Search

BACKGROUND: Carbamates are a class of insecticides structurally and mechanically similar to organophosphate insecticides. The mechanism of organophosphate and carbamate poisoning involves the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. This inhibition results in the accumulation of acetylcholine at cholinergic receptor sites, resulting in continuous stimulation of cholinergic fibers throughout the nervous system. Atropine is the essential antidote. The mortality rate in cholinergic crisis varies from 3% to 25% as reported. CLINICAL CASE: A 47-year-old male patient admitted to the emergency department due to loss of consciousness after fumigation of a melon crop, clinically under the context of cholinergic toxyndrome. The diagnosis of suspected cholinergic toxyndrome was justified by the presence of respiratory depression, miosis, bradycardia, abundant diffuse rales, urinary incontinence, increased peristalsis and diarrhea, as well as by the identification of the label of the responsible poison (furadan). Patient was managed with intravenous fluids and atropinization. The patient remained 4 days with ventilatory support, achieving successful withdrawal of mechanical ventilation and the atropine infusion was suspended after 72 continuous hours of administration. CONCLUSIONS: Carbamate insecticide poisoning manifests as a cholinergic crisis clinically indistinguishable from organophosphate poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of spinetoram, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and chlorpyrifos for the control of Spodoptera frugiperda in corn. Materials and methods. The work was carried out in the municipality of Pihuamo, Jalisco, in the town of La Estrella. The 24 kilates hybrid corn variety (Proseso®) was planted, applying an experimental design in completely randomized blocks with four treatments: spinetoram (Exalt®), Bt (Dipel®), chlorpyrifos (Chlorban 480EC®) and control without application of no product. Weekly random sampling was carried out and treatments were applied according to the manufacturer's recommendations considering a plant damage threshold of 30%. At the end of the cycle, the height of the plant (m), ear length (cm), ears per plant (number), wet forage (kg) and corn dry weight (g) and grain (g) were determined. During the cycle, one application of spinetoram was carried out, while three applications of Bt and chlorpyrifos were carried out. A description of the economic cost of each of the products was made. Results. Plants treated with spinetoram showed average heights of 2.78 m, ears of 32.2 cm in length, forage of 1.67 kg, corn weight of 542.5 g and 0.3 g in grain. These results were statistically significant to the rest of the treatments (P=0,001). Between the plants treated with Bt and chlorpyrifos, there were no significant differences in the same variables. The total cost of applying the products for the management of S. frugiperda was $17.50 with spinetoram, $45.00 with chlorpyrifos and $240.00 with Bt. Conclusion. Spinetoram was the best treatment to control the fall armyworm at throughout the phenological cycle of corn. Likewise, it was the product that was applied least frequently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Salud UIS is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective. The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy against Rhipicephalus microplus of five commercial products used in the site with the highest production of cattle in Honduras. Materials and methods. Ticks were collected in four cattle farms in Catacamas (14° 50' N, 85° 53' S), considering a quantity of 300 bovines, obtaining approximately 1,000 teleogynes of R. microplus to form a control group with distilled water and five treatment groups, each group included two replicates with 50 individuals (n=100). The adult immersion method was performed with each of the five commercial products and the following rates were estimated: mortality, oviposition, hatching, reproductive efficiency and product efficacy. Results. Four of the commercial products with the following active ingredients (Product 1: cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, piperonyl butoxide. Product 2: cypermethrin, ethion, piperonyl butoxide. Product 3: amitraz. Product 4: coumaphos), showed an efficacy greater than 90%. On the other hand, a product (Product 5: cypermethrin), presented an efficiency of 68%. This product of the pyrethroid family shows efficacy problems with a mortality of 33% and a reproductive rate of 30%. Conclusions. One of the products evaluated (cypermethrin) showed low in vitro efficacy against R. microplus in Catacamas, Honduras. It is necessary to modify the use of cypermethrin in this locality, preventing possible problems of resistance to ixodicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a pesticide widely used in Colombia's agriculture, including crops, farm animals and pets, despite it has been banned for use in the European Union and the United States. Studies demonstrate that even low blood levels of CPF -which do not inhibit blood acetylcholinesterase-can lead to child developmental and neurological disorders such as smaller head circumference and brain alterations, and psychomotor and cognitive deficits related to learning ability, attention and memory. In adults, CPF is an endocrine disruptor and breast carcinogen. High direct and indirect economic costs have been associated with CPF exposure. Not only farmers and their families -who have the highest exposures-but the general population consuming crops sprayed with CPF are also at risk. For these reasons CPF was recently banned by the European Union (2020) and the USA (2021). Pesticide regulation policies vary greatly depending on which and how scientific studies are used to assess health risks. Pesticide evaluations funded by the chemical industry should be rectified to avoid conflicts of interest. Furthermore, political alignment with the interests of the industry should not take precedence over independent scientific evidence. It is discouraging, to say the least, that until stricter health laws are passed in Colombia, CPFs and related pesticides will continue to be imported from those countries that have already banned them. Colombian scientists should raise their voice to challenge blind acceptance of profits over unintended consequences, and efforts to prevent pesticide's abuse should be encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo. El presente estudio tiene por objetivo evaluar la eficacia in vitro de cinco productos comerciales empleados en el sitio con mayor producción de bovinos en Honduras. Materiales y métodos. Se colectaron garrapatas en cuatro fincas ganaderas en Catacamas (14°50' N, 85°53' S), considerando una cantidad de 300 bovinos. Se colectaron aproximadamente 1,000 teleóginas de R. microplus para implementar un grupo control y cinco grupos de comparación, cada grupo incluyó dos replicas con 50 individuos. Se realizó el método de inmersión con cada uno de los cinco productos comerciales y se estimaron las siguientes tasas: mortalidad, ovoposición, eclosión, eficiencia reproductiva y eficacia del producto según lo propuesto por Drummond et al., 1973. Resultados. Cuatro de los productos comerciales con los siguientes ingredientes activos (Producto 1: cipermetrina, clorpirifós, butóxido de piperonilo. Producto 2: cipermetrina, ethion, butóxido de piperonilo. Producto 3: amitraz. Producto 4: coumaphos), obtuvieron una eficacia superior al 90%, sobresaliendo las familias químicas de amidinas, organofosforados y la combinación de organofosforados con piretroides para el control de R. microplus en la localidad de Catacamas, Honduras. Por otra parte, un producto (Producto 5: cipermetrina), presenta una eficacia del 68%. Este producto de la familia de los piretroides muestra problemas de eficacia con mortalidad del 33% y los individuos sobrevivientes presentan una tasa reproductiva del 30%. Conclusiones. Es necesario modificar el uso de la cipermetrina en Catacamas, Honduras, incorporando un control integral de parásitos para reducir la posibilidad de resistencia antiparasitaria de R. microplus.

