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Background: Constitutive activation of STAT3 promotes oncogenesis and growth of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We investigated the mechanism of action of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), an endogenous inhibitor of JAK, as gene therapy for OSCC. Methods: Antitumor effect of SOCS1 was compared to JAK inhibitor I by cell proliferation assay, cell cycle analysis, and apoptosis analysis in vitro. In addition, antitumor effect was evaluated using xenograft mouse models in vivo. Results: JAK inhibitor I inhibited the proliferation of KOSC2 cl3‐43 or T3M‐1 clone2 OSCC cell lines in vitro. While JAK inhibitor I arrested both cell lines at the G2/M phase, induction of apoptosis was observed in T3M‐1 clone2 cells, but not KOSC2‐cl3‐43 cells. An adenoviral vector expressing SOCS1 (AdSOCS1) significantly decreased the proliferation of both OSCC cell lines and induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, suggesting that induction of apoptosis of KOSC2 cl3‐43 cells by AdSOCS1 is regulated by the JAK/STAT independent pathway. Overexpression of SOCS1 inhibited activation of the JAK/STAT and p44/42 MAPK pathways, while JAK inhibitor I inhibited activation of the JAK/STAT pathway only. Consistently, expression of Mcl‐1 was decreased by overexpression of SOCS1, but not JAK inhibitor I. Additionally, KOSC2 cl3‐43 or T3M‐1 clone2 OSCC cells were subcutaneously implanted in the flanks of two xenograft mouse models. As compared to a control adenovirus vector (AdLacZ), intratumor injection of AdSOCS1 significantly decreased the tumor volume and induced apoptosis in vivo. Conclusion: SOCS1 gene therapy may be a beneficial approach for the treatment of OSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Early mobilization and rehabilitation has become common and expectations for physical therapists working in intensive care units have increased in Japan. The objective of this study was to establish consensus-based minimum clinical practice standards for physical therapists working in intensive care units in Japan. It also aimed to make an international comparison of minimum clinical practice standards in this area., Methods: In total, 54 experienced physical therapists gave informed consent and participated in this study. A modified Delphi method with questionnaires was used over three rounds. Participants rated 272 items as "essential/unknown/non-essential". Consensus was considered to be reached on items that over 70% of physical therapists rated as "essential" to clinical practice in the intensive care unit., Results: Of the 272 items in the first round, 188 were deemed essential. In round 2, 11 of the 62 items that failed to reach consensus in round 1 were additionally deemed essential. No item was added to the "essential" consensus in round 3. In total, 199 items were therefore deemed essential as a minimum standard of clinical practice. Participants agreed that 42 items were not essential and failed to reach agreement on 31 others. Identified 199 items were different from those in the UK and Australia due to national laws, cultural and historical backgrounds., Conclusions: This is the first study to develop a consensus-based minimum clinical practice standard for physical therapists working in intensive care units in Japan., (2021, JAPANESE PHYSICAL THERAPY ASSOCIATION.)

Early mobilization is advocated to prevent intensive care unit-acquired physical weakness, but the patient's workload and its changes in response to body position changes have not been established. We used indirect calorimetry to determine the energy expenditure (EE) in response to body position changes, and we assessed EE's correlation with respiratory parameters in healthy volunteers: 8 males and 8 females, mean age 23.4±1.3 years. The subjects started in the resting supine position followed by a 30° head-up position, a 60° head-up position, an upright sitting position, a standing position, and the resting supine position. EE was determined in real time by indirect calorimetry monitoring the subject's respiratory rate, tidal volume (VT), and minute volume (MV). The highest values were observed immediately after the subjects transitioned from standing to supine, and this was significantly higher compared to the original supine position (1,450±285 vs. 2,004±519 kcal/day, p<0.01). Moderate correlations were observed between VT and EE (r=0.609, p<0.001) and between MV and EE (r=0.576, p<0.001). Increasing VT or MV indicates an increasing patient workload during mobilization. Monitoring these parameters may contribute to safe rehabilitation. Further studies should assess EE in critically ill patients., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.