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Objective To investigate the effects of baicalein on T helper cells (Th) 1/2, obestatin and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in rats with ulcerative colitis. Methods Forty SPF grade male SD rats were randomly divided into normal group (group N), model group (group M), sulfasalazine group (group S), and baicalein group (group B), with 10 rats in each group. The ulcerative colitis models were established in group M, S and B by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. After successful modeling, 0.3 g/kg sulfasalazine was given to group S by gavage, and 50 mg/kg baicalein was given to group B by gavage. Group N and group M were given the same volume of normal saline by gavage at the same time. The disease activity index (DAI) score and colon mucosa damage index (CMDI) score of rats were evaluated, and the pathological morphology of colon tissue was detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The protein expression of Th1 cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and Th2 cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) in colon tissues was detected by western blot, and the levels of obestatin and 5-HT in rat serum were detected by ELISA. Results All rats were successfully modeled. The DAI score and CMDI score were significantly increased in group M compared to those in group N (P

Background: Skin injuries have long been recognized as a prevalent type of physical injury. As a result, numerous research studies have been performed to discover an effective mechanism for wound healing. Therefore, tissue engineering of skin has developed as a potential solution for traditional methods of treating skin injuries. Methods and materials: Alginate/Chitosan hydrogel was mixed with 1, 10, 100, and 150 µM Obestatin, and evaluated the morphology, cumulative release, hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility, water absorption, cell viability, weight loss, and antibacterial characteristics of three‐dimensional (3D) alginate (Alg) and chitosan (Cs) hydrogels during the process of wound curing. Various concentrations of Obestatin (Obes) were utilized for this purpose. Finally, the hydrogels that were made were tested on a full‐thickness dermal wound in a Wistar rat model. The curative effects were determined by analyzing RNA expression and examining tissue stained with Masson's trichrome (MT) and hematoxylin‐eosin (H&E). Results: The biodegradability of this hydrogel was verified using weight loss testing, which demonstrated a reduction of around 90% after a period of 3 days. Furthermore, the MTT assay demonstrated that hydrogels have a beneficial effect on cell proliferation without inducing any harmful effects. Furthermore, the hydrogels produced demonstrated higher wound closure in vivo compared to the wounds treated with gauze (negative control group). Among the hydrogel groups, the chitosan/alginate/obestatin 100 µM group exhibited the apical percentage of wound closure, gene expression, and secondary epithelialization, but in 150 µM concentrations, we saw a lower rate of cell growth and proliferation and increase in hemolysis. In addition, RT‐PCR analysis demonstrated that a concentration of 100 µM obestatin resulted in an upregulation in the expression of mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), collagen type I & type III, and transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β). Conclusion: The present study suggests that 3D Alg/Cs hydrogels with a concentration of 100 µM obestatin have the potential for clinical application in the treatment of skin injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Exercise training may influence on appetite hormones and energy homeostasis. Aims: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of resistance training with elastic band (ERT) on ghrelin (GHRL) and obestatin (OBST) hormones' concentration changes in overweight men. Methods: Twenty male overweight (25 < BMI ≤ 29.5 kg/m2) voluntary participated in the current study and randomly assigned in the resistance training with elastic bands (ERT; n = 10), and control (Con; n = 10). Elastic resistance training was done three sessions in week in non-consecutive for 8 weeks. Blood sample was gathered before ERT and was repeated 48 h interval with the last session of exercise training. GHRL and OBST were assessed in the plasma. Also, functional capacity (Push UP: PU; Squat: SQ) was assessed, and body fat percentage (BF %) was estimated. Results: We found that there was a significant difference in GHRL in the ERT than control [time × group (p = 0.045; F = 4.38)]; however, there was no significant difference in OBST (p˃0.05). It was also seen that the interactive effect of time in the ERT (time × group) was significant for PU and SQ [(p = 0.004; F = 8.02), and SQ (p = 0.011; F = 8.1], respectively. Also, a decrease was found in BF% in the ERT than control (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: Finally, it can be concluded elastic resistance training with elastic bands improve the functional capacities and ghrelin hormone, and should be taken into consideration in the design of weight control protocols. This implicitly states that stretching resistance training increases metabolism and improves calorie intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obestatin is derived from the same gene as that of ghrelin and their functions were perceived to be antagonistic. Recent developments have shown that although they are known to have contradictory functions, effect of obestatin on skeletal muscle regeneration is similar to that of ghrelin. Obestatin works through a receptor called GPR39, a ghrelin and motilin family receptor and transduces signals in skeletal muscle similar to that of ghrelin. Not only there is a similarity in the receptor family, but also obestatin targets similar proteins and transcription factors as that of ghrelin (for example, FoxO family members) for salvaging skeletal muscle atrophy. Moreover, like ghrelin, obestatin also works by inducing the transcription of Pax7 which is required for muscle stem cell mobilisation. Hence, there are quite some evidences which points to the fact that obestatin can be purposed as a peptide intervention to prevent skeletal muscle wasting and induce myogenesis. This review elaborates these aspects of obestatin which can be further exploited and addressed to bring obestatin as a clinical intervention towards preventing skeletal muscle atrophy and sarcopenia. Summary of action of obestatin in skeletal muscle atrophy. (Icon image source: www.flaticon.com; Obestatin structure: PDB id 2JSH) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introductıon: Hyperemesis gravidarum (HEG) is the severe form of nausea and vomiting seen in pregnancy. Many factors are thought to affect the development of the disease however, the pathogenesis of HEG has not been clearly revealed yet. In this study, we aimed to evaluate serum ghrelin, obestatin, leptin, motilin levels and their relationship with Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) in the patients diagnosed with HEG. Methods: A total of 160 patients including 48 HEG patients, 57 asymptomatic pregnant women, and 55 healthy non-pregnant women aged between 18-40 years, who were admitted to our tertiary research hospital were included in the study, Gastrointestinal hormone levels compared between three groups and the HEG group divided by the H.pylori seropositivity and hormone levels were compared between H.pylori positive and negative patients. Results: In the HEG group, the mean serum ghrelin level was significantly lower and the mean leptin level was significantly higher than the asymptomatic pregnant and non-pregnant control groups (p=0.0001 and p=0.0001). The mean obestatin level of the HEG group was significantly lower than the non-pregnant control group (p=0.012). The mean motilin level in the HEG group was significantly higher compared to the asymptomatic pregnant control group (p=0.020). Conclusion: This study suggests a possible role of ghrelin, obestatin, leptin and motilin in the pathology of HEG independent from H.pylori positivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the correlation with neurological function of serum 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), obestatin (Obestatin) and a proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL) in elderly stroke patients and its predictive value for post stroke depression (PSD) . Methods: 120 elderly stroke patients who were admitted to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People’s Hospital from May2019 to May 2022 were selected as the study subjects. The blood samples were collected on admission, the serum levels of 5-HT,Obestatin and APRIL were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . The patients were followed up for 6 months after discharge, and they were divided into PSD group and non-PSD group based on whether PSD occurred, the serum levels of 5-HT,Obestatin and APRIL were compared between the two groups. The correlation of 5-HT, Obestatin, APRIL and national institute of health stroke scale (NIHSS) were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. The influencing factors of PSD were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression model. The predictive value of serum 5-HT, Obestatin combined with APRIL for PSD in elderly stroke patients after discharge was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: The serum 5-HT was lower in the PSD group than that in the non-PSD group (P＜0.05), and the serum Obestatin, APRIL and NIHSS score in the PSD group were higher than those in the non-PSD group (P＜0.05) . The serum 5-HT was negatively correlated with NIHSS score (P＜0.05) . The serum Obestatin and APRIL were positively correlated with NIHSS score (P＜0.05) . Univariate analysis showed that, PSD was associated with body mass index (BMI), smoking history and drinking history in elderly stroke patients after discharge (P＜0.05) . Multivariate Logistics regression analysis showed that, elevated serum Obestatin, APRIL and NIHSS score were the risk factors for PSD in stroke patients after discharge (P＜0.05), and elevated serum5-HT was a protective factor (P＜0.05) . The results of the ROC curve analysis showed that, the area under the curve (AUC) of serum5-HT, Obestatin, APRIL and combined detection for predicting PSD were 0.735 (0.483～0.978), 0.765 (0.595～0.918), 0.707 (0.464～0.954) and 0.867 (0.742～0.972) respectively, the predictive performance of combined detection is better than that of individual detection for each indicator. Conclusion: Decreased levels of serum 5-HT, increased levels of Obestatin, APRIL and NIHSS score are independent risk factors for PSD in elderly stroke patients after discharge, it can also cause neurological damage, the serum 5-HT, Obestatin and APRIL can predict PSD in elderly stroke patients after discharge, and the combine prediction value is higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obestatin is a gastrointestinal system peptide. The quantification of this peptide is conventionally performed using immunological techniques. In this study, a selective and sensitive HPLC method coupled with fluorescence detection for the quantitation of obestatin in human plasma was developed and validated. The separation was obtained on a C18 (4.6 × 100 mm, 3.5‐μm particles) column using a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and water, both including 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. The developed method was found to be linear in the concentration range of 20 to 1000 ng/mL, with a coefficient of determination of 0.9982. The precision results were less than 10%, and the accuracy results were between 92% and 107%. The detection and quantification limit values were obtained as 2.8 and 9.4 ng/mL, respectively. Analyte solutions were found stable for 24 h at room temperature, three freeze–thaw cycles, and 2 weeks at −20°C. The developed method was successfully used for the quantification of obestatin in human plasma samples. In conclusion, the developed method is sensitive and specific for measuring the plasma concentrations of obestatin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder characterized by restrictive eating and significant weight loss. In the course of AN, changes are observed in appetite regulation, including orexigenic ghrelin and potentially anorexigenic obestatin. The study aimed to determine if any changes in serum ghrelin and obestatin levels during treatment of AN are observed, while investigating the correlations between these peptides and the severity of disturbed eating attitudes, depression, and anxiety. Thirty adolescent inpatients with AN (examined twice: before hospitalization treatment AN-BT and after treatment AN-AT) and thirty healthy age- and height-matched girls (CG) participated in the study. Anthropometric, serum ghrelin and obestatin concentrations and psychometric evaluations (Eating Attitudes Test 26 Item-EAT-26, Beck Depression Inventory-BDI, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-HDRS, and Yale Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale-Y-BOCS) were performed. The study revealed significantly higher ghrelin and obestatin levels in AN-BT than in AN-AT. A trend toward lower levels during treatment provided partial normalizations. Analyzing correlations in the AN-BT vs. CG group, correlations of peptides with EAT-26, BDI, and HDRS scores were detected. These results suggest a potential role for ghrelin and obestatin in the context of defense mechanisms regulating appetite and body weight in the course of AN and in terms of psychopathological changes co-occurring with this eating disorder.

