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Plants synthesize a broad array of specialized chemical compounds that mediate their interactions with the surrounding environment. Some of this chemical diversity is functional and subject to natural selection, but the factors underlying chemical evolution at the intraspecific level remain largely unknown. Here, we combined chemical, environmental and genetic data to investigate the effect of aridity on the expression of chemotypes in the invasive shrub Senecio pterophorus. We studied the variation in pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), a group of specialized metabolites widespread across the families Boraginaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae, from native populations spanning a cline of aridity and from three cross‐continental introductions, under natural and common garden conditions. We examined whether the relationship between chemistry and aridity was compatible with a process of adaptive differentiation using a method that partitions the variance and covariance by controlling for the population neutral genetic structure. We found a consistent shift from retrorsine‐like to seneciphylline‐like compounds under increasing aridity in both natural and controlled conditions in coherence with the biosynthetic pathways. This pattern was independent of the neutral genetic structure and occurred along the environmental gradient in the native range and in a convergent manner in all nonnative regions, which suggests adaptive differentiation in response to aridity. Our findings show that the diversity of PAs in S. pterophorus has been partially shaped by aridity. Investigating how abiotic factors influence chemical evolution is key to elucidating the plant responses in future climate scenarios and the cascading effects on other trophic levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate identification of tea tree pests is crucial for tea production, as it directly impacts yield and quality. In natural tea garden environments, identifying pests is challenging due to their small size, similarity in color to tea trees, and complex backgrounds. To address this issue, we propose TTPRNet, a multi-scale recognition model designed for real tea garden environments. TTPRNet introduces the ConvNext architecture into the backbone network to enhance the global feature learning capabilities and reduce the parameters, and it incorporates the coordinate attention mechanism into the feature output layer to improve the representation ability for different scales. Additionally, GSConv is employed in the neck network to reduce redundant information and enhance the effectiveness of the attention modules. The NWD loss function is used to focus on the similarity between multi-scale pests, improving recognition accuracy. The results show that TTPRNet achieves a recall of 91% and a mAP of 92.8%, representing 7.1% and 4% improvements over the original model, respectively. TTPRNet outperforms existing object detection models in recall, mAP, and recognition speed, meeting real-time requirements. Furthermore, the model integrates a counting function, enabling precise tallying of pest numbers and types and thus offering practical solutions for accurate identification in complex field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To explore the effects of two strains of Bacillus spp. combined with organic fertilizer on the growth and fruit of sunshine rose, and to further expand the application range of microbial fertilizer on grapes. In November 2020, two strains of Bacillus velezensis YH-18 and B. velezensis YH-20 were applied to the sunshine rose grapes planted in Fengxian District of Shanghai. Two kinds of microbial liquid inoculants were applied to the grape planting soil, diluted and mixed according to the ratio of bacterial liquid : water = 1 : 2, and then poured into the pesticide applicator. The bacterial liquid was directly sprayed on the applied organic fertilizer in the garden by spraying, and the soil was covered in time after application. In March 2021, the in situ reapplication was carried out.30 days after the first application, the chlorophyll content of grape leaves in the YH-18 and YH-20 treatment groups increased by 10.12% and 3.26% compared with the control; the leaf thickness increased by 22.16% and 10.80% compared with the control; the leaf area increased by 23.92% and 19.87% compared with the control. After two times of application, the ear weight ratio of grapes in the YH-18 and YH-20 treatment groups increased by 19.55% and 16.19% compared with the control; the longitudinal diameter of single fruit increased by 3.15% and 3.76% compared with the control; the fruit shape index was improved. The soluble solids content of grapes in the YH-18 and YH-20 treatment groups increased by 22.08% and 13.58% compared with the control; the titratable acid content of grapes in the YH-18 treatment group increased by 21.05% compared with the control;the water content of grapes decreased by 2.18% and 1.96% compared with the control;the hardness of grapes in the YH-18 treatment group increased by 20.9% compared with the control. The application of YH-18 and YH-20 microbial inoculants on the basis of organic