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Background: Delays between blood collection and analysis are inevitable, and samples are always stored in the refrigerator. The current study aimed to evaluate the stability of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), total protein (TP), albumin and urea (URA) in horses and oxen after storage at −20°C. Methods: Sera from apparently healthy 20 male horses and 20 oxen were obtained and aliquots of serum were divided into 3 portions. The first tube was used for baseline (T0) measurement of analyte values, whereas the other two tubes, T1 and T2, were stored at −20°C for 1 and 2 months, respectively, and analyte measurement was done. Results: Results showed that the stability of TP (g/dL), URA (mg/dL) and TC (mg/dL) in oxen was statistically significant (p < 0.05). In horses, the stability of URA (mg/dL), TP (g/dL) and TG (mg/dL) were also statistically significant (p < 0.05). Additionally, URA and TC in oxen exceed TEa following measurement at T2 and TG in horses following measurement at T1 and T2. Conclusion: Laboratories should consider the storage temperature and time for specific analytes among animals. Therefore, stability studies at various storage temperatures and times are recommended to fully validate the stability of the analytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Records of the first contacts with oxen, horses, and other herd animals (donkeys, goats, sheep, buffaloes, pigs, and others) introduced with the European invasion of the New World, as well as memories of these events, are quite rare among indigenous peoples in Lowland South America. For this reason, we know almost nothing about the processes of (re)cognition of these new and strange beings and their gradual incorporation (or refusal) either into the daily lives of villages or into the so-called native knowledge systems. This article discusses some narratives related to the appearance and first encounters with cattle and horses recorded among the Karitiana, a Tupi-Arikém-speaking people in the northern state of Rondônia, Brazil. The story of the ox and the horse among the Karitiana points to an initial classification process, followed by what appears to have constituted a strategy of reclassification of these beings -- recently detected (2023) through a change in the names of the animals -- which was driven by the ways of using oxen and horses that changed over time. This process took place as the exotic became increasingly commonplace and familiar in the devastated landscapes of Rondônia, increasingly occupied by cattle from the 1950s onwards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hallikar bullock was presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex, RIVER with the complaint of an abnormal ocular mass in the left eye, progressing in size with profuse lacrimation for the past ten days. Physical and ocular examinations suggested that the abnormal tissue proliferation could be neoplastic which was present on the medial aspect of the left eye extending from the upper and lower eyelid, conjunctiva and nictitating membrane. Under sedation and local infiltration, a local tumour extirpation was performed. Histopathology of the extirpated mass revealed a well-differentiated neoplasm with long retiform vascular channels, and endothelial cells protruding into the lumen in a hobnail configuration, forming intraluminal papillae. Post-operative care along with routine wound dressing was undertaken. This article reports a case of retiform haemangioendothelioma of the eye in a hallikar bullock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The draught requirement of a single-furrow animal-drawn mouldboard plough implement was determined on sandy loam soils from June to July 2021 at Modibbo Adama University, Yola. The effect of speeds (0.65, 0.83, and 1.05 ms-1) and depths (8, 13, and 18 cm) upon the draught was investigated. Soil analysis, animal specification, and results of tillage experiments are reported. A pair of oxen weighing 538 kg was used as a power source. A 1 x 3 x 3 factorial experimental design was arranged in a Randomized Complete Design (RCD) for the study on a test plot of 50 m long x 25 m wide and replicated three times. The highest mean draught values of 458.43 N and the lowest mean draught values of 456.03 N were obtained at a speed and depth combination of 1.05 ms-1 and 0.183 m and 0.65 ms-1 and 0.083 m, respectively, with a unit draught of 11.07kpa. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) between speed and depth had a significant effect at a 1 % level of probability (P≤0.01) on draught requirement. Linear regression equations showed an increase in draught with an increase in tillage depth and speed. The high coefficient of determination r2 values show that the plough is operated more economically at a mean speed of 0.83 m/s and a depth of 0.135 m. These regression equations can predict draught during the design of animal-drawn tillage implementation. Substantial energy savings can be obtained with proper animal-tillage implements combination.

The article focuses on the symbolic use of oxen in Stephen Crane's novel "The Third Violet," exploring themes of class blindness and animalism. Topics include the oxen as a representation of social and economic subjugation, the contrasting perceptions of kindness towards animals, and Crane's critique of romantic tropes through the character of Grace Fanhall.

