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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is highly inhibited by the newly discovered class of necleoside analogues. The nucleoside analogues target the nonsubstrate binding site of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). The nucleotide analogues called TSAO are experimented upon to determine the resistivity of the HIV-1. The HIV-1 strains, which resist the TSAO nucleoside derivatives, are sensitive to the other HIV-1 specific nucleoside derivatives. Rapid degradation occurs in the HIV-1 RT, where the Glu-138 to Lys substitution was introduced by the site directed mutagenesis. However, stability was noticed in the HIV-1 Rt having the Glu-138 to Lys substitution.

The majority of women recover from pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain within 3 months of delivery. Since biomechanical and hormonal changes from pregnancy are largely reversed by 3 months postpartum, consequently, it is assumed that other factors might interfere with recovery. Relative to the fear-avoidance model and with reference to previous studies, we chose to investigate some pre-decided factors to understand persistent lumbopelvic pain. The evaluation of lumbopelvic pain postpartum is mostly based on self-administered questionnaires or interviews. Clinical classification of the lumbopelvic pain may increase our knowledge about postpartum subgroups. Two hundred and seventy-two consecutively registered pregnant women evaluated at 3 months postpartum, answered questionnaires concerning disability (Oswestry disability index), pain intensity on visual analog scale, health-related quality of life (HRQL, EQ5D), activity level, depressive symptoms (Edinburgh postnatal Depression Scale) and kinesiophobia (Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia). Women were classified into lumbopelvic pain subgroups according to mechanical assessment of the lumbar spine, pelvic pain provocation tests, standard history, and pain drawings. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to explain the variance of disability. Thirty-three percent of postpartum women were classified with lumbopelvic pain; 40% reported moderate to severe disability. The impacts were similar among subgroups. Pain intensity, HRQL and kinesiophobia explained 53% of postpartum disability due to lumbopelvic pain. In conclusion, one of three postpartum women still had some lumbopelvic pain and the impacts were equivalent irrespective of symptoms in lumbar or pelvic areas. The additional explanations of variance in disability by HRQL and kinesiophobia were minor, suggesting that pain intensity was the major contributing factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: There is no consensus regarding the optimal rehabilitation regimen for increasing quadriceps strength after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. HYPOTHESIS: A comprehensive rehabilitation program supplemented with quadriceps strengthening in open kinetic chain (OKC) exercise will increase quadriceps strength and improve knee function without increasing static or dynamic sagittal tibial translation, compared with the same comprehensive rehabilitation program supplemented with quadriceps strengthening in closed kinetic chain (CKC) exercise, in patients with acute ACL deficiency. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS: Forty-two patients were tested a mean of 43 days (range, 20-96 days) after an ACL injury. Patients were randomized to rehabilitation with CKC quadriceps strengthening (11 men and 9 women) or OKC quadriceps strengthening (13 men and 9 women). Aside from these quadriceps exercises, the 2 rehabilitation programs were identical. Patients were assessed after 4 months of rehabilitation. Sagittal static translation and dynamic tibial translation were evaluated with a CA-4000 electrogoniometer. Muscle strength, jump performance, and muscle activation were also assessed. Functional outcome was evaluated by determining the Lysholm score and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score. RESULTS: There were no group differences in static or dynamic translation after rehabilitation. The OKC group had significantly greater isokinetic quadriceps strength after rehabilitation (P = .009). The hamstring strength, performance on the 1-repetition-maximum squat test, muscle activation, jump performance, and functional outcome did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Rehabilitation with OKC quadriceps exercise led to significantly greater quadriceps strength compared with rehabilitation with CKC quadriceps exercise. Hamstring strength, static and dynamic translation, and functional outcome were similar between groups. Patients with ACL deficiency may need OKC quadriceps strengthening to regain good muscle torque. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased prevalence of oxidant stress and inflammation in patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease. Background. The prevalence of increased oxidative stress and acute-phase inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not been thoroughly investigated. Methods. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and acute-phase inflammation were measured in a cohort of 60 patients with stage 3–5 CKD compared to a healthy subject cohort. Levels of oxidative stress and inflammation were also compared to estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula. Results. All biomarkers of oxidative stress (plasma protein carbonyl group content, plasma free F2-isoprostane content, plasma protein reduced thiol content) and all markers of inflammation [C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6)] differed significantly between CKD patients and healthy subjects. There was no significant relationship between estimated GFR and any oxidative stress or inflammation biomarker. CRP levels were higher in patients with known coronary vascular disease (CVD) and in patients not taking angiotensin II inhibitors. Plasma IL-6 levels were significantly higher in patients with known coronary vascular disease and lower in patients taking statins. Biomarkers of oxidative stress were significantly higher in patients with diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. Conclusion.There is evidence of increased oxidative stress and acute-phase inflammation in patients with stage 3–5 chronic kidney disease compared to healthy subjects that does not closely correlate with estimates of GFR. Among CKD patients, inflammatory biomarkers correlate with known CVD and inversely correlate with the use of angiotensin II inhibitors and statins. A further increase in oxidative stress was noted in diabetic and hypercholesterolemic patients. Inflammation and oxidative stress may contribute to cardiovascular risk in CKD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data was collected in five countries from informal carers of older people (n = 577) via a common protocol. Carers completed: (1) a 17-item version of the Carers of Older People in Europe (COPE) Index, an assessment of carers' perceptions of their role : (2) a questionnaire on demographic and caregiving circumstances : and (3) three instruments included for the criterion validation of the COPE