fertilizer in the garden significantly improved the growth of grapes and improved the quality of fruits, which is suitable for widespread promotion in grape plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal morphology is influenced by several factors, including gonadal development and gametogenesis. Although their effects are well documented in male/female differentiation, much less is known about same-sex effects, such as those caused by their mode of reproduction. Here, using geometric morphometric analyses, we compare two groups of all-female triploid hybrid fish Chrosomus eos × eos-neogaeus, that differ only by their sexual and asexual reproductive strategies. We demonstrate that morphological differences arise from factors inherently associated with their mode of reproduction, with results replicated in two distinct lineages and in natural and common garden environments. Such differences provide additional insight about the costs and benefits of both reproductive strategies, which have mostly been of a demographic, population genetic, or genetic nature. In particular, these findings have important implications for the ecology of asexual organisms and contribute to the study of sex evolution by adding complexity to the paradox of sex theory. Morphology associated with reproductive strategy in animals can be difficult to isolate. Here, the authors use geometric morphometrics to study triploid hybrid Chrosomus fish that reproduce sexually and asexually, identifying morphological differences associated with reproductive strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Curriculum Studies / Kecheng Yanjiu is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Grow Free, a grassroots social initiative, emerged in South Australia in 2013. Grow Free advocates for the sharing and exchange of free seeds, seedlings, fruits, and vegetables among neighbors. The number of Grow Free participants grew to about 230 throughout South Australia as of 2022. This article explores the agri-social characteristics of Grow Free participants, drawing on 50 postal survey respondents and 17 semi-structured phone interviews. This study finds that diverse non-governmental organizations in addition to residential households are actively participating in the Grow Free network, including community gardens and community centers. Moreover, many household-type Grow Free participants are linked to an array of other grassroots social initiatives including Permaculture South Australia and Trees for Life. The study notes that Grow Free along with other alternative food networks has facilitated collaborative food production and consumption at a local scale. Through grassroots organizational mechanisms, Grow Free participants have been committed to fostering community building and resilience through food sharing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of studies in botanical gardens are investigating species' responses to climate change. However, the influence of local environmental or habitat conditions such as soil nutrient status or microclimate on phenology and the link between morpho‐physiological functional traits and phenological stages are poorly understood, making it difficult to extrapolate patterns from botanical gardens to natural environments. Therefore, we selected herbaceous species growing in two semi‐natural habitats, namely, semi‐dry grasslands (SDGs) and mesophilic grasslands (MGs) and the botanical garden of Jena (Germany) to investigate the influence of habitat conditions on interspecific and intraspecific patterns in phenology, functional traits and their associations. For 16 species, we monitored leaf and flowering phenology weekly for 133 populations from the three habitats, measured morpho‐physiological traits (i.e., whole plant, leaf and reproductive traits), as well as habitat conditions and compared the measurements across habitats. Multivariate analyses revealed that morpho‐physiological traits conspicuously showed stronger differences between habitats compared to phenological traits. Populations on MG showed temporal niche segregation, whereas populations on SDG showed flowering synchrony. Boosted Regression Trees showed that morpho‐physiological traits, especially reproductive traits, strongly influenced phenological traits and that the trait‐phenology relationships were highly habitat‐specific. We conclude that species phenology is broadly similar between botanical gardens and local habitats. However, phenological responses to the environment may be constrained by a certain suite of correlated traits due to ecological plant strategies that vary across habitats. The effect of habitat conditions on morpho‐physiological functional traits and phenology‐trait relationships is important and should not be neglected at local scales, implying consequences at larger scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects form a highly diverse taxonomic group, which has fundamental ecological functions, but is currently in a process of mass extinction. Here, we present the first cycle of design, implementation, and assessment of a didactic sequence oriented towards improving pre-service teachers' knowledge and appreciation of insect diversity. A methodological