Search

The importance of preserving dental tissues together with the evolution of dental techniques and materials has led to advances in the field of endodontics and new principles in tooth restoration. Endodontically treated teeth are more prone to fracture and endodontically treated abutment teeth have a lower survival rate compared to vital abutment teeth. The aim of this study was to establish the evolution of teeth with endodontic treatment in a group of patients from Craiova, the frequency of various forms of failure of endodontic treatment and to identify the factors that contributed to the failure or success of endodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out based on the clinical and radiological examination and the consultation of the treatment sheets of some patients who came for treatment in the Dental Prosthetics Clinic of the Faculty of Dental Medicine of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova. The general technical quality of the endodontic treatment was evaluated based on the guidelines published by the European Society of Endodontology, following the radiological appearance of the root canal obturation as well as the presence of periapical lesions. The periapical index (PAI) proposed by Orstavik et al. was used to assess the periapical condition of teeth with root canal fillings. Results: The most common indications for endodontic treatment were irreversible pulpitis (64.05%) and endodontic treatment for prosthetic purposes (23.72%). Periapical lesions were observed in 33.4% of all endodontically treated teeth. Periapical lesions were observed in 35.2% of endodontically treated abutment teeth compared to 7.1% of vital abutment teeth. Conclusions: The most common indications for endodontic treatment were irreversible pulpitis and endodontic treatment for prosthetic purposes. Endodontic treatments for prosthetic purpose were very frequent although there are clear recommendations against it. Periapical complications were recorded in a higher proportion in case of abutment teeth.

Bacterial decontamination of root canals can be improved by directly irradiating the dentinal walls with dental lasers or by irradiating/activating the irrigation solutions, the laser having an indirect clinical action. Inside the root canal, laser irradiation produces a thermal effect on the dentine walls and bacteria, which generates unwanted side effects, if the therapeutic protocol is not followed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the root canal walls by stereomicroscopic ex-amination, after their chemo-mechanical instrumentation and conventional laser irradiation. For this study, 35 palatal roots of upper first molars were used. For some of the palatal canals, con-ventional laser irradiation was performed using a diode laser with a wavelength of 980 nm and two different irradiation protocols. The root canal walls were examined stereomicroscopically at different degrees of magnification. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of the stereomicro-scope in examining the walls of prepared and laser irradiated root canals. Areas of morphological alteration were identified and measured on the walls of the root canals for which the irradiation protocol was not applied correctly.

Root canal therapy (RCT) is usually performed in Romania by general dentists (GDPs) because they are more readily available and more reasonably priced than endodontists. Concerns have been raised about the quality of RCTs performed by GDPs, possibly due to insufficient equipment or knowledge; therefore, this study aims to investigate current endodontic practices in Romania. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted via a questionnaire distributed to 400 randomly selected Romanian dentists, with 285 fully validated completed responses (71.25% response rate). Respondents were grouped by speciality, and statistical analysis, including cross-tabulation and the χ2 (chi-square) test, was used, with a significance level set at p ≤ 0.05 for all tests. Results: Significant differences were found in the use of magnification, rubber dam, sodium hypochlorite concentration, and bioceramics (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in preferences for measuring working length (p = 0.166) or rotary instrument motion (p = 0.289). Approximately 6% of the respondents used laser technology with no significant difference across specialities (p = 0.571). Additionally, 77.9% preferred using sodium hypochlorite, with no significant difference between groups (p = 0.006) regarding concentration. Conclusions: Most participants, including GDPs, use modern equipment and techniques during RCT, indicating their awareness and competence in current endodontic practices.