Index (the General Health Questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF). Principal Component Analysis of the COPE Index was followed by internal consistency analysis of emergent components. Scales derived by summing items loading on the components were analyzed for their association with the criterion measures. Two components, negative impact and positive value, emerged consistently across countries. A third component, quality of support was less consistent across countries. Scales derived from the negative impact and positive value components were internally consistent and significantly associated with the criterion validity measures. These two scales and four items drawn from the quality of support component were retained in the final COPE Index. While further testing is required, the COPE Index has current utility in increasing understanding of the role perceptions of carers of older people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IPPA (Individually Prioritised Problem Assessment) is a new instrument to assess the effectiveness of assistive technology provision. It assesses the impact that problems have on daily life as perceived by the end-user. In an international trial, 248 clients of service delivery centres were interviewed using the instrument, of whom 188 also participated in a follow-up interview. Respondents had problems in mobility, hearing, speech-related communication or self-care. In addition to IPPA, SIP68 and EuroQol were administered for validation purposes. The instrument fits well into the process of service delivery (and even facilitates the actual assessment). The direction of changes measured by IPPA is consistent with the direction of changes measured by SIP68 and EuroQol. supporting construct validity. Changes measured by IPPA are considerably larger, supporting our view that solving problems is a key outcome in provision of assistive devices. Results support the ideas behind the instrument and are promising enough to continue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of spinal fusion in patients with paralytic deformities are usually presented as the correction of the deformity. When evaluating the surgical results in such patients, it is advantageous to classify the patients into subgroups because of the varying dysfunction and disabilities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of spinal fusion in patients with paralytic scoliosis in relation to function in terms of Impairments, activities in terms of Disabilities, and dependence in terms of Handicaps 1 year postoperatively, with emphasis on subgroups. A total of 94 patients with paralytic scoliosis and 18 different diagnoses were evaluated 1 year after surgery. The patients were classified according to whether or not they could understand verbal instructions. The patients were also grouped according to the Scoliosis Research Society classification of diagnoses. A set of instruments was used with the variables classified according to WHO’s International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps (ICIDH). This consists of the patient’s/relative’s motives for surgery, persistent skin discoloration, ambulating or use of wheelchair, use of a brace, sitting balance, weight distribution on a sitting surface, angle of scoliosis, reaching, pain estimation, activities of daily living (ADL) Klein and Bell, care given, time spent resting, and seating supports. The set of instrument also included a follow-up questionnaire comprising 12 different areas, where the patients/relatives assessed the results of surgery. The study showed that spinal fusion in paralytic scoliosis led to showed improvements in the whole group of patients at the Impairment level in the angle of scoliosis, sitting balance, weight distribution, and reduced number of patients with persistent skin discoloration, and at the Handicap level in reduced time for resting during the day, reduced number of seating supports in the wheelchair, and in the use of a brace. Most of the parameters were unchanged. The results in the subgroups were almost the same as in the whole group, although pain and reaching at the Impairment level, and ADL at the Disability level, could not be measured in the patients who were unable to understand verbal instructions. The subjectively assessed results showed that seating posture was ranked positively irrespective of the motive for surgery. The study showed that the patients with paralytic scoliosis maintained or improved their function and level of independence in terms of Impairment and Handicap 1 year postoperatively. The subjective results assessed by the patients/relatives also showed a positive outcome of surgery. Weight distribution on a seating surface was improved, but still uneven, and with respect to better sitting balance and increasing time sitting in a wheelchair, this can involve a risk for pressure sores and needs further investigation. When introducing outcomes including the Disability level, one must take the importance of homogeneity in the groups into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preoperative evaluation of patients with paralytic scoliosis should take into account the consequences of surgery on the every day life of the patient. However, the parameters that are customarily used in these operations relate only to very narrow measures such as the angle of scoliosis or kyphosis. The aim of this study was to introduce a set of instruments appropriate for measuring both function and activities in paralytic scoliosis patients. The study took as its starting point the WHO International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH), in which an activity is described at the level of the individual and function at the level of the organ. A consecutive series of 100 paralytic scoliosis patients with 18 different diagnoses were evaluated preoperatively with a set of instruments that had been specially developed at Linköping hospital, in which the variables are classified according to the system used in the ICIDH. The set of instruments included general information and evaluation of activities and function – sitting, balance, weight distribution to sitting surface, angle of scoliosis, reaching, pain estimation, activities of daily living (ADL) Barthel and ADL Klein and Bell, care given, time spent resting, and seating supports). The results showed that patients with paralytic scoliosis constitute a heterogeneous group in activities and function. Even when the patients were grouped into four subgroups according to the Scoliosis Research Society Classification, they remained very heterogeneous. However, reaching, Klein and Bell Activities of Daily Living and pain could only evaluate patients who could understand verbal instructions. In those who could not, assessment relied more heavily on measures of function and level of dependence. It was concluded that the choice of assessment must be guided by the patient’s ability to understand verbal instructions irrespective of his/her disorder. It is important to use the three levels – impairments, disabilities and handicaps – in order to focus on the different outcomes in the two groups with respect to the patient’s total situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]