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Objectives: The aim of this systematic review was to assess the available literature for the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in orthodontics. Material and Methods: This review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines (PRISMA). The following databases were searched up to May 2020: Medline (through PubMed), Cochrane, and Google Scholar, and reference lists of the included studies were screened. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials using PRP an adjunct with the standard orthodontic procedures including animal and human subjects as participants were included in the study. The quality of the included human RCTs was assessed per the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2.0), whereas the risk of bias of the included animal studies was assessed using SYRCLES’s RoB tool. Results: Eight studies, six animal and two human studies, fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Three animal studies and one human RCT reported that PRP increased the rate of tooth movement when used as an adjunct along with orthodontic treatment. Conclusion: According to the currently available literature, PRP is an efficient non-invasive method of tooth acceleration, but as most of the studies carried are on animals and cannot be applied to humans indistinctly.

Improvement in esthetic appearance and functional occlusion are the pillars of contemporary orthodontic procedures. The aim of this study was to assess variations in facial proportions between skeletal classes I, II, III populations in order to establish objective departures from Golden Proportion norms. The study sample was divided into three groups based on the skeletal malocclusion, namely skeletal class I, class II and class III groups. Various markers were identified in these photographs in order to define facial symmetry and balance with the ideal values. Golden Proportion values were compared with that of the obtained results, and these values were checked for skeletal class I, II, III malocclusions. Our study showed a significant difference between skeletal class II and III malocclusions when correlated with Golden Proportion values. Skeletal Class I malocclusions showed a greater correlation with golden proportion values. Golden proportion ratios are more valid in cases of skeletal class I malocclusions. Hence, the objective of treating class II and class III malocclusions should be more focused on attaining values closer to the desired ratio for optimal facial balance and symmetry.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the a􀄴itude and perception of orthodontic patients to the duration of orthodontic treatment and the procedures for accelerating orthodontic tooth movement.Methods: This was a cross-sectional analytical study. The study population was made up of patients undergoing fixed appliance orthodontic treatment at the Orthodontic Unit of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital. A convenience sampling technique was used and data collection was via selfadministered questionnaires and an information sheet. The questionnaires assessed patients' knowledge of accelerated orthodontic procedures as well as their perception of orthodontic treatment time and willingness to undergo some accelerated orthodontic treatment procedures. The procedures evaluated included corticotomy, piezocision, micro-osteoperforation, laser therapy, local administration of injections and use of vibrations.Results: One hundred orthodontic patients (n=100, adolescents, 46%; adults, 54%) were surveyed comprising 36 males and 64 females. Most of the participants (88%) had never heard of accelerated orthodontics. A majority of respondents (75%) believed that orthodontic treatment time was too long, and were willing to undergo additional procedures to reduce treatment time (81%). Subjects' willingness to undergo the procedures were inversely proportional to the degree of its invasiveness for all groups, with at least a third of the patients willing to accept a 10% increase in treatment fees for a reduction in treatment time across all techniques surveyed.Conclusion: The orthodontic patients surveyed considered treatment time protracted and were interested in undergoing adjunctive orthodontic procedures to accelerate tooth movement, with a consequent increase in treatment cost. They, however, had a limited knowledge of the different methods of accelerating orthodontic treatment. Key words: Accelerated orthodontics, orthodontic treatment time

The purpose of this review article is to summarize the contingency management guidelines of major orthodontic procedures to enable us set new norms for orthodontics keeping in mind the implications of the prevailing pandemic. Studies on efficacy of stringent infection control during COVID 19 era for orthodontic procedures published in 2020 were retrieved from various databases like COVID 19 Open Research Dataset, PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus and Google Scholar. Thus, considering the unreliability and the worrisome environment of this COVID era it is evident that clear guidelines are required for defining orthodontic emergencies, prioritizing COVID 19 testing and PPE requirements for orthodontists and secure virtual consultation platforms. It’s extremely mandatory for us to evolve with the ever evolving world and successfully strive together as a community maintaining our patients trust as well as the standard of orthodontic care being offered by us. This unity amongst us and balance of our duties need to become part of our daily lives and be adopted as a new normal.

Infective endocarditis associated with orthodontic treatment is a rare occurrence. Unfortunately, many orthodontic practitioners do not treat patients potentially at risk of developing endocarditis due to the lack of practical guidelines and fear of precipitating the infection. Additionally, many patients that undergo orthodontic treatment are inappropriately prescribed antibiotic cover for procedures that have a minimal bacteraemia risk. In this paper the literature linking orthodontic treatment and infective endocarditis was examined. The appropriate management were recommended for patients with risk of infective endocarditis during orthodontic procedures. Keywords: Infective endocarditis, Orthodontist, Treatment.

