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Mohammed Suleiman Obsa,1 Kassahun Tekle Takiso,2 Tamiru Tilahun Ayele,1 Hailu Chare Koyra,3 Kassahun Tafesse Hidoto,4 Getahun Getahun Molla Shanka,2 Lolemo Kelbiso Hanfore,5 Mihiretu Alemayehu Arba,4 Antehun Alemayehu Anjulo,6 Melkamu Worku Kercho,7 Zewde Zema3 1Department of Anesthesia, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia; 2School of Medicine, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia; 3Department of Pharmacy, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia; 4School of Public Health, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia; 5Department of Nursing, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia; 6Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia; 7Department of Midwifery, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Mohammed Suleiman ObsaDepartment of Anesthesia, Wolaita Soddo University, P.O. Box: 138, Wolaita Soddo, EthiopiaTel +251 924333199Email msuleiman43@gmail.comBackground: Long-acting family planning method (LAFP) is a low-cost yet effective method of reducing maternal mortality, limiting and spacing childbirth. In Ethiopia, the family planning prevalence rate rises from 15% in 2005 to 36% in 2016. However, the discontinuation rate of LAFP is still high in the region. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the lived experiences of women who underwent early removal of long-acting family planning methods in Bedesa town, Southern Ethiopia.Methods: An interpretative phenomenological study design was employed. Women aged 15– 49 years who removed LAFP therapy in the past 12 months were our sampled population. Data were collected through in-depth interviews (IDIs) by using open-ended structured interview guide. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 10 participants from the family planning logbook registration of Bedesa health center. The interview continued until information saturation was reached. Open code version 4.03 was used to code and facilitate analysis. Transcripts were read and re-read separately to identify emerging themes. A thematic analysis technique was used.Results: This study revealed that the side effects, seeking more children and the husband’s opposition were the main reason for early removal of LAFP. Amongst side effects, heavy and irregular menses were occurred most frequently. Besides, there were various myths and misconceptions about family planning methods. It also noted that the counseling services provided by health professionals were not adequate.Conclusion: Side effects, desired to have more children, and the husband’s opposition are the most important reason of early removal of LAFP methods. Furthermore, there were misunderstanding, fear and rumors raised by women about each method. Hence, greater public awareness on family planning should be delivered to change community perception on LAFP methods.Keywords: long-acting family planning method, early removal, phenomenology, Bedesa

Gedion Asnake Azeze,1 Bulcha Guye Adema,2 Getachew Asmare Adella,3 Birhanu Wondimeneh Demissie,2 Mohammed Suleiman Obsa4 1Department of Midwifery, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; 2Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; 3Reproductive Health and Nutrition Department, School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; 4Department of Anesthesia, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Gedion Asnake AzezeDepartment of Midwifery, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, PO Box 136, Wolaita Sodo, EthiopiaEmail dearged2011@gmail.comBackground: Depressed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (T2DM) show poorer compliance with treatment and self-care recommendations than non-depressed T2DM patients. This contributes to poor prognosis and accelerates diabetic-related complications including poor glucose regulation, diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and escalated healthcare expenditure.Objective: This study aimed to determine the magnitude of untreated depression and associated factors among people living with T2DM at outpatient diabetic clinic in Halaba Kulito General Hospital, Southern Ethiopia.Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from November 1 to December 15, 2019 at Halaba Kulito Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. We collected data by face-to-face interview with patient record review. A total of 418 type 2 diabetic patients were systematically selected and interviewed using a pretested structured questionnaire. We used a composite score of nine-items Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to assess depression status. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize respondents’ background characteristics. Logistic regression analysis was done to identify associated factors with the outcome variable. Levels of significance were set at 5% (P< 0.05).Results: The finding depicted that 120 (29.3% with 95% Confidence interval (CI) = 25.0%, 34.0%) study participants satisfied diagnostic criteria for depression disorder. After controlling for confounding effect, we identified being hypertensive (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 5.66; 95% CI: 3.24, 9.86), having no child (AOR = 3.32; 95% CI: 1.88, 5.86), and poor glycemic control (AOR = 6.23; 95% CI: 3.65, 10.54) as risk factors for untreated depression among people with type 2 diabetes.Conclusion: Findings of this study indicate that untreated depression among type 2 diabetic patients is high. Poor glycemic control, not having a child and having hypertension were among significantly associated factors with depression. These results suggest much need for interventions, including strong medication adherence and self-care activities such as exercise or healthful diet for optimal glycemic control.Keywords: anxiety, depression, diabetes, Ethiopia

Introduction: The use of erector spinae plane block and rectus sheath block for postoperative analgesia in midline abdominal procedures is becoming more common. However, the most effective and appropriate method remains unclear. We aimed to compare the postoperative analgesic effecacy of ultrasound-guided bilateral erector spinae plane blocks with rectus sheath blocks for midline abdominal surgery in a low- and middle-income country., Methods: We allocated randomly 72 patients aged 18-65 y undergoing midline abdominal surgery to an erector spinae plane block (n = 36) or a rectus sheath block (n = 36) utilising a prospective, parallel study design. Patients, care providers and outcome assessors were blinded to the interventions. The primary outcome measures were total postoperative analgesia consumption, postoperative pain severity and time to first rescue analgesic administration. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of postoperative complications and adverse events., Results: Of 78 patients assessed for eligibility, six were excluded, leaving 72 for analysis. Patients allocated to erector spinae plane block had a lower mean (SD) postoperative opioid consumption compared with those allocated to rectus sheath block (3.5 (8.7) morphine milligram equivalents vs. 8.2 (2.8) morphine milligram equivalents, respectively; p = 0.003). Time to first analgesic request was greater in patients allocated to erector spinae plane block compared with those allocated to rectus sheath block (mean (95%CI) 16 (13-17) h vs. 12 (11-13) h, respectively; p < 0.001). There were no block-related complications in either group., Discussion: Erector spinae plane blocks are more effective than rectus sheath blocks for the management of postoperative pain following midline abdominal surgery. Integration of erector spinae plane blocks into multimodal opioid-sparing analgesic strategies after midline abdominal surgeries may promote enhanced patient recovery in low-and middle-income countries., (© 2024 Association of Anaesthetists.)