Ayad Mohammed Salem,1 Rabia Latif,1 Nazish Rafique,1 Mubarak I Aldawlan,2 Layan B Almulla,2 Duaa Y Alghirash,2 Ola A Fallatah,2 Faleh M Alotaibi,2 Fahad H Aljabbari,2 Talay Yar1 1Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; 2College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Ayad Mohammed Salem, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, PO Box 2114-31451, Dammam, Saudi Arabia, Email ayadsalem@iau.edu.saIntroduction: The cyclical changes of hormones during the menstrual cycle are responsible not only for reproductive function but also have other effects on dietary intake and appetite. The current study aimed to investigate the variations of appetite-related hormones (ghrelin and obestatin) during the menstrual cycle and their association with adipokines, estrogen, and BMI.Methods: Fifty-six regularly menstruating female students were grouped into normal weight (BMI ≤ 24.9; n = 26), and overweight/obese subjects (BMI ≥ 25; n = 30). Serum ghrelin, obestatin, leptin, adiponectin, and estrogen levels were measured during the early follicular, preovulatory, and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle using the ELISA technique.Results: There were insignificant differences in the levels of serum ghrelin, obestatin, and ghrelin/obestatin ratio across menstrual cycle phases in the whole cohort as well as in each group separately (p > 0.05). Serum ghrelin was significantly less in OW-OB as compared to the NW group (p = 0.005), whereas the average serum obestatin did not show any significant differences between the two groups. No significant correlation was seen between ghrelin and obestatin with the adipokines and estradiol.Conclusion: Significant low level of ghrelin was observed in obese group during the follicular phase. This finding may provide new insights into the altered ghrelin patterns in OW-OB individuals, as a cause or a consequence of obesity and related menstrual disorders.Keywords: ghrelin, obestatin, adipokines, menstrual cycle, obesity

Background and objectives: Atherosclerosis is the underlying pathology of ischemic heart disease. There are many aggravating metabolic and oxidant parameters which are participating together overwhelming the pathology of vascular stenosis. Adipokines play a positive metabolic effect in healthy individuals and oxidation reaction greatly impacts the lipid metabolism and might negatively impact the condition. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the level of adiponectin, obestatin, and redox parameters in atherosclerotic patients. Methods: Serum was collected from atherosclerotic patients and froze to be ready for analysis. Results: The results indicated that hyperlipidemia significantly reduced adiponectin, obestatin, and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase) together with a significant increase in oxidant byproduct (malondialdehyde) and modulated lipid parameters (cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein). Conclusion: The study concluded that atherosclerosis is associated with reduced antioxidant enzymes, obestatin, and adiponectin levels and increased lipid levels. These parameters play a great role in the pathological status of coronary stenosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria. Non-neuronal toxicity of BMAA is poorly studied with a reported increase in reactive oxygen species and a decrease in the antioxidant capacity of liver, kidney, and colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. The aim of this research is to study the toxicity of BMAA (0.1–1 mM) on mitochondria and submitochondrial particles with ATPase activity, on the semicarbazide-sensitive amino oxidases (SSAOs) activity of rat liver, and on an in vitro model containing functionally active excitable tissues—regularly contracting heart muscle preparation with a preserved autonomic innervation. For the first time the BMAA-dependent inhibition of SSAO activity, the elimination of the positive inotropic effect of adrenergic innervation, and the direct and reversible inhibition of adrenaline signaling in ventricular myocytes with 1 mM BMAA were observed. Additionally, it is confirmed that 1 mM BMAA can activate mitochondrial ATPase indirectly. It is concluded that a higher dose of BMAA may influence multiple physiological and pathological processes as it slows down the degradation of biogenic amines, downregulates the sympathetic neuromediation, and embarrasses the cell signaling of adrenergic receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The obese population has been rapidly increasing because of high-fat consumption and a sedentary lifestyle. Large amounts of dietary fat intake increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. We aimed to investigate the effects of exercise and obestatin on a high-fat diet (HFD) induced cardiac hemodynamic changes. Seventy-nine Sprague-Dawley rats (200 to 250 g) were fed either control diet or HFD for 8 weeks. In the 5th week, each diet group was subgrouped as follows; control, exercise, obestatin (25µg/kg, i.p), exercise+obestatin (25µg/kg, i.p). After the end of 4 weeks of exercise (swimming exercise, 5 days a week/20 min day) and obestatin administration period, all animals were sacrificed. Hearts were removed for hemodynamic measurements with the Langendorff apparatus. Blood samples were collected for biochemical measurements. Data were analyzed by Graphpad Prism 6.0. and p<0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Cardiac contractility and hemodynamic parameters in the HFD model have been evaluated. And the effects of chronic obestatin treatment and exercise were studied together. Obestatin ameliorated derangements in LVDP, heart rate, and blood lipid levels induced by an HFD. Also, obestatin prevents decreasing BNP levels with highfat consumption. Obestatin treatment potentiated the beneficial effects of exercise evidenced by LVDP, heart rate, blood lipids, BNP, and AT2R1 measurements. We believe that obestatin has the potential for the maintenance of cardiac function in HFD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Although, some evidence has shown that obestatin, ghrelin, and neurotrophic factors can be involved in the development of cardio-metabolic risk factors, there are some contradictions in this regard. We aimed to investigate the association of serum neurotrophic factors and some gastric hormones with cardio-metabolic risk factors among apparently healthy women. Methods: In the present study, 90 apparently healthy women were recruited by a convenient sampling method from the nutrition counseling clinic in Tabriz, Iran. All participants need dietary counseling for weight loss and were recruited before receiving any dietary interventions. Anthropometric, biochemical, physical activity, and blood pressure (BP) measurements, as well as dietary assessment, were done in all participants. Results: Women who were in the highest tertile of serum obestatin levels (OR=0.118, 95% CI:0.035-0.396) had a significantly lower risk for development of hypertriglyceridemia compared to the reference group (P trend