Introduction: Organophosphate poisoning has been described as a rare cause of acute pancreatitis. In the literature, case reports of this association are scarce and the pathophysiological mechanism that leads to the development of necrosis in this situation is even less studied. For this reason, we present this case of this unusual association. Case presentation: 45-year-old male who was taken by family members to a second level hospital with clinical symptoms compatible with organophosphate poisoning. Since admission, he had elevated amylase levels and abdominal ultrasound with no data suggestive of pancreatitis, however, with typical abdominal pain that improved progressively with conservative management. Despite this, he started with data of pancreatic dysfunction and the CT scan showed necrosis of >90% of the pancreatic structure, compatible with acute necrotic pancreatitis. Since there was no evidence of systemic infection, conservative management was offered with adequate response. Conclusion: pancreatitis is a complication that should be sought in patients with organophosphate poisoning since timely treatment significantly improves prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Boletín Científico Centro de Museos de Historia Natural is the property of Universidad de Caldas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Mexico, the larvicide temephos (an organophosphate) has been used widely for vector control for a number of yr. Repeated exposure to this larvicide has caused resistance in Aedes container-inhabiting larvae. In this study, the susceptibility status to temephos was evaluated in Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti larvae from 4 locales within Quintana Roo, Mexico. Aedes aegypti exhibited low-intensity phenotypic resistance in Cancún, Playa del Carmen, José María Morelos, and Chetumal. Aedes albopictus was found to be susceptible to temephos in Chetumal and Playa del Carmen, but low-intensity phenotypic resistance (tolerance) was observed in Cancún and José María Morelos. The changes in susceptibility status to temephos in both species could be caused by different degrees of exposure to this larvicide. However, more in-depth studies are required to confirm this. En México, el larvicida temefos (organofosforado) se ha utilizado ampliamente para el control de vectores durante varios años. La exposición prolongada a este compuesto ha provocado resistencia en las larvas del género Aedes. En este estudio, el estado de la susceptibilidad a temefos fue evaluado en larvas de Ae. albopictus y Ae. aegypti de cuatro comunidades de Quintana Roo, México. Aedes aegypti mostró una resistencia fenotípica de baja intensidad en Cancún, Playa del Carmen, José María Morelos, y Chetumal. Por otro lado, las poblaciones de Ae. albopictus de Chetumal y Playa del Carmen fueron susceptibles al larvicida, sin embargo, se observó resistencia fenotípica de baja intensidad en Cancún y José María Morelos. Los cambios en el estado de susceptibilidad a temefos de ambas especies puede deberse a los diferentes niveles de exposición al larvicida, sin embargo, se requiere de estudios más profundos para confirmarlo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As intoxicações por agrotóxicos resultam da exposição ocupacional dos trabalhadores rurais, principalmente nas áreas agrícolas. Para reduzir esses problemas é necessário o uso de estratégias de monitoramento e controle do manejo racional dos produtos químicos utilizados. O objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar o perfil ocupacional dos trabalhadores rurais por meio de entrevistas e exames toxicológicos. O estudo caracteriza-se por uma pesquisa aplicada, de característica exploratória, com procedimento de levantamento a partir de uma amostra com 50 agricultores. Observou-se maioria dos fatores de riscos aos trabalhadores está intrinsecamente relacionada, pois quando são verificadas as correlações causais da exposição e intoxicação dos agricultores, verificamos que a baixa escolaridade associada à carência técnica de instrução do uso racional dos agrotóxicos, o tempo prolongado de exposição e o não uso de EPIs, contribuem para o perfil toxicológico dos trabalhadores rurais. Em relação às análises laboratoriais foi possível observar que parte dos trabalhadores apresentava intoxicação aguda, verificada através da análise da colinesterase, porém, não foi suficiente para causar danos as funções renais e hepáticas. Contudo, podendo ocorrer com o uso crônico e recorrente dessas substâncias químicas. Portanto, é necessário uma maior fiscalização na aplicação dos agrotóxicos no campo, treinamento dos trabalhadores rurais sobre uso correto dos insumos agrícolas e estratégias de intervenção pelos órgãos de saúde e meio ambiente.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo el explorar las posibilidades de un sistema multisensorial, tipo nariz electrónica, para la detección de pesticidas organofosforados en el duraznero (Prunus pérsica), cultivado en el departamento de Norte de Santander, Colombia. Las pruebas se realizaron con una nariz electrónica conformada por 8 sensores químico-resistivos, y el método de procesamiento utilizado fue el análisis de componentes principales (PCA). Inicialmente se observó que los sensores reaccionan ante los compuestos volátiles presentes en el durazno, sin la presencia de pesticidas. Al agregar concentraciones conocidas de pesticidas al fruto, fue posible agrupar las muestras en cuatro grupos, así: sin pesticidas, 1, 2 y 3 ppm. Lo anterior indica que el sistema utilizado permite diferenciar las muestras puras de las que están contaminadas, además de agrupar los distintos rangos de concentración. Se concluye con la posibilidad de utilizar la nariz electrónica, en el control de calidad de productos agrícolas.