One of the most common causes of endodontic treatment failure is inadequate diagnosis and treatment planning of the treated tooth, including lack of comprehensive knowledge about the morphological characteristics and their frequent variations of the entire root canal system. Therefore, a successful root canal treatment depends on a clinician’s ability to locate, clean, shape, and fill the entire canal system in all dimensions. The permanent upper first molar (MFM) is the earliest permanent tooth that appears in the oral cavity and that makes it vulnerable to caries and further to the need of endodontic treatment.Permanent maxillary first molars (MFM) generally have three roots with additional canal located in the mesiobuccal root (MB) which are called first mesiobuccal (MB1) and second mesiobuccal (MB2) and loops, intercanal connections, auxiliary canals, and apical ramifications are all common anatomical features. In maxillary molars, a conventional intraoral periapical radiograph provides a 2D view of the root canal system (RCS); as a result, the prevalence of undetected MB2 canal is high; the need for a 3D view of the RCS can be satisfactorily fulfilled by cone-beam CT (CBCT). The prevalence of MB2 has been assessed in several in vitro and in vivo studies, presenting variations according to the methodology applied, along with the population of interest. As a novelty this study aims to analyze the MB2 canal prevalence, anatomy and working length in MFM in the Romanian population using CBCT imaging and clinical notes. In addition, the data obtained will contribute to the currently available evidence in the literature from other parts of the world as well as increase the general dental practitioners (GDP) awareness about the anatomical complexities and variations of the permanent upper first molar. In this retrospective study, CBCT images and clinical notes of 289 patients with ages between 14 and 78 years old presenting 336 upper first molar pathology were reviewed in this study, which was conducted at the Endodontology Department of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova. According to this retrospective study, the romanian people have a high prevalence of the MB2 canal in permanent maxillary first molar regardless of gender. The overall prevalence of the MB2 canal was 75%, with a type II morphology according to Vertucci classification in 69% of cases and an average length of 14.7mm for type II respectively 18.3 mm for type IV canal type.

The possibility of dental pulp damage during dental procedures is well known. According to studies, during finishing and polishing without cooling, temperatures of up to 140 °C or more can be generated. There are many studies that have analysed the influence of the finishing and polishing of fillings on the mechanical parameters, but the analysis of thermal parameters has led to uncertain results due to the difficulty of performing this in vivo. Background: We set out to conduct a study, using the finite element method, to determine the extent to which the type of class II cavity and the volume of the composite filling influence the duration of heat transfer to the pulp during finishing and polishing without cooling. Materials and Methods: A virtual model of an upper primary molar was used, with a caries process located on the distal aspect, in which four types of cavities were digitally prepared: direct access, horizontal slot, vertical slot and occlusal–proximal. All four cavity types were filled using a Filtek Supreme XT nanocomposite. Results: The study showed that the filling volume almost inversely proportionally influences the time at which the dental pulp reaches the critical temperature of irreversible damage. The lowest duration occurred in occlusal–distal restorations and the highest in direct access restorations. Conclusions: based on the results of the study, a working protocol can be issued so that finishing and polishing restorations without cooling are safe for pulpal health.

This in vitro study aims to assess the cyclic fatigue resistance of the Protaper Ultimate (PTU) files compared to the Protaper Gold (PTG) and the M3 UDG (M3) files using various motion kinematics in simulated canals. As far as the authors are aware, no study has previously compared the three file systems before this current investigation. Therefore, closing this information gap is the goal of the current research. Methods: A total of (60 new endodontic files were randomly divided into 6 groups (10 files per group); groups 1, 3, and 5 used continuous rotation (CR), while groups 2, 4, and 6 used forward reciprocating motion (FRM). A manufactured stainless-steel artificial canal was used to perform the cyclic fatigue testing. The results were analyzed using Student’s t-test and two-way ANOVA. All pairwise comparisons revealed statistically significant differences in the time to failure (TTF) for every study group (p < 0.001), with the exception of the PTG and M3 files, which performed similarly using both CR and FRM. Conclusions: The PTU files performed better than the PTG and M3 files in terms of the TTF and number of cycles to failure (NCF) using both CR and FRM.

In current endodontic practice the root canal irrigation by using sodium hypochlorite as primary irrigant of choice coupled subsequently with a chelating agent, usually EDTA, is a crucial mean of cleaning and disinfection of endodontic system. Continuous chelation is a new paradigm relied on the increased role and efficacy of irrigation in root canal treatment. This novel approach of irrigation replaces the alternative use of irrigants according to present accepted treatment protocols by sole irrrigant flushing with a chair side mixture of sodium hypochlorite and a weak chelator, mainly etidronate (Dual Rinse HEDP). Continuous chelation is not inferior to the antimicrobial activity of sodium hypochlorite, allows the dissolution of pulp remnants and removal of smear layer and shortens the time required for chemomechanical treatment of the root canals.

