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The study compared superficial trunk muscle activity and postural control among an active extension subgroup of people with nonspecific chronic low back pain (AE-NSCLBP) with painfree controls during functional tasks. Thirty-two people (17 people with low back pain [LBP] and 15 painfree controls) participated in this study. Muscle activity of 5 trunk muscles and postural control were investigated during both standing tasks (eyes open/closed; single/double-leg balance) and dynamic functional tasks (spinal forward flexion and return, and a sit to stand transfer). Results showed that during single-leg standing, people with AE-NSCLBP exhibit higher muscle activity than painfree controls for 3 trunk muscles, especially with their eyes closed. There were no significant differences in muscle activity between eye conditions during double-leg standing and sit to stand transfer, forward flexion, and return from flexion. The AE-NSCLBP subgroup also demonstrated significantly impaired postural control (lower time to boundary) in 4 of 8 conditions, especially during single-leg standing and with their eyes closed. These findings show people with LBP typically demonstrated greater trunk muscle activity and poorer postural control while maintaining standing posture. This pattern was most evident when the postural challenge was higher, such as single-leg standing or with eyes closed. While this study design cannot infer causality, these findings have implications for LBP rehabilitation, particularly regarding approaches which seek to alter muscle activation among people with LBP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the association between an inability to perform a static balance test and mortality in community-dwelling older ambulatory individuals. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched for relevant cohort studies. Hazard ratios (HR) were pooled (random-effect model). Meta-regression was performed with independent demographic variables (PROSPERO ID: CRD42022381137). Results: A total of 11,713 articles were screened and 15 were included. An inability to perform a static balance test was significantly associated with a higher risk of mortality irrespective of whether confounding variables were considered [HR, 1.14 (95% CI: 1.07–1.21); p <.001; i2, 87.96% (p <.01)] or not [HR, 1.11 (95% CI: 1.03–1.20); p =.01; i2, 95.28% (p <.01)] (both moderate GRADE evidence). Also, this association was correlated with progressive age. Conclusion: An inability to successfully complete a static balance test was significantly associated with a higher risk of mortality among community-dwelling older ambulatory individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perching or standing on one foot is commonly reported in birds but the level of consistency in using one foot over the other has been less-well documented in most species, particularly birds of prey. For birds experiencing colder temperatures, unipedal perching has been attributed to limiting heat loss through unfeathered legs and feet; individuals should spend longer periods of time perched on one foot as temperatures decrease. Using radio tracking, I collected 486 hours of observations on nine overwintering, free-living merlins (Falco columbarius) in Saskatoon, Canada. Five merlins displayed clear preferences to perch on one foot, however the direction of preference was not consistent and four birds were ambidextrous. There was a curvilinear response in the proportion of time spent in unipedal posture versus temperature, with a peak of ∼22% of the time at moderate temperatures (−10 to −19°C), but lower values at warmer and colder temperatures; the main effect of the squared term for temperature was highly influential while individual foot preference had no impact on the use of unipedal perching. Although preferential use of one foot for perching was displayed by some individuals, thermoregulation may not be the primary driver of this behaviour at colder temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with knee osteoarthritis and varus knee deformity have impaired postural balance, resulting in decreased walking performance and an increased risk of falls. This study aimed to investigate the early changes in the postural balance following inverted V-shaped high tibial osteotomy (HTO). Fifteen patients with medial knee osteoarthritis were recruited. Postural balance was assessed using the center-of-pressure (COP) data during single-leg standing before and 6 weeks after inverted V-shaped HTO. The maximum range, mean velocity, and area of COP movements in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions were analyzed. Preoperative and postoperative visual analog scale for knee pain was assessed. The maximum range of COP in the mediolateral direction decreased (P =.017), whereas the mean velocity of COP in the anteroposterior direction increased 6 weeks postoperatively (P =.011). The visual analog scale score for knee pain significantly improved at 6 weeks postoperatively (P =.006). Valgus correction with inverted V-shaped HTO resulted in improved postural balance in the mediolateral direction and good short-term clinical outcomes early following surgery. Early rehabilitation after inverted V-shaped HTO should focus on postural balance in the anteroposterior direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Purpose: We aimed to investigate whether there is an interaction between life-space assessment (LSA) and movement control during one-leg standing on bone strength on the non-fractured side in patients with hip fracture. Methods: Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied for osteoporosis parameter to examine the interaction and main effects of LSA and movement control during one-leg standing. Results: Two-way ANOVA revealed significant interaction and main effects of LSA and movement control during one-leg standing on bone mineral density (BMD) and Z -score. In parameters of hip structural analysis (HSA), the interaction and main effect of movement control during one-leg standing were detected only in cross-sectional area (CSA). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that both high LSA and good movement control during one-leg standing are necessary to maintain or improve some parameters of bone strength, such as BMD (neck and total hip), Z-score (neck and total hip), and CSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affordance perception is a forward-looking act of the opportunities of action offered by the environment and relative to individual capacities. This is exemplified by experienced rock climbers who must determine the task goal (use hold for support or facilitate movement) when balancing on one or both of their feet. The present study examined how the base of support (single and dual leg balance) and hold size affect an individual's ability to determine their maximum boundary of reach- and grasp-ability. The maximal boundary of reach-ability and grasp-ability was determined using a sliding assessment hold. Twenty participants (10 climbers and 10 non-climbers) provided verbal estimates of maximal reach to a big and a small hold while balancing on one or two feet. Perceptual accuracy differed depending on whether the objective was reach-ability or grasp-ability (p < 0.001). Neither standing on one or two feet, nor climbing expertise affected perceptual accuracy. The results suggest that the task goal (e.g., grasp-ability or reach-ability) affects the accuracy of perception of action boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: An Optimizing Performance through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention for Learning theory-based motor learning intervention delivering autonomy support and enhanced expectancies (EE) shows promise for reducing cognitive-motor dual-task costs, or the relative difference in primary task performance when completed with and without a secondary cognitive task, that facilitate adaptive injury-resistant movement response. The current pilot study sought to determine the effectiveness of an autonomy support versus an EE-enhanced virtual reality motor learning intervention to reduce dual-task costs during single-leg balance. Design: Within-subjects 3 x 3 trial. Methods: Twenty-one male and 24 female participants, between the ages of 18 and 30 years, with no history of concussion, vertigo, lower-extremity surgery, or lower-extremity injuries the previous 6 months, were recruited for training sessions on consecutive days. Training consisted of 5 x 8 single-leg squats on each leg, during which all participants mimicked an avatar through virtual reality goggles. The autonomy support group chose an avatar color, and the EE group received positive kinematic biofeedback. Baseline, immediate, and delayed retention testing consisted of single-leg balancing under single- and dual-task conditions. Mixed-model analysis of variances compared dual-task costs for center of pressure velocity and SD between groups on each limb. Results: On the right side, dual-task costs for anterior-posterior center of pressure mean and SD were reduced in the EE group (mean Δ = -51.40, Cohen d = 0.80 and SD Δ = -66.00%, Cohen d = 0.88) compared with the control group (mean Δ = -22.09, Cohen d = 0.33 and SD Δ = -36.10%, Cohen d = 0.68) from baseline to immediate retention. Conclusions: These findings indicate that EE strategies that can be easily implemented in a clinic or sport setting may be superior to task-irrelevant AS approaches for influencing injury-resistant movement adaptations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the work of Ira M. Sheskin, who has conducted numerous local Jewish community studies. These studies have informed planning decisions in many Jewish communities and have been made available to others through the Berman Jewish DataBank. Sheskin has also compiled datasets that have been used in research and has expanded the use of Distinctive Jewish Names (DJNs) in applied research. Additionally, he has contributed to the American Jewish Year Book and has engaged in debates about the racial and ethnic composition of the US Jewish population. The author praises Sheskin's contributions to the academic-communal partnership and emphasizes the importance of respectful critique in advancing knowledge. [Extracted from the article]