Resumo Introdução A agricultura no Brasil caracteriza-se pelo uso elevado de agrotóxicos. Os inseticidas organofosforados estão entre a classe de agrotóxicos mais intensamente aplicados. Objetivo: Estimar a ingestão de resíduo de agrotóxicos organofosforados por crianças e adultos, considerando o consumo da população brasileira e a recomendação diária de frutas e hortaliças (FH). Método Foram calculados a Estimativa Diária de Ingestão (EDI) e o percentual da Ingestão Diária Aceitável (%IDA) de acordo com a metodologia proposta pela WHO e FAO, em que %IDA > 100 caracteriza um possível risco de ingestão de agrotóxicos. Os dados sobre a concentração do agrotóxico no alimento foram obtidos do Programa de Análise de Resíduo de Agrotóxicos. Os dados sobre consumo do alimento e o peso corpóreo da população em estudo foram obtidos da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar de 2008-2009. A recomendação de ingestão de FH preconizada para uma dieta saudável foi de 400 gramas/dia. Resultados Com base no consumo alimentar da população brasileira, apenas o agrotóxico metidationa excedeu o parâmetro toxicológico de segurança para crianças. Caso o consumo de FH pela população brasileira alcançasse a recomendação da WHO, seis agrotóxicos excederiam o %IDA para crianças: diazinona, dicofol, dimetoato, metamidofós, metidationa e protiofós. Já para adultos, três agrotóxicos excederiam o %IDA: dicofol, metamidofós e metidationa, deflagrando o uso indiscriminado desses inseticidas. Conclusão A promoção do consumo de FH deve vir acompanhada de programas de monitoramento da comercialização, do uso desses agentes químicos e dos seus resíduos nos alimentos.

Copyright of Revista Ambiente e Água is the property of Revista Ambiente e Agua and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the sensitivity of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus to acaricides sold in the municipality of Rolim de Moura, Rondônia, Brazil. The 400 R. (B.) microplus female ticks were collected from naturally infested cattle, belonging to two rural properties. The ticks were separated into seven homogeneous groups of 10 individuals each, to analyze the sensitivity profiles to dichlorvós 45% + cypermethrin 5%, cypermethrin 15%, cypermethrin 20%, amitraz 12.5%, deltamethrin 2.5% and fipronil 1% and the control group. The Adult Immersion Test (AIT) and the Larvae Immersion Test (LIT) were adopted. For each group of 10 ticks, the egg production index, reproductive efficiency and product efficiency were determined. At property 1, the product with the fastest action on ticks was fipronil 1%, which killed 70% (7/10) of them in less than three days, and also inhibited the laying of eggs on survivors. While on property 2, the mortality of the ticks only started from the third day with the use of amitraz 12.5%, with 50% (5/10) of death on the twentieth day, however, in the surviving ticks, there was no posture inhibition. In property 1, cypermethrin 20% and amitraz 12.5% inhibited 100% of the eggs hatching and the association of dichlorvós 45% + cypermethrin 5% obtained 98% product efficiency. However, in property 2 there was no hatching inhibition in any test group and the product's efficiency, of 44.49% with amitraz 12.5%, was the highest, not even being efficient, within the current rules. As for LIT, in property 1, dichlorvós 45% + cypermethrin 5% killed 100% of the larvae and in property 2 this result was observed with fipronil 1%. These first results reinforce the need for strategic control of the tick and the constant use of bioassays - laboratory tests for the effectiveness of acaricide, before prescription, especially in the Amazonian environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To determine the insecticide resistance status of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus from Tapachula, México. Materials and methods. Mosquito eggs were collected with the use of ovitraps and CDC susceptibility bioassays and biochemical assays were conducted to determine resistance levels and resistance mechanisms, respectively. Results. Ae. aegypti showed resistance to deltamethrin and permethrin (PYRs), malathion, chlorpyrifos and temephos (OP), and to bendiocarb (CARB), while Ae. albopictus showed resistance to malathion and to a lesser intensity to chlorypirifos, temephos, permethrin and deltamethrin. Both species showed high levels of P450 and GSTs, while levels of esterases varied by species and collection site. Altered acethilcholinesterase was detected in both species. Conclusion. In an urban habitat from Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico where vector control using insecticides takes place, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are only susceptible to propoxur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work is to explore the possibilities of a multisensory