In orthodontic treatment, anchorage loss is a potential side effect of fixed mechanotherapy and one of the major causes of unsuccessful results, on the other hand considerable worry to the orthodontist. A major concern to the orthodontic patients is treatment time. Reducing the treatment time requires increasing the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Orthodontic force induces a cellular response in the periodontal ligament, which brings about bone resorption on the pressure side and bone deposition on the tension side. Tooth movement can be accelerated by either employing certain adjunctive orthodontic procedures or by using advanced mechanotherapy. Aim: of this study is to compare and evaluate the anchor loss in corticotomy assisted cases and control cases without corticotomy. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted among 20 patients who were divided into two groups with 10 cases in each group. Group A patients were treated with corticotomy, allograft procedure along with fixed mechanotherapy while group B patients treated with convectional fixed mechanotherapy and was taken as controls and both groups underwent first bicuspid extractions and were treated with 0.022 MBT appliance. Result: Corticotomy assisted retraction cases had increased anchorage loss but was statistically insignificant compared to conventional method. Conclusion: Based on the outcome of this study, it is reasonable to conclude that corticotomy?assisted retraction cases had increased anchorage loss, compared to conventional retraction cases but was stastically insignificant, this may be due to a small sample size. Further studies are recommended on corticotomy?assisted retraction anchorage loss. Keywords: Anchorage loss, Corticotomy, First molar.

A 32-year-old female with a repaired right unilateral cleft lip and palate underwent several surgical and orthodontic procedures during the rehabilitation process of her condition. Nine years after this extensive treatment she underwent transverse relapse of her maxilla and requested a consultation for its correction as she felt her speech and chewing were negatively affected. She presented with a transverse maxillary arch collapse on the cleft side with significant palatal scarring secondary to multiple palate procedures. A course of maxillary expansion and dental alignment with fixed orthodontic appliances was carried out. In addition, she had 2 triamcinolone injections 7 months apart while undergoing orthodontic treatment and one 10 months after completion to soften the scarred palatal tissues. The maxillary arch was successfully expanded and aligned. She was retained with a removable chrome cobalt palatal frame to be used full-time and assure stability of the correction. She has been followed for 4 years with no clinical evidence of relapse. Triamcinolone injection into significant palatal scarring in cleft palate patients with a decreased transverse maxillary dimension can be considered an adjunct procedure in conjunction with orthodontic treatment.

Patients with congenital craniofacial anomalies often require orthodontic treatment to correct malocclusion. Numerous case reports about craniofacial anomalies have been published, but for many syndromic diseases the pathology of malocclusion and/or solutions for it remain elusive. In this study, we investigated craniofacial features as well as orthodontic treatment outcomes of patients with glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1-DS), which is an autosomal dominant genetic disease. Cross sectional study was performed using 9 GLUT1-DS patients, aged from 8 to 49 years old. All of the participants underwent intraoral and radiographic examinations. Lateral cephalogram measurement was performed for investigating possible craniofacial features in GLUT1-DS patients. Most of them showed skeletal discrepancy with large overjet. Some patients had a history of trauma to their maxillary incisor(s). In order to correct the patients’ malocclusion, we employed conventional orthodontic appliances and obtained good treatment outcomes. Based on these results, we summarized features associated with the deficiency of GLUT1-DS and also showed the benefit of correcting the malocclusion using conventional orthodontic procedures. Through this report, we showed the craniofacial characteristics and malocclusion of the GLUT1-DS patient which could be treated with conventional orthodontic approach.

This case report shows a successful orthodontic treatment of an operated adult bilateral cleft lip and palate subject with short upper lip and excessive incisor display. The patient underwent cleft lip repair at an early age of 2.5 years, followed by palatoplasty at the age of 21 years. She presented with malaligned teeth, inability to close the lips, excessive upper incisor display, and difficulty in speech. She was treated with upper and lower arch alignment and intrusion of the upper incisors, followed by prosthetic replacement of the missing right lateral incisor and left lateral incisor and canine. Normal dental occlusion was achieved using orthodontic procedures, followed by prosthodontic rehabilitation that resulted in significant improvement in facial aesthetics and psychosocial benefit to the individual.

Objective: To assess the viability of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in decreasing orthodontic-related pain after different orthodontic procedures. Methods: A computerized literature search was ...

Aerosol generating procedures (AGPs) are defined as any procedure releasing airborne particles σ)) and peak positions (DP,C)). The aerosol size distribution provided a robust fingerprint of aerosol emission from a source. 41 patients underwent fifteen different dental procedures. For nine procedures, no aerosol was detected above background. Where aerosol was detected, the percentage of procedure time that aerosol was observed above background ranged from 12.7% for ultrasonic scaling, to 42.9% for 3-in-1 air + water syringe. For ultrasonic scaling, 3-in-1 syringe use and surgical drilling, the aerosol size distribution matched the non-salivary contaminated instrument source, with no unexplained aerosol. High and slow speed drilling produced aerosol from patient procedures with different size distributions to those measured from the phantom head controls (mode widths log(σ)) and peaks (DP,C), p< 0.002) and, therefore, may pose a greater risk of salivary contamination. This study provides evidence for sources of aerosol generation during common dental procedures, enabling more informed evaluation of risk and appropriate mitigation strategies.

