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Introduction: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are preventable, potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood. Alcohol use during pregnancy can result in miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, and a range of lifelong behavioral, intellectual, and physical disabilities in the child. Limited research has examined the relationship between ACEs and alcohol use in pregnancy; available studies might not reflect current trends in this relationship., Methods: Using 2019-2023 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from 41 U.S. jurisdictions, the prevalence of self-reported current alcohol use among pregnant persons aged 18-49 years (N = 2371) was estimated by ACEs and selected characteristics. We calculated unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) for the relationship between ACEs and alcohol use during pregnancy., Results: The prevalence of current alcohol use was 16.2 % (95 % CI = 11.5-20.9) among pregnant persons who reported experiencing four or more ACEs, and 8.6 % (95 % CI = 5.7-11.5) among those who reported no ACEs. When adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, pregnant persons who reported four or more ACEs were more likely to report current alcohol use compared to those who reported no ACEs (aPR = 1.8, 95 % CI = 1.1-2.9). Individually, pregnant persons who experienced emotional abuse (aPR = 1.9, 95 % CI = 1.3-2.7) and witnessed intimate partner violence (aPR = 1.6, 95 % CI = 1.1-2.4) were more likely to use alcohol during pregnancy compared to pregnant persons who did not report experiencing these ACEs., Conclusions: Higher ACE exposure was associated with alcohol use during pregnancy. Steps can be taken to mitigate their potential harms. Clinical and community-level interventions can address ACEs, which might reduce alcohol use during pregnancy., (Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of a second iron injection for suckling pigs fed diets with different dietary iron levels in the nursery period on growth performance, hematological parameters, serum and liver trace mineral content, fecal score, microbiome, and metabolites. A total of 70 newborn pigs from 7 litters were assigned to either 1 or 2 iron injections within the litter and received the first i.m. iron injection (200 mg) at 2 to 3 d of age. Pigs assigned to the second injection treatment received an additional iron injection 5 d after the first injection. At weaning (days 27 to 30 of age), pigs within iron injection treatments were divided into 2 nursery diet treatments for a 27-d growth period. Treatments were 1) no additional iron injection + nursery diets with 100 ppm iron (NC), 2) second i.m. iron injection (200 mg) + NC diets, 3) no additional iron injection + nursery diets with 200 ppm iron (PC), and 4) second i.m. iron injection (200 mg) + PC diets. The second iron injection increased liver iron content at weaning (P = 0.08, tendency), and serum iron, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels until day 13 postweaning (P < 0.05). In the nursery period, pigs receiving the second iron injection had a greater final body weight (P = 0.08, tendency), overall growth rate (P = 0.08, tendency) and feed intake (P < 0.05), and lower fecal score (P < 0.05) indicating firmer feces compared to those receiving 1 iron injection. There was no major effect of dietary iron level or interaction with the iron injection treatment in any measurements except that the pigs fed the PC diets had greater hemoglobin and hematocrit levels (P < 0.05) at day 27 postweaning and a lower fecal score (P = 0.08, tendency) in the late nursery period than those fed the NC diets. The second iron injection reduced fecal bacterial alpha-diversity based on Faith's phylogenetic diversity at weaning (P < 0.05), while the second iron injection and dietary iron levels resulted in dissimilarity in the fecal bacterial community based on Unweighted Unifrac analysis (P < 0.05; at weaning by iron injection and day 27 postweaning by dietary iron level). In conclusion, the second iron injection for suckling pigs improved postweaning growth performance and hemoglobin levels and affected the fecal microbiome, whereas an additional 100 ppm of dietary iron supplementation increased hemoglobin levels and altered the fecal microbiome in the late nursery period but did not affect postweaning growth., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science.)