Background: Despite antiretroviral treatment (ART), the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to pose a considerable health burden in resource-poor countries. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the pooled incidence density of mortality and identify potential predictors among HIV-infected children receiving ART, from studies conducted in various parts of Ethiopia., Methods: A comprehensive database search was made in Excerpta Medica, PubMed, Web of Science, African Journals Online, Google Scholar, and Scopus. We reported results following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis 2020. Excel Spreadsheet and STATA Version 14 software were used for data abstraction and meta-analysis, respectively. Statistical heterogeneity among studies was assessed using I 2 statistics. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were performed to further explore the sources of statistical heterogeneity. Moreover, publication bias and a leave-out-one sensitivity analysis were performed., Results: Twenty-two articles involving 8,731 participants met inclusion criteria and were included. The pooled incidence density of mortality was 3.08 (95% confidence interval (CI), 2.52 to 3.64) per 100 child years. Predictors of mortality were living in rural areas (hazard ratio (HR), 2.18 [95% CI, 1.20 to 3.98]), poor adherence to ART (HR, 2.85 [ 95% CI, 1.39 to 5.88]), failure to initiate co-trimoxazole preventive therapy (HR, 2.16 [95% CI, 1.52 to 3.07]), anemia (HR, 2.28 [95% CI, 1.51 to 3.45]), opportunistic infections (HR, 1.52 [ 95% CI, 1.15 to 2.00]), underweight (HR, 1.74 [95% CI, 1.26 to 2.41]), wasting (HR, 2.54 [95% CI, 1.56 to 4.16]), stunting (HR, 2.02 [95% CI, 1.63 to 2.51]), World Health Organization classified HIV clinical stages III and IV (HR, 1.71 [95% CI, 1.42 to 2.05]), and Nevirapine-based regimens (HR, 3.91 [95% CI, 3.09 to 4.95])., Conclusions: This study found that the overall mortality rate among HIV-infected children after ART initiation was high. Therefore, high-level commitment and involvement of responsible caregivers, healthcare providers, social workers, and program managers are of paramount importance to identify these risk factors and thus enhance the survival of HIV-infected children receiving ART., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Neonatal birth trauma, although it has steadily decreased in industrialized nations, constitutes a significant health burden in low-resource settings. Keeping with this, we sought to determine the pooled cumulative incidence (incidence proportion) of birth trauma and identify potential contributing factors in low and middle-income countries. Besides, we aimed to describe the temporal trend, clinical pattern, and immediate adverse neonatal outcomes of birth trauma. We searched articles published in the English language in the Excerpta Medica database, PubMed, Web of Science, Google, African Journals Online, Google Scholar, Scopus, and in the reference list of retrieved articles. Literature search strategies were developed using medical subject headings and text words related to the outcomes of the study. The Joana Briggs Institute quality assessment tool was employed and articles with appraisal scores of seven or more were deemed suitable to be included in the meta-analysis. Data were analyzed using the random-effect Dersimonian-Laird model. The full search identified a total of 827 articles about neonatal birth trauma. Of these, 37 articles involving 365,547 participants met the inclusion criteria. The weighted pooled cumulative incidence of birth trauma was estimated at 34 per 1,000 live births (95% confidence interval (CI) 30.5 to 38.5) with the highest incidence observed in Africa at 52.9 per 1,000 live births (95% CI 46.5 to 59.4). Being born to a mother from rural areas (odds ratio (OR), 1.61; 95% CI1.18 to 2.21); prolonged labor (OR, 5.45; 95% CI 2.30, 9.91); fetal malpresentation at delivery (OR, 4.70; 95% CI1.75 to 12.26); shoulder dystocia (OR, 6.11; 95% CI3.84 to 9.74); operative vaginal delivery (assisted vacuum or forceps extraction) (OR, 3.19; 95% CI 1.92 to 5.31); and macrosomia (OR, 5.06; 95% CI 2.76 to 9.29) were factors associated with neonatal birth trauma. In conclusion, we found a considerably high incidence proportion of neonatal birth trauma in low and middle-income countries. Therefore, early identification of risk factors and prompt decisions on the mode of delivery can potentially contribute to the decreased magnitude and impacts of neonatal birth trauma and promote the newborn's health., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Woldegeorgis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: Scabies is an ectoparasitic infestation that can easily spread during close human contact and in overcrowded areas such as prisons and public places where sanitation is a problem. Globally, as many as 300 million people are infested with scabies each year. Within Ethiopia, its burden in institutions like prisons is not well-studied. As a consequence, we sought to estimate the prevalence of scabies and also identify factors associated with it among prison inmates in southern Ethiopia., Methods: An institution-based analytical cross-sectional study design was employed. We used, a simple random sampling technique to select 422 prisoners. A pretested-structured questionnaire was used to collect the necessary information. EpiData version 4.2.0.0 and Statistical Packages for Social Science version 25 software were used for data entry and analysis respectively. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were computed. The model fitness was checked using the Hosmer-Lemeshow and omnibus tests. The association between the independent and outcome variables was presented in the form of a table showing the crude odds ratio and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) along with their 95% confidence interval (CI). The level of statistical significance was declared at P.value ≤ 0.05., Results: A total of 418 prisoners were interviewed, yielding a 99.1% response rate. The age of the participants ranged from 17 to 60 years. As many as 381 (91.1%) participants were male. The prevalence of scabies was found to be 8.9%. A history of sexual contact in the past two months, before imprisonment (AOR: 9.92 (95% CI 3.07, 32.02), P <0.001), a period of stay less than two months duration in the prison (AOR: 4.54 (95% CI 1.51, 13.54), P = 0.007), poor ventilation (AOR: 3.36 (95% CI 1.07, 10.58), P = 0.038), lack of hygiene soap (AOR: 5.53 (95% CI 1.45, 21.17), P = 0.012), and sharing clothes among each other (AOR: 3.81 (95% CI (1.09, 13.29), P = 0.036) were factors independently associated with a scabies infestation., Conclusion: In this study, we found the prevalence of scabies was high among prison inmates in Wolaita Zone prison. Furthermore, scabies infestations were associated with a previous history of sexual contact, poorly ventilated rooms, lack of hygiene soaps for washing, and sharing clothes amongst the inmates. Prison administrations should be encouraged to improve sanitary and screening and isolation of prisoners during imprisonment., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Bogino et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a silent pandemic that has claimed millions of lives, and resulted in long-term disabilities, limited treatment options, and high economic costs associated with the healthcare burden. Given the rising prevalence of AMR, which is expected to pose a challenge to current empirical antibiotic treatment strategies, we sought to summarize the available data on knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding AMR in Ethiopia. Articles were searched in international electronic databases. Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and STATA software version 16 were used for data extraction and analysis, respectively. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis 2020 checklist was followed. The methodological quality of the studies included was assessed by the Joana Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklists. The random-effect meta-analysis model was used to estimate Der Simonian-Laird's pooled effect. Statistical heterogeneity of the meta-analysis was checked through Higgins and Thompson's I2 statistics and Cochran's Q test. Publication bias was investigated by funnel plots, and the regression-based test of Egger for small study effects with a P value < 0.05 was considered to indicate potential reporting bias. In addition, sensitivity and subgroup meta-analyses were performed. Fourteen studies with a total of 4476 participants met the inclusion criteria. Overall, the pooled prevalence of good AMR knowledge was 51.53% [(95% confidence interval (CI): 37.85, 65.21), I2 = 99.0%, P <0.001]. The pooled prevalence of favorable attitudes and good practices were 63.43% [(95% CI: 42.66, 84.20), I2 = 99.6, P <0.001], and 48.85% [(95% CI: 38.68, 59.01), I2 = 93.1, P <0.001] respectively. In conclusion, there is a significant knowledge and practice gap on AMR among the general public, patients, and livestock producers. As a result, we call for greater educational interventions to raise awareness and build a strong national AMR narrative., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist, (Copyright: © 2023 Woldegeorgis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: Countries in the world have been experiencing the ongoing impact and spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) virus pandemic. The health and financial burden of the pandemic has prompted the need for timely and effective vaccination to be considered as the best strategy for controlling disease transmission. However, vaccine acceptability remains an area of concern in developing countries like Ethiopia., Objective: To assess attitude, hesitancy in the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, and associated factors among health science students at Wolaita Sodo University., Methods: A triangulated mixed-method study was conducted. Quantitative data were entered into SPSS Windows version 25 for analysis, and the qualitative data were transcribed using open code version 4.3. A binary logistic regression model was used to establish the association between dependent and independent variables. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to measure the strengths of the association. Thematic approach was used for qualitative data analysis., Results: A total of 352 students participated in this study. Having family members who were infected with COVID-19, information about COVID-19 vaccine, the need for a vaccine with the level of concern, intention to take COVID-19 vaccine, and academic year were strongly associated with vaccine acceptability. Graduating class and other senior students were about 4 and 2 times more likely to accept vaccination as compared to freshman-year students (AOR = 4.128; 95% CI: 1.351-12.610; P = 0.012) and (AOR = 2.195; 95% CI: 1.182-4.077; P value = 0.013), respectively. Even if 67% of students had a good attitude towards the vaccine, 56% of the students hesitated to take the vaccine., Conclusion: The majority of respondents had a constructive attitude towards the COVID-19 vaccine, and only a few of them were vaccinated against the COVID-19 virus. It is of utmost importance to design an evidence-based strategy to increase the uptake of vaccination for healthcare students and other nonhealth science students in universities., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Afework Alemu Lombebo et al.)