To investigate the relationship between obestatin and TSH levels in patients who received thyroid hormone replacement and were in the euthyroid state. Included 30 patients who were followed up in the endocrinology outpatient clinic in 2020, who received L-thyroxine replacement, and 30 healthy individuals without any chronic disease who did not receive thyroid hormone replacement. Blood samples were taken from both groups for obestatin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free T4 hormone (fT4) levels. There is significant difference in TSH levels (p = 0.007) was found between the two groups. The obestatin levels of the L-thyroxine replacement group were lower than those of the control group (p = 0.001). No correlation was observed between the TSH and obestatin levels in the control and L-thyroxine replacement groups. In this study, obestatin levels were significantly lower in patients who received L-thyroxine replacement therapy and were in euthyroid status than those in the control group. No correlation was found between obestatin and TSH levels in the control and patient groups. As a result of this study, the thyroid gland may play a more important role in the synthesis or regulation of obestatin synthesis beyond our current knowledge. [Med-Science 2022; 11(1.000): 131-4]

Objective: To investigate the relationship between serum homocysteine (Hcy), PANDER, Obestatin and blood glucose control situation and pregnancy outcome in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: 286 patients with GDM who were treated in our hospital from January 2021 to January 2022 were selected. According to the level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) before delivery, they were divided into blood glucose control standard group (HbA1c < 7%, 173 cases) and blood glucose control non standard group (HbA1c ≥ 7%, 113 cases). The levels of serum Hcy, PANDER, Obestatin, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FINS) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) at the time of enrollment in the two groups of patients were detected and compared. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between Hcy, PANDER, Obestatin and FPG, FINS and HOMA-IR. According to the pregnancy outcome, they were divided into poor pregnancy outcome group (90 cases) and good pregnancy outcome group (196 cases). Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of pregnancy outcome in patients with GDM. Results: The levels of serum Hcy, PANDER, FPG, FINS and HOMA-IR in the blood glucose non control standard group were higher than those in the blood glucose control standard group, while the level of Obestatin was lower than those in the blood glucose control standard group (P＜0.05). The levels of serum Hcy and PANDER were positively correlated with the levels of FPG, FINS and HOMA-IR, and the level of Obestatin were negatively correlated with the levels of FPG, FINS and HOMA-IR (P＜0.05). The age, body mass index (BMI) at enrollment, family history of diabetes, proportion of blood glucose control not up to standard and the levels of serum Hcy, PANDER, FPG, FINS and HOMA-IR in the poor pregnancy outcome group were higher than those in the good pregnancy outcome group, while the level of Obestatin was lower than that in the good pregnancy outcome group (P＜0.05). Blood glucose control not up to standard, the levels of serum Hcy and PANDER were the risk factors of poor pregnancy outcome in patients with GDM, while the level of Obestatin was the protective factor (P＜0.05). Conclusion: The levels of serum Hcy and PANDER increased and the level of Obestatin decreased in patients with blood glucose control not up to standard in GDM, which are related to insulin resistance and poor pregnancy outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of narrative group counseling combined with diet modification and exercise plans on weight loss in Iranian women with obesity. Parallel 2-arm clinical trial. Fifty-six Iranian women with obesity (aged 18–50 years). The intervention group included weekly diet, exercise, and narrative-focused group counseling, whereas the comparison group included dietary modification and exercise sessions for 8 months (32 sessions). Anthropometric and body composition parameters, blood biochemical parameters (high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, fasting blood sugar, ghrelin, obestatin), physical activities, and appetite scores. McNemar test was used for the variables that were not normally distributed and for scaling. Furthermore, t tests were used to compare quantitative variables with normal distributions. The original P (0.05) was adjusted to P = 0.0031 using the Bonferroni correction. Weight, body mass index, body fat proportion, and hip circumference decreased significantly in the intervention vs comparison group. Serum low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, total cholesterol, fasting blood sugar, appetite score, and ghrelin decreased, whereas obestatin increased significantly in the intervention vs comparison group. Narrative-focused group counseling combined with traditional strategies was effective in achieving significant changes in weight, body mass index, and appetite. Future studies with a more diverse audience and a longer follow-up are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cisplatin (CP), which is the most commonly used anticancer agent to treat several solid tumors, may cause acute kidney injury (AKI) as the major limiting factor for its clinical use. Obestatin (OB) is a ghrelin gene-derived peptide produced in several tissues and has shown anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects in many experimental models. This study investigated the effect of OB treatment on nephrotoxicity induced by CP. Rats were divided into 4 groups as two control (1 ml/kg, saline, intraperitoneal (ip), single dose) and two CP-induced (7 mg/kg, ip, single dose) AKI groups (8 rats in each group). Immediately after the CP injection and the following two days, injections of OB (10 µg/kg, ip) were performed. Rats were decapitated at the end of 72 hours. Blood and kidney tissue samples were taken for biochemical and histopathological measurements. The results of the present study revealed that serum creatinine and BUN levels were significantly increased in the CP-induced AKI group when compared to the control group. Treatment with OB improved kidney functions and ameliorated renal oxidative injury and maintained oxidative balance in the CP-induced AKI model, which was revealed by elevated malondialdehyde and depleted glutathione levels. TUNEL scores also demonstrated that CP increased the apoptotic response, while OB treatment abolished it. CP-induced medullary and cortical injuries were also partially reversed by OB treatment. Thus, our findings show that OB alleviates CP-induced nephrotoxicity in rats through the abolishment of oxidative stress and apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Targeting apoptosis in the ischemic penumbra is a rational therapeutic approach for restricting cerebral infarct volume after clinical stroke. The present work explored the capability of the obestatin peptide, as a novel approach to inhibit apoptotic signaling cascades on PC12 cells. According to the results, obestatin treatment significantly reduced nutrient deprivation-induced apoptotic cell death. The protective effects were related to the regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein, BCL-2, and the apoptotic protein caspase-3. This encompasses the control of apoptosis by the interplay between Akt, ERK1/2 and AMPK signaling pathways. The activation of Akt and AMPK was concomitant with the phosphorylation of their downstream targets, GSK3 and ACC, respectively. Besides, obestatin also causes FoxO1 nuclear export supporting the prevention of the apoptosome formation. The concurrent activation of Akt and AMPK by obestatin via the GPR39 receptor, supports a role for this system in the balance concerning the catabolic and the anabolic signaling to sustain cellular function and viability. Furthermore, these results provide both an insight into how the obestatin/GPR39 system regulates anti-apoptotic pathways, and a framework for ascertaining how this system can be optimally targeted in treatment of brain cell death after stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A body shape index (ABSI) and visceral; adiposity index (VAI) can reflect some cardio-metabolic risk factors in the population. To the best of our knowledge, there are no previous studies conducted on the assessment of the association between neurotrophic factors, Ghrelin and Obestatin with ABSI and VAI. We aimed to investigate this association among apparently healthy women. Methods: Ninety apparently healthy women were recruited in the present study. All participants were in need of dietary intervention for weight loss and participated in the study before receiving any intervention. Dietary, anthropometric, physical activity, stress level and biochemical assessments, as well as blood pressure measurements were done for all participants. Results: Women in the highest tertile of ABSI had significantly lower SBP compared to the lowest ABSI tertile. Women who were in the highest tertile of VAI had significantly lower serum Obestatin levels compared to the first and second tertiles in both crude and adjusted comparisons. Serum NGF, Obestatin and Ghrelin levels were significantly lower in the highest tertile of VAI compared to the lowest tertile in both crude and adjusted comparisons. HOMA-IR, serum insulin, LDL-C, TG and TC were significantly higher in the highest tertile of VAI compared to the lowest tertile. QUICKI in the highest tertiles were significantly lower than the first tertile in adjusted model. Conclusion: This evidence can be useful for researchers in applying appropriate anthropometric indices regarding different populations with multifactorial metabolic complications. The current findings need approving by prospective population study and also clinical trial researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Approximately 650 million of world adult population is affected by obesity, which is characterized by adipose and hepatic metabolic dysfunction. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have been linked to improved metabolic profile. However, the effect of SCFAs, particularly acetate on adipose-hepatic dysfunction is unclear. Therefore, the present study investigated the role of acetate on adipose-hepatic metabolic dysfunction and the possible involvement of obestatin in high fat diet-induced obese Wistar rats. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats (160–190 g) were allotted into groups (n = 6/group): Control, acetate-treated, obese and obese + acetate-treated groups received vehicle (distilled water), sodium acetate (200 mg/kg), 40% HFD and 40% HFD plus sodium acetate respectively. The administration lasted for 12 weeks. Results: HFD caused increased body weight gain and visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and increased pancreatic-β cell function and plasma/hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol as well as decreased adipose triglyceride and total cholesterol, increased plasma, adipose, and hepatic malondialdehyde, TNF-α, uric acid, lactate production and plasma/adipose but not gamma-glutamyl transferase and decreased plasma, adipose, and hepatic nitric oxide, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), glutathione (GSH) and obestatin concentration compared to the control group. Notwithstanding, treatment with acetate attenuated the alterations. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that high fat diet-induced obesity is characterized with adipose and hepatic lipid dysmetabolism, which is associated with obestatin suppression. Findings also suggest that acetate provide protection against adipose and hepatic metabolic perturbations by restoring obestatin as well as G6PD/GSH-dependent antioxidant system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the effect of obestatin administration on FSH, LH, testosterone, leptin and MDA levels in obese Sprague Dawley Rats. Study Design: Laboratory based animal study. Place and Duration of Study: Physiology department, Army Medical College Rawalpindi, from Mar to Jun 2015. Methodology: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at Physiology Department Army medical college. Male healthy Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n–15 each) i.e. control group (group I) fed with normal pellet diet (NPD), obese group (group II) and obestatin treated obese group (group III) fed with high fat diet (HFD). After 10 weeks, group III was treated with obestatin (1nmol/100ml intraperitoneally). Blood samples were obtained by terminal intracardiac sampling for bioasssays of FSH, LH, testosterone, leptin and MDA by ELISA. Results: Obestatin supplementation in obese rats showed significant increase in LH levels (3.79 ± 0.05) and testosterone levels (2.07 ± 0.22) when compared to the non treated obese rats (2.19 ± 0.07) and (1.37 ± 0.15) respectively while significant decrease in leptin (3.85 ± 0.23) and MDA levels (1.62 ± 0.07) was observed when compared to the non-treated control groups (6.10 ± 1.18) and (1.95 ± 0.07) respectively. However, serum FSH levels remained unchanged among the treated and nontreated groups. Conclusion: Obestatin increases the testosterone levels by augmenting the pituitary gonadal axis through decrease in the oxidative stress and leptin levels in obese rats.