Background: Epidemiological studies report associations of drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) with adverse health outcomes, including birth defects. Here, we used a rat model susceptible to pregnancy loss (full-litter resorption; FLR) and eye malformations (anophthalmia, microphthalmia) to test 11 DBPs, including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids (HAAs), and nitrogen-containing DBPs (N-DBPs)., Methods: Timed-pregnant F344 rats received gavage doses of chloroform, chlorodibromomethane, iodoform, chloroacetic acid, bromoacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid (DBA), diiodoacetic acid (DIA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), dibromonitromethane, and iodoacetonitrile on gestation days (GD) 6-10. Bromonitromethane and TCA were administered via drinking water on GD 6-11. Litters were examined on postnatal days 1 and 6., Results: All trihalomethanes tested caused FLR. The di- and tri-halogenated HAAs, but not the mono-HAAs, caused eye malformations. N-DBPs caused neither effect at the dosages tested. TCA by gavage caused both FLR and eye defects, whereas drinking water exposure only caused eye defects. Potency rankings for causing FLR were chloroform ≥ iodoform > chlorodibromomethane and the rankings for causing eye defects were DIA > TCA = DBA., Conclusion: We confirmed that trihalomethanes caused pregnancy loss and that di- and tri-HAAs were teratogenic. The N-DBPs induced neither effect. Potency rankings were inconsistent with rankings seen in vitro., (Published 2025. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.)

Objectives: The Think. Test. Treat TB health communications campaign aims to increase the awareness of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) primarily among people born in the Philippines and Vietnam and other non-US-born groups (consumers) and the health care providers (providers) who serve them. We conducted a process evaluation to assess reach and audience engagement and an outcome evaluation to assess awareness, knowledge, perceptions, and behavioral intentions among audiences of the campaign., Methods: To evaluate the process, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention measured exposure to (eg, with impressions [total advertisements]) and engagement with (eg, online clicks) the campaign during its rollout (March-September 2022). After the rollout, to evaluate outcomes, we administered online surveys to consumers and providers who were exposed and not exposed to the campaign., Results: The Think. Test. Treat TB campaign resulted in >33 million impressions, >2000 materials downloaded from the internet, and >33 000 materials shipped. Of 173 consumers who completed the evaluation survey, 123 (71.1%) were exposed to the campaign, with 108 (87.8%) reporting intention to ask their provider about tuberculosis (TB) during their next visit. Of 44 providers who completed the evaluation survey, 24 (54.5%) did not feel that they were the intended audience of the campaign, yet all felt the campaign materials were relevant to their patients, and 42 (95.5%) felt the materials were relevant to providers who serve patients at risk for TB., Conclusion: The Think. Test. Treat TB campaign was successful in raising awareness of LTBI among the intended audiences. Continuing engagement with key audiences about LTBI to encourage testing and treatment is integral to eliminate TB in the United States., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

This document outlines the steps necessary to assemble and submit the standard data package required for contributing to the global genomic surveillance of enteric pathogens. Although targeted to GenomeTrakr laboratories and collaborators, these protocols are broadly applicable for enteric pathogens collected for different purposes. There are five protocols included in this chapter: (1) quality control (QC) assessment for the genome sequence data, (2) validation for the contextual data, (3) data submission for the standard pathogen package or Pathogen Data Object Model (DOM) to the public repository, (4) viewing and querying data at NCBI, and (5) data curation for maintaining relevance of public data. The data are available through one of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Consortium (INSDC) members, with the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) being the primary focus of this document. NCBI Pathogen Detection is a custom dashboard at NCBI that provides easy access to pathogen data plus results for a standard suite of automated cluster and genotyping analyses important for informing public health and regulatory decision-making., (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Aircraft rescue firefighting (ARFF) vehicles often contain residual levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) due to the global use of legacy and current use of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) for class B firefighting. However, numerous countries are transitioning to fluorine-free foam (F3) alternatives. There is, thus, an urgent need to develop efficient methods to rinse and clean interior ARFF surfaces thereby avoiding expensive replacement costs and preventing further discharge of PFAS to the environment. However, the unique self-assembly behavior of amphiphilic PFAS is a complicating factor that can result in measurable levels of PFAS within replacement F3 following cleanout efforts (i.e., the rebound effect). This Making Waves article aims to elucidate the emerging challenges associated with cleanout of impacted ARFF vehicles and introduce the current efforts for PFAS management of rinsate derived from cleanout of impacted fire suppression infrastructure., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