system, electronic nose type, for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides in the peach tree (Prunus persica), cultivated in the department of Norte de Santander, Colombia. The tests were performed with an electronic nose consisting of 8 chemical-resistive sensors, and the method of processing used was the principal component analysis (PCA). Initially it was observed that the sensors react to the volatile compounds present in the peach, without the presence of pesticides. By adding known concentrations of pesticides to the fruit, it was possible to group the samples into four groups, like this: without pesticides, 1, 2 and 3 ppm. The above indicates that the system used allows differentiating pure samples from contaminated ones, in addition to grouping the different concentration ranges. It concludes with the possibility of using the electronic nose, in the quality control of agricultural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El pulgón amarillo (Melanaphis sacchari) considerado como la plaga más devastadora en el cultivo del sorgo, se ha extendido por casi todo el territorio mexicano provocando bajos rendimientos, especialmente en los lugares con mayor producción agrícola. En el estado de Guanajuato ha ocasionado severos daños y debido a la importancia del cultivo y al perjuicio generado, se ha convertido en un grave problema. Su control se basa principalmente en el método químico y debido a esta situación para controlarlo, los insecticidas pueden conferirle desarrollo de resistencia a los diferentes ingredientes activos utilizados para su control. Por tal motivo, el objetivo fue cuantificar cinco enzimas detoxificantes en 13 municipios del estado de Guanajuato. Las enzimas con mayor presencia fueron α-esterasas, β-esterasas, además de oxidasas. The yellow aphid (Melanaphis sacchari) considered the most devastating pest in sorghum cultivation, and it has spread throughout most of the mexican territory causing low yields, especially in the places with the highest agricultural production. In the state of Guanajuato, it has caused severe damage, and due to the importance of the crop and the harm generated, it has become a serious problem. Its control is based mainly on the chemical methods, which can cause the development of resistance to the different active ingredients used for its control. For this reason, the objective of the present work was to quantify the activity of five detoxifying enzymes in samples of insect collected in 13 municipalities of the state of Guanajuato. The enzyme activities that were most frequently detected were α and β-Esterases, as well as oxidases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria is the property of Agrosavia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes the in vitro cytotoxicity in cells treated with a commercial formulation of acephate. Acephate is a widely used pesticide in Brazil, but it is also the insecticide with the highest number of irregular detections in Brazilian food. The study investigated the cytotoxicity in human red blood cells treated with different concentrations of acephate and hemolysis was observed at higher concentrations. It is concluded that the commercial formulation of acephate is cytotoxic to human red blood cells, reinforcing the importance of evaluating the toxicity of agricultural pesticides available on the market. [Extracted from the article]

Esta investigación tuvo el objetivo determinar las condiciones de aplicación que afectan los niveles de colinesterasa, y que generan un riesgo neurotóxico por el uso de carbamatos y organofosforados a los agricultores de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L) en la localidad de San Luis, Chimborazo – Ecuador. La técnica utilizada fue la espectrofotometría. El examen de colinesterasa se realizó a los pacientes expuestos a los insecticidas organofosforados y carbamatos. El método utilizado fue el cinético-espectrofotométrico (405 nm a 37°C). Mediante análisis factorial, prueba de Kruskal Wallis y de correlaciones se determinó las variables que más afectan los niveles de colinesterasa. Para el análisis neurotoxicologico se aplicó el cuestionario Psychologisch Neurologischeò Fragebogen (PNF) a cada uno de los agricultores, lo que permitió determinar la presencia de alteraciones clínicas, conductuales y neurológicas de los trabajadores expuestos a plaguicidas organofosforados y carbamatos. Se concluye que las variables que más afectan al nivel de colinesterasa son: humedad, temperatura en el invernadero, tiempo que cultiva tomate, estado del equipo de aplicación, tiempo que permanece en el invernadero, frecuencia de aplicación de los insecticidas, lee la etiqueta, tiempo de aplicación de los insecticidas, y las esferas más afectadas fueron inestabilidad psiconeurovegetativa (PN), irritabilidad (E), Déficit de concentración y memoria (K) y Astenia (A).

