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Purpose: Previous surveys have reported that children with vitamin D deficiency were likely to suffer from early childhood caries (ECC). The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine 1. whether the status of vitamin D is intrinsically related to the occurrence of ECC and 2. the optimal level of vitamin D for the prevention of ECC. Materials and Methods: The database of PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Embase and Google scholar were searched for targeted literature. The eligibility criteria were observational studies in which children with ECC were compared to children without ECC in terms of their vitamin D status. Applying the Newcastle-Ottawa tool, study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were performed by 2 reviewers independently. Meta-analysis was performed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s Review Manager 5.4 software. Results: 501 articles were retrieved from the electronic databases; 11 studies were finally included in systematic review, 10 studies of which were submitted to meta-analysis. The 25(OH)D levels in the ECC group were statistically significantly lower compared with that in the caries-free group (WMD = -13.96, 95% CI: [-19.88,-8.03], p < 0.001), especially in regard to the association between S-ECC and vitamin D (WMD = -18.64, 95% CI: [-20.06,-17.22], p < 0.001). The subgroup analyses in terms of geographical region demonstrated that children with a level of 25(OH)D of 50–75 nmol/l were more likely to have ECC than those with over 75 nmol/l (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: [1.26,1.60], p < 0.001), with data from Asia and Europe combined for analysis Conclusions: The level of vitamin D was lower in children with ECC than in caries-free children, and the correlation between S-ECC and vitamin D was even stronger. The optimal 25(OH)D level for preventing occurrence and development of ECC ≥ 75 nmol/l. Thus, clinicians should view the development of early caries also from a systemic perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective Methods Results Conclusion To study the association between dietary patterns and subgingival microbiota.Participants (n = 651) who were enrolled in the Oral Infections, Glucose Intolerance, and Insulin Resistance Study (ORIGINS) with subgingival plaque sampling (n = 890 plaques) and a dietary assessment were included. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequences of subgingival plaque from sites with either probing depth <4 or ≥4 mm were processed separately and used to obtain α‐diversity metrics (Faith, Shannon, Simpson, Observed) and taxa ratios (Red Complex to Corynebacterium [RCLR], Treponema to Corynebacterium [TCLR], and Treponema to Neisseria [TNLR]). Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) were processed to calculate Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) and A Priori Diet Quality Score (APDQS) scores. Mixed regression models examined the mean levels of microbial metrics across quartiles of diet quality. Means ± standard errors are reported along with p‐values.In multivariable models assessing the association between diet scores and α‐diversity metrics, higher AHEI values were significantly associated with lower Faith (p‐value = 0.01) and Observed (p‐value = 0.04) diversity values; similar findings were observed for APDQS (p‐value = 0.01, p‐value = 0.04). In multivariable models assessing the association between diet scores (AHEI and APDQS) and taxa ratios (RCLR, TCLR and TNLR), as the AHEI quartile increased, all taxa ratios decreased significantly as follows: −1.06 ± 0.093 in Q1 to −1.34 ± 0.099 in Q4 (RCLR), −0.43 ± 0.077 in Q1 to −0.64 ± 0.083 in Q4 (TCLR) and −0.09 ± 0.083 in Q1 to −0.38 ± 0.089 in Q4 (TNLR), respectively. In contrast, as the APDQS quartiles increased, only TNLR decreased significantly from −0.08 ± 0.085 in Q1 to −0.34 ± 0.091 in Q4.Diets rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and other nutritionally rich plant foods are associated with lower oral microbial diversity and favourable ratios of pathogenic to commensal microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Plaque biofilm is a major etiologic factor of periodontitis, and its effective removal prevents or ameliorates the disease. However, toothbrushing alone does not sufficiently clean the interdental area, and additional interdental cleaning is required to completely remove the plaque from this locale. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the association of interdental cleaning on the prevalence of periodontitis in a large urban Thai adult cohort. Methods: Interdental cleaning data were retrieved from a dental survey of 1,743 employees of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) in 2019. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/American Association of Periodontology (CDC/AAP) periodontal case definitions were applied. The participants were subdivided into two groups as those with or without periodontitis depending on their oral health status assessed by calibrated professional examiners. The proportion of subjects who performed interdental cleaning was assessed through a self-reported questionnaire by frequency (daily/ ≥ 1 per week/ none) and profile (correct/ incorrect) of interdental cleaning. Then, the association between interdental cleaning and periodontitis was calculated using logistic regression analysis controlling for the common risk factors of periodontitis such as age, sex, education, smoking, and diabetes. Results: Participants who performed interdental cleaning on a daily basis and ≥ 1 per week were 27.5% (95% CI: 25.4, 29.6) and 29.1% (95% CI: 27.0, 31.3), respectively while the remainder did not practice. Of those who used interdental cleaning, about one-half focused on sites with food impaction. There was a significant 44% lower prevalence of periodontitis (adjusted odds ratio of 0.56 (95%CI: 0.40, 0.79) in the cohort with a frequent and correct group. Conclusions: Our data indicate an inverse association between interdental cleaning and periodontitis, particularly in those who routinely adhered to it. Regular interdental cleaning is likely to have a salutary effect on oral health. Trial registration: The study was registered retrospectively in Thai Clinical Trials Registry, Registration number: TCTR20240817005, on 17 Aug 2024 (https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This pilot study aimed to carry out preliminary tests of the removability of an artificial biofilm equivalent (ABE) and to verify the reproducibility of the ABE testing protocol for a planned main study. Background: There is a lack of data to develop suitable artificial biofilm substitutes, which may be helpful to perform denture hygiene education and to carry out in vitro examinations of oral hygiene products. Materials and Methods: This single‐group, prospective, longitudinal, interventional pilot study was conducted in Dresden (Germany) from February until December 2020. Participants were recruited who wore fully functional upper complete dentures. Denture biofilm was grown on acrylic specimens by wearing dentures for 12 h and 36 h using intraoral appliances. Acrylic specimens were coated with ABEs of three compositions: chitosan (ChS) 0.3 g, methylcellulose (MC) 1.7 g; ChS 0.2 g, MC 1.8 g; ChS 0.1 g, MC 1.9 g (labelled 1.7MC, 1.8MC and 1.9MC, respectively). All specimens underwent standardised mechanical brushing. The percentages of remaining biofilm (POB) were measured. Results: Thirty‐one participants were prescreened, and eight (26%) were included. The appliances were well tolerated, and biofilm was collected. ABE was prepared and brushed as planned. Three and six brushing strokes were needed to remove 12‐h and 36‐h natural denture biofilm, respectively. Correspondingly, three brushing strokes were needed to remove 1.9MC ABE and six brushing strokes to remove 1.8MC and 1.7MC ABE. A reproducibility of ABE removal was indicated. Conclusion: The removability of ABE and the ABE testing protocol were feasible and reproducible for conducting the future main study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vitro evaluation method was used to study the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of extracts of Rhizoma imperataein in oral care products. Water, 50% ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetone and petroleum ether were used as solvents to extract Rhizoma imperatae, which was added to the toothpaste of silica system. The periodontitis model of 20 5-week-old SD rats was established by "cutting the gum+wire ligation+drop into the bacterial culture of periodontitis patients+feeding with high sugar sticky food". The effects of extract from Rhizoma imperatae on periodontal pathogens Actinobacteria Aa, Porphyromonas gingivalis Pg, Fusobacterium nucleatum Fn, Puccinia intermedia Pi, Selenium class standard bacteria Tf, Puccinia melanogenes Pn, peripheral blood, inflammatory factors in gingival crevicular fluid C-reactive protein CRP, tumor necrosis factor-α TNF-α, interleukin-1β IL-1β, interleukin-6 IL-6, prostaglandin E2 PGE2, and periodontal health indicators Plaque index PLI, depth of exploration PD, bleeding index BI of the rat periodontitis model were determined, and the acute oral toxicity experiment in mice was used to verify the safety of the extracts of Rhizoma imperatae used in oral care products. The results show that the extracts of Rhizoma imperatae can significantly reduce Aa, Pg, Fn, Pi, Tf, Pn, and reduce the expression of CRP, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and PGE2. It has the activity of inhibiting periodontal pathogens, resisting periodontal inflammation, improving periodontal health, and is safe and reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare-associated infections are adverse events that affect