Background: This study evaluates the particle dispersion involved in dental procedures carried out during orthodontic treatments. Variants such as temperature and relative humidity in the dental cabinet were considered. Methods: Using a particle counter, a pilot study was conducted, in which 98 consecutive recordings were made during appointments of patients undergoing orthodontic treatments. Temperature, relative humidity and particles present at the beginning (AR) and during the appointment (BR) were recorded. A control record (CR) of temperature, relative humidity and particles present was made before the start of the clinical activity. In addition to conventional statistics, differential descriptive procedures were used to analyse results, and the influence of relative humidity on particle concentration was analysed by statistical modelling with regression equations. Results: The number of particles present, regardless of their size, was much higher in AR than in CR (pLimitations of the study: The limitations are associated with sample size, environmental conditions of the room and lack of discrimination among the procedures performed. Conclusions: This pilot study shows that from the moment a patient enters a dental office, a large number of additional particles are generated. During treatment, the number of particles of 0.3 microns – which have a high capacity to penetrate the respiratory tract – increases. Moreover, a relationship between relative humidity and particle formation is observed. Further studies are needed.

A la presente fecha, los diferentes organismos de salud internacionales y locales han publicado recomendaciones, regulaciones y protocolos para atención odontológica durante de la pandemia COVID-19, ajustados a las diferentes etapas de la misma. La Asociación Latinoamericana de Odontopediatría, en su misión apoyar y llevar la mejor información disponible a todos los colegas latinos, ha publicado guías prácticas y documentos de apoyo fáciles de utilizar y compartir con todo el personal odontológico que trabaje en ambiente hospitalario, clínicas gubernamentales, instituciones educativas y clínicas privadas, que presten atención a niños, adolescentes y pacientes en situación de discapacidad.1-3 Diferentes países se encuentran en diferentes etapas de la pandemia por lo que las recomendaciones pueden incluir limitar el tratamiento odontológico a los casos de urgencia o con necesidad de tratamiento prioritario. Esto puede implicar la suspensión temporal de los controles periódicos de ortodoncia interceptiva. El objetivo de esta revisión es proporcionar directrices en el manejo de la atención de pacientes con tratamiento de ortodoncia interceptiva el periodo de Pandemia por COVID-19, utilizando la literatura disponible y la opinión de los expertos. Son muchos los pacientes pediátricos que utilizan aparatos o que necesitan terapia a corto plazo, situaciones que requieren de planificación de tratamiento según la etapa de la pandemia en la cual se encuentre cada localidad. Aunque los procedimientos de ortodoncia generalmente se consideran optativos, hay situaciones en cuales son prioritarios. Siendo así en este documento se busca definir el término de urgencias ortodóncicas durante el confinamiento COVID-19, determinando cuáles situaciones pueden ser manejadas en el hogar a través de la teleodontología y cuáles requieren la asistencia personal a la consulta odontológica. Igualmente, busca describir las maloclusiones que requieren tratamiento prioritario luego del confinamiento COVID-19, realizando algunas recomendaciones terapéuticas basadas en diferentes niveles de evidencia, para la etapa de dentición primaria o mixta temprana. Las recomendaciones que a continuación se proponen están vinculadas a la situación excepcional de pandemia y pueden diferir de las prácticas clínicas habituales. No constituyen un protocolo clínico exhaustivo de todos los tratamientos posibles, sino una guía de orientación, sin sustituir regulaciones locales, protocolos específicos, ni leyes vigentes en cada país y son susceptibles a evolucionar y cambiar en función de la situación sanitaria. Se insta a los profesionales a realizar seguimiento a las actualizaciones que puede haber sobre este documento.

Rapid maxillary expansion is one of the most common orthodontic procedures performed in the pediatric population, easy to accomplish and compliance free, therefore really effective. Nevertheless, a careful diagnosis and frequent clinical follow-up appointments are necessary during the first weeks of active treatment. The purpose of this article was to report two cases of unexpected complications during orthopaedic maxillary expansion, involving two 7-year-old female patients, one presenting a saddle nose with suborbital hematoma and the other one an asymmetric palatal expansion. In both cases, the clinical situation progressively relapsed during the months following expansion appliance removal.

Introduction. Enamel loss is a common problem during various orthodontic procedures. The study aims to compare the efficacy of a desensitizer and remineraliszer in the reduction of the dentin hypersensitivity ( DH) associated with enamel microcracks after orthodontic debonding. Methods. A unicentric two arm parallel study with 30 subjects randomly assigned to each groups following debonding. Group-1 subjects were treated with Gluma® desensitizer(5% glutaraldehyde and 35% hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)) and the Group-2 intervention included a remineralizing agent GC Tooth Mousse Plus® ( casein phospho peptide and amorphous calcium Fluro phosphate ( (CPP:ACFP). The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was utilized to evaluated DHas subjective perception of pain following the Air blast test and cold test. The VAS scale was indexed from 0-10 markings based on the intensity of perception. Five different time points T0 and T1-immediately after debonding and intervention on day 1, T2- 48 hours, and T3 after 72 hours were taken for the assessment of VAS scores. Results. The VAS scores for the airblast test for group 1 were (2.73,0, 0.06, 0.03) and group 2 (2.46,0,0.16.0.13) at different periods. The sensitivity scores for the cold blast test for group 1 were (2.73,0, 0.13, 0.03) and for group 2 (2.46,0, 0.16, 0.13). There was 98 percent reduction in DH between T0 and T3 and was statistically significant( p