Acromegaly, a GH (Growth Hormone) excess – related condition, has co-morbidities varying from cardio-metabolic events, sleep apnea, osteoporotic fractures, and oncologic risk especially of colonic cancer up to oral, facial and dental anomalies. We aim to briefly revise oro-dental status in acromegalic patients through a multidisciplinary perspective. This is a review of literature. Because of GH and IGF1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor) actions, a wide area of anomalies are registered, for example, mandibular protrusion, widening of maxillary, increased spaces between teeth, malocclusion, thick lips, all of them causing functional impairment and facial appearance changes. Oro-facial manifestations are among earliest signs; however, the acromegaly phenotype is recognizable after more than a decade of biochemical exposure to GH excess (unrecognized, untreated and/or uncontrolled acromegaly). The mentioned anomalies require a specialized team of medical dentists, and orthodontists, as well as otorhinolaryngology practitioners in addition to endocrinologists. Mandibular ramus has a larger height in acromegaly, main characteristic being increased L1/MP (labial inclination of mandibular central incisors) which might function as a discriminator parameter from non-acromegalic malocclusion. Some individuals might experience gingivitis, moderate chronic periodontitis or bulky oral bony outgrowths according to AcroDent study. Another consistent chapter of dental and periodontal complications is provided by the presence of secondary diabetes mellitus in acromegalic patients, a “sweet” complication that is controlled at the point when GH excess is controlled, due to hyperglycemic effect of GH and associated insulin resistance. An additional perspective on facial bones is related to GH excess – induced bone remodeling pattern that delays some dental procedures since acromegaly stabilization is mandatory first. Incrementally, the delay of dental intervention limits the dental management, finally requiring prosthetic approach. In the meantime, increased bone turnover associates anomalies of skeleton micro-architecture and increased osteoporotic fracture risk. High bone turnover should be taken into consideration when planning implant surgery. Awareness among dentists and orthodontists is essential to early recognition of acromegaly and its complications in order to improve the outcome. A close collaboration with endocrinologists is required.

The dental laser can be used in many stages of endodontic treatment, but researchers in the field claim that this device is especially useful for cleaning and decontaminating root canals. Aim of the study The aim of this study was to establish the level of knowledge of Romanian dental practitioners about laser-assisted endodontics, as well as to determine whether the current gold standard in endodontics is respected by them. Material and methods To accomplish this, we completed an electronic questionnaire using Google Forms, which included 20 questions on laser-assisted endodontics, protocol of use and side effects, and the application of modern chemo-mechanical treatment. The questionnaire was distributed online to dentists in Romania. Results Almost all participants stated that they know the laser is used during endodontic treatments, but about half of them do not know if the therapeutic effects reach the less accessible areas of the root canals. Conclusions Our study demonstrated a moderate level of knowledge of laser-assisted endodontics, requiring further studies and the introduction of subjects related to laser technology in the university curriculum.

Composite materials used in dental restorations are considered resistant, long-lasting and aesthetic. As the wear of restorations is an important element in long-term use, the aim of this study was to evaluate the surface condition of nanohybrid and microfilled composite resins, after being subjected to the erosive action of dental bleaching protocols. This paper reflects a comparative study between one nanofilled composite and three microfilled composites used in restorations. For each composite, three sets of samples (under the form of composite discs) were created: a control group, an “office bleach” group with discs bleached with 40% hydrogen peroxide gel, and a “home bleach” group with discs bleached with 16% carbamide peroxide gel. Wear was numerically determined as the trace and the coefficients of friction obtained using a tribometer, the ball-on-disk test method, and two balls: alumina and sapphire. For all composite groups, there were statistically significant differences between the wear corresponding to the control and bleaching groups, for both testing balls. Regarding the composite type, the largest traces were recorded for GC Gradia direct anterior, for all groups, using the alumina ball. In contrast, for the sapphire ball, 3M ESPE Filtek Z550 was characterized by the largest traces. With respect to the friction coefficients, the “office bleach” group recorded the largest values, no matter the composite or the ball type used. The 3M ESPE Valux Plus composite recorded the largest friction coefficients for the alumina ball, and 3M ESPE Filtek Z550 for the sapphire ball. Overall, the “office bleach” group was characterized by higher composite wear, compared to the “home bleach” protocol or control group. Nanofilled composite resins showed superior wear resistance to microfilled resins after undergoing a bleaching protocol.