people in critical condition, especially when hospitalized in an intensive care unit. The most prevalent is intubation-associated pneumonia (IAP), a nursing-care-sensitive area. This review aims to identify and analyze nursing interventions for preventing IAP. An integrative literature review was done using the Medline, CINAHL, Scopus and PubMed databases. After checking the eligibility of the studies and using Rayyan software, ten final documents were obtained for extraction and analysis. The results obtained suggest that the nursing interventions identified for the prevention of IAP are elevating the headboard to 30º; washing the teeth, mouth and mucous membranes with a toothbrush and then instilling chlorohexidine 0.12%–0.2% every 8/8 hr; monitoring the cuff pressure of the endotracheal tube (ETT) between 20–30 mm Hg; daily assessment of the need for sedation and ventilatory weaning and the use of ETT with drainage of subglottic secretions. The multimodal nursing interventions identified enable health gains to be made in preventing or reducing IAP. This area is sensitive to nursing care, positively impacting the patient, family, and organizations. Future research is suggested into the effectiveness of chlorohexidine compared to other oral hygiene products, as well as studies into the mortality rate associated with IAP, with and without ETT for subglottic aspiration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of hand hygiene (HH) and oral hygiene (OH) behavior in adolescents in Central America. Methods: In total, 15807 school-aged adolescents (mean age=14.4 years, SD=1.4) were analyzed using secondary data from the cross-sectional Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) conducted in six Central American countries (El Salvador, Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, and Panama) between 2009 and 2018. HH and OH were assessed by questionnaire. Adjusted logistic regression was used to determine the associations with suboptimal ('not always') HH (SHH) and suboptimal (<2 times/day) OH (SOH). Results: The proportion of SHH before meals was 44.5% (the highest in Panama 69.0%), SHH after toilet use was 21.5% (the highest in Panama 33.3%), SHH with soap was 51.0% (the highest in Honduras 83.1%), and SOH (<2 times tooth brushing/day) was 11.3% (the highest in Panama 13.0%). Male sex (AOR=1.10; 95% CI: 1.03–1.35, SHH after toilet use), health risk behavior, including history of alcohol intoxication (AOR=1.54; 95% CI: 1.32–1.81 for SHH before meals, AOR=1.49; 95% CI: 1.23–1.99 for SHH after toilet use, and AOR=1.35; 95% CI: 1.17–1.57 for SHH with soap), inadequate fruit intake (AOR=1.53; 95% CI: 1.33–1.76 for SHH before meals and AOR=1.57; 95% CI: 1.34–1.84 for SHH after toilet use), inadequate vegetable intake (AOR=1.24; 95% CI: 1.05–1.47 for SHH before meals), and sedentary behavior (AOR=1.45; 95% CI: 1.28–1.64 for SHH before meals and AOR=1.23; 95% CI: 1.11–1.37 for SHH with soap), and poor mental health, including having no close friends (AOR=1.53; 95% CI: 1.20–1.96 for SHH before meals, and AOR=1.51; 95% CI: 1.22–1.99 for SHH after toilet use), and suicidal ideation (AOR= 1.22; 95% CI: 1.01–1.47 for SHH after toilet use, and AOR=1.27; 95% CI: 1.11–1.45 for SHH with soap) were associated with SHH. Male sex (AOR=1.80; 95% CI: 1.55–2.10), having no close friends (AOR=1.98; 95% CI: 1.50– 2.60), and suicidal ideation (AOR=1.32; 95% CI: 1.05–1.68) increased the odds and soft drink intake (AOR=0.75; 95% CI: 0.64–0.88) decreased the odds of SOH. Conclusions: This study presents SHH and SOH behavior practices. Several factors, including sociodemographics, health risk behaviors, and poor mental health, were identified that were associated with SHH and SOH behaviors, which can help in designing school OH and HH health promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is considered one of the most common medical disorders observed during pregnancy. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), anemia and micronutrients deficiencies among pregnant women are associated with low consumption of animal products, monotonous starchy-diets, and seasonal consumption of vegetables and fruits. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 198 pregnant mothers aged between 19–45 years who visited the antenatal care clinics in Northern Jordan to document the prevalence of IDA and to describe the associations between dietary diversity, diet quality scores and oral iron supplementation with the pregnant women iron status. Participants were stratified into three groups by gestational age (n = 66 women per group). Gestational age, blood parameters, minimum dietary diversity score (MDD-W), and prime diet quality score for healthy (PDQSHF) and unhealthy foods (PDQSUF) were assessed using 24- hour dietary recall. Results: Prevalence of mild to moderate anemia was 27.8% among pregnant women. Third-trimester pregnant women were most affected. 52.5% have depleted iron stores (ferritin < 15 ng/ml), of them 30.8% have iron deficiency, and 21.7% have IDA. The (M ± SD) of the MDD-W, PDQSHF, and PDQSUF were 4.8 ± 1.6, 12.8 ± 3.9, and 7.2 ± 2.8 respectively. 52.5% achieved the MDD-W, 68% consumed < 4 servings/week of healthy food groups, and 50% consumed > 4 servings/week of unhealthy food groups. Mothers with higher MDD-W and PDQS had higher Hb and serum concentrations. Those taking iron supplements had significantly (p = 0.001) higher means of Hb, serum ferritin, and gestational weight gain. Significant differences were also found between PDQSHF, PDQSUF and the first and third trimester. Conclusions: Mild to moderate IDA is prevalent among pregnant mothers, especially in the third trimester. However, the prevalence of IDA among Jordanian pregnant women is lower than the global average. A high-quality, diverse diet, combined with oral iron supplementation and food fortification with iron, will help improve iron status, prevent anemia, and reduce its prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iodine-125 (I-125) seeds, commonly used in low-dose rate brachytherapy for ocular malignancies, are often discarded after a single use. This study examines the potential cost savings at an institution with high ocular melanoma referrals, by re-using I-125 seeds for eye-plaque brachytherapy. In this single-institutional retrospective analysis, data was collected from I-125 seed orders from 8/2019 through 10/2022. Information including number of seeds ordered per lot, number of plaques built per lot, and number of seeds used per lot were collected. Cost per lot of seed was assumed to be the current cost from the most recent lot of 35 seeds. During the study, 72 I-125 seed lots were ordered bi-weekly, with a median of 35 seeds per lot (Range: 15–35). Each seed was used on average 2.26 times prior to being discarded. The average duration of each seed lot used was 62.2 days (Range: 21–126). Each seed lot contributed to the construction of an average of 8.4 eye plaques (Range: 2–20). With seed recycling, 2,475 seeds were used to construct 608 eye-plaques. Without re-using practice this would require 5,694 seeds. This resulted in a percentage cost savings of 56.5%, with a total seed cost reduction of $344,884, or $559 per eye-plaque on average. This is the first study to evaluate cost savings relative to re-using I-125 seeds for eye plaques. The data demonstrates how an institution can decrease costs associated with I-125 radiation seeds used for eye-plaque brachytherapy by re-using them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Essential herbs such as garlic, ginger, and cardamom have shown antimicrobial activity with no potential adverse effects and are cost-effective. Despite these advantages, the efficacy of these agents needs to be tested against common oral pathogenic microorganisms to ensure that if found effective, they can be used in clinical settings. Aim: To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of garlic, ginger, and cardamom oils on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) against chlorhexidine. Materials and Methods: An in-vitro study was conducted at Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, in the Department of Microbiology and Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India from January 2023 to September 2023. Oil extracts of garlic, ginger, and cardamom were loaded onto sterile filter paper discs measuring 6 mm in diameter in concentrations of 50 µL, 100 µL, and 200 µL. Additionally, 2% chlorhexidine (control group) was loaded onto similar sterile paper discs. The discs were dried and placed aseptically on culture media plates inoculated with S. mutans, and the plates were then incubated at 37°C overnight. Subsequently, the zones of inhibition were measured in millimeters. Results: Ginger oil exhibited the highest zone of inhibition, measuring 25 mm, followed by cardamom oil and garlic oil measuring 18 mm and 12 mm, respectively, at a concentration of 200 µL. The zone of inhibition measured for 100 µL concentrations of garlic, ginger, and cardamom oils were 7 mm, 16 mm, and 13 mm, respectively. For 50 µL concentrations of the oils, the zones of inhibition for garlic, ginger, and cardamom were 0 mm, 13 mm, and 9 mm, respectively. The zone of inhibition shown by chlorhexidine was 22 mm for concentrations of 50 µL, 100 µL, and 200 µL. Conclusion: Essential oil extracts from ginger, cardamom, and garlic were found to have antimicrobial activity against S. mutans, with ginger oil showing the highest effectiveness, followed by cardamom oil and garlic oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cariogenic biofilms have a matrix rich in exopolysaccharides (EPS), mutans and dextrans, that contribute to caries development. Although several physical and chemical treatments can be employed to remove oral biofilms, those are only partly efficient and use of biofilm-degrading enzymes