IntroductionDental procedures often produce splatter and aerosol which have potential to spread pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2. Mixed guidance exists on the aerosol generating potential of orthodontic procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate aerosol and/or splatter contamination during an orthodontic debonding procedure.Material and MethodsFluorescein dye was introduced into the oral cavity of a mannequin. Orthodontic debonding was carried out in triplicate with filter papers placed in the immediate environment. Composite bonding cement was removed using a slow-speed handpiece with dental suction. A positive control condition included a high-speed air-turbine crown preparation. Samples were analysed using digital image analysis and spectrofluorometric analysis.ResultsContamination across the 8-metre experimental rig was 3% of the positive control on spectrofluorometric analysis and 0% on image analysis. There was contamination of the operator, assistant, and mannequin, representing 8%, 25%, and 28% of the positive control spectrofluorometric measurements, respectively.DiscussionOrthodontic debonding produces splatter within the immediate locality of the patient. Widespread aerosol generation was not observed.ConclusionsOrthodontic debonding procedures are low risk for aerosol generation, but localised splatter is likely. This highlights the importance of personal protective equipment for the operator, assistant, and patient.Three ‘In brief’ pointsOrthodontic debonding, including removal of composite using a slow speed handpiece with dental suction, appears to be a low risk procedure for aerosol generation.Splatter was produced during the debonding procedure, however this was mainly localised to the patient, operator and assistant.A single positive reading was identified 3.5 meters away from the patient, highlighting the need for suitable distancing and/or barriers in open clinical environments.

Objectives To determine if the depth of corticotomy done with the piezoelectric knife could play a role in the intensity of the regional acceleratory phenomenon (RAP). Materials and Methods Eighteen Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: untreated (3 rats) and treatment (15 rats). In the treatment group, a split-model design was used. The right tibia received transcortical (deep) penetrations with the piezoelectric knife, while intracortical (shallow) penetrations were performed on the left tibia of the same animal. The rats were euthanized at day 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28. Cone-beam computed tomography scans were taken for each sample and then assessed by histological analysis. Results Higher amounts of osteoclastic activity and new collagen formation were observed in the deep penetration group when compared with the shallow penetration group. The former peaked at day 14 for both groups (1.53% ± 0.01% vs 0.03% ± 0.0004%, respectively), and the latter peaked at day 28 (0.65 × 106 ± 0.01 vs 0.08 × 106 ± 0.0008, respectively). Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, it appears that the intensity of the RAP in the rat is corticotomy depth dependent. This is to be kept in mind when decorticating the bone during surgically facilitated orthodontic procedures.

Introduction: Fixed orthodontic procedures such as separator placement, archwire placement andactivations, application of orthopaedic forces, and debonding of brackets produce pain in patients.This study was conducted to assess pain and oral health-related quality of life among patientsundergoing orthodontic treatment. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 152 orthodontic patients ofa teritary care center from January 2019 to October 2019 after receiving ethical approval from theInstitutional Review Committee (Ref. no. 2311201813). Convenience sampling method was done toselect the participants. Oral health-related quality of life using “Oral Health Impact Profile-14” andpain experienced during the first month of fixed orthodontic treatment were assessed. Data analysisfor calculation of frequency and proportion was done in Statistical Package of Social Sciences. Results: Mean pain score of the study participants was 5.05±2.07 and their mean oral health impactwas 12.71±7.27. Most of the study participants 86 (56.58%), had experienced moderate pain due toorthodontic treatment. Out of the reported impacts, 134 (88.2%) had painful aching in mouth and 127(83.6%) had difficulty during eating. Least impact was seen in alteration of taste 35 (23%). Conclusions: The pain intensity experienced by patients was variable. Most participants hadmoderate pain but few patients perceived no pain at all. The participants had at least one or otheroral health impacts due to fixed orthodontic treatment. Orthodontists should counsel the patientsregarding possible discomfort so that there is no discontinuation of treatment due to pain.

Introduction: Pain is experienced by patients during various fixed orthodontic procedures such as placement of separators, insertion of arch wire and its activations, orthopedic appliances such as headgear, and debonding of the appliance. This study was formulated with the background that the level of pain sensation differs between conventional metal and ceramic brackets, arch wire being the same. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised 40 patients. The patients were separated into two groups: Group A (metal brackets) and Group B (ceramic brackets). In Group A, the brackets were bonded with 0.022” conventional stainless steel brackets (Unitek Gemini, 3M, Monrovia, California). In Group B, the brackets were bonded with ceramic brackets (Unitek Gemini Clear Brackets, 3M, Monrovia, California). The bonding of the brackets was carried out according to the conventional etching, priming, and curing technique. A 0.016” NiTi (nickel titanium) arch wire was used as the first arch wire. The intensity of pain was documented in a figure containing two 100-mm visual analog scales (VASs). Results: The level of pain reduced in intensity in due course. During 1 month, VAS scores increased at the end of day 1 (24 h) for the metal and ceramic group. The pain then decreased for up to 5 days. The average pain intensity reached 4.44 in the ceramic group, whereas it was 2.7 in the metal group for the upper anterior region. It decreased up to 1 in the ceramic and 0.22 in the metal group. Conclusion: Patients bonded with ceramic brackets experienced a higher and more severe pain of longer duration than individuals treated with conventional brackets.