approach aiming to promote rigorous observation was followed, for which activities consisting of scientific and naturalistic drawing, among others, were included. The sequence was contextualised at a university organic garden, both to make learning meaningful and to promote new personal experiences with alive insects. We present the empirical results of the first implementation with a group of 28 pre-school (3–6 years) pre-service teachers at a Spanish university. Assessment was based on the analysis of drawings with a purposely designed instrument to assess constructive accuracy, and on the qualitative analysis of open questions that were posed before and after the implementation. Positive results were obtained regarding participants' knowledge of insect diversity, and positive impacts were observed also on their attitudes. Improvements to some activities are suggested before subsequent implementations of the didactic sequence. Finally, our study supports the effectiveness of maintaining organically managed gardens as facilities for biological education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant diversity aboveground can exert top‐down pressure on herbivores by attracting predatory insects, while organic soil amendments rich in beneficial microbes can limit herbivores from the bottom‐up by enhancing plant defensive chemistry. Aboveground and belowground forces always operate simultaneously to shape herbivore pressure, but understanding how they interact is a longstanding and persistent challenge.Here, we examine how organic composts mediate the effects of plant diversity across trophic levels, using zucchini plants (Cucurbita pepo) as a study system. Over two field seasons, we manipulated vermicompost treatments in 18 experiments in school gardens that varied in surrounding plant and floral resource diversity and measured responses of insect herbivores and their natural enemies.Vermicompost strengthened a positive relationship between flower richness and foliar‐feeding omnivores, suggesting that robust reservoirs of omnivores at flower‐rich sites mounted stronger responses to compost‐treated host plants.Predators increased with flower richness, but were not affected by vermicompost.Net outcomes of vermicompost and plant diversity were neutral for herbivores.Synthesis and applications. Altogether, our results reveal that bottom‐up factors protecting plants are modified by their environmental context, and may more effectively attract natural enemies in landscapes with diverse floral resources. Therefore, we recommend augmentation of biodiversity aboveground (i.e. floral resources) together with biodiversity belowground (organic soil amendments) to strengthen crop protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As governments encourage circular economy (CE) initiatives, markets for waste recirculation are taking shape. But implementation is in its infancy and material circuits are emergent. Early food waste CEs shaped by commercial players emphasise capital investment, routinised forms of waged labour, processing sites distant from food waste sources, and transactional relationships. Less well understood is the potential for vernacular circularity beyond market-based, transactional frames. This paper reports from a collaborative research exercise with a non-profit community farm in nonmetropolitan Australia, seeking to connect with cafés to access food waste for composting. Cafés are a nexus of production and consumption, ubiquitous in the contemporary multicultural Australian context, and therefore ideal for grassroots CEs. Ten local cafes participated, reviewing existing food waste practices, motivations for circularity, and contextual factors including the regional setting. We found that food waste circularity emerges via divergent pathways related to enterprise type and scale, environmental values of actors, place embeddedness, and local relationships. These pathways reflect the place-based attributes and diverse sustainability values of residents and businesses in the coastal, industrial city of Wollongong, where the study is based. Contrasting distant, transactional circuits, are more-than-transactional food waste pathways, developed by microscale actors shaping vernacular material flows and "hacking" public provision of Food Organic and Garden Organic (FOGO) waste services to mobilise environmental values and community relationships. Overlooked by "big policy" more-than-transactional relationships bind producers, intermediaries and consumers in closer loops and, in so doing, enrich place and facilitate an ethic of care for soil and land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samuel Holker Haslam (1797–1856) was an English naturalist whose plant and insect specimens are extant in several museum collections. Born into a family of cotton manufacturers in Lancashire, Haslam used his inherited wealth to set himself up as a country gentleman, eventually settling near Milnthorpe in Westmorland. He was a bibliophile, subscribing to several important fine colour-plate books on natural history and gardening, a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London and a member of many other societies spanning botany, entomology, palaeontology, agriculture