Background: It has been pointed out that ghrelin and obestatin could have an impact on the genesis of obesity, since they estimulate and inhibit apetite and, therefore, food consumption. Objective: To compare the metabolic profile, lipid profile and the concentrations of ghrelin and obestatin in children with normal weight or obesity. Material and methods: Cross-sectional design with 97 normal weight or obese children, 6 to 18 years of age, who did not present systemic diseases. The serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high (HDL), low (LDL) and very low density (VLDL) lipoproteins, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), ghrelin and obestatin were determined. Descriptive statistics were performed. Student's t test was used to compare groups, and correlation coefficients of ghrelin and obestatin values with biochemical and anthropometric variables. A p value of < 0.05 was significant. Results: 55 children with normal weight and 42 with obesity were included; mean age was 10.7 years. Triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, ALT and insulin were higher, and HDL lower in obese children (p < 0.05). Ghrelin values were higher in normal weight children (p < 0.05), and there was no difference in obestatin values. Conclusions: The lower concentration of ghrelin in obese children may indicate a negative feedback to regulate energy consumption. Children and adolescents with obesity show metabolic and lipid profile alterations that place them at risk of early development of cardiovascular risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ghrelin and obestatin are two "sibling proteins" encoded by the same preproghrelin gene but possess an array of diverse and complex functions. While there are ample literature documenting ghrelin's functions, the roles of obestatin are less clear and controversial. Ghrelin and obestatin have been perceived to be antagonistic initially; however, recent studies challenge this dogma. While they have opposing effects in some systems, they function synergistically in other systems, with many functions remaining debatable. In this review, we discuss their functional relationship under three "C" categories, namely complex, complementary, and contradictory. Their functions in food intake, weight regulation, hydration, gastrointestinal motility, inflammation, and insulin secretion are complex. Their functions in pancreatic beta cells, cardiovascular, muscle, neuroprotection, cancer, and digestive system are complementary. Their functions in white adipose tissue, thermogenesis, and sleep regulation are contradictory. Overall, this review accumulates the multifaceted functions of ghrelin and obestatin under both physiological and pathological conditions, with the intent of contributing to a better understanding of these two important gut hormones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The impact of concomitant obesity and sleep disorders on neuropeptides related to energy balance is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to assess the nocturnal profile of total ghrelin, obestatin, and leptin in patients with elevated BMI and to investigate the impact of breathing-related sleep disorders on these hormone levels. Methods: The study involved 58 patients with suspicion of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Patients underwent anthropometric and sleep examination and measurements of night ghrelin, leptin, and obestatin levels. Results: In patients with OSA (n = 46), recognized on the basis of sleep examination outcomes, the correlation of anthropometric measurements with parameters of sleep disorders and ghrelin levels was observed, contrary to the control group (n = 12). In the OSA group, levels of ghrelin were significantly lower than in the control group at 5:00 and 7:00. Levels of leptin in the OSA group were also lower than those in the control groups (not statistically significant). Profiles of obestatin in both groups were similar. Conclusions: Our results confirm the relationship between obesity and sleep-disordered breathing. Both these disorders affect ghrelin levels—parameters of obesity negatively correlate with hormone concentration, and OSA seems to lower ghrelin values in the second half of the night. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the relationship between obestatin and TSH levels in patients who received thyroid hormone replacement and were in the euthyroid state. Included 30 patients who were followed up in the endocrinology outpatient clinic in 2020, who received L-thyroxine replacement, and 30 healthy individuals without any chronic disease who did not receive thyroid hormone replacement. Blood samples were taken from both groups for obestatin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free T4 hormone (fT4) levels. There is significant difference in TSH levels (p = 0.007) was found between the two groups. The obestatin levels of the L-thyroxine replacement group were lower than those of the control group (p = 0.001). No correlation was observed between the TSH and obestatin levels in the control and L-thyroxine replacement groups. In this study, obestatin levels were significantly lower in patients who received L-thyroxine replacement therapy and were in euthyroid status than those in the control group. No correlation was found between obestatin and TSH levels in the control and patient groups. As a result of this study, the thyroid gland may play a more important role in the synthesis or regulation of obestatin synthesis beyond our current knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To demonstrate the effect of Obestatin supplementation on oxidative stress and serum levels of testosterone, follicular stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and leptin in type 2 diabetic rats. Study Design: Laboratory-based experimental study Place and Duration of Study: Physiology Department, Army Medical College Rawalpindi from Mar-June 2015. Methodology: Forty-five healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups. Group-I (healthy rats) were fed with regular pellet diet (NPD). Group-II (diabetic rats) and group-III (Obestatin treated diabetic rats) were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) followed by a single IP injection of Streptozotocin in the dose of 35 mg/kg on 15th day. After ten weeks, group-III was treated with intraperitoneal Obestatin (1 nmol/100ml). Blood samples were obtained by terminal intra-cardiac sampling for bioassays of Insulin, testosterone, FSH, LH, MDA and leptin by ELISA. Results: Obestatin supplementation in diabetic rats resulted in significant increase in FSH (9.4 ± 0.74 ng/dL), LH (3.89 ± 0.10 ng/dL) and testosterone levels (2.01 ± 0.09 ng/dL) in comparison with non-treated diabetic rats (7.04 ± 0.50 ng/dL), (1.70 ± 0.28 ng/dL) and (1.10 ± 0.40 ng/dL) respectively. Whereas leptin (3.91 ± 0.24 ng/dL) and MDA levels (1.75 ± 0.22 ng/dL) were reduced significantly when compared to the healthy rats (6.10 ± 1.29 ng/dL) and (1.96 ± 0.07 ng/dL) respectively. Conclusion: Testosterone levels are increased by Obestatin supplementation in type 2 diabetic rats by stimulating the pituitary-gonadal axis due to a decrease in circulating leptin levels and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Although, some evidence has shown that obestatin, ghrelin, and neurotrophic factors can be involved in the development of cardio-metabolic risk factors, there are some contradictions in this regard. We aimed to investigate the association of serum neurotrophic factors and some gastric hormones with cardio-metabolic risk factors among apparently healthy women. Methods: In the present study, 90 apparently healthy women were recruited by a convenient sampling method from the nutrition counseling clinic in Tabriz, Iran. All participants need dietary counseling for weight loss and were recruited before receiving any dietary interventions. Anthropometric, biochemical, physical activity, and blood pressure (BP) measurements, as well as dietary assessment, were done in all participants. Results: Women who were in the highest tertile of serum obestatin levels (OR = 0.118, 95% CI: 0.035-0.396) had a significantly lower risk for development of hypertriglyceridemia compared to the reference group (P trend< 0.001). Participants in the highest tertile of serum ghrelin had a significant lower risk of hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, low HDL-C, and MetS (P trend< 0.05). Women who were in the higher tertile of serum NGF levels had a significantly lower risk for development of hypertriglyceridemia after adjustment for potential confounding variables (OR = 0.091, 95% CI: 0.023-0.361 and OR = 0.193, 95% CI: 0.057-0.649 respectively). Conclusion: In the current study serum levels of obestatin, NGF, and ghrelin were associated with some cardio-metabolic risk factors such as hypertriglyceridemia and MetS. It seems that these factors are associated with metabolic regulation. However, further studies are needed to substantiate this claim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study we aimed to assess anorexigenic peptide levels in patients with or without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and their effects on assisted reproductive treatment (ART) outcomes. Methods: A prospective case-control study was conducted in a tertiary care university-based ART clinic. Eighty-three patients were included in the study.The PCOS group included 41 patients, and the non-PCOS group included 42 controls.The 2003 Rotterdam criteria were used for PCOS patient selection. The ART indications in the non-PCOS group were tubal factor or unexplained infertility. Venous blood samples were taken on the third day of the menstrual cycle to determine the serum anorexigenic peptide levels. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method was used for laboratory analyses. Results: In the PCOS group, serum obestatin levels were significantly lowerthan in the control group, but serum anorexigenic peptide levels were similar in PCOS patients with or without clinical pregnancy. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) was diagnosed only in PCOS patients, and the obestatin levels of OHSS patients were significantly lowerthan those of other PCOS patients. Conclusion: Baseline anorexigenic peptide levels did not affect the clinical pregnancy rate in ART cycles. Obestatin may play a role in the pathophysiology of OHSS. This possibility should be confirmed in further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present quasi-experimental and field research was conducted to evaluate the effect of combined exercises on the levels of obestatin and ghrelin in overweight women. Methods: The study subjects consisted of 34 overweight women with a Mean±SD age of 30.29±4.66 years, a Mean±SD height of 165.11±5.56 cm, a Mean±SD weight of 74.64±7.33 kg, a Mean±SD body mass index of 27.35±1.74 kg/m2, which were selected purposefully and randomly, and assigned to the experimental (n=17) and control (n=17) groups. At first, venous blood samples were taken from subjects after 12 h overnight fasting to measure the levels of ghrelin, obestatin, glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance. Then, the participants of the experimental group participated in a combined exercise program, including warming up, aerobic training, resistance training, and cooling down. All these variables were re-measured after 12 weeks and the obtained data were analyzed. The paired t test was used for intra-group comparison and independent t test was performed for inter-group comparison. Results: The findings of this study showed that body weight, BMI, waist circumference, glucose level, and ghrelin-obestatin ratio were significantly different between the experimental and the control groups (P≤0.05) after 8 weeks of combined exercise training, but differences in ghrelin, obestatin, insulin levels, and insulin resistance were not significant between the experimental and control groups (P≤0.05). Conclusion: The combined exercise training, therefore, seems to be a suitable method for weight loss, body composition, waist circumference, glucose level, and ghrelin-obestatin ratio.