Several orthodontic procedures induce pain at some degree during the treatment. Even though orthodontic pain has been extensively studied from the clinical perspective, the spreading of standardized somatosensory examination of the oro-facial structures opens a window on the knowledge of the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying such pain. This article provides an overview on the chairside and comprehensive intraoral somatosensory testing, and summarizes the current findings on the somatosensory changes in orthodontic and orthognathic surgery patients. Signs of sensitization have been reported both during orthodontic treatment and after orthodontic-surgical treatment; therefore, clinicians should be aware of the available psychophysical methods to adequately assess the oro-facial somatosensory functions.

Although orthodontic treatment is commonly indicated for young healthy individuals, recent trends showed an increase in number of older individuals undergoing orthodontic interventions. The increased age resulted in a proportionate increase in the prevalence of systemic diseases facing dentists during orthodontic procedures, especially diabetes mellitus. This necessitates that dentists should be aware of the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and its early signs particularly in teeth and oral cavity. It is also essential for them to understand the implications of diabetes on orthodontic treatment and the measures to be considered during managing those patients. In this review, we focused on the impact of diabetes mellitus on orthodontic treatment. We also summarized the data from previous studies that had explained the measures required to be taken into consideration during managing those patients. We included both human and animal studies to review in depth the pathophysiological mechanisms by which diabetes affects orthodontic treatment outcome. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the need to carefully identify early signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus in patients demanding orthodontic treatment and to understand the considerations to be adopted before and during treating these patients.

Introduction There has been no epidemiologic study of malocclusion prevalence and treatment need in the United States since the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted from 1988 to 1991. In this descriptive study, the authors sought to estimate orthodontic treatment prevalence by examining a nationally representative survey to assess current pediatric dental and orthodontic utilization. Methods The 2009 and 2013 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys were used to categorize and compare all types of pediatric dental and orthodontic procedures in children and adolescents up to 20 years old. Descriptive variables included dental insurance, poverty level, and racial/ethnic background. Results Visits for orthodontic procedures constituted the third largest treatment category (14.5%) and were greatest among the uninsured and higher income populations. Children with public insurance had the fewest orthodontic visits (9.4%). Racial/ethnic disparities were most pronounced among orthodontic visits, with black and Hispanic children receiving the fewest orthodontic procedures (8.89% and 10.56%, respectively). Conclusions Orthodontic treatment prevalence data suggest that significant disparities exist in orthodontic utilization based on race/ethnicity, poverty level, and insurance status. To establish the burden of malocclusion, describe populations in greatest need of interventions, and craft appropriate programs and policies, an active orthodontic surveillance system is essential.

External apical root resorption (EARR) is a common iatrogenic problem caused by orthodontic intervention. Based on the role of Interleukin 1 (IL-1) in induction of bone reabsorption and activation of osteoclasts, this gene is a candidate for predisposition to this complication. Here, we genotyped the rs1143634 in the IL-1β and rs1800587 in the IL-1α gene in a population of Iranian patients who received orthodontic procedures. Patients were classified into two groups: EARR cases (58 individuals) who had a minimum of 1 maxillary incisor with EARR≥2 mm, and the control group (82 individuals), with EARR

Medicine targets health in issues of saving life and improving quality of life. Most orthodontic procedures deal with the latter goal. Medical necessity is presented within the scope of pediatric orthodontics, stratified in medically guided treatment, when orthodontic procedures contribute to the correction of a systemic problem, whether or not associated with a local orofacial problem (respiration and sleep disorders, emotional problems, and hospital calls); and orofacial-guided treatment, when addressing growth matters, craniofacial anomalies, and orofacial functions (mastication, understandable speech, and temporomandibular pain). Medical necessity that may involve the care of the orthodontist alone or in a medical team, also brings up the issue of separation between dentistry and medicine, at educational and various operational levels, posing a challenge regarding their integration in the context of health being indivisible.

Background: Early orthodontic treatments (EOTs), which basically include interceptive and preventive orthodontic procedures, are relatively simple and cost-effective treatment approaches that target developing malocclusions during the mixed dentition period. The present study is aimed to assess the need for EOT among 6–9-year-old children of West Bengal that would benefit from preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatment to prevent or reduce the number of late/corrective orthodontic treatments, which can be complex, lengthy, and costly. Materials and Methods: A total of 1129 children from different public and private primary schools of West Bengal were evaluated using index for preventive and interceptive orthodontic need (IPION). On the basis of IPION, the overall scores of children were distributed into three groups – no treatment need, moderate treatment need, and definite treatment need. According to dental development, children were divided into two groups – IPION-6 and IPION-9. Results: Among 1129 children examined, 554 children (49.1%) came under the category of no treatment need, 174 children (15.4%) presented with moderate treatment need, and 401 children (35.5%) showed definite treatment need. The IPION groups had a significant effect on treatment need distribution (6 vs. 9, P = 0.010)); the IPION-9 scores were significantly higher than the IPION-6 scores. Conclusion: The prevalence of preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatment need is unsatisfactorily high in children of West Bengal, which highlights the importance of including preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatment in local dental health-care programs.

Mesial migration of primary 2nd molar and 1st permanent molar occurs due to early exfoliation of primary first molar. Early exfoliation of deciduous teeth may lead to destruction in the integrity of normal occlusion. Early orthodontic procedures are often used to facilitate favorable developmental modifications in the developing occlusion. There are different space regaining methods described in literature. This case report presents a space regaining accomplished with distal movement of tooth by Gerber Space Regainer.