Background: Epilepsy remains one of the world's most common neurological diseases, but it appears to be widely misunderstood, particularly in under-resourced countries like Ethiopia. Improving individuals' knowledge and attitude toward epilepsy is critical for reducing the multifaceted impacts of epilepsy. Therefore, in this study, we sought to estimate the pooled levels of good knowledge and a favorable attitude toward epilepsy and also identify the associated factors using available data collected from different segments of the population., Methods: Articles were searched in international electronic databases. A standardized Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and STATA software version 16 were used for data extraction and analysis, respectively. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) checklist was used to write this report. The random-effect meta-analysis model was used to estimate Der Simonian-Laird's pooled effect. Statistical heterogeneity of the meta-analysis was checked via Higgins and Thompson's I 2 statistics (0-100%), and Cochran's Q test at P < 0.10. Subgroups, based on the study regions, and sensitivity analyses were also performed. Publication bias was examined subjectively using funnel plots and objectively using the nonparametric rank correlation test of Begg and the regression-based test of Egger for small study effects with P < 0.05 considered to indicate potential publication bias. Furthermore, the Trim-and-fill method of Duval and Tweedie was used to explore sources of publication bias for the favorable level of attitudes toward epilepsy., Result: A total of 12 studies with 6,373 study participants and 10 studies with 5,336 study participants were included to estimate the pooled level of good epilepsy knowledge and favorable attitudes respectively. The overall estimated levels of good epilepsy knowledge and favorable attitudes toward epilepsy among Ethiopians were 47.37% [(95% CI: 35.00, 59.74), I 2 = 99.2, P < 0.001] and 46.83%[(95% CI: 32.75, 60.90), I 2 = 99.2, P < 0.001] respectively. Subgroup analysis revealed that the pooled level of good epilepsy knowledge was 48.51% [(95% CI: 38.95, 58.06), I 2 = 95.6%, P < 0.001] in the Amhara region., Conclusion: In the current review, we found out that there is a huge knowledge gap and an unfavorable level of attitudes towardepilepsy, which demand immediate public health action as well as a targeted policy intervention., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Woldegeorgis, Anjajo, Korga, Yigezu, Bogino, Tema, Alemu, Boda, Daba, Gobena and Obsa.)