represents an exciting opportunity to improve the performance of oral hygiene products. In the present study, a member of a glycosyl hydrolase family 66 from Flavobacterium johnsoniae (FjGH66) was heterologously expressed and biochemically characterized. The recombinant FjGH66 showed a hydrolytic activity against an early EPS-containing S. mutans biofilm, and, when associated with a α-(1,3)-glucosyl hydrolase (mutanase) from GH87 family, displayed outstanding performance, removing more than 80% of the plate-adhered biofilm. The mixture containing FjGH66 and Prevotella melaninogenica GH87 α-1,3-mutanase was added to a commercial mouthwash liquid to synergistically remove the biofilm. Dental floss and polyethylene disks coated with biofilm-degrading enzymes also degraded plate-adhered biofilm with a high efficiency. The results presented in this study might be valuable for future development of novel oral hygiene products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose is to investigate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of B. rotunda rhizome against Streptococcus mutans KCTC3289, Streptococcus sobrinus KCTC3307 and Actinomyces viscosus ATCC15987. Disc diffusion assay, minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time kill analysis were performed for determining antibacterial activity of the fingerroot rhizome. Antibiofilm activity was performed using sessile minimum inhibitory concentration (SMIC) and minimum bactericidal eradication concentration (MBEC) method. All tested cariogenic bacteria were inhibited by B. rotunda extract (inhibition zone 8.00--17.00 mm). The results of MIC and MBC of all tested bacteria ranged 0.15-10.00 mg/mL and 0.62-10.00 mg/mL, respectively. Time-kill curve showed that extract (2xMIC--4xMIC) can completely kill the bacteria within 2 to 4 h incubation times. In antibiofilm activity, SMIC were recorded 1.56--6.25 mg/mL, whereas the biofilm was eradicated by MBEC values of 3.12--12.50 mg/mL. B. rotunda rhizome is potential to be utilized as antibacterial and antibiofilm agent against cariogenic bacteria, make it possible to apply as natural biofilm control agents for the prevention of dental caries. Further studies should be conducted to reveal the cellular mechanisms involved in the antibacterial activities and their possible applications in oral care products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study purposed to analyze the antibacterial activity of light, medium, and dark roasted robusta coffee ground extract (RCGE) against Streptococcus mutans, and identify which phytochemicals (phenolics, flavonoid, tannin, lipid, or protein) influence its antibacterial capacity. This in vitro experimental study used the post-test-only control group design. The agar well- diffusion method was used to analyze the antibacterial activity, spectrophotometric assay for total phenolics, flavonoids, tannin, protein, and gravimetric for lipids. The RCGE demonstrated antibacterial activity against S. mutans. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the light, medium, and dark roast RCGE on the antibacterial activity and matched with the content of total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin which were not significantly affected (p>0.05) by roasting degree, as well. Meanwhile, a higher roasting degree resulted in higher protein and lipids content and did not affect the antibacterial activity. The light, medium, and dark roasted robusta coffee ground extract showed antibacterial activity against S.mutans, and phenolic compounds (flavonoids and tannin) influenced its effect. The antibacterial activity of roasted coffee extract might suggest the potency of coffee beverages as an alternative to being a natural mouthwash to control bacterial accumulation in the oral cavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the reliability and quality of the information about gingival enlargements on YouTube and TikTok. Methods: Two popular video sites, YouTube and TikTok, were searched for gingival enlargement and gingival hyperplasia. The reliability and quality of the first 300 videos for each search term, which is 1200 videos in total, were evaluated by social media video content evaluation tools: Global Quality Score (GQS) for quality and modified DISCERN for reliability. Results: Health professionals uploaded 68.6% of the videos on YouTube and 54.5% on TikTok. It was observed that 50% of TikTok videos and 65.9% of YouTube videos were educational. In terms of quality, 2.7% of the videos on YouTube are of excellent quality, while in TikTok there are no videos of perfect quality. TikTok videos had considerably more views, likes, viewing rates, and interaction index scores than YouTube videos (P < 0.01). Conclusions: The videos and pieces of information on YouTube are more reliable and accurate in terms of gingival enlargement when compared to TikTok. Nevertheless, it was discovered that videos on both platforms were of poor reliability and quality in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This cross-sectional study aims to investigate the reasons why adults seek orthodontic treatment, their perceived treatment risks, oral hygiene habits, and awareness of oral health. Materials and Methods: This study, which involved 246 adults, used a self-report questionnaire to collect sociodemographic data and examine the participants' understanding of oral health, self-assessment of oral health status, adherence to oral hygiene routines, and use of oral hygiene products. In addition, the reasons for opting for orthodontic treatment, negative associations, and expected outcomes were examined. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis, including descriptive and regression methods. Results: The results showed that factors such as previous oral health education and regular use of specialized toothbrushes, including rotary toothbrushes, were significantly associated with higher knowledge levels (p < 0.05). However, daily oral hygiene practices were suboptimal, with the low utilization of aids: only 58.9% reported using interdental brushes, and 36.6% used dental floss regularly. Commonly reported dental problems included food debris between teeth (46.3%), tartar (35.4%), and tooth sensitivity to cold (26.4%). The primary motivations for orthodontic treatment were aesthetic improvement (63.8%), enhancements in oral function (49.6%), and addressing psychosocial concerns (42.7%). In contrast, the most frequently mentioned negative aspects associated with fixed orthodontic treatment were aesthetic concerns (30.9%), treatment duration (27.6%), and mouth ulcers (24.0%). Conclusions: Based on the research findings, regular oral hygiene education is recommended for adult patients considering fixed orthodontic therapy, including the use of additional tools such as interdental brushes and floss to improve oral health and reduce the risk of complications during treatment. The importance of chemical compounds in dentifrices and mouthwashes cannot be overstated, as they play a crucial role in addressing various dental issues. In addition, it is crucial to carefully weigh the pros and cons of therapy and to visit a dentist regularly to maintain oral health and monitor progress during treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease caused by infection with periodontopathogenic bacteria. Oral care is essential to prevent and control periodontal disease, which affects oral and systemic health. However, many oral hygiene products currently on the market were developed as disinfectants, and their intense irritation makes their use difficult for young children and older people. This study investigated the antibacterial effects of prunin laurate (Pru-C12) and its analogs on periodontopathogenic bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). Pru-C12 and its analogs inhibited in vitro bacterial growth at more than 10 μM and biofilm formation at 50 µM. Among its analogs, only Pru-C12 showed no cytotoxicity at 100 µM. Three of the most potent inhibitors also inhibited the formation of biofilms. Furthermore, Pru-C12 inhibited alveolar bone resorption in a mouse experimental periodontitis model by P. gingivalis infection. These findings may be helpful in the development of oral hygiene products for the prevention and control of periodontal disease and related disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: S.mutans is known as a bacteria that initiates the formation of caries in children, but in further studies it is known that the risk of caries formation in children can also be caused by the presence of V.parvula. These bacteria live from lactic acid produced by S.mutans to form propionic acid. To prevent caries, an antibacterial agent is needed to inhibit the growth of both bacteria. Green tea is widely used as an antibacterial plant, it has catechin that has proven as antibacterial. Ellagic acid is a content found in pomegranate which has an antibacterial effect. This study aimed to test the antibacterial effects of green tea leaves and pomegranate arils extract against S.mutans and V.parvula bacteria. Materials and methods: The green tea leaves and pomegranate arils are made into an extract using the maceration method. Testing is done by measuring the size of the inhibition zone of the extract towards S.mutans ATCC 25715 and V.parvula ATCC 10790T. Results: Pomegranate arils extract showed an inhibition zone to V.parvula is 7.25 mm and S.mutans is 7.03 mm. Green tea leaf extract has an inhibition zone to S.mutans is 8.03 mm whereas in V.parvula is 10.5 mm. MBC of pomegranate and green tea to V.parvula is 25% and 12,5%. MBC to S.mutans is 12,5% and 3,125%. Conclusion: The present study shown green tea leaf and pomegranate arils extract has a broad spectrum antibacterial effect towards S.mutans and V.parvula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontal diseases, as an