Use of braces plays a major role during orthodontic treatment procedures. In clinical orthodontic procedures placement of braces is usually followed after essential treatment to the tooth surface. Treatment on the tooth surface like enamel etching, and prophylaxis smoothing with pumice results in considerable damages to the enamel surface of the tooth. In this study, we have proposed optical coherence tomography as a noninvasive imaging technique for the evaluation of damage induced during such treatment procedures. Using depth intensity analysis of the obtained cross-sectional images, damage resulting to the enamel surface was studied after prophylaxis smoothening and etching steps.

Aim: This study was conducted to clinically evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) as a method of reducing pain reported by patients after placement of their first orthodontic archwires. Materials and methods: A sample of 10 patients with an age group of 12 to 26 years with moderate-to-severe anterior crowding was selected. Each patient was assigned to an experimental group (left quadrant with laser therapy) and a control group (right quadrant with no laser therapy). Low-level laser therapy was given immediately after the placement of initial archwire. All patients were instructed to fill up a survey form at home over the next 7 days. Results: The results revealed that the average onset of pain in the experimental group (16.10 hours) was significantly reduced when compared with the control group (3.10 hours). The most painful day was similar for both the groups. The pain ceased much sooner in the experimental group than in the control group. The intensity of pain was lesser in the experimental group when compared with the control group. Conclusion: Low-level laser therapy was an effective and noninvasive method for controlling pain in orthodontic patients after receiving their first archwires. The duration and intensity of pain reduced with the application of LLLT Clinical significance: Pain reduction during orthodontic procedures. Keywords: Low-level laser therapy, Nickel-titanium wires, Orthodontic pain.

Sexual maturation characteristics, chronologic age, dental, and skeletal development are some of the more commonly used means to identify stages of growth. Hand wrist radiograph and cervical vertebrae maturation index (CVMI) are more reliable for skeletal development assessment. This study was conducted to compare the skeletal maturity using the maturational stages of middle phalanx of the third finger (MP3) with cervical vertebrae and then to evaluate the reliability of MP3 as a sole skeletal maturity assessment method. Chronological age group of the 112 subjects was 8-16 years for females and 10-18 years for males were selected for the study. Lateral cephalometry and intra oral peri-apical radiograph of MP3 of the left hand of each patient were taken. Then, statistically it was correlated which was highly significant. Skeletal maturation of MP3 and cervical vertebrae stages progress with advancing chronological age. Female subjects were advanced on an average of 2 years earlier than male subjects at every stages of growth spurt. These results suggest that MP3 can substitute CVMI for skeletal maturity evaluation to determine optimal treatment time for various orthodontic procedures. The developmental stages of the MP3 could be used as a sole indicator in assessing the skeletal maturity.

Introduction: Temporary anchorage devices (TADs) have been developed to be used as direct adjuncts in orthodontic treatment and have facilitated treatment of more complex orthodontic cases, including patients with dental impaction. Objectives: This clinical case reports the applicability of TADs in the orthodontic treatment of a patient with impacted mandibular second molars. Surgical and orthodontic procedures related to the use of miniplates were also discussed in this study. Conclusions: The use of temporary anchorage devices, such as miniplates, can be suggested as an alternative to treat patients with impacted mandibular second molars. RESUMO Introdução: os dispositivos de ancoragem temporária vêm sendo desenvolvidos para uso como coadjuvantes no tratamento ortodôntico. Esses dispositivos facilitam o tratamento ortodôntico de casos mais complexos, incluindo pacientes com dentes impactados. Objetivos: o presente relato de caso reporta a aplicabilidade dos dispositivos de ancoragem temporária no tratamento ortodôntico de um paciente com segundos molares inferiores impactados. Os procedimentos cirúrgicos e ortodônticos relacionados ao uso das miniplacas também são discutidos nesse estudo. Conclusões: o uso de dispositivos de ancoragem temporária, tais como as miniplacas, pode ser sugerido como uma alternativa no tratamento de pacientes com segundos molares inferiores impactados.

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been introduced in orthodontic procedures with its initial purpose to alleviate the pain after adjustment of the appliances and to enhance healing of the sore spot caused by appliance impingement. Recent studies have shown that LLLT may increase the differentiation and proliferation of the cells associated with bone remodeling machinery and therefore affect the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. The effects of LLLT in regards to orthodontic tooth movement have been controversial. This article reviews the previous studies on the biological effects of LLLT on orthodontic tooth movement in animals and human subjects, and thereby aims to set the optimal protocol to accelerate tooth movement in orthodontic avenue.

This case report shows the combined use of piezosurgical and orthodontic procedures to successfully relocate two severely malpositioned implants in the anterior maxilla by moving them separately, with the objective of attaining functional prosthetic restoration and acceptable esthetics.