Background: Reliable data on the burden of opportunistic infections (OIs) after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is critical for planning health services and reducing OI-related morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, there has been no nationally representative information on the prevalence of OIs in our country. Therefore, we have undertaken this comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence, and identify factors associated with the development of OIs in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected adults receiving ART in Ethiopia., Methods: Articles were searched in international electronic databases. A standardized Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and STATA software version 16 were used for data extraction and analysis, respectively. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) checklist was used to write this report. The random-effect meta-analysis model was used to estimate the pooled effect. The statistical heterogeneity of the meta-analysis was checked. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also performed. Publication bias was examined in funnel plots and the nonparametric rank correlation test of Begg and the regression-based test of Egger. Association was expressed through a pooled odds ratio (OR) with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI)., Results: A total of 12 studies with 6,163 study participants were included. The pooled prevalence of OIs was 43.97% [95% CI (38.59, 49.34)]. Poor adherence to ART [OR, 5.90, 95% CI (3.05, 11.40)], under nutrition [OR, 3.70, 95% CI (2.01, 6.80)], CD4 T lymphocyte count <200 cells /μL [OR, 3.23 95% CI (2.06, 5.07)], and advanced World Health Organization (WHO) HIV clinical stages [OR, 4.84 95% CI (1.83, 12.82)] were determinants of OIs., Conclusion: The pooled prevalence of OIs among adults taking ART is high. Poor adherence to ART, under nutrition, a CD4 T lymphocyte count <200 cells /μL, and advanced WHO HIV clinical stages were factors associated with the development of OIs., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Woldegeorgis, Zekarias, Adem, Obsa and Kerbo.)

Background: Healthcare-seeking interventions can potentially reduce child mortality; however, many children die in developing countries without reaching a health facility. The World Health Organization reported that 70% of child deaths are related to delay care-seeking. So, this review is aimed at identifying mothers' care-seeking behavior for common childhood illnesses and predictors in Ethiopia., Methods: Systematic search of studies was done on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, institutional repositories, Academic Search Premier, and manually from reference lists of identified studies in the English language up to August 2021. The quality of the studies was evaluated by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) quality appraisal tool for prevalence study. This meta-analysis used the random-effect method using the STATA™ Version 14 software., Result: Fourteen studies involving 8,031 participants were included in this meta-analysis. After correcting Duval and Tweedie's trim and fill analysis, the overall pooled prevalence of mothers' care-seeking behavior is 60.73% (95% CI: 43.49-77.97), whereas the highest prevalence, 74.80% (95% CI: 62.60, 87.00) and 67.77%(95% CI: 55.66, 79.87), was seen in Amhara region and urban residents, respectively, while the lowest, 36.49% (95% CI: -27.21, 100.18) and 47.80% (95% CI:-15.31, 110.9), was seen in South Nation Nationality Peoples' Regions and among rural residents, respectively. Mothers' educational status ( P ≤ 0.001) and mothers' marital status ( P ≤ 0.001) were significantly associated with mothers' care-seeking behavior., Conclusion: Even though children are a vulnerable group, mothers' care-seeking behavior for common childhood illnesses is significantly low. Educational status and marital status were determinants of mothers' care-seeking behavior. So, all responsible bodies should work on the improvement of mothers' care-seeking behavior., Competing Interests: All the authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2022 Tiwabwork Tekalign et al.)

Background: Prolapse is one of the sub-types of pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) which occurs due to abnormal fall of the pelvic organs from their normal anatomic positions. Although the cause of prolapse is multifactorial, it primarily occurs due to pregnancy and vaginal delivery. Hence, the present study aimed to identify risk factors of prolapse among women who undergo gynecological surgery., Materials and Methods: Facility-based-unmatched case-control design was employed. Cases were all gynecological women who were diagnosed with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) at Asella teaching referral hospital (ATRH) while controls were all charts of gynecological women who were diagnosed with other gynecological problems rather than POP at ATRH. For each case, two controls were selected using a simple random sampling technique. The data were entered into Epidata version 4.3.1 and finally exported to SPSS version 25 for further analysis. Then variables that had an association in the bivariate model ( p < 0.25) were entered and analyzed by a multivariable conditional logistic regression model to identify the independent effect of different factors. Statistical significance was declared at p < 0.05., Results: A total of 147 cases and 293 controls were included in this study. Women who had a history of chronic cough, previous pelvic floor surgery, constipation, and vaginal tear during delivery, history of pelvic trauma, age of the women, rural resident, and maternal gravidity were strongly associated with prolapse at p -value of < 0.05. Multigravida [adjusted odds ratio ( AOR ) 2.987 (95% CI 1.237-6.853), p = 0.014], age >50 years [ AOR : 2.496 (95% CI 1.372-4.539), p = 0.003], women with a history of pelvic floor surgery [ AOR : 0.3.666 (95% CI 1.328-10.124), p = 0.012], women who had diabetes mellitus [ AOR : 4.676 (95% CI 0.908-24.075), p = 0.065], and resided in rural areas [ AOR = 1.878; (95% CI : 0.984-3.585), I 2 = 47.5%, p = 0.056] were the independent predictors were of prolapse., Conclusions: In this study, women with diabetes mellitus, previous pelvic floor surgery, rural residents, being multigravida, and age >40 were independent predictors of prolapse. Therefore, delivering health education by focusing on the identified risk factors was strongly recommended., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Obsa, Worji, Kedir and Kute.)