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Linear sweep voltammetry method (LSP) of a common pesticide such as chlorpyrifos (CPF) an organophosphorus (POF) in white (Allium cepa l.) and green onions (Allium fistulosum l.) was investigated. It used at a working electrode static mercury drop (HMDE), Ag/AgCl as reference electrode and platinum as a counter electrode. The POF was extracted from the onion through liquid-liquid partition using acetone/dichloromethane as the solvent. Validated method was compared with GC/ECD as a reference method. CPF concentration was not different between the two analytical techniques; the analysis was performed with a confidence level of 90%, corresponding to the polarographic method. CPF concentration was 0.8400 ± 0.062 ppm in Allium cepa and 0.062 ± 0.300 ppm in Allium fistulosum L. These values exceed the ADI and ARD values for chlorpyrifos established by current regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study evaluated the effect of Trichlorfon treatment to control fish's parasites on the growth, histological damage and bioaccumulation in grass carp tissues, under control conditions in laboratory. Two assays with the same experimental design were conducted with C. idella distributed in two tanks with 40L (control and treatment), each with n=10, under controlled abiotic conditions. The Trichlorfon active ingredient was added to the tank water at a concentration of 0.25 mg/L, once a week for five consecutive weeks. At the first assay, during the Trichlorfon treatment, we took biometric measurements, and at the second assay we performed histological analysis of gills and chromatography of the fish muscle. The results indicate that Trichlorfon promoted physiological changes in the analyzed fish, with inhibition of appetite and growth decrease in the treated group. There were no significant histopathological differences between control and treated groups. The muscle analysis of treated fish, collected five days after the last application of Trichlorfon, indicates no evidence of bioaccumulation for Trichlorfon or its metabolic residues. Thus, it can be preliminarily said that this type of treatment had a low effect on the morphological structures of the vital organs and was not accumulated in fish muscle. However, the treatment acts directly on zootechnic parameter, one of the most important factors in the context of fish farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: Evaluar la exposición a plaguicidas organofosforados y el desempeño neuropsicológico y motor de trabajadores/as agrícolas y no agrícolas de la Región del Maule, Chile. Método: Estudio transversal analítico con 93 trabajadores/as agrícolas expuestos/as a plaguicidas organofosforados y 84 trabajadores/as no agrícolas no expuestos/as. Se administró una batería de cuatro pruebas neuropsicológicas junto con un examen físico neuromotor. Resultados: Los/las trabajadores/as agrícolas expuestos/as tuvieron un menor desempeño en la escala de inteligencia de Wechsler para Adultos (WAIS-IV) en comprensión verbal (β = −3,2; p = 0,034), en velocidad de procesamiento (β = −4,4; p = 0,036) y en la escala total (β = −4; p = 0,016); sensibilidad discriminativa (β = 1, p = 0,009) ajustada por años de educación o edad en comparación con los controles. Conclusiones: Se sugiere el desarrollo de políticas en materia de control, venta y uso de plaguicidas organofosforados, y de intervenciones con la población expuesta respecto a medidas de seguridad.

Organophosphates (OP) are widely used in the world for their low cost, high efficiency, and less persistence. These neurotoxic compounds have been detected in biological and environmental matrices in various countries. The use of pesticides implies the risk of accumulation of residues in agricultural products; however, in some regions of Mexico, the monitoring of pesticide residues in food and other matrices is limited. The objective of this work was to determine residues of OP in vegetables commercialized in tianguis (popular market days) of Jiquilpan, Michoacan, Mexico. Samples of pumpkin, cucumber, tomato, onion, strawberry, and apple were collected (n = 30), as well as tomato and organic strawberry (n=6). The samples with ethyl acetate were extracted, and the presence of malathion and chlorpyrifos-ethyl residues was analyzed using high-resolution thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). The organic samples did not show residual malathion and chlorpyrifos-ethyl. Under the conditions of this study, no malathion residues were detected in the vegetable samples. However, the presence of chlorpyrifos-ethyl residues was observed in four onion samples and in one apple sample (20% of the total samples). The HPTLC technique was used as a screening technique. It has been reported that chronic exposure to low concentrations of pesticides can represent a risk to human health, since its effects could be additive and could appear in the medium and long term. Periodic monitoring of pesticides in food and exposed populations is required.

Sodium fluoroacetate is a chemical compound of high lethality that can be found naturally in some Mexican plants and in plants from other countries of the world. Due to its high toxicity, both in its natural form and in its chemically processed version, it is considered illegal by the authorities. However, the "black market" has brought it within reach of people who use it to eliminate harmful or domestic fauna, or even as part of suicide attempts in humans. Currently, there is no specific treatment for this type of intoxication, although there are some measures that can be considered to try to avoid its high mortality. This article reports a case of poisoning by this substance, and the measures taken to try to save the life of the patient, emphasizing the need to establish a complete clinical profile, to be able to offer a timely treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antecedentes. El tomate chonto (Solanum lycopersicum) es común en la cocina colombiana. Este fruto es atacado por plagas que generan pérdidas superiores al 30%. La fumigación profusa de los cultivos genera un riesgo para los consumidores, por tal razón el Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA) restringe el uso de agroquímicos, sin embargo en el tomate comercializado se encuentra moléculas de endosulfán y 4,4’-DDT regulados y prohibidos en la mayoría de países, incluso en Colombia. La calidad del tomate se establece según las recomendaciones consignadas por el Códex Alimentarius referente a plaguicidas, que requieren para su análisis métodos sensibles, selectivos y aprobados. Objetivos. Este es el primer reporte que se hace del promedio de ingesta diaria estimada (EADI, Estimated Average Daily Intake) para residuos de plaguicidas presentes en tomates comercializados en Armenia (Quindío-Colombia). En el presente trabajo se modificó y verificó la metodología QuEChERS, con base en la norma EN15662, para análisis de residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados y organofosorados en tomate. Métodos. Se implementó la Norma EN15662 para el análisis simultáneo por cromatografía de gases con detector de microcaptura de electrones (GC-µECD) de residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados y organofosforados en tomate, mediante el cálculo de números analíticos de mérito a partir de la recta de calibración, el análisis de exactitud y el test de robustez Youden-Steiner. Se analizaron durante seis meses muestras de tomate comercializado en una tienda orgánica, Fruver (comercializador de verduras, frutas y hortalizas frescas) y catorce supermercados, para un total de 16 puntos de muestreo en el municipio de Armenia. Se estimó el EADI para residuos de plaguicidas encontrados. Resultados: Se analizaron 26 plaguicidas con porcentajes de recuperación promedio de 109% y desviación estándar relativa promedio de 14%. Límites de detección entre 0,5 y 257 ppb y límites de cuantificación entre 1,4 y 779 ppb para aldrín y diazinon, respectivamente. Conclusiones: La metodología mostró ser robusta en el análisis de residuos de plaguicidas. Clorpirifos, 4,4’-DDT, endosulfán y metoxicloro, a pesar de estar restringidos y/o prohibidos en Colombia, fueron encontrados en la mayoría de las muestras analizadas.