A recent series of extreme weather events in Southern U.S. (2022 winter freeze followed by 2023 summer drought) calls for quantitative markers to expedite the release of climate resilient sugarcane varieties. A cluster analysis revealed potential markers for freeze damage including fluorescent amino acids. Of 8 cultivars investigated, tolerant variety HoCP 04-838 sustained 3-5 fold lower stalk fracture from the freeze; contained among the highest fiber; and maintained the lowest particulate juice decomposition byproducts (p<0.05). Based on those observations, fluorescence cellular markers were developed in fiber components of sugarcane to assess cold tolerance. Fluorescence microscopy visualized a cluster of markers in lignin cells around the vascular bundles of HoCP 04-838, within the far-red emission ranges attributable to lipids and other hydrophobic components. Cellular distributions of markers were made visible using fluorescent nanoparticles designed to enhance cellular uptake and imaging at wider wavelengths. Developed chemical phenotyping approaches offer advantages over post-freeze damage assessment currently used in the breeding program, as no genetic marker exists for cold tolerance of sugarcane., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Identifying cellular markers within archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues is critical for understanding tissue landscapes impacting animal health, but in situ detection methods are limited in veterinary species by a restricted toolbox of species-compatible immunoreagents. We identify antibodies with conserved in situ reactivity to IBA-1 (macrophages/dendritic cells), CD3ε (T cells), Pax5 (B cells), Ki-67 (cycling cells), and cytokeratin type I/II (epithelial cells) in FFPE tissues of pigs, cattle, and white-tailed deer. Multiplexed brightfield detection (IBA-1/CD3ε/Pax5) in lymph nodes of all three species demonstrated species-specific and species-conserved features of cellular architecture. Multiplexed fluorescent staining in pig lymph nodes for IBA-1/CD3ε/Pax5/Ki-67 allowed detection of colocalizing signals and identification of active germinal centers. Antibody compatibility with RNA in situ hybridization was confirmed for all antibodies in all species, allowing co-detection of RNA markers, which is a strategy highly useful in veterinary species where protein-reactive reagents are often lacking. Multiplexed protein and RNA staining was performed in tonsil tissue of a pig infected with Senecavirus A, enabling identification of virally-infected cell types via simultaneous detection of host cell type-specific proteins and virus-specific RNA. Findings have important applications for future in situ identification and comparative study of tissue landscapes and immunopathology in a diverse range of veterinary species., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Fluorescence in situ hybridization enables the visualization of organisms in the environment without having to culture them. Here, we describe a FISH protocol to visualize oomycete structures (mycelia, sporangiophores, sporangia, and oospores) directly as well as from colonized plant material. The protocol utilizes organic compounds with low toxicities and does not require a permeabilization step. The protocol was used to visualize impatiens downy mildew Plasmopara destructor sporangiophores colonizing an Impatiens walleriana leaf., (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: New elastomeric half-mask respirator (EHMR) models without exhalation valves (EVs) or with exhalation valve filters (EVFs) are facilitating expanded use in health settings to reduce workers' exposure to airborne hazards while acting as source control to prevent pathogen spread. The physical comfort of new models has not been assessed in comparison to previously used EHMRs with EVs., Methods: Researchers assessed 1,962 health care and emergency medical service personnels' self-reported adverse experiences from 2 cohorts while wearing EHMR models with EVs (cohort 1, n = 1,080) and without EVs or with EVFs (cohort 2, n = 882). Fisher exact test identified differences between the cohorts accounting for organizational factors when possible., Results: Cohort 1 respondents experienced communication challenges and discomfort when wearing the EHMR > 1 hour statistically significantly more often than cohort 2. Cohort 2 respondents reported statistically significantly more instances of difficulty breathing, moisture buildup, being uncomfortable to wear < 1 hour, and being uncomfortably warm., Conclusions: Discomfort is prevalent among end users and more often among those wearing EHMRs without an EV/with an EVF. As EHMR research and development advances, prevalence in use may increase for emergency and routine situations. Organizations may not only need guidance about respirator selection but also model-specific selection., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objectives: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) needs leaders at all levels who can address technical and adaptive challenges in a changing public health landscape. We assessed the feasibility of implementing an enterprise-wide leadership