Background: Apgar score is used to evaluate the neonates' overall status and response to resuscitation, as well as its prognosis beyond the neonatal period. Low fifth minute Apgar scores is more frequent and is associated with markedly increased risks of neonatal mortality and morbidity. In Ethiopia, the prevalence of birth asphyxia is high (22.52%). Birth asphyxia contributes to significant neonatal morbidities and mortalities due to severe hypoxic-ischemic multi-organ damage, mainly brain damage. Therefore, this study was aimed to identify determinants of low fifth minute Apgar score among newborns delivered by cesarean section., Methods: An unmatched case control study design was conducted. The Apgar score is based on measures of heart rate, respiratory effort, skin color, muscle tone, and reflex irritability. The data collection tool or checklist was adapted from previous study done at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In this study, cases were all newborns with Apgar score < 7 whereas controls were all newborns with Apgar score >  = 7. The study participants were selected by simple random sampling technique. Data was into Epidata version 4.6 and exported to SPSS software version 24. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the independent effect of different factors at P < 0.05., Result: Factors associated with low Apgar score were fetal birth weight < 2.5 kg [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.17, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03 ‒ 64.59] P = 0.046, skin incision to delivery time (AOR = 5.27; 95% CI: 2.20 ‒ 12.60) P = 0.001, pregnancy induced hypertension (AOR = 4.58, 95% CI: 1.75 ‒ 11.92) P = 0.002, antepartum hemorrhage (AOR = 3.96; 95% CI: 1.75 ‒ 8.94) 0.001, general anesthesia (AOR = 3.37, 95% CI: 1.72 ‒ 6.62) P = 0.001, meconium stained amniotic fluid (AOR = 3.07, 95% CI: 1.32 ‒ 7.12) P = 0.009 and emergency cesarean section (AOR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.13 ‒ 4.15) P = 0.019., Conclusions: Fetal birth weight < 2.5 kg, skin incision to delivery time, pregnancy induced hypertension, antepartum hemorrhage, type of anesthesia, meconium stained amniotic fluid and type of cesarean section were factors independently associated with Apgar score. Therefore, it is important to work on identified risk factors to reduce the impacts low fifth minute Apgar score in the in early adulthood.., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: Cesarean section (CS) has been one of the most frequently performed major surgical interventions and causes severe postoperative pain. Spinal opioid and abdominal field block have been investigated as effective analgesia for postoperative pain and reduce the need for systemic medications and associated side effects. The aim of the current study is to compare spinal morphine (SM) and bilateral landmark oriented transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block for postoperative pain management., Method: In this randomized controlled trial, 114 pregnant mothers scheduled for CS under spinal anesthesia were allocated randomly to receive either SM 0.1 mg (group SM; n = 56) or bilateral landmark-oriented TAP block with 20 ml of 0.25% of bupivacaine (group TAP; n = 52). A comparison of numerical variables between study groups was done using unpaired student t -test and Mann-Whitney test for symmetric and asymmetric data, respectively. Time to event variable was analyzed by using Kaplan-Meir's survival function. A p -value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant., Result: A total of 114 patients were recruited and randomly assigned and received interventions. Among them, 108 patients completed this study. Time to first analgesic request was significantly shorter in the TAP block compared to SM. Twenty-four-hour median morphine consumption was reduced in the SM group compared to the TAP block ( p < 0.001). Median postoperative pain score during movement and rest shows statistically significant differences between groups ( p < 0.001)., Conclusion: The addition of preservative-free 100 μg SM provides prolonged postoperative analgesia time, superior postoperative analgesia, and less postoperative opioid consumption compared to the TAP block., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Jemal, Mohammed, Tesema, Ahmed, Mohammed, Regasa and Obsa.)

Background: Cervical cancer is a malignant neoplasm from cells originating in the cervix uteri. Any woman who is sexually active is at risk of getting HPV. Women in sub-Saharan Africa region have higher chance of developing the disease. There are nearly 26 million Ethiopian women who are over the age of 15 and believed to be at risk of getting HPV. Regrettably, Ethiopian women typically present for cervical cancer care at a late stage in the disease, where treatment is most ineffective., Objectives: To explore communities' perceptions of cervical cancer and screening among women in Wolaita zone, southern Ethiopia., Methods: A qualitative research using focused group discussions and in-depth interviews was used to explore communities' perceptions of cervical cancer and screening among women in Wolaita zone, southern Ethiopia from March 2018-November 2019. The study participants were men, women and communities who were residents of the study settings and were not health professionals. All focused group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews were transcribed and entered into Microsoft Word and thematic content analysis was done., Results: A total of fifty-nine participants participated in both FGD (three with men and six with women) and in-depth interviews (IDIs). Most participants have not heard about cervical cancer but know cancer in general. Participants mentioned that the disease usually relates to many births and unprotected sexual intercourse but none mentioned HPV infection. Most of the participants perceive that cervical cancer is incurable and assume that it could be prevented but they think they are not vulnerable to the disease and screening is not necessary., Conclusion: This study indicates that rural communities in the zone had limited knowledge about cervical cancer and even less about risk factors, screening, treatment and prevention. There is a great need for cancer education and prevention in Ethiopia., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Background: Treatment seeking delay is defined as the time interval between the onset of the major symptoms of tuberculosis (TB) and the first visit to the formal health care facility. The patient was said to be delayed if the patient visited the health-facility after 3 weeks onset of major symptoms. However, in low-income countries like Ethiopia, the delay in treatment-seeking among tuberculosis patients contributes to a widespread transmission and high prevalence of tuberculosis., Methods: Studies were retrieved from PubMed, Cochrane Database, Cinahl, Scopus, Mednar, and Google Scholar by employing a combination of search terms with Boolean operators. Heterogeneity across studies was assessed using the Cochrane Q test. A funnel plot was used for visual assessment of publication bias. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the possible causes of heterogeneity. Egger's weighted regression test at a p-value < 0.05 was used to assess the presence of publication bias. Sensitivity analysis was performed to judge whether the pooled effect size was influenced by individual study. STATA software version 14 was used for all statistical analyses., Result: A total of 12 studies with 5122 total sample size were included. The national pooled prevalence of treatment seeking delay was 44.29% (95% CI: 39.805, 48.771). The visual inspection of the funnel plot showed the asymmetrical distribution, and the Egger test showed insignificant (P = 0.348). Patients who did not seek formal health care providers on a first contact had about 7 times more likely to delay than patients who sought formal health care provider on a first contact (OR: 7.192 ((95% CI 5.587-9.257), P = 0.001, I2: 85%). The others independent predictors of delay were rural residence (OR: 3.459 ((95% CI 1.469-8.148), P ≤ 0.001), extra pulmonary TB (OR: 2.520 ((95% CI 1.761-3.605), 0.180), lower educational level (OR 11.720 ((95% CI 1.006-2.938), P <0.001), and distance more than 10km from health facility (OR: 1.631 ((95% CI (10.858-3.101), P = 0.001)., Conclusion: In this review, we identified a substantial treatment seeking delay among TB patients in Ethiopia. And, the independent predictors of delay were treatment sought before formal health care provider, residence of the patient, type of TB, educational level, and distance from a health facility. Thus, we recommend health extension workers, health professionals and other stakeholders to focus on patient education, and to continuously mobilize the whole communities on early treatment seeking with a special emphasis given to where treatment sought before formal health care provider, rural resident, extra pulmonary TB, and a patient living farther than 10km distance from health facility., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Background: Different physiologic changes that occur during pregnancy, such as Hydroureter, dilatation of the renal pelvis, glycosuria and aminoaciduria, and low urine production predispose pregnant women for ascending urinary tract infection. Globally, 2% to 15% of the pregnant women have urinary tract infection without specific symptoms. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) in pregnant women in Africa., Methods: Systematic search of published studies done on PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, PsychInfo, CINAHL, and google scholar for gray literature. All published observational studies until October 30, 2020 were included. This meta-analysis follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Quality of studies was assessed by modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Meta-analysis was carried out using a random-effects method with the double arcsine transformation approach using the STATA™ Version 14 software. Trim and fill analysis was done to correct presence of significant publication bias. The study protocol is prospectively registered on PROSPERO, registration number CRD42020212601., Findings: From 3393 obtained studies, 48 studies from 12 African countries involving 15, 664 pregnant women included in this Meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women in Africa after correction for publication bias by trim and fill analysis was found to be 11.1% (95% CI: 7.8, 14.4). The most common bacterial isolates involved in the etiology of ABU was Escherichia coli with pooled prevalence 33.4% (95% CI: 27.3 - 39.4)., Interpretation: Asymptomatic bacteriuria is substantial among pregnant women in Africa. Therefore, all pregnant women should be tested for the presence of asymptomatic bacteriuria. A screening program must be based not only on the incidence but also on a cost-efficacy evaluation and a microbiological evaluation., Funding: There was no funding source for this study., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2021 The Author(s).)