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the surface roughness evolution of several finished and polished composites when bleaching materials are applied. The research was conducted on four microhybrid or nanofilled composites that are used in dental restorations. Materials and Methods: For each composite type, 5 samples were selected for control, 5 samples were subjected to the bleaching protocol “office bleach” with 40% hydrogen peroxide, and 5 other samples were subjected to the “home bleach” protocol with 16% carbamide peroxide, resulting in a total number of 60 samples. The surfaces of all the samples were tested for roughness, and the values of the most relevant parameter (Ra), were collected. Comparisons between composites and samples were performed using one-way ANOVA (in Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Results: After the bleaching protocol with 40% hydrogen peroxide gel, it was found that the roughness of the group increased considerably compared to the control group, so the highest roughness was found at GC Gradia direct anterior group, and the lowest value was registered for the 3M ESPE Valux Plus group. Following the bleaching protocol with 16% carbamide peroxide (home bleach), it was noted that the sample surfaces were not as affected. In this case, the lowest roughness was found at 3M ESPE Valux Plus group, and the highest roughness was registered for the GC G-aenial anterior group. Following the interpretation of the results, all four types of dental composites tested showed significant surface roughness differences between the groups subjected to bleaching protocols and those kept as control (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The surfaces of the samples were affected by the bleaching protocols by increasing the roughness compared to the control samples.

This study is a review of the literature to obtain a topical retrospective on the clinical implications of endodontic treatment in the prevention and cure of periapical lesions. To carry out this study, a number of 50 books and specialty articles were studied (see bibliography). Non-surgical and surgical endodontic treatments have a high success rate in treating and preventing apical periodontitis when performed in accordance with standard and accepted clinical principles. However, periapical endodontic lesions remain in some cases an additional treatment to be considered when apical periodontitis persists. (1) Periapical lesions of endodontic origin are common pathological diseases that affect the periradicular tissues. Microbial infection of the pulpal tissues is primarily responsible for the onset and progression of apical periodontitis. (2) Evaluation of the healing of periapical lesions should be done periodically, which requires long-term follow-up. Even large periapical lesions and retreatment cases in which the lesion is of endodontic origin have been successfully managed non-surgically with orthograde endodontic therapy. (2)

This review aims to investigate different types of endodontic medications used between treatment sessions, their advantages and disadvantages, in vivo and in vitro experiments in which they had the expected efficacy, or in which they were not effective, but also the direct and residual antibacterial effects of antimicrobials used in endodontic regeneration, against bacterial biofilms, out of the desire to make their selection easier by practitioners in clinical cases encountered. Thus are analyzed and exposed several endodontic drugs (calcium hydroxide, TAP, DAP, propolis, but also mixtures thereof) that have been studied clinically or in vitro, observing which were more effective and in which specific cases.

Modern dental practice involves many procedures that aim to reduce stress for the patient and, at the same time, increase comfort for the dentist. On this wise, the rubber dam has been available in the dental field for over 150 years. Although its advantages are indisputable and it is an essential condition for the success of endodontic treatment, in the literature there is a lot of information that the rubber dam is not usually used by dentists in endodontic treatments. There are many unsustainable reasons for not using it: high-cost price, non-acceptance of the patient, increased time for application, etc. Because the dam is not used, negative results can be observed, the endangerment by aspiration or swallowing of tools, materials and solutions, the spread of microorganisms through aerosols and even the transmission of diseases.

The aim of the study is to show the importance of performing a correct endodontic treatment followed by periodic radiological monitoring of teeth with extensive apical lesions. Material and method: On radiological examination it was observed the existence of an extensive apical lesion at the level of the tooth 46. Results: The chemo-mechanical treatment was performed, the root canals were filled, the rest oration was made with a crown and periodic radiographs were performed at 6,12 and 24 months. Conclusions: Our study confirms that large periapical inflammatory lesions can be cured by non-surgical endodontic therapy.

The endodontic system is complex and has many anatomical variations within different population groups. The success of any endodontic treatment depends on the comprehensive knowledge of the internal morphology of the canals, the achievement of an access cavity and a correct chemo-mechanical treatment, as well as the quality of the canal obturation. Lack of knowledge in this regard and omission of a root canal are among the most common causes of failure of endodontic treatments. Most previous studies on the first molars of the jaws have shown that they have three roots and four channels, because an additional channel is often found at the mesio-vestibular root. Other anatomical variations, such as an additional C-shaped canal, have also been reported in the disto-vestibular and palatal roots. Thus, due to the fact that they have a more complex anatomy compared to other teeth, the 1 maxillary molars have the highest rate of endodontic failure. Recently, CBCT has been used to explore the three-dimensional details of the root canal before endodontic treatment. The aim of this study is to highlight the importance of in-depth knowledge of the root canal morphology of the first permanent maxillary molar.