important part of oral pathology, present different characteristics when affecting children and adolescents or young adults. Studies have shown that adolescence and childhood are closely related to a high risk of periodontal disease, but the follow-up for periodontal health or damage at this age has been insufficiently appreciated until now. The aim of this study was to identify subgingival microorganisms using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a group of children and adolescents aged 7–17 years with and without cardiovascular disease. The group of 62 subjects with gingival inflammation and poor hygiene was divided into two groups according to general condition: 31 subjects with carduivascular disease (group A) and 31 subjects without cardiovascular disease (group C). Subjects were examined in the initial consultation, the state of hygiene and periodontal inflammation was assessed using the plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI), and samples were taken from the gingival sulcus using sterile paper cones to determine nine subgingival microorganisms. Nine subgingival microorganisms were identified: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Treponema denticola (Td), Tannerella forsythias (Tf), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Peptostreptococcus (Micromonas) micros (Pm), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), Eubacterium nodatum (En), and Capnocytophaga gingivalis (Cg). The patients were included in a specialist treatment program which aimed to relieve the inflammatory condition, remove local irritative factors, and train the patients to perform proper oral hygiene at home by using primary and secondary oral hygiene products. Subjects were reevaluated 3 months after treatment, when measurements for the PI and GI and microbiological determinations were repeated. The results showed a predominance of subjects aged 16–17 years (12.4%). Among the subjects with marked gingival inflammation, the male gender was predominant (58.06%). The PI values changed considerably after treatment, with lower values in patients presenting a general condition without cardiovascular disease (PI = 8.10%) compared with the patients with cardiovascular disease (PI = 13.77%). After treatment, the GI showed considerable changes in both groups. Red, orange, and purple complex microorganisms were found before treatment and decreased considerably after treatment in both groups. The highest values were found for Treponema denticola (140,000 (1.4 × 105)) in patients with cardiovascular disease and generalized gingival inflammation. Of the pathogenic microorganisms, the most common was Tannerella forsythia in 52 patients before treatment, and red microorganisms considerably appeared in only 10 patients after treatment. Capnocytophaga gingivalis remained constant both in the diseased state and after treatment and was consistent with periodontal health. Children with cardiovascular diseases had a higher prevalence of gingival manifestations. The composition of the subgingival microbial plaque was directly influenced by the degree of oral hygiene, but the response to specialized treatment was also influenced by the general health status. The results of this study support the conclusion that periodontal pathogens appear and multiply in the absence of proper hygiene in childhood after the eruption of permanent teeth, and their action leads to the initiation of periodontal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pomegranate fruit contains biologically active compounds that provide anti-inflammatory properties. Byproducts of pomegranate and punicalagins inhibit the growth of pathogens while enhancing the growth of beneficial bacteria. The beneficial effects of phenolic compounds are exhibited in scavenging free radicals. Aim: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of Pomegranate Peel Extract (PPE). Materials and Methods: The present in-vitro study was designed and carried out at the Nanobiomedicine Laboratort, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, from June 2021 to August 2021. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using the Egg Albumin Denaturation assay (EA) and Bovine Serum Albumin Denaturation assay (BSA). The measurement of antioxidant activity was conducted using the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging (H2O2) assay, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method. The microorganisms used to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of PPE were S. mutans, S.aureus, E.faecalis, and C.albicans. Results were analysed using independent t-tests, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (HSD). Results: Anti-inflammatory activity was observed with high concentrations of 40 and 50 µL in EA (70.06%±0.15, 78.08%±0.21) and BSA (75.50%±3.90, 80.82%±3.38) assays. Pronounced antioxidant activity of PPE was seen with higher concentrations of 40 and 50 µL in DPPH (88.17%±0.69, 92.50%±1.23), H2O2 (78.22%±0.94, 88.99%±1.03), and FRAP (78.43%±1.25, 88.49%±0.67) assays. The antimicrobial activity was highest at 100 µL for S.mutans (38±2.62 mm), S.aureus (36±3.16 mm), E.faecalis (21±1.48 mm), and C.albicans (23±2.36 mm). Conclusion: The study concluded that PPE has antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and these properties are concentration-dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Decade of Healthy Aging 2021‐2030 calls for a strengthening of the policies for older people in Latin America. An example of successful oral aging is the Japanese "8020" campaign, which achieved 50% of people aged 80 years having ≥20 teeth by 2016. Objective: To evaluate the association between having a functional dentition (≥20 teeth) and cognitive health, social participation, and quality of life in people aged ≥80 years. Methods: Cross‐sectional data from 299 complete observations (weighted N = 436 981) of individuals aged ≥80 years from Chile's National Health Survey 2016‐2017 were included (3% of the population; total = 5520 clinical observations/weighted N = 14 518 969). Generalised structural equation models (GSEM) evaluated the association between having a functional dentition and cognitive health, measured with the Mini‐mental score, between having a functional dentition and social participation, and between having a functional dentition and quality of life, measured with the EQ‐5D‐3L. Models included the effect of mediators (daily fruit and vegetable consumption; oral health‐related quality of life score) and controlled for the exposure‐induced mediator‐outcome variables: sex, educational level, and location. Data were analysed using the STATA‐17 survey module. Statistical significance was set at P <.05 (95% confidence interval [CI]). Results: The sample was mostly female, had <8 years of education, and lived in urban areas. The prevalence of a functional dentition was 9.2% (95% CI 3.6,21.3/n = 21). GSEM demonstrated that the association between functional dentition and cognitive health was mediated by daily fruits and vegetables consumption (β = 0.12/95% CI 0.02,0.21/P =.015), with moderate strength of evidence. Additionally, there was strong evidence of an association between functional dentition and social participation frequency (β = 2.76/95% CI 0.60,4.73/P =.009). Finally, the association between functional dentition and quality of life was mediated by cognitive health (β =0.05/95% CI 0.02,0.09/P =.002) and oral health‐related quality of life (β = −0.04/95% CI −0.08 to −0.01/P =.025), with strong and moderate evidence, respectively. Conclusion: Given the beneficial implications of functional dentition in social participation, nutritional benefits and quality of life and well‐being of individuals aged ≥80 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malnutrition is related to impaired oral health and function that causes poor dietary intake, declining the general health of older adults. The role of dietary intake in the association between oral function and nutritional status of Chinese older adults (aged 75 and above) was examined in this cross-sectional study. Methods: Through the randomized cluster sampling method, 267 older adults living in rural areas of Qingdao, Shandong (aged 81.4 ± 4.3, 75–94 years) were chosen as the primary research participants. A Mini Nutritional Assessment - Short Form was used to determine nutritional status, and Food Frequency Questionnaire and 24-hour Food Intake Recall were used to assess dietary intake. The oral function was evaluated by analyzing the teeth, oral problems, bite force, tongue pressure, lip sealing pressure, chewing function questionnaire, whole saliva flow rate, 10-Item Eating Assessment Tool, and water swallow test. Results: Based on the MNA-SF score, it was divided into a well-nourished group and a malnutrition group, with the malnutrition group comprising 40.6% of participants. The participants in the malnutrition group showed a higher rate of xerostomia, lower bite force, tongue pressure, and lip sealing pressure, and higher Chewing Function Questionnaire and 10-Item Eating Assessment Tool scores. Furthermore, their plant fat, iron, cereals and potatoes, vegetables, fruits, and seafood intake were relatively low. The regression model indicated that exercise frequency, stroke, chewing and swallowing function, intake of vegetables and fruits were risk factors for nutritional status of older adults. Conclusion: Malnutrition was relatively common among the Chinese older adults aged 75 and above, and it was significantly correlated with exercise frequency, stroke, chewing and swallowing function, and intake of vegetables and fruits. Therefore, nutrition management should be carried out under the understanding and guidance of the oral function and dietary intake of the older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Our study aimed to evaluate the long-term