Com o objetivo de determinar as causas para o súbito aumento no número de surtos de intoxicação por organofosforados foram analisados nove surtos da intoxicação diagnosticados em bovinos no Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (LRD/UFPel) entre novembro de 2013 e fevereiro de 2014. Em todos os surtos os animais foram tratados com concentrações entre duas e 151 vezes maiores que a concentração recomendada de diazinon para banho carrapaticida utilizado nas diferentes propriedades. Contribuíram, ainda, para o grande número de casos de intoxicação a via de adminstração pour on não recomendada para os produtos utilizados e o intenso calor registrado na época de ocorrência dos surtos.

Objetivo: La exposición crónica a plaguicidas no persistentes se ha relacionado con diversas patologías crónicas; sin embargo, pocos estudios han evaluado la exposición a plaguicidas no persistentes en población española. Métodos: En 2007 se determinó la presencia de 24 plaguicidas mediante cromatografía de gases/espectometría de masas en 363 muestras de suero de adultos no laboralmente expuestos de Tenerife. Resultados: El 99,45% presentaron residuos (6 ± 2 plaguicidas/muestra). Los plaguicidas más frecuentes fueron piretroides (96,1%), organofosforados (93,9%) y organoclorados (92,3%). En el 81% de los sujetos se detectaron bifentrina y malatión, considerados neurotóxicos, y en el 50% hexaclorobenceno, DDT y buprofezina. El malatión, un «obesógeno ambiental», se detectó en el 82%, y plaguicidas considerados «disruptores endocrinos» en el 97,2% de las muestras. Conclusiones: Existe una exposición inadvertida a plaguicidas no persistentes que puede afectar a la salud de nuestra población, por lo que se hace necesario incluirlos en los estudios de monitorización.

Objetivo: Describir la concentración de plaguicidas en diferentes matrices ambientales en dos períodos de tiempo (baja y alta producción agrícola local) y estimar la asociación entre la presencia de residuos de plaguicidas en las matrices y su uso en el hogar con variables sociodemográficas de escolares de la Provincia de Talca. Métodos: Estudio de diseño transversal en 190 escolares. Se encuestó a las familias para conocer el consumo de vegetales de los escolares en la escuela y en el hogar, el uso de plaguicidas en el hogar y otras variables sociodemográficas. También se midieron los residuos de plaguicidas en vegetales y agua consumidos por los escolares y en el suelo de 14 escuelas. Resultados: La matriz vegetal presenta la mayor concentración de residuos en ambos períodos de tiempo, tanto en escolares urbanos como rurales. Los residuos de plaguicidas más frecuentes en los vegetales fueron clorpirifos, difenilamina, pirimetanil y tiabendazol. En los hogares se usan principalmente piretroides y organofosforados en la época de verano. Se encontraron residuos de plaguicidas peligrosos, como azinfos metil y dimetoato, en vegetales consumidos por los escolares en las escuelas y hogares, y de organoclorados en el suelo de algunas escuelas. Conclusiones: Se sugiere elaborar propuestas de prevención y control de la exposición a plaguicidas en la población escolar, y evaluar los efectos en la salud de los escolares.

O presente estudo descreve um surto de intoxicação por triclorfon em caprinos, que receberam pela via oral, a dosagem terapêutica do princípio ativo em questão (100mg/kg), provenientes da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, campus de Umuarama, PR. Cinquenta e três ovinos foram tratados com a mesma formulação/solução e não se observou nenhum efeito colateral nos animais referente ao tratamento com triclorfon. Das 20 cabras medicadas, cerca de 40 minutos após a administração do triclorfon, oito apresentaram os clássicos sinais clínicos de ataxia, decúbito externo-lateral, sialorreia, tremores, constrição das pupilas, dispneia com ruídos, micção e defecação involuntária, paresia espástica, timpanismo e lacrimejamento. Quase que imediatamente após a detecção destes sinais, as oito cabras foram medicadas com sulfato de atropina 1% 0,5mg/kg mais fluidoterapia. Cinco destes animais tiveram de receber nova dosagem de sulfato de atropina uma hora após a primeira aplicação, em função de alguns sinais clínicos, como tremores musculares, ainda estarem presentes. De 48 a 72 horas após a administração do triclorfon, três destes cinco animais vieram a óbito. Na necropsia, foi possível observar mucosas cianóticas, congestão de fígado, baço e rins, vasos mesentéricos congestos, vesícula biliar repleta, enfisema pulmonar, parênquima pulmonar avermelhado. Os resultados encontrados neste trabalho chamam atenção que o surto aconteceu em cabras adultas, que apresentavam boas condições clínicas e acima de tudo, receberam a dosagem terapêutica recomendada em bula pelo fabricante. Talvez isso possa indicar alguma sensibilidade mais elevada desta espécie animal à dosagem recomendada em bula do triclorfon (100mg/kg) para caprinos.