Aim of the study: the purpose of this study is to compare the two rotary systems in terms of efficiency and quality of curved root canals instrumentation. Material and methods: to perform this study, 20 molars with fully formed apexes and root canals with curves between 25 and 35 degrees were used.Subsequently, all teeth were divided into two groups, each group having a number of 10 root canals: Group A - Mtwo system (VDW) was used, Group B - ProTaper Next system was used (Dentsply Maillefer). Results All teeth were x-rayed initially and after the canal fillings were completed. During the study, the following were noted: working length, apical diameter, working time, the degree of widening of the canals given by each rotary system, the ability of each system to respect the initial anatomy of the canals, the quality of the canal fillings, possible accidents during instrumentation. Conclusions The ability of Ni-Ti rotary instruments to remove dentin and pulpal debris is closely related to the design features of the instruments, in particular the cross-sectional appearance and the cutting blades

This study is a literature review in order to irrigants in endodontics. A successful endodontic treatment relies on eradicating the germs found in the canal system and preventing reinfection. Alongside the irrigants commonly used in endodontics, in order for the treatment to be successful there have been introduced different irrigation systems that bring benefits such as: decreased time to act and the way of penetration at the isthmi level and lateral canals and of irrigation substances, where instrumentation is not sufficient.

The success of endodontic treatment is dependent on the removal of bacteria. A modern strategy to reduce bacterial load is laser irradiation. During this procedure, there is a local increase in temperature with possible side effects. The aim of this study was to determine the thermal behavior of a maxillary first molar when performing the conventional irradiation technique using a diode laser. For this study, a 3D virtual model of a maxillary first molar was created. The preparation of the access cavity, the rotary instrumentation of the palatal root canal and the laser irradiation protocol were simulated. The model was exported in a finite element analysis program where the temperature and heat flux were studied. Temperature and heat flux maps were obtained, and the temperature increase on the internal wall of the root canal was analyzed. The maximum temperature value exceeded 400 °C and was maintained for less than 0.5 s. The obtained temperature maps support the bactericidal effect of diode laser and the limitation of damage to surrounding tissues. On internal root walls, the temperature reached several hundred degrees Celsius, but for very short durations. Conventional laser irradiation is an adjuvant method of decontamination of the endodontic system.

The finite element method (FEM) is a computational method that can solve all biomechanical problems, including the field of orthodontics. The purpose of this virtual experimental study is to determine the behavior of a real orthodontic system subjected to different systems of loads. To analyze the real orthodontic system, we studied the case of a 21-year-old female patient. We used the InVesalius program, which can transform a set of DICOM-type images taken from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) into three-dimensional structures. These structures were edited, modified, completed, and analyzed from a geometric point of view with the help of the Geomagic software. The final result of these operations must be a three-dimensional model made up of perfectly closed surfaces so that they can be transformed into virtual solids. The model consisting of perfectly closed surfaces is loaded into computer-aided design (CAD) programs. Bracket and tube components, as well as orthodontic wires, can be added to these models, similar to the analyzed patient’s tissues. When the model is complete and geometrically correct, it is exported to a program that uses FEM, such as Ansys Workbench. The simulation was performed for the forces of 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and 1 N. The intention was to determine the behavior of the entire orthodontic system for these force values. After running the simulations, result maps were obtained that were composed of displacement, strain, and stress diagrams. It was also found that, in addition to the known rigidity, the orthodontic system has some elasticity due to the orthodontic wires, as well as the periodontal ligaments. Thus, a virtual analysis study can be carried out starting from a real patient with pre-treatment CBCT images and the virtual models of the bracket and tube elements and of the orthodontic wires.

The search for a perfect root canal obturation led to the develop of a new class of materials. Tricalcium silicat base sealer or bioceramic sealers are the answers to some problems that appeared with traditional warm obturation techniques. The aim of this review is to evaluate the new material based on literature findings. An extensive search of the endodontic literature was made to identify publications related to bioceramic-based root canal sealers. The properties, such as adhesion, biocompatibility, solubility, antimicrobial efficiency were evaluated in an laboratory manner. We have a lack of proper evaluation with in vivo studies, thus having an open for further studies.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate root and canal morphology of maxillary first premolars using a staining technique in cleared teeth. Material and methods: Our study was performed using extracted first maxillary premolars in the Histology Department of University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova. Results: When considering the number of roots for maxillary first premolars we noticed a high prevalence of two rooted first maxillary premolars 61,9%. 25,8% of the first maxillary premolars in our study presented a single root mesio-distally flattened, 9,5% of the premolars in our study presented one mesio-distally flattened root that divided into two separate roots in the apical area (bifid root). Conclusions: Thorough knowledge of the internal anatomy in maxillary first premolars as well as the possible particularities represent the key factor in a successful endodontic outcome. Endodontic systems specific to every population can guide the clinician in approaching the endodontic procedures starting with the access cavity, then shaping an cleaning and of course the root canal filling technique in order to seal the entire endodontic system.