and antiquarianism. He collected primarily in the Lake District (Westmorland, Cumberland and north Lancashire), West Yorkshire, Cheshire, Cambridgeshire, Gloucestershire, Somerset and the Channel Islands, especially Guernsey. His activities exemplify the role played by independent collectors in documenting early nineteenth-century British natural history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the boom in urban living has come a boom in urban gardening. In particular, urban community gardening is an increasingly popular form of horticultural production, community involvement and connection to nature. Through the establishment and management of community gardens, biodiversity can flourish, with community gardens as 'hotspots' of flora and fauna within the urban matrix. Gardeners can deeply connect with the natural elements of gardens and thus learn about and gain appreciation for the natural world. Such interactions can combat the loss of nature experiences in cities. Despite their benefits for nature and for people, community gardens are threatened ecosystems as often temporary fixtures in city landscapes due to lack of land tenure and policy protection.In this perspective, we recognize community gardens as an important ecosystem in urban conservation and argue for the defence of urban community gardens by city policy. We formalize this activity and the value of these ecosystems with scientific evidence from ecological and social‐ecological research in 39 community gardens in Berlin and Munich, Germany.Although our data reveal that these gardens support large amounts of biodiversity and catalyse human‐nature connections, a lack of comprehensive documentation of social‐ecological benefits at the city level can make community gardens vulnerable to urban planning threats; we have seen losses of multiple research sites in the last 4 years of biodiversity research.Policy implications: To protect community gardens now and for future urban generations, we call for systematic and comprehensive data collection on community gardening activities and policy support for these urban ecosystems. Some cities are starting to do this and this can be scaled out. We argue for the recognition of urban community gardens as a physical land use and also of the gardeners themselves as important habitat managers and stewards of urban biodiversity. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arachis hypogaea L. originated in South America and has been taken to most of the tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world as a valuable food crop with high protein content and a source of high energy unsaturated oil. The origin of the cultivated peanut, 2n = 4x = 40, has been the subject of many discussions, but the primitive parents have been agreed on by most as A. duranensis being the A genome donor and A. ipaënsis the B donor; both diploids with 2n = 20. Whether the chromosome doubling of this hybrid occurred in a natural setting or in the garden of a hunter-gatherer-cultivator is also a subject of debate, but most likely it occurred in nature. Molecular analyses have established that A. duranensis was the female of the cross. Until recently no one had been successful in making and establishing plants of the cross in that direction. However, the reciprocal cross is easily accomplished and has been reported several times. The primary objective of this paper is to report the successful cross and development of hybrid plants, amphidiploids and populations from the hybrid, A. duranensis × A. ipaënsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "TERRA-THERAPY OR, GROWING DEEP PEACE" explores the author's personal experience with gardening as a therapeutic practice that brings deep peace. They discuss their gardening practices, including growing different plants and the memories and emotions associated with gardening. The author draws parallels between gardening and religious traditions, emphasizing the role of trust in fostering peace. They also mention the book "Braiding Sweetgrass" by Robin Wall Kimmerer, which explores the teachings of plants and their connection to caring for the world. The author concludes by discussing the power and balance found in gardening, viewing it as a nonviolent practice and a form of prayer. The text also touches on the concept of viriditas, associated with the lush green of life in nature and its healing properties. The author argues that gardening is a form of prayer that contains hope and discusses the cause and effect relationship in gardening. Despite challenges, the author finds abundance and flourishing in their garden, leading to deep peace for the planet. The text also explores the idea of shifting from a mindset of scarcity to one of abundance and fostering engaged empathy. The author shares their personal experience of their mother's death and reflects on impermanence and the lessons learned from gardening. Additionally, the article briefly discusses the author's interview with their grandparents about their successful 50-year marriage. The grandparents emphasize the importance of love, honor, determination, and a fulfilling love life in maintaining a successful marriage. The author also discusses [Extracted from the article]