Compared to other mammals, Arabian camels are ideal models for exploring the structural adaptations that enable camels to survive in arid environments. Thus, this study aimed to explore how evolutionary adaptation to arid conditions modifies the characteristics of the kidneys in Arabian camels (Camelus dromedarius) compared to oxen. Urine samples were physically and chemically analyzed. Harvested kidneys were subjected to topographical and fast spin echo magnetic resonance (FSE-MR) imaging. Histology, histomorphometry, and Aquaporin-2 (AQP2) expression by immunohistochemistry were also performed. Here, in dromedaries, sodium and potassium values in the urine were much higher (p=0.001, for both), whereas chloride was much lower (p=0.004) than the values of oxen. Compared with oxen, the level of the hormone aldosterone in serum was significantly lower (p=0.002), whereas creatinine and urea were significantly higher (p=0.005 and p=0.001, respectively). Uric acid in dromedaries and oxen did not differ significantly (p=0.349). Like sodium levels (p=0.001) in dromedary serum, chloride was also much higher (p=0.002) than in oxen. The average value of potassium was much lower (p=0.009) than that of oxen. Morphologically, anatomical and FSE MRI studies revealed that minor and major calyces were not found in dromedary kidneys. The renal pelvis was not found in oxen, and the major calyx was directly connected to the ureter. The dromedary kidney contained a wider medullary portion as well as increased diameters for renal corpuscles (RCs), proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs), and collecting tubules (CTs, p

[Ar] دراسة فنية لتصوير القزم كحارس للحيوانات الاليفة هذه الورقة عبارة عن دراسة تحليلية فنية لأنماط تمثيل القزم كحارس للحيوانات الاليفة في مناظر الدولة القديمة. والالقاب المصاحبة له، وملابسه، والاشياء التي يقوم بحملها، وموقعه بالنسبة لسيده النبيل من خلال فحص واحد وثلاثين منظرا في مقابر اشراف الدولة القديمة (بالاضافة الي منظر فريد يؤرخ بعصر الانتقال الأول). يمكن تقسيم مناظر القزم المصاحب للحيوان الاليف إلى خمس مجموعات: قزم يصطحب قرد فقط/ قزم بصحبة قرد والكلب «Tsm»؛ قزم بصحبة كلبًا فقط؛ قزم يقود حيوانات الزراعة: ثيران/ ابقار؛ مناظر نادرة لقزم يقود نمر/ غزال. ثم تحليل تأثير وظيفة القزم هذه على المكانة الاجتماعية لسيده النبيل. [En] This paper is an artistic analytical study of the dwarf animal keeper's representation modes in Old kingdom scenes, their titles, clothes, portables, and positions to their master. This was achieved throughout the profound examination of thirty-one scenes in Old kingdom tombs. The dwarf accompanying a domestic animal could be divided into five groups: Dwarf with a monkey only; with a monkey together with a «Tsm» dog; Dwarf attending a dog only; a dwarf leading agriculture animals and another rare scene of a dwarf leading a leopard/ gazelle. Furthermore, I shall analyze the influence of this dwarf's function on the social position of his noble.

شاركت الماشية في الموكب الجنائزي سواء كانت ثيران أو بقرات، حيث أدت دوراً محورياً في الموكب، من خلال تحملها العبء الأكبر في سحب تابوت المتوفى من ضفة النهر المنخفضة نحو الجبانة والصعود به إلى المقبرة عبر طريق منحدر، بالتالي ساهمت بقوتها البدنية في تسهيل نقل المتوفى إلى مثواه الأخير. لم تكن مشاركة تلك الماشية في هذا الحدث بسبب القوة البدنية فحسب بل أيضاً للرمزية الدينية، فقد وصفت بأنها الشابة السليمة التي لا عيب فيها، كما ارتبطت باللون الأحمر سواء وصفت به صراحة أو صورت به. ظهرت البقرة الحمراء إلى جانب البقرة السوداء يشاركن في موكب المتوفي، ويصاحبهن نصوص موجهة إليهم وأخرى معبرة عن حالة حزن وبكاء البقرات لفراق المتوفى، كما ساهمت بقرات الموكب من خلال طقسة نثر اللبن في تيسير مهمة نقل المتوفى، وفي تطهير الطريق المؤدي للمقبرة. تحملت ماشية الموكب عبء أخر أكثر أهمية إلى جانب سحب الموكب. هكذا يتناول البحث تلك المرحلة الحاسمة والدقيقة من مراحل الموكب الجنائزي والتي أدت فيها ماشية الموكب أدواراً هامة وحاسمة في نقل وإحياء المتوفى من خلال مشاهد أغلبها مصور على جدران مقابر الأشراف من الدولة القديمة حتى نهاية الدولة الحديثة.Cattle that participated in the funeral procession, whether bulls or cows, they were played an important role in the procession by bearing the greatest burden in pulling the deceased’s coffin from the lowest river bank towards the necropolis and ascending it to the tomb through a steep road, thus they had contributed by their physical strength to facilitate the transport of the deceased to his lasting place. The participation of cattle in this event was due to physical strength, and religious symbolism, the procession's cattle were described as healthy, strong and young. Also cattle had associated with the red color, whether explicitly described or