The rapid evolution of laser technology and the better understanding of laser-tissue interaction, allowed the growth of possible laser treatments, including laser assisted endodontics. Diode laser was introduced in endodontic procedures in late 1980’s and today is used for decontamination of the root canals. Lasers are used in association with various endodontic techniques, either to irradiate directly the dentinal walls, or to irradiate/activate photoactive substances/irrigants, having an indirect clinical effect on the endodontic system. Side effects resulting from irradiation with laser light do not appear if the correct parameters are used. Further clinical studies are necessary in order to evaluate the healing of endodontic diseases from laser assisted therapy.

This study is a literature review in order to obtaina synthetic and topical perspective on the implications of bruxism from an orthodontic point of view. In order to conduct this study, 52 articles and books were studied and included in the bibliographic references. Bruxism is a current oral health problem, with influences on the proper functioning of the whole body, requiring an early diagnosis and a complex, multidisciplinary management: psychological, pharmacological, physical and surgical. In this context, the orthodontist must be aware of the multiple aspects of this problem, including the possible psychological implications of orthodontic appliances or the treatment results, as obtaining an ideal occlusion does not prevent or treat bruxism.

The sealing ability of an endodontic obturation plays a very important role in influencing the long term prognosis of an endodontically-treated tooth, as it was frequently shown that periapical complications tend to happen in association with inadequate root filling. The purpose of this study was to assess the fulfilment of the certain criteria for an ideal endodontic obturation, performed with three different endodontic obturation techniques, by using stereomicroscopy analysis. Therefore, we have analyzed 31 extracted teeth that had been previously endodontically-treated. We have concluded that the warm vertical condensation technique has delivered more favourable and predictable results than the other two methods.

The aim of this study is to emphasize the endodontic retreatment of the teeth to be restored prosthetically. Material and methods: At the radiological examination it was observed the existence of an incorrect endodontic treatment performed at the level of the tooth 14. Results: Chemo-mechanical treatment and root-canal filling were performed under a microscope. Conclusions: The number of endodontically treated teeth that require endodontic reintervention is high. From a subjective point of view, the skills of the dentist and his professional training greatly influence the quality and prognosis of an endodontic treatment.

Pre- and pro- prosthodontic root canal treatment (RCT) must be performed under specific indications. The purpose of this treatment is to ensure the aggregation of dental prostheses and prevent certain subsequent dental pulp complications. However, pre- and pro- prosthodontic RCT had been previously done only in order to provide comfort for both patient and doctor, a fact that generated periapical complications in some cases. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of periapical lesions associated with endodontic treatment of abutment teeth, in a group of adult Romanian patients. Material and methods: The study consisted of 472 patients, clinically examined and whose ortopantomographies were assessed for the quality of the abutment teeth’s endodontic treatment and periapical status. Results: Of the 1544 investigated abutment teeth, 68.13% were root-filled. Chronic periapical lesions were observed in 49.80% of the abutment teeth with RCT, compared to 34.15% in the abutment teeth without endodontic treatment. Conclusions: Apical periodontitis recorded a high prevalence in root-filled abutment teeth of adult patients, taking part in the study.

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a modern imaging technique that uses X-rays to investigate the structures of the dento-maxillary apparatus and obtain detailed images of those structures. The aim of this study was to determine a functional mathematical model able to evaluate the elastic force intensity on each bracket and tube type element and the ways in which those components act on the orthodontic system being used. To analyze a real orthodontic system, we studied the case of a 13-year-old female patient. To transfer geometric information from tomographic images, we used the InVesalius software. This software can generate three-dimensional reconstructions based on sequences and files in the DICOM format and was purchased from CBCT equipment. We analyzed and processed the geometries of the converted tissues in InVesalius using the Geomagic software. After using the Geomagic software, we exported the resulting model to the SolidWorks software used in computer-aided design. In this software, the model is transformed into a virtual solid. After making the geometric model, we analyzed the model using the Ansys Workbench software, which incorporates finite element analysis techniques. Following the simulations, we obtained result maps, which showed the complete mechanical behavior of the analyzed structures.