Background: Blood transfusion is one of the routine therapeutic interventions in hospitals that can be lifesaving. However, this intervention is related to several transfusion-related infections. Hepatitis C viral infection is one of the most common causes of transfusion-related hepatitis. Subsequently, this systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in Ethiopia., Methods: PubMed, Google Scholar, Health InterNetwork Access to Research Initiative (HINARI), Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), and Cochrane library, the web of science, African journal of online (AJOL), and Google Scholar was searched. The data were extracted using Microsoft Excel and analyzed by using STATA version 14. Publication bias was checked by funnel plot, contour-enhanced funnel plots, trim and fill analysis and more objectively through Egger's regression test, with P <  0.05 considered to indicate potential publication bias. The heterogeneity of studies was checked using I2 statistics. Pooled analysis was conducted using a weighted inverse variance random-effects model. Subgroup analysis was done by region and study period. A sensitivity analysis was employed., Result: A total of 25 studies with 197,172 study participants were used to estimate the seroprevalence of hepatitis c virus among blood donors. The overall seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus was 0.819% (95% CI: 0.67-0.969; I2 = 92.3%). Regional sub-group analysis showed that the pooled prevalence of hepatitis c virus infection among blood donors found to be 0.563% in Somali, 1.08% in Oromia, 0.847% in Amhara, and 0.908% in south nations nationalities and peoples region., Conclusion: The pooled seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in Ethiopia found to be low. Moreover, there should be systematic strategies that enhance donor screening and retention of safe regular donors.

Background: Postdural puncture headache is one of the complications following spinal anesthesia and accidental dural puncture. Several modifiable risk factors contribute to the development of headache after lumbar puncture, which includes needle size, needle design, direction of the bevel, and number of lumbar puncture attempts. This study aimed to assess the incidence and risk of postdural puncture headache., Methods: This prospective cohort study design was conducted using a consecutive sampling method. Regular supervision and follow-up were performed. Data were entered into Epi info version 7 software and transported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were computed. The findings of the study were reported using tables, figures, and narrations. Variables that were found to be candidates (p value < 0.25) on binary logistic regression entered into a multiple logistic regression analysis to identify independent predictors of postdural puncture headache., Results: One hundred fifty eligible study participants were included in our study, of which 28.7% had developed postdural puncture headache. This study found that needle size, number of cerebrospinal fluid drops, and multiple attempts were significant independent predictors of postdural puncture headache (p < 0.05). In addition, twenty-five needles were identified as the strongest preoperative independent predictor of postdural puncture headache (AOR = 4.150, CI = 1.433-12.021) CONCLUSIONS: A recent study revealed that a small spinal needle was much better than a large cutting spinal needle regarding the frequency of postdural puncture headache. In addition, frequent attempts during lumbar puncture and increased cerebrospinal fluid leakage were associated with the events. In view of this, we recommend the use of a small spinal needle to avoid more leakage of cerebrospinal fluid and multiple attempts at spinal anesthesia and lumbar puncture.