BACKGROUND: The main goal of treating obesity is to reduce the risk of developing its complications and comorbid diseases, which requires a steady decrease in body weight by at least 5–10%. In Russia in 2016, the list of drugs for the treatment of obesity was supplemented by a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1) – liraglutide . There is evidence that about one third of patients do not achieve a clinically significant decrease in body weight during treatment with liraglutide, while the factors that predict the so-called early response to treatment are currently unknown. AIM: To identify prognostic factors of an early response to complex therapy of exogenously constitutional obesity, including agonist of GLP-1 receptors liraglutide, and to evaluate the effect of this therapy on the dynamics of levels of endogenous peptide bioregulators of eating behavior (IB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 42 patients with exogenously constitutional obesity, which were divided into 2 groups, comparable by sex, age and body mass index (BMI). The first group (n=22) received treatment recommendations for the correction of nutrition and physical activity, as well as liraglutide 3.0 mg for 3 months. The second group (n=20) received only recommendations for the correction of nutrition and physical activity. At the start and after 3 months, anthropometric characteristics and laboratory parameters were evaluated in all patients, including the levels of endogenous peptide bioregulators of IB (leptin, ghrelin, obestatin and GLP-1), their dynamics was compared between groups. Depending on the therapeutic effect, the 1st group was divided into two subgroups: those who achieved (n = 14) and did not achieve (n = 8) a clinically significant decrease in body weight. In both subgroups, baseline characteristics were analyzed as possible prognostic factors for the effectiveness of complex therapy. RESULTS: To predict an early response to complex therapy, including liraglutide, a mathematical model has been developed that is implemented as a calculator in MS Excel and contains a combination of initial body weight and fasting plasma ghrelin. The dynamics of body weight and BMI in the group of complex therapy was statistically significantly higher than that in the group of isolated lifestyle modifications (ILM). CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of individuals with an early response to 3.0 mg liraglutide therapy is comparable to that of data from randomized clinical trials. The mathematical model, which includes a combination of initial body weight and plasma ghrelin, allows predicting the likelihood of a clinically significant decrease in body weight after 3 months of using liraglutide 3.0 mg in combination with ILM with a sensitivity of 86% [65%; 97%] and prognostic value of a positive result of 80% [60%; 95%].

Obestatin is a gastrointestinal peptide having wide-ranging effects on cell proliferation; however, its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Thus, the aim of the study was to elucidate the effect of exogenous obestatin on the postnatal structural development of the small intestine. Seven-day-old piglets with an average BW of 1.56 ± 0.23 kg were divided into four groups (n = 10) that received intragastrically obestatin (2, 10 or 15 μg/kg BW) or vehicle. After a 6-day experimental period, morphological analysis of gastrointestinal tract and small intestine wall (mitosis and apoptosis indexes, histomorphometry of mucosa and muscularis layers) was performed. The study revealed a seemingly incoherent pattern of the histological structure of the small intestine among the experimental groups, suggesting that the effect of obestatin is both intestinal segment specific and dose dependent. Histomorphometric analysis of the small intestine showed that higher doses of obestatin seem to promote the structural development of the duodenum while simultaneously hindering the maturation of more distal parts of the intestine. Intragastric administration of obestatin increased the crypt mitotic index in all segments of the small intestine with the strongest pro-mitotic activity following the administration of obestatin at a dose of 10 and 15 μg/kg BW. The significant differences in the number of apoptotic cells in the intestinal villi among the groups were observed only in proximal jejunum and ileum. In conclusion, it seems that obestatin shows a broad-spectrum of activity in the gastrointestinal tract of newborn piglets, being able to accelerate its structural development. However, the varied effect depending on the intestinal segment or the concentration of exogenous obestatin causes that further research is needed to clarify the exact mechanism of this phenomenon.