development model., Methods: In June 2023, we launched a pilot program, Learn and Lead, for nonsupervisory staff in early and mid-career levels. One hundred sixty-nine participants registered, and 149 completed at least 6 weeks of the 8-week program. We gathered quantitative and qualitative data through weekly electronic surveys and in-depth interviews. We calculated frequencies for closed-ended Likert-scale items and performed content analysis of open-ended items to assess most frequently mentioned themes. We based the pilot's design on CDC's leadership development framework to assess application of the framework and alignment of curriculum to the framework., Results: Three themes emerged: logistics and facilitation, leadership development curriculum, and making connections with self and others. Findings for logistics and facilitation highlighted preferences for course length, small breakout groups, mixed weeks, and value of staff support. Findings for the leadership development curriculum underscored the relevance of the US Office of Personnel Management's fundamental competencies to leadership development. Findings for making connections with self and others supported the cohort model and the importance of networking., Conclusions: The pilot curriculum aligned well with the CDC leadership development framework. Feedback provided by pilot participants is being used to help shape CDC's ongoing leadership development efforts., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Introduction: Variations in cervical cancer incidence rates and trends have been reported by sociodemographic characteristics. However, research on economic characteristics is limited especially among younger women in the United States., Methods: We analyzed United States Cancer Statistics data to examine age-standardized cervical cancer incidence rates among women aged 15-29 years during 2007-2020. We used an index-based county-level economic classification to rank counties in the top 25 %, middle 25 %-75 %, and bottom 25 %. We assessed differences in incidence using rate ratios and trends using annual percent changes (APCs) from joinpoint regression. Due to impact from the COVID-19 pandemic, trend analysis excluded 2020 data. Analyses were conducted during August-October 2023., Results: During 2007-2020, incidence rates were lower in the top 25 % counties economically than the bottom 25 % or middle 25 %-75 % (1.6 vs 2.1 vs 1.9 per 100,000, respectively). Rates were higher in nonmetropolitan than metropolitan counties across economic groups. Overall, rates declined in all county-level economic strata, especially in the bottom 25 % during 2015-2019 (APC -10.6 %). Rates appeared to decrease in metropolitan counties and women of all races across economic categories. decreases were most evident in the top 25 % of non-Hispanic White women during 2016-2019 and nonmetropolitan counties during 2017-2019., Conclusions: In women aged 15-29 years, declining rates of cervical cancer during 2007-2019 across county-level economic strata may partly reflect effects of human papillomavirus vaccination and cervical cancer screening. Further observed differences by race and rurality may help inform efforts to increase implementation of preventive measures in populations with the highest burden., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors report no conflict of interest. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a need for methods to decontaminate and reuse personal protective equipment (PPE) and medical plastics became a priority. In this investigation we aimed to develop a contamination evaluation protocol for laboratory pipette tips, after decontamination. Decontamination methods tested in this study included cleaning with a common laboratory detergent (2.5% Alconox® solution followed with steam decontamination), exposure of ozone vapor at 250 and 14400 PPM * minute, and exposure to cold atmospheric plasma (CAP). All tips (control and experimental groups) were introduced to the methods described, while tips exposed to DNA extracts of Aeromonas hydrophila (ATCC-23211) were assessed for experimental groups. Decontamination was determined by turnover ratio and log reduction in detectable genomic material on the contaminated products using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay. Our results showed, cleaning tips with lab detergents along with steam decontamination removed genetic material, resulting in the highest log reduction, compared with ozone or CAP treatments. Detergent/washing methods showed the second highest turnover ratio (95.9%) and log reduction (5.943). However, the excessive residue (post- cleaning) on the plastic, within inner filters, and tip boxes suggested that washing with lab detergents was not favorable for reuse. Ozone vapor at 14400 PPM * minute showed the highest turnover ratio (98.4%) and log reduction (4.511). CAP exposure with tips inverted (the tip end exposed closer to the plasma flame) for 1 minute showed a turnover ratio of (68.3%) and log reduction (4.002). Relatively, lower turnover ratio and log reduction of CAP could be improved by optimization, such as increasing the exposure time. Future testing would provide fine-tuned conditions for CAP-specific decontamination of plasticware. In this study we were able to provide fundamental insight into a non-traditional decontamination method for single-use plasticware that could render these products reusable., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.)