concordance and acceptance when using powered devices for everyday oral hygiene routine and gingival health in patients showing papillary bleeding. Patients and methods: Thirty-one participants were recruited at the dental clinic of the University Hospital of Cologne, Germany, over a 6-week duration. At baseline, a standard dental check-up was performed, including oral hygiene indices and documentation of oral hygiene devices used. The study consisted of two consecutive phases: the first (motivational trial) was designed to prove the effectiveness and safety of a microdroplet device and a powered toothbrush compared to dental floss and a manual toothbrush over a period of 4 weeks. The second (observational) phase began with all participants receiving the powered oral homecare devices. Participants were able to use their oral hygiene measures of choice over an unsupervised period of 1 year. All participants were then rescheduled for a routine dental check-up, where oral hygiene indices and oral hygiene devices used were reevaluated. Results: After 1 year, 93.3% of participants stated they performed interdental cleaning on a regular basis (baseline 60.0%). The percentage using a powered toothbrush increased from 41.9% (baseline) to 90.0% after 1 year. Oral hygiene parameters had improved after both the motivational trial and observational phases compared to baseline (papillary bleeding index p =.000; Rustogi Modified Navy Plaque Index p <.05; Quigley-Hein Index p =.000). Conclusion: In the long term, participants preferred using powered oral hygiene devices over the gold standard dental floss and manual toothbrush. Improved oral hygiene parameters after 1 year may indicate implementation of newly acquired oral-hygiene skills during the 4-week instruction phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The implant's supporting structure differs from that of the teeth when plaque accumulates, making it more prone to inflammation and bone loss. To ensure the implant's longevity, an effective maintenance protocol should be followed. This study aimed to evaluate the information on oral hygiene procedures at home for implant‐supported fixed prosthesis. Methods: The keywords 'cleaning dental implant,' 'how to clean dental implant,' and 'dental implant hygiene' used to search for videos on YouTube™. Following the exclusions, two researchers independently analysed the remaining 100 videos for demographic data and content usefulness. Results: In terms of usefulness score distribution, 53.52% of the videos were considered slightly useful, 38.4% moderately useful and 8.1% very useful. The video content had the least quantity of knowledge about toothpaste choice (11.1%), but the greatest quantity of knowledge on flossing (68.7%). Conclusions: According to the study's findings, there is presently no evidence‐based information on YouTube™ on dental implant oral hygiene protocols for home care procedures hygiene education. Therefore, dental care professionals should analyse the information's quality and reliability before recommending it to patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: A removable denture is a prosthesis that can be removed from the patient's mouth for inspection, cleaning, and repair if damaged and has a positive effect on their quality of life. One of the characteristics of denture from acrylic resin materials is the porous properties that can lead to the accumulation of residual plaque, thereby increasing the number of microorganisms, such as Candida albicans fungi. Infection due to C. albicans can cause inflammation in the mucosa of the oral cavity commonly called denture stomatitis. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of denture cleaning ability of patchouli leaf extract (Pogostemon cablin) against C. albicans growth on acrylic resin base. Materials and Methods: The type of research used is post-test-only control group design to see whether denture cleaners from patchouli leaf extract are effective in inhibiting the growth of C. albicans on acrylic resin bases. C. albicans that has been cultured and then mixing it with a 0.9% NaCl solution until turbidity was obtained that is in accordance with the MacFarland standard or comparable with 1 × 108 CFU/mL. The number of samples in this study were 30 samples with a diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 2 mm divided into five groups with three different concentrations, namely 25%, 50%, 75%, 0.2% chlorhexidine, and water as a negative control. Statistical analysis tests using univariate test to see the number of C. albicans, one-way ANOVA test to see the effect of soaking and LSD test to see the obstacle. Results: The one-way ANOVA test shows a value of P = 0.000. The treatment groups with concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75% and 0.2% chlorhexidine to the water group with a value of P = 0.000, and the least average number of Candida Albicans colonies was found in concentrations of 25% and 50%. Conclusion: Immersion of acrylic resin dentures in patchouli leaf extract effectively inhibits the growth of C. albicans, especially at concentrations of 25% and 50%, therefore patchouli leaf extract can be recommended as a denture cleaning agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postpartum blood calcium (Ca) concentration is related to the reproduction and health of cattle. Oral calcium supplements were given to dairy cows after calving to increase blood Ca concentration and reduce the risk of hypocalcemia. However, studies have shown that oral Ca has different effects in preventing disease. The purposes of this study were (i) to conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate the expected effect of oral Ca on incidence of calving-related diseases, pregnancy risk and milk yield in dairy cows, and (ii) to make a quality assessment of these related studies. In total, 22 eligible studies were included in this review. Meta-analysis showed that oral Ca could significantly reduce the incidence of hypocalcemia (clinical hypocalcemia: relative risk (RR) = 0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [0.52, 0.87]; subclinical hypocalcemia: RR = 0.81, CI = [0.72, 0.91]), and incidence of retained placenta (RR = 0.77, CI = [0.62, 0.95]), improved blood Ca concentrations: mean difference (MD) = 0.08; 95% CI = [0.04, 0.11]. For other results, the meta-analysis revealed a lack of evidence of the correlation between oral Ca and serum magnesium (Mg) / phosphorus (P) concentration (Mg: MD = -0.04; 95% CI = [-0.10, 0.02]; P: MD = 0.05; 95% CI = [-0.10, 0.21]) or incidence of other calving-related disorders (metritis: RR = 1.06, CI = [0.94, 1.19]; ketosis: RR = 1.04, CI = [0.91, 1.18]; mastitis: RR = 1.02, CI = [0.86, 1.21]; displacement of the abomasum: RR = 0.81, CI = [0.57, 1.16]) or pregnancy risk (pregnancy risk at first service: RR = 0.99, CI = [0.94, 1.05]; overall pregnancy rate: RR = 1.03, CI = [0.98, 1.08]) or milk yield (MD = 0.44; 95% CI = [-0.24, 1.13]). The distribution of the funnel plot formed by the included studies was symmetrical, and the Egger's test had a p > 0.05, indicating that there was no significant publication bias. Sensitivity analyses results suggested that the results of metaanalysis are robust. Quality assessment of the included studies revealed that the risk of bias was focused on selection bias, performance bias, detection bias and other sources of bias, and the future research should focus on these aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze the posts published with the #preventivedentistry on Instagram. In this cross-sectional retrospective study, the #preventivedentistry was searched on Instagram. Data were collected between 01/10/2023 and 01/20/2023. A total of 940 posts were analyzed for type, purpose, and source. The number of likes of the posts and the number of video views were determined. Of the posts examined, 869 were images, and 71 were videos. Of the posts, 19.7% (n = 185) with the #preventivedentistry were about preventive dentistry. The content of 80.3% (n = 755) included advertisements, celebrations, information about other dental practices, patient satisfaction, and personal sharing. Among specialist dentists, pediatric dentists shared the most posts about preventive dentistry. Regardless of content, most of the posts had 0-25 likes, and only a small percentage had above 300 likes. People searching with #preventivedentistry on Instagram cannot find sufficient information about preventive dentistry. Dental professionals should use Instagram more actively to increase awareness of preventive dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caries and periodontitis are the most prevalent oral diseases worldwide. Major factors contributing to the development of these oral conditions include poor oral hygiene, dental biofilm formation, high carbohydrates diet, smoking, other systemic diseases, and genetic factors. Various preventive measures have been established to mitigate the risk of caries and periodontal disease development. The present review aims to discuss the role of the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus plantarum in the prevention and treatment of caries and periodontal diseases. The study was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and was registered on PROSPERO. The search involved PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus and considered the PICO format. Studies were screened by two reviewers independently, and disagreements were solved by consensus with a third reviewer. Data extraction included details about the type of probiotics, strains, and purpose of administration. A total of 15 RCTs were included, of which just 1 was about tooth cavities. Overall, 87% of the included studies were good-quality papers regarding the Jadad Scale. Several studies agreed on the potential of probiotics L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum, both