Background: Neonatal sepsis plays a significant role in neonates' mortality in developing countries accounting for 30-50% of total deaths each year. Gaining insight into neonatal sepsis predictors will provide an opportunity for the stakeholders to reduce the causes of neonatal sepsis. This research is aimed at determining the predictors of neonatal sepsis at Wolaita Sodo University Teaching Referral Hospital and Sodo Christian General Hospital, Ethiopia, April-July 2019., Method: This study employed an institution-based unmatched case-control study by selecting neonates in selected hospitals through consecutive sampling technique. The cases of this study are neonates diagnosed with sepsis. The study used a pretested structured questionnaire for a face-to-face interview to collect data from index mothers. Besides, the review of the record was done using checklists. The data were entered into EpiData version 3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 24.0 for analysis. The study used descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses. The odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was used to measure the association's strength. p < 0.05 was the cut-off point for declaration of statistical significance for the multivariate analysis., Results: Factors significantly associated with neonatal sepsis among neonates were maternal age of 15-20 years and 21-30 years, mothers with low income/wealth, history of urinary tract infections/sexually transmitted infections, presence of intrapartum infections, antenatal care follow-up < 3 visits, Apgar (Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration) score < 7, low birth weight, and the time in which breastfeeding started after delivery < 60 minutes., Conclusion: Maternal age, wealth/income, maternal urinary tract infections/sexually transmitted infections, intrapartum fever, antenatal care visit ≤ 3 times, Apgar score < 7, low birth weight, and starting time of breastfeeding were independent predictors of neonatal sepsis. Therefore, maternal health education during antenatal care visits, perinatal and newborn care, and early initiation of breastfeeding might decrease neonatal mortality and morbidity due to sepsis., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Atkuregn Alemayehu et al.)

Introduction: The hepatitis B vaccine is the backbone of hepatitis B prevention. All health care workers must receive a full-dose (3-dose vaccine series) to achieve >90% protection against hepatitis B virus. There is limited evidence available on vaccination coverage of HBV among health care workers in Ethiopia. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the national full-dose hepatitis B vaccination coverage and the associated factors among health care workers in Ethiopia., Methods: Studies were retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and Google Scholar by using a combination of search terms with Boolean operators. The quality of each study was evaluated independently by three authors using the modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for cross-sectional studies. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA™ Version 14 software. Meta-analysis was carried out using a random-effects (DerSimonian and Laird) method. The heterogeneity test was conducted by using I-squared (I2) statistics. Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis was performed., Results: A total of 15 articles with 5734 participants were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of full-dose hepatitis B virus vaccination coverage among health care workers in Ethiopia was 20.04% (95% CI: 13.83, 26.26); I2 = 98.9%). Being male sex (p = 0.002), having work experience of less than 5 years (p < 0.001), educational level of diploma and below (p = 0.003), health care providers who received training on infection prevention (p < 0.001), and those who had a history of exposure to blood and body fluids (p = 0.001), were factors significantly associated with full-dose hepatitis B virus vaccination., Conclusion: The national full-dose hepatitis B vaccination coverage among health care workers was low. Training of health care workers in infection prevention, particularly in hepatitis B and testing and providing hepatitis B vaccination for newly recruited staff and every 5 years for those long-term workers were recommended to increase the uptake of the vaccine., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Setting: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a traditional surgical modification of the female genitalia comprising all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for cultural or nontherapeutic reasons. It can be harmful and violates girls' and women's human rights. FGM is a worldwide problem but mainly practiced in Africa. FGM is still widely practiced in Ethiopia despite being made a criminal offence in 2004., Objective: Using data from three Ethiopian Demographic Health Surveys (EDHS) conducted in 2000, 2005 and 2016 the objective was to assess changes in prevalence of FGM and associated factors among women of reproductive age and their daughters., Methods: EDHS datasets for the three surveys included data on FGM prevalence and socio-demographic factors. After weighting, the data were analysed using frequencies, proportions and the chi square test for trend. Categorical variables associated with FGM in 2016 were compared using OpenEpi and presented as prevalence ratios (Pr) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). Levels of significance were set at 5% (P<0.05)., Results: There was overall decline in FGM prevalence (from 79.9% to 74.3% to 65.2%, P<0.001), especially in younger women aged 15-19 years, and in the proportion of women who believed that the practice should continue (from 59.7% to 28.3% to 17.5%, P<0.001). There was also a decreasing trend of FGM in the daughters of the mothers who were interviewed, with prevalence significantly lower in mothers who had not themselves undergone FGM. Most (88.3%) women with FGM had the surgery as a child with the procedure mainly performed by a traditional circumciser (87.3%). Factors associated with higher FGM prevalence and lack of progress over the sixteen years included living in certain regions, especially Somali where FGM prevalence remained consistently >95%, lack of school education, coming from rural areas and living in less wealthy households., Conclusion: Although progress has been slow, the prevalence of FGM in Ethiopia has declined over time. Recommendations to quicken the trajectory of decline targeting integrated interventions to high prevalence areas focusing on mothers, fathers, youngsters, religious leaders and schools and ensuring that all girls receive some form of education., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Background: Female genital mutilation affects the social, psychological, spiritual and physical well-being of women. In Ethiopia, studies regarding the female genital mutilation were conducted in various settings and years., Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed to summarize the prevalence of female Genital Mutilation in Ethiopia., Methods: A systematic search of articles was conducted in PubMed, African Journals Online (AJOL), Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), SCOPUS, Web of Science, and JSTOR. Data were extracted using a standardized data extraction format prepared in Microsoft Excel. The data were analyzed using STATA version 11 software. Cochrane Q statistic was used to assess the presence of significant between-study heterogeneity. I 2 was used to quantify between-study heterogeneity. A leave-one-out sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis based on a study period and setting were done. The funnel plot and Egger's regression tests were used to measure the presence of substantial publication bias. The pooled estimated prevalence of female genital mutilation was conducted using a DerSimonian and Laird random effects model., Results: The pooled prevalence estimate of FGM was 77.28% (95% CI: 55.81, 98.76). The pooled prevalence was higher in studies conducted from 2013-2017 (78.39%, 95%CI: 48.24, 108.54) and studies conducted in Hospital (92.02: 95%CI: 55.81, 98.76)., Conclusion: The prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation is high. Therefore, interventions that are focused on health education, social support and advocacy are recommended., (© 2020 The Authors.)