For over a century African swine fever (ASF) has been causing outbreaks leading to devastating losses for the swine industry. The current pandemic of ASF has shown no signs of stopping and continues to spread causing outbreaks in additional countries. Currently control relies mostly on culling infected farms, and strict biosecurity procedures. Recently a vaccine, ASFV-G-ΔI177L was approved for use in Vietnam. In this study we evaluate the long-term stability of lyophilized ASFV-G-ΔI177L. Understanding the stability of different formulations of vaccines is information necessary for deployment of vaccines to ASF outbreak areas, particularly those that do not have a reliable well established cold chain to ensure conservation of vaccine quality. In this report, we determined that ASFV-G-ΔI177L, when lyophilized under specific conditions, is stable for up to one year at 4 °C, with similar vaccine titers after storage. Next-generation sequencing analysis also determined that lyophilization and long-term storage under these conditions had no effect on the genome of ASFV as the genome remained genetically identical to the original non-lyophilized form., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: M.B. and D.G hold a patent for the ASFV-G-Δ177L vaccine used in this study. All other authors have no competing interests., (© 2024. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.)

The U.S. Coast Guard led a clean-up response to the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill, the largest marine oil spill in history. Studies from the Deepwater Horizon Coast Guard Cohort (DWH-CG) have shown associations between crude oil exposure and various acute symptoms and longer-term health outcomes. Evidence has suggested genetic polymorphisms in metabolizing genes could modify the toxicity of crude oil and its components, which could impact health effects in responders exposed to crude oil. We applied log-binomial regression to calculate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) in the relationship between crude oil exposure (categorized to never, low, and high) and four acute symptoms (cough, shortness of breath/wheeze, skin rash/itching, headache) and to calculate risk ratios (RR) and 95 % CIs in the relationship between crude oil exposure and incidence of hypertension and asthma in the DWH-CG cohort. Effect modification by polymorphisms in 6 metabolizing genes [Cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily E member 1 (CYP2E1), Glutathione S-Transferase Mu 1 (GSTM1), Glutathione S-Transferase Theta 1 (GSTT1), Epoxide Hydrolase 1 (EPHX1), NADPH quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), and Myeloperoxidase (MPO)] was evaluated. Results were stratified into wildtype and variant [i.e., those with at least one variant allele] for each gene. There was evidence of effect modification in the relationship between crude oil exposure and asthma by CYP2E1 [wildtype (RR High vs never/low , 95 % CI = 1.18, 0.99-1.42); variant (RR High vs never/low, 95 % CI = 2.27, 1.26-4.10); p interaction  = 0.04] and headache by NQO1 [wildtype (PR High vs never/low , 95 % CI = 2.1, 1.88-2.34); variant (PR High vs never/low , 95 % CI = 1.44, 1.07-1.94); p interaction  = 0.04]. Our study indicated the potential effect modification by metabolizing genotype in the relationship between crude oil exposure and headaches or asthma. These findings underscore the importance of considering potential genetic susceptibility among oil spill responders. Genotype variations, which are revealed only via specialized testing and thus not readily apparent, may contribute to differential vulnerability to the health effects associated with oil spill exposures., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Jennifer A. Rusiecki reports financial support was provided by National Institutes of Health. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: Little is known about how symptoms or symptom clusters of Post-COVID Conditions (PCC) impact an individual's return to pre-COVID health., Methods: We used four state-level COVID-19 case reporting systems and patient-reported survey data to identify patients with PCC and associations with an individual's return to pre-COVID health after laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Participants had a positive SARS-CoV-2 test between March-December 2020. Weighted regression models were used to 1) estimate prevalence of PCC; 2) identify risk factors associated with developing PCC; and 3) examine associations between PCC symptom clusters and return to pre-COVID health. Factor analysis was used to statistically identify post-COVID symptom clusters., Findings: Prevalence of PCC in this population-based sample was 29·9% for persons with SARS-CoV-2 infection, during the pre-delta variant period (March-December 2020); 77·2% of persons experiencing PCC had not returned to pre-COVID health within 8-60 weeks after infection. Female sex, acute COVID-19 illness severity, and number of pre-existing comorbidities were significant risk factors associated with PCC. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome-like symptoms, upper-respiratory symptoms, and gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly associated with not returning to pre-COVID health., Interpretation: Understanding PCC symptom clustering may provide insight into pathophysiology, severity of PCC, and management for patients who have not returned to their usual state of health after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Tracking PCC can help measure the impact of COVID-19 vaccination and acute COVID-19-specific treatments on reducing PCC in the US., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America 2024.)