There is evidence that the exposure to highly hazardous pesticides is associated with cancer development. Organophosphate pesticides (OP) are within this group and are widely used in Latin America. The aim of this paper was to review the Latin American research on exposure to organophosphate pesticides and its effects on the development of human cancer and discuss their bioethical implications. A systematic search was run in PubMed database, then replicating it in other databases. Eligibility criteria were: Latin American scientific studies, samples of human population or tissue, OP exposure and cancer development. Search terms were organophosphates, cancer and the name of each country. Of a total of 1092 articles, 11 met the criteria. All found relationship between OP pesticide exposure and cancer development. 81% of the studies were experimental and showed that exposure to chlorpyrifos, parathion and malathion cause the development of human breast carcinoma. We conclude that Latin American research suggests that OP pesticide exposure generates cancer in humans; therefore, the development of policies that regulate the use of pesticides and forbid the most dangerous is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To characterise acute poisonings in pregnant and non-pregnant women treated at emergency departments of government hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, between 2010 and 2015.Methods: All data for acutely poisoned women were retrospectively collected from patient medical charts at the emergency departments of Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Ras Desta Memorial Hospital, Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College and Zewditu Memorial Hospital. Data were collected by extraction questionnaire and analysed using SPSSv. 20 statistical software.Results: During the study period, 998 cases of acutely poisoned women were listed in the hospital registries. Of these, complete data for inclusion in the study were available for 592. 36.3% of the study participants were in the age group of 20-24, with a mean (±SD) age of 23.03 (±6.3) years. 80.9% were from Addis Ababa; 4.6% were pregnant. The mean arrival time of all cases was 4.14 h. 85.5% of all study cases were due to intentional self-poisoning, of whom 42.1% were discharged without complications. The most common poisons were bleach and organophosphates; 25.9% of pregnant cases and 32.6% of non-pregnant cases were poisoned by bleach; and 18.5% of pregnant cases and 18.9% of non-pregnant cases had organophosphate poisoning. 0.7% had a history of poisoning; all were non-pregnant women. The common route of poison exposure was oral, and the case fatality rate of organophosphate poisoning in pregnant and non-pregnant women was 20 and 1.87%, respectively. The pre-hospital intervention for the majority of the women was milk, in 12.0% of cases.Conclusion: Acute poisoning remains a public health problem in our community. Bleach is the most common poisons. Our present findings indicate the necessity of educational programmes on preventable reasons of acute poisonings and their outcomes on pregnant and non-pregnant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environment is negatively affected by the increasing accumulation of both natural and man-made waste and by-products. Organophosphorous pesticides -malathion, diazinon and methamidophos- are used worldwide in pest control. The aim of this report is to review the effects of organophosphates on the male reproductive tract of mice, rats and earthworms and to evaluate their projection into the human population. Assessing failures in the male reproductive system is an excellent in vivo biomarker to determine the level of toxicity of suspected pollutants. In rodents organophosphates cause decreased testicular weight and sperm density, abnormal tubular plugging and increased teratozoospermia. In earthworms they cause a significant decrease in body weight and alter the spermatheca, with an initial significant increase in immature sperm followed by a significant decrease in sperm count with high frequency of metachromasia. Given the environmental impact of these pesticides -and their potential effects on human health-, international and regional organizations are warning about the correct handling and managing of these substances during work-related and domestic exposures and about their relation to water sources and food, placing a greater emphasis on the school children population due to its higher vulnerability, reduced detoxification capacity and their endocrine and physiological effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Salud Pública is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tomato variety "chonto"(Solanum lycopersicum) is a common ingredient in Colombian cuisine. This fruit is commonly attacked for pests that generates losses higher than 30 %. The profuse crop dusting produces a risk for the consumers, for that reason The Colombian Agriculture Institute (ICA) limit the use of agrochemicals. However, the marketed tomato contains traces of endosulfán and 4,4'-DDT that are regulated and prohibited in many countries, including Colombia. Tomato quality is stablished according to the Codex Alimentarius recommendations for pesticides, which studies require sensible, selective and probed methods of analysis. Objectives: To report about the estimated average daily intake (EADI) for pesticides residues in the region. In the present work the QuEChERS methodology was modified and validated, based on the EN15662 procedure for the analysis of the organochlorines and organophosphorus pesticides residues in tomato. Methods: The procedure EN15662 was implemented and validated by means of analytical figures of merit from the calibration curve, accuracy analysis and the Youden-Steiner robustness test, for the simultaneous analysis of organochlorines and organophosphorus pesticides using gas chromatography with micro electron capture detector (GC-μECD) in commercialized tomato samples from an organic store Fruver (marketing of vegetables, fresh fruit and vegetables) and 14 grocery stores, for a total of 16 sample points in Armenia. The EADI was estimated for pesticides residues found. Results: A total of 26 residues of pesticides, 20 organochlorines and 6 organophosphorus were analyzed. In mean level of concentration of the calibration curves, recovery was in the range from 82% ± 5 to 136% ± 15 to 17 organochlorines, and in the range from 64% ± 9 to 96% ± 15 to 5 organophosphorus. Other pesticide residues were outside this range of recovery. Detection limits between 0,5 and 257 μg/L and quantification limits between 1,4 and 779 μg/L for aldrin and diazinon, respectively. Conclusions: The methodology used in our studies proves its robustness for the analysis of pesticides. 