Background: Use of laryngeal mask airway as an alternative to the endotracheal tube has attracted the attention of several workers with regard to intraocular pressure changes. However, the previous studies have reported different results while comparing intraocular pressure, following insertion of laryngeal mask airway or the endotracheal tube. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed to generate the best possible evidence on the intraocular pressure response to endotracheal tube intubation and laryngeal mask airway insertion., Methods: Electronic databases like PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Cochrane library databases, and Mednar were used. All original peer-reviewed papers which reported the mean and standard deviation of IOP before and after airway instrumentation in both groups were included. Two reviewers independently extracted the data using a standardized data extraction format for eligibility and appraised their quality. Data were analyzed using the STATA version 14 software. The pooled standard mean difference was estimated with the random-effect model. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed by the I 2 statistics test. A subgroup analysis was done to assess the source of variation between the studies., Result: A total of 47 research papers were reviewed, of which, six studies were finally included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The overall pooled standard mean difference of intraocular pressure was 1.30 (95% CI, 0.70, 1.90), showing that LMA insertion is better than ETT intubation to maintain stable intraocular pressure. A random-effect model was employed to estimate the pooled standard mean differences due to severe heterogeneity ( I 2 79.45,   p  ≤ 0.001)., Conclusion: The available information suggests that the LMA provides lesser intraocular pressure response in comparison with the conventional tracheal tube., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Mohammed Suleiman Obsa et al.)

Background: The airway of an anesthetized child is usually maintained with an endotracheal tube or laryngeal mask airway. However, both are related with some level of pressor response which may be risky in several groups of patient., Methods: An institutional-based prospective observational study design was employed. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data were entered into Epi info version 7 and transported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Normality of the data was checked using Shapiro-Wilk tests. An independent t test was used to determine the mean differences between the two groups while the paired sample t test was used to determine the mean differences within the groups. A p value of less than 0.05 was used as a cut-off point for the presence of association., Results: The changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were returned to baseline values at five and three minutes in both groups, respectively. However, the changes in the heart rate and mean arterial pressure returned to baseline values in five minutes in the ETT group and three minutes in the LMA group. At baseline, the difference in systolic blood pressure between the two groups was not statistically significant ( p =0.328)., Conclusions: A significant hemodynamic pressor response was observed after the insertion of both LMA and ETT groups. However, the LMA group has less hemodynamic change as compared to the ETT group. Therefore, the practice of LMA insertion was strongly recommended., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Mohammed Suleiman Obsa et al.)

Background: Maternal satisfaction towards childbirth service is related to the quality of care. Promotion of patient satisfaction is essential for preventing patient anxiety, promoting treatment adherence, preventing disease, and health promotion. This study was aimed at assessing the satisfaction and associated factors among mothers who visit public health facilities in Adama town for childbirth service., Methods: An institution based cross-sectional study design was conducted at public health facilities in Adama town from June 01 to June 30, 2018. Four hundred seventy-seven mothers were selected using a systematic random sampling method. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to identify predictors of maternal satisfaction towards childbirth service by considering p-value less than 0.05., Results: The study revealed that 357 (74.8%) were satisfied with the services. Factors which showed a significant association with satisfaction were 25-34 age group (AOR; 2.026, 95%CI:1.056,3.887), no formal education (AOR;2.810, 95%CI;1.085,7.278), planned childbirth (AOR; 1.823,95%CI;1.024,3.246), wait time of less than 1 h (AOR;11.620,95%CI;3.619,37.309) and wait time of one to 2 h (AOR;19.620, 95%CI;2.349,68.500)., Conclusion: Three-quarters of the mothers were satisfied with childbirth services. Age, educational status, reason for visit and wait time were found to have a significant association with maternal satisfaction of childbirth services.

Background: Newborns can be assessed clinically using the Apgar score test to quickly and summarily assess the health of newborn physical condition immediately after delivery and to determine any immediate need for extra medical or emergency care. This study is aimed at assessing factors associated with Apgar score among newborns delivered by cesarean sections and factors associated with Apgar score., Method: Institutional-based cohort study design was conducted. All eligible study participants were included. Training was given for data collectors and supervisors. Regular supervision and follow-up was made. Data was entered into Epi Info version 7 computer software by investigators and was transported to SPSS version 20 computer program for analysis. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was used to identify factors associated with Apgar score., Result: A total 354 newborn babies were included into the study. Majority of baby had low Apgar score at one minute and high Apgar score at five minutes. About 30.2% of newborn baby had Apgar score below seven minutes. On the other hand, about 12.8% of all newborns had low Apgar score at five minutes. It had been found that those neonates who were born when skin incision to delivery time is greater than three minutes were about fourfolds more likely to have low Apgar score than those who were born when skin incision to delivery time is less than three minutes (AOR 3.645) (95% CI (0.116-26.421))., Conclusion: Newborn babies have a low Apgar score at one minute as compared to five minutes. But low Apgar score at five minutes has long-term sequel. Therefore, it is very important to reduce factors associated with low Apgar score at both minutes., Competing Interests: We declared that we had no competing interests., (Copyright © 2020 Mohammed Suleiman Obsa et al.)

Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data., Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning., Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence., Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572 000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542 000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819 000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601 000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596 000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414 000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs)., Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care.

Background: Burn pain is a unique and complex challenge for all health professionals and the patients. The only way to insure quality burn pain relief is the patient's self-report. Thus, assessment of severity of pain and its associated factors are important in treatment plan., Objective: To assess severity of burn pain and associated factors in Yekatit 12 Hospitals burn unit from January 1, 2017, to March 30, 2017., Methods: Hospital based cross sectional study design was conducted. Data was collected by using structural questionnaires from all eligible patients, those admitted to burn unit of Yekatit 12 Hospital during the study period. Severity of burn pain was assessed by using numerical, facial, and behavioral pain scale measurement tools. Pain assessment scale was deployed for patients by data collectors before medication and dressing change. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify significant predictors based on p value less than 0.05 with 95% confidence interval., Results: A total of 62 burn patients were included in the study. 87.1% of the patients feel severe pain and 12.9% of the patients feel moderate pain. Pediatrics age groups were about 11 times more likely to feel severe pain than adults, and patients with TBSA ≥ 25% were about 8 times more likely to feel severe burn pain than those with TBSA < 25% [AOR = 7.773; CI 1.184, 51.043] (P = 0.033)., Conclusion and Recommendation: Majorities of burn patients had severe pain and burn pain was not appropriately treated. Therefore, appropriate pain management was strongly recommended.