alone and combined, to prevent and improve clinical outcomes in caries and periodontal treatments, weaker evidence is provided for the microbiological benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluoride (F) has been employed worldwide to control dental caries. More recently, it has been suggested that the consumption of low doses of F in the drinking water may reduce blood glucose levels, introducing a new perspective for the use of F for the management of blood glucose. However, the exact mechanism by which F affects blood glucose levels remains largely unexplored. Given that the small gut plays a pivotal role in glucose homeostasis, the aim of this study was to investigate the proteomic changes induced by low doses of F in the ileum of female nonobese‐diabetic (NOD) mice. Forty‐two female NOD mice were divided into two groups based on the F concentration in their drinking water for 14 weeks: 0 (control) or 10 mgF/L. At the end of the experimental period, the ileum was collected for proteomic and Western blot analyses. Proteomic analysis indicated an increase in isoforms of actin, gastrotropin, several H2B histones, and enzymes involved in antioxidant processes, as well as a decrease in enzymes essential for energy metabolism. In summary, our data indicates an adaptive response of organism to preserve protein synthesis in the ileum, despite significant alterations in energy metabolism typically induced by F, therefore highlighting the safety of controlled fluoridation in water supplies. Significance statement: The consumption of low doses of fluoride in the drinking water may increase insulin sensitivity or reduce blood glucose levels. However, the exact mechanisms by which fluoride influences glucose homeostasis remain unclear. Considering that the small intestine is central to glucose homeostasis, here we investigated the proteomic changes induced by low doses of fluoride (similar to those added to the drinking water) in the ileum of NOD mice. We found an increase in gastrotropin, histones, and antioxidant enzymes, and a decrease in enzymes involved in energy metabolism. These results indicate an adaptive response of the organism to preserve protein synthesis in the ileum, despite significant alterations in energy metabolism, therefore highlighting the safety of controlled fluoridation of water supplies. Further studies employing specialized techniques should be developed to unravel specific pathways of the mechanisms by which fluoride affects glucose homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As consumers look to avoid expensive dental treatments, they will favor daily hygiene routines, keeping their teeth clean, using cosmetic products that promote a healthy oral cavity. In this article, we focus on the pathways of some of the most common inflammatory reactions of the oral cavity. Therefore, Symrise developed a range of cosmetic ingredients based on key pillars that answers direct consumers' needs: oral mucosa and malodor reduction, redness and biofilm prevention, and soothing burning, and stinging sensations: SymReboot® OC, SymRelief® 100, SymSitive® 1609, SymGuard® CD and Farnesol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental caries is an avoidable and complex condition impacting billions of individuals worldwide, posing a specific concern among younger generations, despite the progress of oral hygiene products. This deterioration occurs due to the acid demineralization of tooth enamel, leading to the loss of minerals from the enamel subsurface. The remineralisation of early enamel carious lesions could prevent the cavitation of teeth. The enamel protein amelogenin constitutes 90% of the total enamel matrix protein and plays a key role in the bio mineralisation process. The aim of this study is to investigate the self-assembly microstructure and reticulation behaviour of a newly developed bioactive hydrogel with leucine-rich amelogenin peptide (LRAP) intended for enamel remineralisation. SEM, AFM, UV-VIS, and FTIR analyses emphasize the ability of peptides to promote cell adhesion and the treatment of early carious lesions. In conclusion, short-chain peptides can be used in hydrogels for individual or professional use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: People with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The Mediterranean diet is associated with reduced CVD; however, the evidence in T1D is scarce. We aimed to analyse the relationships between adherence to the energy‐restricted Mediterranean diet (erMEDd) and carotid atherosclerosis. Materials and Methods: We included subjects with T1D without CVD, with ≥1 of the following: age ≥40 years, diabetic kidney disease, or ≥10 years of disease duration with another risk factor. Plaque presence (intima‐media thickness ≥1.5 mm) was determined by ultrasonography. The PREDIMED‐Plus 17‐item questionnaire (PP‐17) was used to assess adherence to the erMEDd. Results: Four hundred one individuals were included (48% males, age 48.3 ± 11 years, diabetes duration 26.8 ± 11.4 years). Those harbouring plaques (42%) showed lower adherence to the erMEDd (PP‐17: 8.9 ± 2.3 of a maximum of 17 vs. 9.8 ± 2.5, p < 0.001). Greater adherence to the erMEDd was correlated with an overall better metabolic profile. After adjusting for multiple confounders, adherence to the erMEDd was independently associated with carotid atherosclerosis (OR 0.86 [0.77–0.95] for plaque presence and OR 0.85 [0.75–0.97] for ≥2 plaques). The consumption of fruit and nuts and preference of white over red meat was higher in individuals without atherosclerosis (p < 0.05). Fruit and nut consumption was associated with lower plaque prevalence in the fully adjusted models (OR 0.38 [0.19–0.73] and 0.51 [0.29–0.93]). Conclusions: Greater adherence to the erMEDd is associated with less carotid atherosclerosis in subjects with T1D at high risk of CVD. Strategies to improve and implement healthy dietary patterns in this population should be encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight pediatric oral nutritional supplements (ONSs) and 0.5% fat bovine milk were examined in vitro regarding their effect on the adhesion of three caries-related bacteria, Streptococcus mutans (strain CCUG 11877T), Lactobacillus gasseri (strain CCUG 31451), and Scardovia wiggsiae (strain CCUG 58090), to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite, as well as their pH and capacity to withstand pH changes. Bacteria were cultivated and radiolabeled. The adhesion assays used synthetic hydroxyapatite coated with whole or parotid saliva. Measurements of pH and titration of the products with HCl and NaOH were conducted in triplicate. Three ONSs promoted the S. mutans adhesion to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (increase from 35% to >200%), supporting caries risk enhancement. S. wigssiae and L. gasseri adhered only to one and no ONS, respectively. Most supplements had limited buffering capacity to counteract acidification changes, suggesting their low capacity to neutralize acids, and one ONS showed a significant capacity to counteract basic changes, suggesting a high erosive potential. S. mutans adhesion was influenced by the ONS pH and volume NaOH added to reach pH 10. L. gasseri and S. wiggsiae adhesion was influenced by the ONSs' carbohydrate and fat content. Interdisciplinary efforts are needed to increase awareness and prevent the possible negative impact of ONSs on children's oral health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring proper dental hygiene is of paramount importance for individuals' general well-being, particularly for patients receiving medical care. There is a prevailing utilization of conventional oral hygiene items, including toothbrushes and mouthwashes, which have gained widespread acceptance; nevertheless, their limitations encourage investigating novel options in this domain. Our study indicates that ceragenins (CSAs) being lipid analogs of host defense peptides, well-recognized for their wide-ranging antimicrobial properties, may be a potentially efficacious means to augment oral hygiene in hospitalized individuals. We demonstrate that ceragenins CSA-13, CSA-44, and CSA-131 as well as undescribed to date CSA-255 display potent antimicrobial activities against isolates of fungi, aerobic, and anaerobic bacteria from Candida, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Bacteroides species, which are well-recognized representatives of microbes found in the oral cavity. These effects were further confirmed against mono- and dual-species fungal and bacterial biofilms. While the ceragenins showed similar or slightly diminished efficacy compared to commercially available mouthwashes, they demonstrated a highly favorable toxicity profile toward host cells, that may translate into better maintenance of host mucosal membrane stability. This suggests that incorporating ceragenins into oral hygiene products could be a valuable strategy for reducing the risk of both oral cavity-localized and secondary systemic infections and for improving the overall health outcomes of individuals receiving medical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: There is increasing recognition of the value and capabilities of design in healthcare. Beyond the development of medical devices, design is increasingly being applied to intangible, complex and systemic healthcare problems. However, there is limited evidence on the use of design specifically in the field of oral health. This systematic mapping study aims to collate and catalogue evidence of design in oral health. Methods: A systematic search of academic databases and grey literature was performed. Duplicate results were removed, and publications relating to the same project were grouped. Reviewers from design and oral health independently screened a sample of the dataset. Projects of