesis proposes a universal field, similar to Higg’s field, that conserves the potential energy of electron through interaction with knocked-electrons, utilizing phenomena of pair-production. The hypothesis provides comprehensive theoretical and mathematical solutions to possibly elaborate, in a broader context, why electrons exhibit duality and the role of observer in Young’s Double-Slit experiment through introduction of universal field (SM Field). The interactions between photon and knocked-electrons have been discussed. Through using Schrodinger wave equation (SWE), a mathematical model has been derived, that is used to explain role of the observer, and duality of electron by using SM field as a supplement.

The velocity of light is independent of the velocity of its source/observer. But the relative velocity between light and its source/observers is dependent on the velocity of the light source/observer, and this does not conflict with the first assumption. The velocity of light is c everywhere and for everyone, but velocities c + v and c − v , where v is the velocity of a light source/observer, do not represent the velocity of light, but the relative velocity between light and its source/observer. The velocity of light can, thus, be added to and subtracted from any velocity—giving a measurable relative velocity. A simple and common proof for this is the Doppler effect or the working of the Doppler radar. If there were no relative velocity between the electromagnetic wave and its source/observer, then there would be no Doppler effect nor would the Doppler radar work. In this paper, we will measure experimentally the relative velocity between the electromagnetic wave and the source/observer, using the Doppler effect.

Simulations can be considered a particular act of thinking that entails imagining oneself in a hypothetical scenario (as either the doer or the observer) to explore potential outcomes. Imagining the structure and functioning of institutions of higher education in the future is a complex task that may involve a blend of known and estimated facts along with desired outcomes. In the present paper, we discuss the merits of mental simulation along with a straightforward paradigm that may be useful in the study of prospection applied to this specific task. It is based on the assumption that prospection is a natural outcome of an intelligent cognitive system, which envisions the future to both anticipate and shape forthcoming events. We then discuss the benefits of prospection when the object to imagine is the university.

By means of spontaneous and unconscious imitation, an observer may be able to directly experience the inner states of another person because the observer and the observed share similar neural pathways. This discovery of a common neural basis reveals the correlative mechanisms through which the intentions of others are perceived. While analysing the implications of this discovery, this paper notes that the correlation does not provide a complete explanation of our understanding of other minds. Instead, the correlation comes into play only to a minimal degree. The paper also explores the epistemological characteristic of the knowledge harboured by other minds. That is, as a kind of private knowledge, the experience of other minds can help us arrive at a relatively consistent understanding of others and engage in communication with them through public expression and the description of mental states. However, it is impossible to truly understand other minds because conscious experience in the strict sense resides only in its owner, and the unique qualia emerging inside the subject cannot be directly observed from a third-person perspective. In this sense, the so-called perception of other minds is not suited to seeking a causal explanation of the ways in which others act, but for reading the meanings expressed by them in a given situation.

The Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, FP-21-42; National Natural Science Foundation of China, 61873148; 61873169; 61933007; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation of Germany.

This article pays tribute to the life and work of Mary Overlie, the performer, choreographer, teacher and originator of The Viewpoints theory and practice. Developed in the downtown interdisciplina...