Neurotoxicity investigations of inhaled organophosphorus pesticide (OP), ethyl-parathion (EP), were conducted in Sprague Dawley rats comparing exposures to EP volatilized at 0, 1, 10, and 20mg/m 3 versus EP incorporated into soil dust (5mg/m 3 ) at 0, 0.0095, 0.09, and 0.185mg/mg 3 . All exposures were sublethal, caused no respiratory effects, and no effects on balance and coordination behavior. Both volatilized and dust-incorporated EP exposures significantly decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in plasma and hippocampus tissue. Correspondingly, plasma and hippocampal dopamine levels spiked in these exposures suggesting compensatory cholinergic / dopaminergic signal balancing. The EP exposures significantly increased expression of pro-inflammatory genes, including MAPK-14, IL6, IL1β, and TNF-α, while global RNA-seq results identified significant enrichment of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis pathways. Remarkably, dust-incorporated EP impacted similar molecular endpoints as volatilized EP but at concentrations two orders of magnitude lower highlighting potentially increased potency of EP incorporated into soil dust., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Listeria monocytogenes causes listeriosis, a serious infection with a high mortality rate for persons at higher risk for listeriosis. The first Listeria outbreak linked to frozen vegetables occurred in 2016 and resulted in three deaths. Many frozen vegetables are intended to be consumed after cooking. However, data on consumer behavior are sparse. We characterized consumers' perceptions of contamination of prepackaged frozen vegetables, and preparation methods of prepackaged frozen vegetables to help inform prevention strategies. During September 1-24, 2022, Porter Novelli Public Services conducted the FallStyles survey using the Ipsos KnowledgePanel. Data were weighted to be representative of the U.S. population. Point estimates and 95% CIs were calculated, and differences between respondents were determined using Wald chi square tests. Among 3,008 respondents reporting a preparation and consumption method for frozen vegetables, 8.7% (95% CI = 7.4-10.0%) reported ever consuming the product raw. Respondents who reported having children < 18 years old were more likely to report ever consuming frozen vegetables raw compared with respondents who did not (12.5% vs. 7.4%, p < 0.01). The most reported raw preparation method was adding them directly to a blender for smoothie or juice (5.6%; 95% CI = 4.6-6.7%). Among respondents who reported eating frozen vegetables, 59.6% (95% CI = 57.6-61.6%) reported following package instructions. A third (34.1% [95% CI = 32.2-35.9%]) of respondents agreed that frozen vegetables can be contaminated with germs (like Salmonella, E. coli, and Listeria), with a greater proportion of people with cancer disagreeing compared to those without cancer (32.5% vs 23.4%, p = 0.041). These findings show that some consumers may not be cooking frozen vegetables before eating them. Second, consumers might not be reading instructions on packaging. Both findings highlight the critical importance of preventive controls in the production of frozen vegetables prior to reaching the consumer., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

This study assessed the relationships between emotional intimate partner violence (IPV) before, during, and after pregnancy and postpartum contraceptive use. We used 2016-2021 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data from seven sites ( n  = 30,125). We used multivariable logistic regression to assess indicators of emotional IPV and provider counseling associated with postpartum contraceptive use. Emotional IPV 12 months before, during, and after pregnancy were all significantly associated with reduced odds of postpartum contraceptive use. Strengthening postpartum contraceptive services by integrating IPV prevention into care is an opportunity to improve the health of postpartum people., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

African swine fever virus biotyping is a recently described classification technique that is based on an isolate's encoded proteome. In short, proteomes are compared and grouped based on unsupervised machine learning. This tool analyzes African swine fever virus (ASFV) genomes and will report their closest matches along with their ASFV biotypes. Here, we describe a standalone implementation that can be freely downloaded and used.