depicted. The red cow had appeared next to the black cow in the procession of the deceased, accompanied by texts addressed to them, and other texts were expressing a state of sadness and crying for the deceased. The procession's cows contributed; through the ritual of milk scattering to facility the mission of transporting the deceased, and purifying the road that leads to the tomb. The procession's cattle had another important role besides the dragging of the procession. Thus, the research studies the critical stage of the funeral procession, in which the procession's cattle played important and decisive roles in transporting and resurrection of the deceased, Through scenes, most of which are depicted on the walls of the noble tombs from the Old Kingdom until the end of the New Kingdom.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of supplementation with concentrate feeds of meal from protein plants on bull fattening on natural pastures. Material and Methods: One hundred crossbred bullocks (1/4 Holstein x 3/4 Zebu and 5/8 Holstein x 3/8 Zebu) were used, distributed in a complete randomized design. Two treatments were established. A) grazing on natural pastures plus supplementation with a concentrate feed formulated with meal from the protein plants Morus alba L. and Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray and B) grazing on natural pastures plus supplementation with a concentrate feed formulated with Glycine max (L.) Merr. Each treatment had grazing divided into two paddocks and an area of 36,84 and 53,0 ha, respectively, with rotation time of 15 days. The prevailing pastures in the pastureland were Paspalum notatum Alain ex Flügé and Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf. The initial stocking rate was 1,1 animals/ha (0,46 LAU/ha). Results: No significant differences were found for the live weight and daily weight gain in the 10 months the research lasted. The animals were slaughtered at 10 months, with live weight of 379-380 and 380-383 kg for the crossbred R1 (1/4 Holstein x 3/4 Zebu) and Siboney (5/8 Holstein x 3/8 Zebu) animals in treatments A and B, respectively. The average daily live weight gains were 0,454-0497 and 0,510-0,467 in the dry season and 0,65-0,636 and 0,59-0,489 kg/ animal/d in the rainy season in treatments A and B, in the crossbred animals R1 and Siboney, respectively. Conclusions: The utilization of concentrate feed formulated with the inclusion of meal from M. alba and T. diversifolia allowed live weight gains in fattening bullocks similar to the animals supplemented with concentrate feed based on soybean meal and the costs were more economical for Cuba than when G. max was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Magazine General Union of Arab Archaeologists is the property of General Union of Arab Archaeologists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Purpose: Logging is an example of the strongest human influence on forest environment because it causes damages to the forest soil and residual trees. The damages that occur during logging are more frequent in the skidding phase compared to the felling and processing phase. Material and Methods: The research was conducted in mixed stands of fir and spruce in the area of eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Felling was conducted by chainsaw and extraction by animals, i.e. by two oxen. The following data were collected: tree species, diameter at breast height, pre-bunching zone (0-30 m or 30-60 m), presence of damages, presence of old damages, number of damages, type of damage, damage position and the size of damage. Results: Damages were recorded on 3.32% of residual trees. The average number of damages per damaged tree was 1.08. The same percentage share of damages was recorded on butt end and root collar (38.46%), while damages on root have a share of 23.08%. Stem damages were not recorded. The most common type of damage was debarked tree (61.54%), then squashed bark (23.08%) and debarked and damaged tree (15.38%). It was recorded that the size of damages varied between 60 and 570 cm2. The average size of damage was 222.54 cm2. Statistical analysis using χ2 test showed significant difference in the proportion of damaged trees among different pre-bunching methods, and did not show significant difference in the proportion of damaged trees between different pre-bunching zones. Conclusions: It can be assumed that oxen logging causes insignificant damages to residual trees. The results of research will be used as a basis for future studies of residual trees’ damaging during wood skidding.