Contact with the natural environment has positive effects on physical and mental health and well-being. This study aimed to investigate the effects of tactile stimulation on the psychophysiological responses of adults, using natural gardening elements. The participants were 30 adults (20–60 years old). The participants received tactile stimulation by touching five natural elements with their hands and feet, and tactile stimulation for each natural element was performed for 90 s. Geranium, tiny ardisia, decomposed granite soil, log hardwood, and culture soil were used as tactile stimulation factors for the hand, and moss, grass, pebble, bark, and culture soil were used as tactile stimulation factors for the foot. Oxyhemoglobin (oxy-Hb) concentrations in the prefrontal cortex during the stimulation as well as blood pressure and pulse rate after each activity were measured. Additionally, the semantic differential method was used to evaluate the psychological effects of contact with the elements on the participants. Compared to before tactile stimulation, the oxy-Hb concentration related to prefrontal lobe cortical activity significantly decreased in some sections using tiny ardisia, log hardwood, and culture soil on the hands, and using grass, moss, pebble, and bark on the feet. Blood pressure also showed a significant decrease after tactile stimulation using geranium, tiny ardisia, and log hardwood. The findings of this study suggest that tactile stimulation using natural gardening elements could be a significant intervention in inducing physiological stability and reducing stress by calming the activity of the prefrontal cortex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vermicompost contains a high concentration of macro- and micronutrients, vitamins, growth hormones, enzymes such as proteases, amylases, lipases, cellulases, and chitinases, as well as immobilized microflora. Vermicompost improves plant germination, growth, biomass, and yield. K+amino is a biologically active liquid soil amendment that is suitable for organic gardens of all types. It is a 100 % veganic growth- and health-promoting liquid microbial inoculant for all plant types, particularly fast-growing crops like vegetables, fruits, and blooms. The purpose of investigation was to look the effect of vermicompost and k+amino on the winter rape germination and growth. Methods: There were six treatments: 1. A rape (means a rape crop in Aru Agricultural Ltd. soil), 2. A rape+YaraBela AXAN 0.3g per pot, 3. A rape+vermicompost 7.9 g per pot in the soil+the vermiextract is sprayed on the plants 1 week after sowing, 2 weeks after sowing, both treatments 1:30, 33 ml extract per 1 L water, 4. A rape+vermicompost 7.9 g per pot in the soil, 5. A rape+vermiextract is sprayed on the plants 1 week after sowing, 2 weeks after sowing, both treatments 1:30, 33 ml extract per 1 L water, 6. A rape+K+Amino biostimulator is sprayed on the plants 1 week after sowing, 2 weeks after sowing, both treatments 5 ml K+Amino per 1 L water. Results: Rape plants were elongated in treatment with YaraBela AXAN. Stem diameter was largest in K+Amino treatment. Root length was lowest in treatment with vermicompst extract (soil was too moisty and compacted). Conclusions: Vermicompost tended to improve plant growth, while stem diameter was largely increased by using k+amino fertilizer. It turns out both actually are good sources of mineral nutrients and also different enzymes and microbes, which help plants grow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Plant & Soil Science is the property of National University of Life & Environmental Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Studies have shown that applying specific solutions to the leaves of tomato and pepper plants can boost their output by enhancing nutrient absorption. The factorial analysis of two factors was used in data collection and statistical analysis in this experiment. The first factor was the cultivar (Mobil, Korall, and Tyking F1 for tomatoes, and while cultivars of Carma, Fokusz, and Bobita F1 for sweet pepper), and the second was the spray treatment. Sprays used were sodium bicarbonate (0.52%), 50 mg·L−1 salicylic acid, and distilled water. The parameters collected were the SPAD index of chlorophyll and the plant sap's content of calcium, potassium, and nitrates, with five observations for each record. Salicylic acid 50 mg·L−1 caused the highest multiple contents, particularly in the tomato cultivar Korall. The lowest multiple contents were for the Mobil cultivar. Spraying Mobil with salicylic acid (50 mg·L−1) and sodium bicarbonate (0.52%) produced the lowest chlorophyll and ionic content. Salicylic acid 50 mg·L−1 also led to the highest multiple values, particularly in the Carma pepper cultivar. The results revealed the multiple lowest contents of measured parameters were for the Bobita F1 cultivar. Finally, gardeners should consider growing Korall tomato and Carma pepper with a supportive spraying application of salicylic acid 50 mg·L−1 before seedlings are transferred to an open-air garden. Gardeners should consider the additional production-improving aspects described in existing research and seed manufacturer recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the