Background: Skin injuries have long been recognized as a prevalent type of physical injury. As a result, numerous research studies have been performed to discover an effective mechanism for wound healing. Therefore, tissue engineering of skin has developed as a potential solution for traditional methods of treating skin injuries., Methods and Materials: Alginate/Chitosan hydrogel was mixed with 1, 10, 100, and 150 µM Obestatin, and evaluated the morphology, cumulative release, hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility, water absorption, cell viability, weight loss, and antibacterial characteristics of three-dimensional (3D) alginate (Alg) and chitosan (Cs) hydrogels during the process of wound curing. Various concentrations of Obestatin (Obes) were utilized for this purpose. Finally, the hydrogels that were made were tested on a full-thickness dermal wound in a Wistar rat model. The curative effects were determined by analyzing RNA expression and examining tissue stained with Masson's trichrome (MT) and hematoxylin-eosin (H&E)., Results: The biodegradability of this hydrogel was verified using weight loss testing, which demonstrated a reduction of around 90% after a period of 3 days. Furthermore, the MTT assay demonstrated that hydrogels have a beneficial effect on cell proliferation without inducing any harmful effects. Furthermore, the hydrogels produced demonstrated higher wound closure in vivo compared to the wounds treated with gauze (negative control group). Among the hydrogel groups, the chitosan/alginate/obestatin 100 µM group exhibited the apical percentage of wound closure, gene expression, and secondary epithelialization, but in 150 µM concentrations, we saw a lower rate of cell growth and proliferation and increase in hemolysis. In addition, RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that a concentration of 100 µM obestatin resulted in an upregulation in the expression of mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), collagen type I & type III, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)., Conclusion: The present study suggests that 3D Alg/Cs hydrogels with a concentration of 100 µM obestatin have the potential for clinical application in the treatment of skin injuries., (© 2024 The Author(s). Skin Research and Technology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-á) and obestatin were important anti-inflammatory adipokines. The level of adipokines (TNF-á and obestatin) in hyperthyroid patients treated with carbimazole drug was determined and such findings were correlated with body mass index. Eighty- five males and females participated in this study. They included: a negative control group of thirty euthyroid persons represent group1, twenty-five hyperthyroid patients (control positive) included in the second group, and thirty hyperthyroid patients treated with carbimazole drug for one year or less comprised the third group. By vein puncture, blood was collected and serum was isolated and preserved at –200C. Adipokines (TNF-á and obestatin) were estimated using the ELISA method. The results demonstrated that the level of TNF-á was highly significant (p<0.01) decrease in hyperthyroid patients as compared with a negative control group. Also, there was a highly significant (p<0.01) decrease in the level of TNF-á in the treated group with carbimazole drug in comparison to a negative control group. However, there was a non-significant (p<0.05) difference in the level of TNF-á in a hyperthyroid patient treated with carbimazole drug in comparison to hyperthyroid patients. The level of obestatin in treated group 3 statistically had a significant (p<0.01) increase when compared with positive and negative control. While, there was a non-significant difference in obestatin level between negative and positive control. These findings suggest that the level of TNF-á decrease in hyperthyroid patients and still decreased after treatment with carbimazole drug for one year or less while obestatin level was increased in hyperthyroid patients but the level increase after treatment with carbimazole drug for one year or less. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Predictive values of acute phase metabolic abnormalities of anorexia nervosa (AN) have seldom been studied. As early postrestoration weight loss is associated with poor outcome, discharge biologic parameters were assessed to detect an association with 2‐month follow‐up weight loss as a proxy to poor outcome. Method: Fasting plasma levels of leptin, acyl‐ghrelin, obestatin, PYY, oxytocin and BDNF were measured in 26 inpatients, at inclusion, at discharge and 2 months later. A body mass index less than 18 2‐month postdischarge was considered a poor outcome. Results: Nineteen patients (73%) had a fair outcome and seven (27%) had a poor one with a mean loss of 0.69 versus 4.54 kg, respectively. Only discharge leptin levels were significantly higher in fair versus poor outcome patients (14.1 vs. 7.0 ng/ml, p = 0.006). The logistic regression model using discharge leptin, acyl‐ghrelin, obestatin, oxytocin, PYY and BDNF levels as predictors of outcome disclosed a nearly significant effect of leptin (p < 0.10). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed 11.9 ng/ml was the best value of threshold. Neither clinical variables differed according to outcome. Conclusion: Leptin level may be a biomarker of early weight relapse after acute inpatient treatment of AN. Its clinical usefulness in monitoring care in AN should further be determined. Highlights: Basal leptin level may be a marker to determine end‐of‐weight restoration.Basal leptin level may have a better predictivity than body mass index for prognosis after weight‐restoration.This marker could potentially help a better allocation of preventive scarce resources and a better development of appropriate methods of relapse prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation aimed to test the alterations of the levels of obestatin hormone, lipid profile and cardiac function markers in relation to hyperglycemia in patients with non-insulin diabetes mellitus. The study included 118 diabetic subjects (56 males, 62 females) and 60 healthy non-diabetic subjects (30 males, 30 females). Diabetic and healthy subjects were age-matched. Serum levels of obestatin, lipid profile markers including total cholesterol (STC), triglycerides (STG), low and high density lipoproteins (LDL-C and HDL-C), as well as cardiac function markers including, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes were determined in all subjects. The findings revealed a remarkable decrease in the level of serum obestatin in both diabetic males and females with both age ranges (40-59 and 60-80 years). On the other hand, the results showed that serum STC, LDL-C, and STG levels were statistically significantly elevated, while that for HDL-C was significantly decreased in diabetic males and females with both age ranges. Concerning the cardiac markers, the results