This study1 uses survey data to assess the effect of oxen as draft animals on agricultural productivity and farm agricultural income in Nicaragua during the year 2017. The results suggest that farms that use oxen to plow the land have higher bean productivity than farms that use stick to plant crops. On average, using oxen increases farm’s bean output by 7.75 100-pound bags, and hiring oxen increases farm’s bean output by 8.5 100-pound bags. Also, using or hiring oxen increases total farm planted area. The main finding about the effect of oxen to plow the land through farm planted area on agricultural farm gross income suggests that using oxen to plow the land increases agricultural farm gross income by 18.13 percent, and that hiring oxen increases agricultural farm gross income by 25.55 percent.

Rural community has been utilising natural herbs for treatment of health disorders since time immemorial. The indigenous wisdom possessed by them is of immense importance that must be documented and conserved for future use unless it gets lost or endangered with time. The Himalayan region is home to a number of medicinal plant species that are used for treatment of humans as well as domestic animals. Present study was carried out in the state of Uttarakhand to document various ethnoveterinary practices followed in the treatment of bullocks which form the backbone of hill agriculture. Data were collected in 2017-18 from 240 farmers randomly selected from four districts through a semi-structured schedule. The study revealed that the respondents were using 36 plant species (mainly herbs 52.77%) in combination with household items and other resources in different formulations such as decoction, drink, balls, powder, chutney, etc. to treat their bullocks. It revealed that carom seeds (Trachyspermum ammi), Nettle (Urtica dioica) and Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) had the highest use value (UV) of 1.00, 0.99 and 0.98 respectively. Identified ethnoveterinary practices were being used for different health issues mainly, injury (external and internal), digestive disorders, poisoning, muscular pain, foot and mouth disease (FMD), fever, infection, burns, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across medieval Europe, cattle commanded a major, if shifting, economic and social value, and their use for meat, milk, and traction is well established. Although the changing roles of cattle throughout this period may have influenced relationships between humans and cattle, this has been largely neglected in historical and zooarchaeological studies. Data from nearly 700 archaeological assemblages of animal remains have been used to provide an overview of the herd structures (age and sex) of cattle populations for England between AD 450 and 1400. These have been analysed alongside pathological and sub-pathological changes in over 2800 lower limb bones of cattle from seventeen archaeological sites to provide a better understanding of the use of cattle for ploughing, hauling, and carting. The findings were considered alongside historical documents and ethnographic evidence to chart changing human–cattle relationships. Results indicate that human–cattle relations varied with changing economic, agricultural, and social practices. From the mid-fifth century, cattle were a form of portable wealth, however, by the mid-ninth century, they were perceived as a commodity with monetary value. From this period, close human–cattle bonds are likely to have been widespread between plough hands and working animals. Such bonds are may have diminished with the increasing number of young beef cattle kept to supply the urban population from the mid-eleventh century.

This study1 uses survey data to assess the effect of oxen as draft animals on agricultural productivity and farm agricultural income in Nicaragua during the year 2017. The results suggest that farms that use oxen to plow the land have higher bean productivity than farms that use stick to plant crops. On average, using oxen increases farm's bean output by 7.75 100-pound bags, and hiring oxen increases farm's bean output by 8.5 100-pound bags. Also, using or hiring oxen increases total farm planted area. The main finding about the effect of oxen to plow the land through farm planted area on agricultural farm gross income suggests that using oxen to plow the land increases agricultural farm gross income by 18.13 percent, and that hiring oxen increases agricultural farm gross income by 25.55 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the designing of a yoke used to get work output (plowing) from bullocks. The yoke profile was designed in compliance with the profile of the bullock's body for maximum contact area. Unlike the crude, wooden yoke used in rural India, where modern tilling equipment like a tractor is not affordable, the present yoke was smooth, free from sharp edges, and light in weight. A field study was carried out with bullocks using composite and wooden yokes. The fatigue of bullocks was measured in terms of respiration rate and heart rate. Data revealed that bullocks had less fatigue with composite material yoke than with the wooden yoke. The experimental investigation also showed that at a 30º angle of pull, bullocks feel maximum comfort when they are used for plowing purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ex-post facto research design was adopted to study the growth and composition of cattle markets in eastern dry zone of Karnataka. The study sample comprised of six cattle markets and two annual cattle fairs. Ten sellers, ten buyers and five brokers from each market and cattle fair were selected randomly. The study revealed that sale of cows and bullocks in Chikka