Background To investigate the skeletal development of HIV infected children through a morphological analysis of the cervical vertebrae (CV) in lateral cephalometric radiographs. Material and Methods The sample consisted of 86 lateral cephalometric radiographs of male and female children aged between 6 and 14 years old. The radiographs were equally distributed in groups 1 (HIV infected children) and 2 (non-infected children, paired by sex and age). Two examiners analyzed the CV according to the method of Hassel and Farman (1995). Spearman correlation coefficient was used to associate age and skeletal development within groups, while Mann-Whitney test compared the skeletal development between groups. Results The correlation of age and skeletal development in group 1 reached 0.17, 0.27 and 0.27 (p >0.05) for C2, C3 and C4, respectively, while in group 2 it reached 0.65, 0.54 and 0.60, respectively (p 0.05). Conclusions HIV infected and non-infected children showed a similar development of the CV. However, the weak correlation between age and CV development in HIV infected children highlights the need for careful decisions prior to therapeutic approaches – especially those founded on the prediction of skeletal development, such as maxillofacial surgeries, and orthopedic and orthodontic procedures. Key words:Cervical vertebrae, growth and development, HIV, radiology.

Unilateral palsy of the hypoglossal nerve is a rare complication of orthodontic procedures. The main reported causes of HNP are: orthopedic and otorhinolaryngology surgical interventions, and in particular maneuvers involving compression or overstretching of the hypoglossal nerve, dental procedures and traumas, and also infections, motoneuron disorders, tumors, vascular diseases. Diagnosis is usually performed by electrophysiology studies (EMG-VCN), and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is useful to exclude other causes. The prognosis depends on the location and extension of the damage. Currently there is not a standardized treatment approach except the speech therapy, although, in some cases, the high-dose steroid treatment could be useful. We describe the case of a ten-year-old female, who was admitted in our Unit after a deviation of the tongue associated with dysarthria and dysphagia, occurred after the application of a mobile orthodontic device.

Summary: Investigation findings on tooth roots resorption are not trustworthy because they aresubmitted to some special study characteristics like sample number, important factors control,measuring methods and some characteristic elements related to research types. It’s well known thatthe grate incidence of this type of pathology occur on frontal tooth upper incisive central,incisive lateral and canines and on lower incisive laterals and canines because theirs longer andsharper roots. When through the radiography findings it is possible clearly identify the root teethtype we are able to predict the possibility of root resorption during the forces application neededto orthodontic tooth movements and also we have the capability to inform to parents and the patientabout this possible risk, but we also have the opportunity to stablish the preventive actions inorder to minimize undesirable effects of the orthodontic treatment. Key words: Teeth rootsresorption. Orthodontic treatment complications. Preventive oriented information to parents andpatients.

A joint is a site or junction between two bones with the function of providing movement or flexibility to the structures of the body. The joint which receives the greatest attention within the field of dentistry is the temporomandibular joint. It represents the union between the maxilla and mandible which house the dentition. Its function may be impacted by restorative, reconstructive, and orthodontic procedures. Understanding the anatomy, histology, and physiology of this joint in health and disease is important so treatments that target joint pain and function can have the greatest degree of success.

Correction of dental crowding can be achieved with several orthodontic procedures like extraction of teeth, proximal stripping etc. In contemporary orthodontic practice, resolution of incisor crowding is most commonly achieved by the use of canine lacebacks. This method takes time, requires frequent activations and taxes anchorage since it involves the “PULL” mechanics. In order to overcome these disadvantages, mostly the time factor, we devised a method of using open coil NiTi spring on 0.016” SS wire piggy backed on the 0.014” heat activated NiTi base arch wire ligated only at the canines. This method, resolved the incisor crowding in almost one third of the time taken with the use of canine lacebacks. Moreover, the result was more physiologic since light continuous force was applied with the spring and it essentially eliminated the anchorage loss since it involved “PUSH” mechanics.

The aims of this study were to investigate the expression of proteins of elastic fibers and collagen type I in the supra-alveolar structure of orthodontically rotated teeth in rats and to elucidate whether circumferential supracrestal fiberotomy diminishes relapse.The rats' maxillary left first molars were rotated by couple of force. Specimens were divided into groups according to different orthodontic procedures. A1-3 and B1-3 were blank control groups and operation control groups. Group C underwent rotation only, and group D was treated with rotation and retention. Groups E and F were treated with rotation, retention, and release of retention; additionally, circumferential supracrestal fiberotomy was performed in group F before the release of retention. The animals were killed, and the jaws were processed for histologic evaluation using the immunohistochemical method to evaluate the protein expressions of elastin, fibrillin-1, fibrillin-2, and collagen type I in supra-alveolar structures (around and below the gingival sulcus) between the maxillary left first and second molars. The degree and percentage of relapse were measured by a series of impressions.The degree and percentage of relapse in group F were much lower than those in group E (P 0.05). Collagen type I was increased in group C (P 0.05) and at normal levels in groups D, E, and F. Elastin below the gingival sulcus and fibrillin-1 showed the same patterns of expression and were consistently elevated in groups C, D, E, and F (P 0.05). No positive staining for elastin was found around the gingival sulcus in any specimen. The difference in the expression of fibrillin-2 between the experimental groups (C, D, E, and F) and their matching control groups was not statistically significant (P 0.05).Circumferential supracrestal fiberotomy can alleviate the relapse of rotated teeth. Collagen fibers of supra-alveolar structures might contribute to relapse in a short time, whereas elastic fibers may be the reason that rotated teeth relapse to their original positions after retention.