found out that the levels of CK-MB and LDH were significantly increased in type 2 diabetic males and females with both age ranges. The results suggested that a low concentration of obestatin is a significant risk factor for type 2 DM, with a key role for this hormone in the pathogenesis. Accordingly, altered levels of obestatin could be used as an important indicator for type 2 DM. The current study also suggests a direct relationship between lipid profiles, except for HDL, the decreased obestatin level, the increased cardiac function markers, and hyperglycemic status in type 2 DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the effect of obestatin administration on FSH, LH, testosterone, leptin and MDA levels in obese Sprague Dawley Rats. Study Design: Laboratory based animal study. Place and Duration of Study: Physiology department, Army Medical College Rawalpindi, from Mar to Jun 2015. Methodology: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at Physiology Department Army medical college. Male healthy Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n–15 each) i.e. control group (group I) fed with normal pellet diet (NPD), obese group (group II) and obestatin treated obese group (group III) fed with high fat diet (HFD). After 10 weeks, group III was treated with obestatin (1nmol/100ml intraperitoneally). Blood samples were obtained by terminal intracardiac sampling for bioasssays of FSH, LH, testosterone, leptin and MDA by ELISA. Results: Obestatin supplementation in obese rats showed significant increase in LH levels (3.79 ± 0.05) and testosterone levels (2.07 ± 0.22) when compared to the non treated obese rats (2.19 ± 0.07) and (1.37 ± 0.15) respectively while significant decrease in leptin (3.85 ± 0.23) and MDA levels (1.62 ± 0.07) was observed when compared to the non-treated control groups (6.10 ± 1.18) and (1.95 ± 0.07) respectively. However, serum FSH levels remained unchanged among the treated and nontreated groups. Conclusion: Obestatin increases the testosterone levels by augmenting the pituitary gonadal axis through decrease in the oxidative stress and leptin levels in obese rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study investigates the effect of intraperitoneally (IP)-administrated obestatin and short-term treadmill exercise on serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipid profile in rat model. Materials and Methods: Forty-five rats weighing 100 ± 5g were selected and divided into five experimental groups; Group-1/control was normally kept and did not receive obestatin-included solution or exercise. Group-2 (placebo) was treated with basal solution (50 ml distilled water). Group-3 was referred to as obestatin-group which was subjected to injection during the experiment with obestatin solution (10 μg obestatin/ rat). Group-4 was known as treadmill-group which was subjected to exercise protocol (15 days treadmill training), and group-5, known as obestatin and treadmill group (OT), was subjected to injection with obestatin and exercise protocol. The exercise-groups were trained for 3-weeks. Results: the treadmill-group was decreased total cholesterol (TC) concentration (67.67 mg/dl), in comparison with control and obestatin-group (79.00 and 78.33 mg/dl, respectively). Similarly with TC level, the triglyceride and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) was decreased in treadmill-group (‌triglyceride: 70.66 mg/dl in compared with 87.67 mg/dl in control, and HDL-C: 46.10 mg/dl in compared with 57.33 mg/dl in control; P

Objective: To determine the effect of obestatin administration on plasma glucose levels, serum insulin levels and insulin resistance in obese Sprague Dawley Rats. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration of Study: Army Medical College, Rawalpindi in collaboration with National Institute of Health Sciences (NIH), Islamabad from Apr 2013 to Jun 2013. Material and Methods: This study is a randomized controlled trial conducted at Physiology Department Army Medical College. Forty five male healthy Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups i.e. control group (group I) fed with normal pellet diet (NPD), obese group (group II) and obestatin treated obese group (group III) fed with high fat diet (HFD). After 10 weeks, group III was treated with obestatin (1 nmol/100ml intraperitoneally). Blood samples were obtained by terminal intracardiac sampling for bioasssays of plasma glucose by glucose oxidase method, serum insulin levels by ELISA and measurement of HOMA IR. Mean + SD was calculated. Statistical significance of differences across the groups was determined by one way ANOVA followed by Post Hoc Tukey’s test. A p-value

Objective(s): Obestatin is a newly discovered peptide with antioxidant activities in different animal models. Recent studies have shown that Obestatin inhibits apoptosis following cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury. Brain ischemia/reperfusion induces irreversible damage especially in the hippocampus area. This study aimed at examining the protective impact of Obestatin on apoptosis, protein expression and reactive astrogliosis level in hippocampal CA1 region of rat following transient global cerebral ischemia.Materials and Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups (sham, ischemia/reperfusion, ischemia/reperfusion+ Obestatin 1, and 5 µg/kg, n=12). Ischemia induced occlusion of both common carotid arteries for 20 min. Obestatin 1 and 5 µg/kg were injected intraperitoneally at the beginning of reperfusion period and 24 and 48 hr after reperfusion. Assessment of the antioxidant enzymes and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was performed by ELISA method. Caspase-3 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) proteins expression levels were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining 7 days after ischemia.Results: Based on the result of the current study, lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) (P

Obestatin is a 23-amino acid peptide hormone secreted by the stomach and is found in several tissues all over the body, such as the gastric mucosa, spleen, mammary gland, plasma as well as in the testicular Leydig cells. Obestatin seems to operate as part of the integrated gut-brain network acting as an anorectic hormone, reducing food intake and reversing body weight gain. Besides the expressions of obestatin in male reproductive tissues, it is also shown to increase testosterone secretions, thus ameliorating testicular functions. In the present scenario where the increasing prevalence in obesity is considered as one of the major causatives of worldwide declining trend of semen quality, molecules like obestatin playing roles in both metabolic and reproductive functions find importance in management of obesity-induced male infertility or subfertility. The present review article aims to provide updated concepts on obestatin and its mode of actions, and its role in modulation of male reproductive functions.