ballapur were stagnant over the years, whereas in Mulbagal, market sale of bullocks decreased at 39.54%. Prices of both cows and bullocks increased substantially over the years in the study area. Price of cows increased at 14.2 per cent per annum in both the markets and rapid increase in price of bullock was seen in Mulbagal (15.27% per annum) market. Sale of bullocks as well as price was higher in May, June and July months while, cow sales were higher in May and June months and prices were higher in July and August. Efforts have to be made to stabilise sale and price by introducing fairly high competition through facilitating movement of animals to deficit areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the protective effect of active immunization of cattle to prevent the envenomation induced by B. asper venom. Two groups of oxen were immunized with a bothropic toxoid and challenged by an intramuscular injection of either 10 or 50 mg B. asper venom, to induce moderate or severe envenomations, respectively. Non-immunized oxen were used as controls. It was found that immunized oxen developed local edema similar to those observed in non-immunized animals. However, systemic effects were totally prevented in immunized oxen challenged with 10 mg venom, and therefore antivenom treatment was not required. When immunized oxen were challenged with 50 mg venom, coagulopathy was manifested 3–16 h later than in non-immunized oxen, demonstrating a delay in the onset of systemic envenomation. In these animals, active immunization did not eliminate the need for antivenom treatment, but increased the time lapse in which antivenom administration is still effective. All experimentally envenomed oxen completely recovered after a week following venom injection. Our results suggest that immunization of cattle with a bothropic toxoid prevents the development of systemic effects in moderate envenomations by B. asper , but does not abrogate these effects in severe envenomation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Material Culture Review is the property of Cape Breton University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

New agricultural technologies bring multiple impacts which are hard to predict. Two changes taking place in Indian agriculture are a transition from bullocks to tractors and an associated replacement of manure with synthetic fertilisers. This paper uses primary data to model social, environmental and economic impacts of these transitions in South India. It compares ploughing by bullocks or tractors and the provision of nitrogen from manure or synthetic urea for irrigated rice from the greenhouse gas (GHG), economic and labour perspective. Tractors plough nine times faster than bullocks, use substantially less labour, with no significant difference in GHG emissions. Tractors are twice as costly as bullocks yet remain more popular to hire. The GHG emissions from manure-N paddy are 30 % higher than for urea-N, largely due to the organic matter in manure driving methane emissions. Labour use is significantly higher for manure, and the gender balance is more equal. Manure is substantially more expensive as a source of nutrients compared to synthetic nutrients, yet remains popular when available. This paper demonstrates the need to take a broad approach to analysing the sustainability impacts of new technologies, as trade-offs between different metrics are common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was planned to ascertain effect of 50 (T1), 60 (T2) and 70 (T3) % lucerne straw in total mixed ration (TMR) on rumen fermentation and blood metabolites in Kankrej crossbred bullocks. Two bullocks were assigned in each treatment using 3 x 3 Latin Square design. The rumen and blood metabolites were evaluated on last day of each period. The pH of strained rumen liquor (SRL) was slightly alkaline (7.09-7.16) on account of green forage feeding in morning before TMR. The pH was lowest at 4 hr post-feeding. The total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs) were 75.79-77.67 mEq/ litre and a reverse trend was observed for TVFAs as compared to pH. The values for ammonia, total, soluble, non-protein and protein nitrogen in SRL were 15.07-17.52, 86.92-90.07, 39.90-46.55, 35.88-40.69 and 46.23-53.50 mg/100 ml, respectively. All nitrogen fractions peaked at 2 hr postfeeding, except protein nitrogen which peaked at 6 hr, showing maximum activity up to 6 hr postfeeding. The values for serum protein, phosphorus and calcium as well as blood haemoglobin were within physiological range. The differences amongst treatments for rumen and blood metabolites were non-significant. The results suggest that lucerne straw can be incorporated up to 70% in TMR of bovines for maintenance without adverse effect on rumen fermentation and blood constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to find out the effects of draft and seasons on the physiological responses of small sized Mottu (non-descript breed of bullocks of tribal districts of Odisha) bullocks (Pair weight-450 kg) in test track with the help of CIAE animal loading car at Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha during summer, rainy and winter season in the year 2009. The study showed that rise of pulse rate was sharp from the initial values during 1st hour of work at all drafts and seasons except in case of 9 and 10% drafts in winter season. But sharp rise of respiration rate was observed in summer season only. Thereafter, rise of pulse rate and respiration rate were gradual. Comparison of pulse rate, respiration rate and body temperature within seasons at a particular draft and duration revealed that season had significant effect on these parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eighteen (18) bullocks were presented with cancerous growth on the corneal or limbal region of eye with intact vision and were subjected to superficial keratectomy and silver nitrate application after regional anaesthesia using supraorbital, auriculopalpebral and retrobulbar or peterson nerve block. Temporary tarsorraphy was performed using interrupted Lembert sutures for protection of cornea from exposure and injury. Sixteen (16) bullocks recovered uneventfully while reoccurance was recorded in two (2) bullocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An improved steel bullock cart (2.0 tones capacity) of INSDAG (Institute of Steel Development and Growth, Kolkata) design has been evaluated after putting rubber liner on its wheels as a modification, with a view to study its suitability in preventing the surface of rural roads. The cart with and without rubber liner was tested in the tar road of animal test track existed in the premises of OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha during the year 2012 with a pair of non-descript small size bullocks having a pair body weight of 420 kg. The results indicated that the small size bullocks could sustain pulling a pay load of 1200 kg continuously for three hours with rubber liner with the work rest cycle of 1 hour work + 15 min rest + 1 hour work + 20 min rest + 1 hour work as against 900 kg without rubber liner in tar road. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to estimate the draft performance and to aware farmer for working efficiency of Red Kandhari bullocks. Carting trials were carried out with pneumatic (C1) and iron cart (C2), on field (R1), kaccha (R2) and tar road (R3) with load of L1 (1000kg), L2 (750kg) and L3 (500 kg). The draft generated by bullock with combination of C2, L1 and R1 has given the highest draft of 141.18 kg, where as the combination of C1, L3 and R3 has given the lowest draft of 25.63 kg. combination of C1, L3 and R3 has given the highest speed of 5.66 km/hr, whereas; the combination of C2, L1 and R1 has given the lowest speed of 2.32 km/hr. Combination of C2, L1 and R1 has given the highest horse power of 1.21, whereas; the combination of C1, L3 and R3 has given the lowest horse power of 0.53. The overall performance of Red Kandhari bullock with pneumatic carts showed significant differences (P <0.01) and superiority compared to iron cart as far as the draft, carting speed and horse power were concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern sub-Saharan African studies on the recent adoption and impact of working-animal use provide valuable ethnographic insights for archaeologists into early exploitation of this new resource in antiquity. The systematic use of working cattle and (often forgotten in models) of donkeys constituted a key factor in the burgeoning of complex societies in fourth- and third-millennium BC Mesopotamia. Modern analogy indicates that models should include the economic importance of year-round utilisation of working animals and strategies for achieving this, including user training and animal hiring and lending. Another key finding is that the situation of women, commonly culturally constrained worldwide from handling cattle, is greatly ameliorated by the availability of donkeys, which can empower them in terms of income and status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study on draughtability of small sized bullocks (Pair weight of 430 kg) of Kumaon hills of Uttarakhand, India for operating primary tillage by a newly developed VL Syahi hal (plough) was conducted at ICAR-Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora in five different locations of Almora and Bageshwar district of Uttarakhand in the winter season, 2012 (November and December month). The physiological responses like pulse and respiration rate in ploughing with VL Syahi hal have increased with duration at the rate of sharp increase in the first hour followed by slow increase thereafter. The pulse and respiration rate increased by 27% and 14% respectively from its initial value after 1st hour of work. The average draft requirement of VL Syahi hal was observed to be within draughtability of the small bullocks. The bullocks could sustain the ploughing load (11.86% of their body weight) for two hours of continuous working during winter period. The average field capacity was 0.023 ha/h (43 h/ha) compared to 0.0136 ha/h (73 h/ha) with traditional plough. Considering draught, fatigue score, field capacity and soil pulverization, VL Syahi hal of 180 mm width was found to be suitable for small size bullocks of Kumaon hills of Uttarakhand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article documents use of POP in combination with moulded PVC pipes for treatment of simple long bone fractures in three Khillari bullocks. The POP-PVC combination proved effective and cheap option for long bone fracture treatment in large ruminants under field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four bullocks were presented with fracture, bending from base and trauma leading to horn affections. History revealed horn rubbing against hard objects with head down and tilting towards the affected horn. Physical examination exhibited severe discomfort and pain on palpation of affected horn. The cases were tentatively diagnosed as horn cancer and were treated surgically by flap method. The animals were treated with flap method under sedation and cornual nerve block. Histopathology later confirmed squamous cell carcinoma. Post-operatively, all animals were managed with Antibiotics, Anti-inflammatories and Vitamins. All animals recovered without any complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]