both relevance to oral health, and with input from a designer or clear implementation of a design methodology or approach were included. Projects were coded and plotted on a novel interactive evidence map. Results: 119 design and oral health projects were included between 1973 and 2022. Interventional (n = 94, 79%), empirical (n = 46, 39%), methodological (n = 35, 29%) and theoretical (n = 7, 6%) design contributions were identified across the projects. The projects were categorized by four orders of design: first—graphics (n = 6, 5%), second—products (n = 41, 34%), third—interactions (n = 70, 59%), and fourth—systems (n = 2, 2%). Design was found in a diverse range of contexts in oral health; most commonly being relevant to general patients (n = 61, 51%), and for use in general dental practice (n = 56, 47%). Further design outcome categories (digital material; printed material; object; room or space; apparel; process; smart device; tangible interface; graphical interface; virtual reality; service; policy; system) and oral health themes (oral health literacy; oral care training; dental clinic design; dental instruments and equipment; personal oral care; dental appliance; clinician health and productivity; clinical information systems; informed consent; oral health promotion and prevention; oral care training; patient interactions and experience) were identified. Conclusions: The novel interactive evidence map of design in oral health created enables ongoing and open‐ended multivariant documentation and analysis of the evidence, as well as identification of strategic opportunities. Future research and policy implications include; recognition and engagement with the full capabilities of design; integration of design experts; fostering inclusive engagement and collaboration; disentangling patient and public involvement; advancing human‐centred systems approaches; adopting design‐led approaches for policy‐making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Brachytherapy is the gold‑standard treatment for choroidal melanoma. This study evaluated iodine‑125 brachytherapy by using Ocuprosta seeds with indigenous non‑collimated plaques in Asian patients. Methods: Retrospective single‑center study in a tertiary care hospital of 12 eyes with choroidal melanoma in 12 Asian patients who underwent brachytherapy with Ocuprosta seeds fixed on non‑collimated plaques and had a follow‑up of at least 32 months (mean: 42.4 ± 9.5 months; median: 40 months). Radiotherapy was planned after developing the digital 3D model of the tumor within the eye by using radiological images and clinical pictures. Ocuprosta iodine‑125 seeds were used on indigenous non‑collimated gold plaques to deliver the radiation for precalculated time. “Successful outcome” was taken as a decrease in the volume of the tumor, and “unsuccessful outcome” was defined as no change in the tumor volume or increase in the tumor volume at 24 months after brachytherapy. Results: The mean decrease in tumor volume was 21% (914.5 ± 912.2 mm³ to 495.7 ± 633.6 mm³ ) after brachytherapy, which correlated with the baseline volume of the tumor. Ten eyes (83.3%) showed a reduction in tumor volume, whereas two eyes showed an increase in the volume of the tumor after brachytherapy. One of the cases with a reduction in tumor size developed neovascular glaucoma. Enucleation was done in three eyes. A globe salvage rate of 75% and tumor regression rate of 83% were seen in the present study using Ocuprosta seeds. Conclusions: Iodine‑125 brachytherapy with uncollimated indigenous gold plaques is an effective treatment modality for choroidal melanomas in Asian patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent reviews have reported inconclusive results regarding the usefulness of consuming dates (Phoenix dactylifera L. fruit) in the peripartum period. Hence, this updated systematic review with meta-analysis sought to investigate the efficacy and safety of this integrated intervention in facilitating childbirth and improving perinatal outcomes. Methods: Eight data sources were searched comprehensively from their inception until April 30, 2023. Parallel-group randomized and non-randomized controlled trials published in any language were included if conducted during peripartum (i.e., third trimester of pregnancy, late pregnancy, labor, or postpartum) to assess standard care plus oral consumption of dates versus standard care alone or combined with other alternative interventions. The Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias (RoB) assessment tools and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) were employed to evaluate the potential RoB and the overall quality of the evidence, respectively. Sufficient data were pooled by a random-effect approach utilizing Stata software. Results: Of 2,460 records in the initial search, 48 studies reported in 55 publications were included. Data were insufficient for meta-analysis regarding fetal, neonatal, or infant outcomes; nonetheless, most outcomes were not substantially different between dates consumer and standard care groups. However, meta-analyses revealed that dates consumption in late pregnancy significantly shortened the length of gestation and labor, except for the second labor stage; declined the need for labor induction; accelerated spontaneity of delivery; raised cervical dilatation (CD) upon admission, Bishop score, and frequency of spontaneous vaginal delivery. The dates intake in labor also significantly reduced labor duration, except for the third labor stage, and increased CD two hours post-intervention. Moreover, the intervention during postpartum significantly boosted the breast milk quantity and reduced post-delivery hemorrhage. Likewise, dates supplementation in the third trimester of pregnancy significantly increased maternal hemoglobin levels. The overall evidence quality was also unacceptable, and RoB was high in most studies. Furthermore, the intervention's safety was recorded only in four trials. Conclusion: More well-designed investigations are required to robustly support consuming dates during peripartum as effective and safe integrated care. Trial registration: PROSPERO Registration No: CRD42023399626 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of filling irregularly bounded internal resorption cavities created by acid demineralization using different filling techniques on the quality of the filling. Methods: A total of 54 extracted single-rooted teeth were sectioned mesiodistally. Each tooth segment was subjected to 5% nitric acid for 12 hours followed by 8% sodium hypochlorite for 10 minutes. Samples were rinsed with distiled water between the two solutions. The demineralization protocol was renewed every 24 hours and applied for 11 days. At the end of the process, the teeth were reassembled, and randomly divided into six groups, each containing 9 samples: 1. Group 1: AH Plus + Cold Lateral Condensation Technique, 2. Group 2: AH Plus + Thermoplastic Injection Technique, 3. Group 3: T-Endo Bioserra + Cold Lateral Condensation Technique, 4. Group 4: T-Endo Bioserra + Thermoplastic Injection Technique, 5. Group 5: GuttaFlow 2, 6. Group 6: GuttaFlow 2 + Single-Cone Technique. Filling quality was evaluated by determining the percentage of gutta-percha, sealer, and remaining voids in the resorption cavities through stereomicroscopic examination. Results: The group filled with AH Plus sealer using the cold lateral condensation technique showed a significantly higher gutta-percha percentage compared to the other groups (p<0.05). The GuttaFlow 2 group, applied with the single-cone technique, exhibited the highest gutta-percha percentage (99.01%). When the cold lateral condensation and thermoplastic injection techniques were compared based on sealer contents, no statistically significant difference in gutta-percha percentage in the resorption cavities was observed (p=0.136). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that none of the obturation techniques used achieved complete filling in the resorption cavities. However, the use of GuttaFlow 2 with the single-cone technique showed superior filling quality, demonstrating excellent adaptation to the root canal walls and ease of application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Phenolic compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties have been identified in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.; Solanaceae), which may potentially contribute to wound healing. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of potato peel extract gel Granola variety on oral gingival wound healing in Wistar Rats. Methods: This research was a true experimental in vivo study, involving 30 male Wistar rats, aged 12– 14 weeks and weighing approximately 150 to 200 grams. Surgical vertical incisions, each 3 mm in length, were made on the mandibular gingiva. The test group consisted of six subgroups, each comprising 5 rats. The negative control group received a base gel, while treatment groups were given 1% povidone-iodine solution, 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide oral paste, and 2%, 4%, and 6% potato peel extract gel. Wound lengths were measured on days 3, 7, and 14 to evaluate the healing process. Statistical analysis used the ANOVA test, a p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: All experimental groups showed a reduction in wound length on days 3, 7, and 14. Notably, the application of 4% and 6% potato peel extract gel formulations facilitated to faster wound healing on day 3, surpassing the povidone-iodine and triamcinolone acetonide groups. However, by days 7 and 14, both the povidone-iodine group and the 6% formulation group demonstrated superior outcomes, although the differences in values were not statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Potato peel extract gel formulations at 4% and 6% concentrations were found to expedite the healing of incision wounds, showing no statistically significant difference from the povidone-iodine and triamcinolone acetonide groups. Therefore, potato peel extract gel holds excellent potential for development as an alternative medicine for natural and safe wound healing therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluoride is a naturally occurring substance that is also added to drinking water, dental hygiene products, and food supplements for preventing dental caries. Concerns have been raised about several other potential health risks of fluoride. To conduct a robust synthesis of evidence regarding human health risks due to exposure to fluoride in drinking water, and to develop a point of departure (POD) for setting a health-based value (HBV) for fluoride in drinking water. A systematic review of evidence published since recent reviews of human, animal, and in vitro data was carried out. Bradford Hill considerations were used to weigh the evidence for causality. Several key studies were considered for deriving PODs. The current review identified 89 human studies, 199 animal studies, and 10 major in vitro reviews. The weight of evidence on 39 health endpoints was presented. In addition to dental fluorosis, evidence was considered strong for reduction in IQ scores in children, moderate for thyroid dysfunction, weak for kidney dysfunction, and limited for sex hormone disruptions. The current review identified moderate dental fluorosis and reduction in IQ scores in children as the most relevant endpoints for establishing an HBV for fluoride in drinking water. PODs were derived for these two endpoints, although there is still some uncertainty in the causal weight of evidence for causality for reducing IQ scores in children and considerable uncertainty in the derivation of its POD. Given our evaluation of the overall weight of evidence, moderate dental fluorosis is suggested as the key endpoint until more evidence is accumulated on possible reduction of IQ scores effects. A POD of 1.56 mg fluoride/L for moderate dental fluorosis may be preferred as a starting point for setting an HBV for fluoride in drinking water to protect against moderate and severe dental fluorosis. Although outside the scope of the current review, precautionary concerns for potential neurodevelopmental cognitive effects may warrant special consideration in the derivation of the HBV for fluoride in drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achillea ligustica All., (Ligurian yarrow) is an aromatic herbaceous plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. This plant is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region and has been used in traditional medicine of some countries; it is used especially as a remedy to treat hemorrhage, stomach disorders, and skin diseases. Many chemical constituents were identified from different parts of the species; the most important are lactone sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, and essential oils (EOs). This chemical diversity is the main cause of its large spectrum of pharmacological properties. A. ligustica was reported to possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, and anti-psoriasis properties. Several studies have focused on the chemical composition and pharmacological properties of its EO suggesting using the EO in oral hygiene products. The present literature review draws up the importance of this medicinal plant by reviewing its recent ethnomedicinal uses, chemical constituents, and pharmacological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a combination of natural ingredients as a mouthwash was expected to have a synergistic effect in preventing gingivitis, a common oral disease. The objective of this study was to elucidate the anti-inflammatory effect of different proportions of mouthwash infusions: F1 (75% Syzygium polyantha and 25% Piper betle) and F2 (25% Syzygium polyantha and 75% Piper betle) on oral microbiota causing gingivitis. Twenty-four Rattus norvegicus were divided into four groups, and bacteria were injected into the periodontal sulcus. The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed by calculating the reduced number of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes. A cytotoxicity test was carried out on the normal fibroblast cell line 3T3-L1. There were no significant differences in the decreased number of PMN leukocytes (p=0.079>0.05). Both F1 and F2 showed results of cell viability approaching 100% of living cells at concentrations of 0.29 ppm and 0.04 ppm, equivalent to 0.058% and 0.029%, respectively. This study concluded that both formulations of Syzygium polyantha and Piper betle have potential effects on gingivitis prevention. They had an effectiveness level almost similar to Chlorhexidine gluconate 2%. The toxicity value of formulation F1 is superior to that of formulation F2. Further studies concerning the toxicity of the mixtures and their effect on oral biofilm are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local delivery of antibacterial agents into periodontal pockets provides a multitude of benefits over systemic antimicrobials resulting in the increased preference forsuch use among periodontal health‑care providers. Aim: The study aimsto determine the antimicrobial efficacy of adjunctive use of the herbal extract “aloe vera gel” (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.) along with scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients with chronic periodontitis. Materials and methods: This prospective, single‑blind randomized split‑mouth clinical trial was done among 22 subjects diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. Periodontal parameters and mean log counts of porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) evaluated using real‑time polymerase chain reaction were recorded. SRP was performed both at control and testsites. The evaluation of clinical and microbiological parameters was done at baseline and 3 months’ post‑intervention. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) V.20 software. Results: While significant improvement in both clinical and microbiological parameters from baseline to three months was observed in both the test and control sites, the mean reduction in plaque index, periodontal pocket depth, and mean log colony‑forming unit counts of P. gingivalis were significantly higher in the test sites compared to the control sites. Conclusion: The results of this study reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis that adjunctive application of locally delivered aloe vera gel for the treatment of chronic periodontitis enhances the beneficial effects of mechanical therapy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evaluating the prolonged efficacy of restorative materials hinges significantly on their ability to resist discoloration. This study aims to assess the discoloration resistance of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing restorative materials featuring distinct chemical compositions. Methods: A1-colored samples from 4 diverse CAD/CAM restorative materials (Lava Ultimate, Tetric CAD, Vita Enamic, and IPS e.max CAD), each with a 2 mm thickness (n = 12), were meticulously prepared. Baseline CIE L*a*b* values were measured using a spectrophotometer, and randomly assigned samples were subjected to a 28-day immersion in either distilled water (control group) or coffee (n = 6). After the designated period, CIE L*a*b* values were reevaluated, and ΔEab values were computed. A 2-way analysis of variance test was employed to scrutinize the influence of both the restorative material type and solution type on quantitative variables (P < .05). Results: In the comparison of samples immersed in coffee, IPS e.max CAD demonstrated significantly less staining than other samples, while Lava Ultimate exhibited significantly more staining (P < .05). No significant difference in ΔEab was observed among CAD/CAM restorative materials kept in distilled water. Although the ΔEab values of specimens immersed in distilled water remained below the CIELAB 50: 50% acceptability threshold (ΔEab = 2.7), samples immersed in coffee exceeded this threshold. Conclusion: The resistance to discoloration is influenced by both the restorative material and the nature of the solution. Consequently, clinicians may opt for restorative materials displaying heightened discoloration resistance or provide comprehensive guidance to patients regarding staining beverages and effective oral hygiene practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The symptom of dry mouth has multiple potential etiologies and can be a diagnostic clue to the presence of common systemic diseases encountered in rheumatology practice. The presence of decreased saliva flow (i.e. salivary hypofunction) defines a subset of dry mouth patients in whom there may be reversible drug effects, an iatrogenic insult such as head and neck irradiation, or a disease that directly involves the salivary glands (e.g. Sjögren's disease). The assessment of salivary hypofunction includes sialometry, salivary gland imaging, salivary gland biopsy, and an assessment for relevant systemic diseases. Optimal management of dry mouth requires accurate definition of its cause, followed by general measures that serve to alleviate its symptoms and prevent its complications. Through a literature search on xerostomia and salivary hypofunction, we provide an overview of the causes of dry mouth, highlight the potential impact of salivary hypofunction on oral and systemic health, detail routine evaluation methods and treatment strategies, and emphasize the importance of collaboration with oral health care providers. Our Expert Opinion is provided on unmet needs in the management of dry mouth and relevant research progress in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]