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of metabolic abnormalities that enhance the risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Ghrelin and obestatin are gut hormones with similar origin that have pivotal roles in food intake and energy metabolism. The aim of present study was to investigate the association between serum ghrelin/obestatin ratio and the components of MetS in women. Materials & Methods: This study was conducted on the total of 86 women, including 43 female patients with MetS and 43 healthy women as the control group. The participants were selected through convenience sampling method among women with similar body mass index and the age range of 30-50 years. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, fasting serum obestatin, ghrelin, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol, fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were measured. Moreover, this study investigated the association between serum levels of ghrelin/obestatin ratio and MetS components. Findings: Serum levels of ghrelin/obestatin ratio was significantly lower in MetS group than control(P=0.036). Moreover, ghrelin/obestatin ratio was positively associated with serum HDL-C levels (β=0.273, P=0.016). However, this ratio was not associated with other measured variables, including waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, blood pressure, FBS, TG, TC, LDL -C, insulin and HOMA-IR (P>0.05). Discussion & Conclusions: Considering lower levels of ghrelin/obestatin ratio in women with MetS and also positive association of ghrelin/obestatin ratio and serum levels of HDL, as an important component of MetS diagnosis. Accordingly, it seems the increase in ratio can lessen the progression of MetS complications, such as cardio-vascular disease by HDL increment in women.

Aim: : To measure obestatin levels in the blood and saliva samples of normal-weight patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in comparison with normal-weight healthy controls, and to determine whether there were relationships between blood and/ or salivary obestatin levels and other measured parameters. Materials and Methods: Fifteen healthy women and 15 patients with PCOS, all of which had normal weight, were included in the study. Participants' age, height, weight, menstrual characteristics, hormone levels, body mass index, waist/hip ratio, and modifed Ferriman-Gallwey (FG) scores were recorded. Obestatin levels were measured in both fasting blood and saliva samples. Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR) was used to predict insulin resistance. Results: In the PCOS group, menstrual cycle duration and FG scores were signifcantly higher (P-value, <0.001, <0.001, respectively). The levels of luteinizing hormone, total testosterone and androstenedione were signifcantly higher in the PCOS group than in the control group (P-value, 0.001, 0.009, 0.004, respectively). In the PCOS group, blood obestatin level was 1265.2 ± 221.9 pg/ml, salivary obestatin level was 3095.33 ± 310.2 pg/ml; whereas the control group demonstrated lower levels of 939.66 ± 72.3 pg/ml and 2611.20 ± 217.1 pg/mL, respectively. However, no statistically signifcant difference was found between the PCOS and control groups when comparing obestatin levels in blood or saliva (P-value, 0.218, 0.369, respectively). No correlation was found between blood and salivary obestatin levels in either group. Finally, obestatin levels were not associated with any of the other measured parameters. Conclusion: Our results suggest that increased levels of obestatin, albeit in a small amount that would not be statistically signifcant in normal weight patients with PCOS, may have signifcant effects on weight control in these patients. In addition, our fndings show that saliva sample can be used as an alternative to blood sample in the measurement of obestatin level in patients with PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD) is a disease caused by multiple factors and can progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. At present, the pathogenesis of NAFLD remains unclear and there are still no effective therapeutic drugs in clinical practice; therefore, it is particularly important to search for new therapeutic drugs that have few side effects and can effectively delay or reverse disease progression. Some studies have shown that related hormones produced by gastric tissue have a variety of effects in the regulation of energy homeostasis and obesity, and the expression level of inflammation - related genes in gastric fundus is consistent with the severity of liver disease; thus we have reason to believe that the stomach is one of the important participants in N AFLD. This article summarizes the role of ghrelin and obestatin produced by the stomach in the progression of N AFLD, which provides a new idea for the pathogenesis of N AFLD and a new direction for treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ghrelin and obestatin are two “sibling proteins” encoded by the same preproghrelin gene but possess an array of diverse and complex functions. While there are ample literature documenting ghrelin’s functions, the roles of obestatin are less clear and controversial. Ghrelin and obestatin have been perceived to be antagonistic initially; however, recent studies challenge this dogma. While they have opposing effects in some systems, they function synergistically in other systems, with many functions remaining debatable. In this review, we discuss their functional relationship under three “C” categories, namely complex, complementary, and contradictory. Their functions in food intake, weight regulation, hydration, gastrointestinal motility, inflammation, and insulin secretion are complex. Their functions in pancreatic beta cells, cardiovascular, muscle, neuroprotection, cancer, and digestive system are complementary. Their functions in white adipose tissue, thermogenesis, and sleep regulation are contradictory. Overall, this review accumulates the multifaceted functions of ghrelin and obestatin under both physiological and pathological conditions, with the intent of contributing to a better understanding of these two important gut hormones.

Background: Globally, Giardia lamblia is one of the major causes of diarrhea in humans and it is the commonest reported gastrointestinal parasite. Thus, the present research work aims to investigate the serum concentration of ghrelin and obestatin in patients with giardiasis. Objective: The current study was designed to determine of G. lamblia infection effects on some biomarkers such as ghrelin and obestatin. Methods: The study was conducted on 48 patients infected with G. lamblia and 48 healthy persons, who attended the general hospital of AL-Hakeem in Najaf city from September to December 2018. The results: The results showed a highly significant decrease (P<0.0001) in serum concentration of ghrelin and a highly significant increase (P<0.0001) in serum concentration of obestatin in G. lamblia infected patients (28.85ng/ml ±3.2) and (186.53ng/ml ± 1.56) respectively, in comparison to the control group (81.39ng/ml ± 3.8) and (92.89ng/ ml ±2.9) respectively, with a significant positive association between the concentrations of ghrelin and obestatin (r = 0.0954). Conclusion: Ghrelin and obestatin are important physiological biomarkers that can support the diagnosis of Giardia lamblia parasite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), pathologically known as chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, is among the diseases with a high burden worldwide. Ghrelin and obestatin, as adipocytokines mainly in adipose tissues, are involved in immune responses and inflammatory pathways. Studies have assessed the circulatory ghrelin levels in patients with IBD. Herein, we aim to pool these studies through systematic review and meta-analysis., Methods: Four international databases, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and the Web of Science were systematically searched for studies assessing ghrelin or obestatin levels in patients with IBD (either Crohn's disease [CD] or ulcerative colitis [UC]) in active phase or in remission. Random-effects meta-analysis was conducted in order to calculate the pooled estimate using the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI)., Results: Nineteen studies were included in our systematic review, comprising 1064 patients with IBD (476 UC and 588 CD). A meta-analysis of 11 studies for comparison of active and quiescent disease showed that patients with active IBD had significantly higher levels of ghrelin (SMD, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.06 to 1.34; P = .03). However, in separate analyses for UC or CD, no such difference was observed (SMD, 1.30; 95% CI, -0.28 to 2.88, P = .11; and SMD, 0.80; 95% CI, -0.41 to 2.01; P = .20, respectively). No significant difference was also observed in ghrelin levels between patients with active IBD and healthy control subjects. Obestatin levels also were not different between patients with active disease and those in remission (SMD, 0.31; 95% CI, -0.05 to 0.68; P = .09). On the other hand, the obestatin/ghrelin ratio was significantly lower in patients with active IBD (SMD, -1.90; 95% CI, -2.45 to -1.35; P < .01)., Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that IBD patients with active disease have higher levels of ghrelin, which needs to be confirmed in future studies. Also, the obestatin/ghrelin ratio might be a promising biomarker for the assessment of disease activity., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)