study on the development of Jiangxi tea industry from the perspective of Chinese path to modernization, the main characteristics of Jiangxi tea industry development are expounded, and the opportunities and challenges facing with the development of Jiangxi tea industry are analyzed. A strategy for the high-quality development of the Jiangxi tea industry is proposed. The government should strengthens the support to the Jiangxi tea industry, establish an information exchange plat-form, manage and fulfil the tea quality standard system to create a brand of organic tea garden, develop leading enterprises in the tea industry to enhance the market competitiveness, emphasize the scientific and technological innovation to improve the added value of tea products, establish an ecological tea garden base to provide security guarantee for the tea industry, establish a complete tea brand system to improve tea brand value, strengthen the tea culture promotion to expand the tea culture and tourism market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the impact of organic farming systems on the abundance and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes, comparing conventional and pasture systems in apple and peach orchards. It study identifies 20 genera belonging to 11 families of plant-parasitic nematodes, highlighting significant effects of cultivation systems and host plants on their frequency and diversity.

The aim of the study was to analyze awareness and willingness to pay (WTP) for organic vegetables among households in Anambra State, Nigeria. Analysis of data was done using descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentages, and Contingent Valuation Method. One hundred and forty (140) respondents were utilized for the study but with a valid response rate of 85.7 percent to give one hundred and twenty (120) respondents sampled from the study area using multistage sampling procedure. Data used for the research was obtained with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire. The most commonly consumed vegetables were pumpkin (59.17%), garden egg (28.33%), cucumber (8.33%) and amaranth (4.17%). The respondents were aware (95.83%) of the health benefits of organic vegetables and also aware (71.7%) of environmental effects of using inorganic fertilizer for vegetable production. In the WTP for organic vegetables, it was observed that 21.7% of the respondents were not WTP for organic garden egg, while 78.3% of the respondents were WTP a premium for a kg of organic garden egg. About 8.3% of the respondents were not WTP for organic pumpkin while 91.7% of them were WTP a premium for organic pumpkin. The analysis showed that in households WTP for organic garden egg, factors such as age, health, education, and awareness were significant, while WTP an amount was also significantly influenced by the same set of variables. Also, while willingness to pay for organic pumpkin was significantly influenced by health, education and awareness, WTP an amount was significantly influenced by health, education and awareness. There is need for public awareness by the media and organic Non-Government Organizations to create more programmes that will educate consumers on the health and environmental advantages of organic farming and consumption patterns over conventional practices. With this, more consumers will be willing to pay a premium for organic vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Market gardening is a widespread practice of bio-intensive vegetable production characterized by direct marketing, small-scale farming structures, high crop densities, and innovative cultivation approaches. Currently, deep compost mulch (DCM) is a popular trend among related growing techniques. The combination of no-till and a permanent mulch of compost aims to improve soil fertility, regulate soil temperature, retain soil moisture, and control weeds. To address the problem of perennial weeds in organic no-till, deep mulch layers of typically 150 mm are used. The amount of compost required and the associated N inputs are immense and carry the risk of environmentally harmful N surpluses that can be lost through nitrate leaching or denitrification. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of compost as mulch and to investigate N dynamics under DCM. For this purpose, a literature review was conducted, and soil inorganic nitrogen (Nmin-N) was measured under on-farm conditions up to a soil depth of 900 mm in a market garden with DCM in Germany for one year. Furthermore, based on the collected data, the different N pathways were calculated using the N-Expert and NDICEA models and simulated for two additional scenarios. Results from field measurements showed a strongly increased N-surplus not taken up by the crops and a shift of Nmin-N to deeper soil layers for municipal organic waste compost (MW), with an average accumulation of 466 kg Nmin-N ha−1 at 600–900 mm depth. N inputs from DCM can be significantly reduced by the use of green waste compost (GW) with low bulk density or wood waste compost (WW) with an additional high C/N ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of People & Nature is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)