4,4'-DDT, endosulfán y metoxicloro were found in the majority of samples analyzed, although they are prohibited in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the agricultural sector happened due to population growth, which increased the use of pesticides to mitigate pests and increase the availability of food. Organophosphates represent 38% of all pesticides used worldwide, and chlorpyrifos is widely utilized in Brazil. The primary source of contamination by chlorpyrifos occurs by the ingestion of trace amounts of this pesticide present in food and drinking water. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify chlorpyrifos residues in cauliflower, artesian well water near the plantation, and soil, and compare the results with a maximum residue level (MRL) allowed by Codex Alimentarius and the World Health Organization. For this, we used High Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV detector. The test results of persistent chlorpyrifos in agricultural practice demonstrated that dosages used during the application recommended by the manufacturer were safe, given that the measured concentrations were below MRL in cauliflower and water. Chlorpyrifos residues were not detected in the soil sample, confirming its fast degradation and low persistence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organophosphates (OPs) are widely used as pesticides, and its urinary metabolites as well as the blood cholinesterases (ChEs) activity have been reported as possible biomarkers for the assessment of this pesticide exposure. Moreover, the OPs can induce mutagenesis, and the bone marrow micronucleus test is an efficient way to assess this chromosomal damage. This paper reports a study carried out to verify the correlation among the disulfoton exposure, blood ChEs activity, urinary diethyl thiophosphate (DETP), and diethyl dithiophosphate (DEDTP), as well as micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) frequency. Four groups of rats (n=12) were exposed to disulfoton at 0, 2.8, 4.7, and 6.6 mg kg-1 body weight. The blood ChEs activity, urinary DETP and DEDTP concentrations, and MNPCEs frequency were determined. It was observed that the plasmatic and erythrocytary ChEs activity decreased from 2.9% to 0.5% and from 35.9 to 3.3%, respectively, when the disulfoton dose was increased from 0 to 6.6 mg kg-1 (correlation of 0.99). Urinary DETP and DEDTP concentrations, as well as the MNPCEs frequency, increased from 0 to 6.58 µg mL-1, from 0 to 0.04 µg mL-1, and from 0 to 1.4%, respectively, when the disulfoton dose was increased from 0 to 6.58 mg kg-1 body weight.Os organofosforados (OPs) são amplamente usados como praguicidas e a atividade da colinesterase sanguínea bem como os metabólitos urinários desses praguicidas têm sido reportados como biomarcadores eficazes para avaliar casos de exposição. Além disso, os OPs podem induzir mutagênese e o teste de micronúcleo de medula óssea é uma boa alternativa para avaliar os danos cromossômicos. Esse artigo reporta um estudo sobre a correlação entre a exposição a dissulfoton, a atividade da colinesterase sanguínea, a excreção urinária de dietil tiofosfato e dietil ditiofosfato e a frequência de micronúcleos em eritrócitos policromáticos. Quatro grupos de ratos (n=12) foram expostos a dissulfotom nas doses de 0, 2,8, 4,7, e 6,6 mg kg-1 de peso corpóreo. A atividade da colinesterase sanguínea as concentrações urinárias de dietil tiofosfato e dietil ditiofosfato e a frequência de micronúcleos foram determinadas. Os resultados demonstraram que as atividades da colinesterase plasmática e eritrocitária diminuíram de 2,9 para 0,5% e de 35,9 para 3,3% , respectivamente, quando a dose de dissulfoton foi aumentada de 0 para 6,6 mg kg-1 (correlação de 0,99). As concentrações urinárias de dietil tiofosfato e dietil ditiofosfato bem como a frequência de micronúcleos aumentaram de 0 a 6,56 µg mL-1, 0 a 0.04 µg mL-1 e de 0 a 1.4%, respectivamente, quando a dose de dissulfotom foi aumentada de 0 a 6,58 mg kg-1.

En México el banano es el segundo frutal de mayor importancia económica, con una producción de 2.2 millones de toneladas anuales; los nematodos son las plagas más importantes del banano afectando el crecimiento y desarrollo debido al daño ocasionado en raíces y rizoma, los más reportados han sido: Radopholus similis (nematodo barrenador), Helicotylenchus multicinctus (nematodo del espiral) y Meloidogyne spp. (nematodo agallador). El principal método de control se ha basado en productos químicos con resultados muy variados. En este estudio se evaluaron la eficacia biológica de nematicidas organofosforados y carbamatos para el control de estas tres especies mediante las variables densidad de nematodos en suelo cercano a raíz y en raíz, porcentaje de daño causado (severidad), peso de raíces muertas, peso de raíces sanas y vigor de hijuelos mediante el diámetro basal, altura y número de hojas. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, el producto organoclorado (Terbufos) tuvo una eficacia por debajo del 80% a diferencia del carbamato (Oxamil) Oaxamil que en sus dosis de 2.7 ml/hijo mostró tener mayor eficacia en las especies de Radhopolus similis y Pratylenchus sp. en raíz, en tanto que para el control de Meloidogyne sp. fue mejor la dosis de 2.4 ml/hijo. Para el control de nematodos en suelo cerca de la raíz Oaxamil en dosis de 2.4 ml/hijo obtuvo mejor resultado para el control de Radhopolus similis y Meloidogyne sp. en tanto que para el control de Pratylenchus sp. fue mejor en su dosis de 2.7 ml/hijo.