The orthodontic treatment of patients with medical disorders is becoming an increasing aspect of modern-day practice. Orthodontic treatment is no longer reserved for only healthy patients. With better management of serious medical problems, increased quality of life expectations, and greater ambulation, medically compromised individuals are now regular visitors to orthodontic practices. While orthodontic treatment has been historically considered to be completely noninvasive, specific orthodontic procedures may place some patients at risk for serious sequelae. Among the most common of these conditions are those associated with cardiovascular disease, bleeding disorder, respiratory disorder, neurological disorder, renal disease, musculoskeletal system, endocrine disorder, liver disease, allergies, and drug side effects. Aggressive risk assessment is the key factor in the identification and prevention of medically associated problems. Assessment and management of patients at risk for endocarditis, bleeding, and asthmatic attacks are discussed. The orthodontic treatment of patients with medical disorders is becoming an increasing aspect of modern-day practice. The influences of various systemic diseases on orthodontic treatment have been discussed and various recommendations to overcome the potential problems have been highlighted in this article.

The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its associated coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread to almost every country of the world with the number of cases increasing exponentially almost everywhere. Recently, the number of cases in India are also on a rise, expecting to reach its peak very soon. The deadly virus has its impact on almost every sector and it has serious implications on dentistry. Dentists and particularly orthodontists treat a number of cases in a day without being able to maintain the appropriate distance between the individuals as advised by the WHO, which brings them to the top of high-risk group. This review is an attempt to compile material from the available literature to help reduce the risks involved the performing orthodontic procedures, prevent the transmit of this contagious disease at the orthodontic office and also suggests certain home remedies which the patient can use to tackle short-term orthodontic emergencies.

OBJECTIVES: The aim was to find out if children who have gone through orthodontic and invasive treatment have less dental fear than children who have experienced only invasive treatment or no treatment at all. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data consisted of 910 9- to 15-year-old children from Jyvaskyla and Kuopio, Finland. A questionnaire was used that contained 11 dental fear-related questions and family member’s dental fear and questions on oral health habits and family characteristics. Information on treatment procedures from three preceding years was collected from patient records. To study the association between dental fear and treatment experiences, analysis of variance, and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Dental fear was found more often in children who had experiences of orthodontic treatment experiences and invasive treatment than in children with invasive treatment only or no treatment experiences at all.LIMITATIONS: Different orthodontic treatment experiences were not analysed individually, and the study was retrospective. CONCLUSION: Familiarization to dental treatment via orthodontic procedures does not necessarily decrease dental fear among children.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the psychological aspects of adult patients who sought and underwent orthodontic treatment, evaluating their expectations and discomfort during treatment, as well as their satisfaction after completion of dental movement. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Data obtained from previous published papers, and also from questionnaires answered by 54 patients, showed that adult patients stood out for their attention to details and high interest in the esthetic improvements provided by treatment, and also for a greater perception of their initial malocclusion. On the other hand, the same data showed that adult patients, once informed about the limitations of their treatment and having confidence on the orthodontist, presented a high level of satisfaction with treatment results, revealing themselves as good patients for indication and execution of orthodontic procedures. OBJETIVO: o propósito desse trabalho foi analisar as características psicológicas dos pacientes adultos que procuraram e se submeteram a tratamentos ortodônticos, avaliando suas expectativas, desconforto durante o tratamento e satisfação final após a conclusão das movimentações dentárias propostas. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: os dados obtidos por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica e de questionários realizados com 54 pacientes demonstraram que os pacientes adultos se destacaram por serem mais detalhistas e exigentes em relação às melhoras estéticas proporcionadas pelo tratamento, e por apresentarem uma maior percepção de sua má oclusão antes do início do tratamento. Por outro lado, esses mesmos dados demonstraram que os pacientes adultos, uma vez bem esclarecidos sobre as limitações peculiares ao seu tratamento e sentindo-se bem amparados e orientados pelos profissionais responsáveis, apresentaram um alto índice de satisfação frente aos resultados finais do tratamento, sendo ótimos pacientes para a indicação e execução de procedimentos ortodônticos.

This review considers oral trauma and its relationship to orthodontics with respect to prevention and primary, secondary, and tertiary care. The level of evidence is not high in regard to this topic, but recommendable approaches to trauma at each stage are discussed on the basis of available literature and published guidelines. Simplified biomechanics are presented to aid treatment.

Previously scoffed by many as runny composites with limited usage, flowables have slowly but gradually found its way into many orthodontic procedures. This article comprises of the wide array of use of flowable composite in orthodontics other than bonding brackets.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: This article reviews root resorption with micro implant assisted intrusion BACKGROUND: Orthodontic intrusion is a common treatment approach in managing orthodontic esthetic and functional problems, including gummy smile and deep bite. Amongst, different type of orthodontic procedures, intrusion is found to be undoubtedly a difficult procedure. Micro implants are found to produce offer an effective skeletal anchorage which is an assist to orthodontist since it renders the intrusion of both anteriors and posterior teeth an increasingly streamlined procedure from mechanical support. Apical root resorption is abnormal consequences in orthodontic treatment. Root resorption produce shortening and breakdown the integrity of teeth from the arch. This article reviews the systemic evaluation of root resorption with micro implants assisted intrusion REASON: The purpose of the systemic review is evaluate the various factor of root resorption with micro implant assisted with intrusion.