BACKGROUND: Anatomical cup implantation is a promising approach in primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) and improves functional outcomes. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the cup position and functional outcomes in primary THA with preoperative dynamic 3D planning. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 54 hips in 48 patients who underwent primary THA with anatomical cup implantation (mean follow-up time: 52 months). Cup positions were evaluated based on patient-specific morphology, the acetabular fossa and the combined anteversion test. Functional outcomes were assessed after THA. The paired-sample t -test was performed for surgical and contralateral native hips among 42 patients who underwent unilateral THA. RESULTS: Two hips suffered intraoperative trochanteric fracture, but no hip dislocations occurred. No patients reported groin or thigh pain, and all patients were capable of deep squatting and one-leg standing. The mean Harris hip score, WOMAC score, and physical SF-36 score were 94.46 ± 6.16, 10.41 ± 3.62, and 95.19 ± 8.74, respectively. Except for acetabular offset, THA restored biomechanics to those of contralateral native hip, including cup anteversion, abduction, femoral offset and acetabular height (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study provided evidence for the application of anatomical cup implantation assisted with dynamic 3D planning in primary THA, which restored morphology and improved functional outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA), commonly known as degenerative joint disease, is frequently brought on by wear-and-tear and articular cartilage loss that occurs over time. It comes in two categories: primary and secondary, and it most frequently affects the elderly. Articular degeneration caused by primary osteoarthritis has no discernible underlying etiology. Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of isometric training and aerobic exercise programs along with ultrasound for OA knee patients. Materials Required: 52 subjects were selected from the prem physiotherapy clinic according to inclusion and exclusion criteria during the period of November 2022 to July 2023. They were divided into two categories: Group A(n=26) and Group B(n=26). The pre and post-test values were measured by Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) and WOMAC questionnaire. Group A received conventional treatment that is isometric training along with ultrasound and Group B received aerobic exercise along with ultrasound. Both training programs were given for 4 weeks, weekly 5 days. Results: A statistically important distinction <0.0001 between groups A and B was found via statistical analysis of information that was quantitative. Conclusion: Isometric training along with ultrasound of group A were proven to be more successful than group B aerobic exercise along with ultrasound in reducing pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study was developed to determine the effectiveness of Foot Intensive Exercise Training among subjects with Chronic Ankle Sprain. Purpose: To determine the effect of Foot Intensive Exercise Training and Proprioception Exercise Training in subjects with Chronic Ankle Sprain. Materials and Methods: Thirty subjects with Chronic Ankle Sprain were divided randomly into two equal groups. "Foot Intensive Exercise Group" received plyometric exercises while the Control Group received proprioception exercises on alternate days for 6 weeks. Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) and Y-Balance Test were used to evaluate subjects at two intervals (Pre-Treatment and Post-Treatment). The entire process was performed from November 2022 to March 2023. Result: Statistical analysis of Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool and Y-Balance Test post values revealed constantly significant differences, with the p value of <0.0001. Conclusion: Foot Intensive Exercise is effective and increases functional ankle stability and decreases episodes of giving away in subjects with chronic ankle sprain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In hip arthroplasty, placement of the acetabular cup using only the acetabular anatomy will change the direction of the functional acetabular cup. Computer navigation for hip arthroplasty can improve the accuracy of prosthesis placement. OBJECTIVE: To simulate the operation, simulate the stress size and area of the acetabular cup, and plan the placement direction of the acetabular cup in hip arthroplasty combined with the pelvic tilt angle to explore the influence of the pelvic tilt angle on the stress distribution of the acetabular prosthesis in hip arthroplasty using finite element model. METHODS: X-ray and CT data of the pelvis in six cases (marked A-F) were collected. The ABAQUS 6.14-4 (SIMULIA Inc., French) was used to construct hip models. Six models were established to simulate hip arthroplasty with the front pelvic plane in the supine position as the coordinate plane. According to the pelvic tilt angle in the standing position, for those with pelvic tilt angle ≤ -10° and pelvic tilt angle > 10°, the reference plane of prosthesis implantation was adjusted to establish nine models, which were divided into pre-adjusted models: A(-14°), B(-29°), C(11°); post-adjusted models: Aa(-7°), Bb(-18°), Cc(1°); normal models: D(-8°), E(-2°), F(-9°). In the finite element solving software, constraint fixation simulated the standing on one foot. Joint loading was loaded at the sacroiliac joint, pubic symphysis and greater trochanter. The maximum Von Mises stress distribution of the acetabulum, acetabular cup, and lining of each model were compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Model B showed non-convergence and model A showed non-convergence tendency; model B showed convergence with the supine anterior pelvic plane coordination adjusted. In the nine models, the maximum von Mises stress of the acetabulum was 4.9 MPa in model Cc. The minimum stress was 1.07 MPa in model D. The maximum stress of the acetabular cup was 29.87 MPa in model Bb. The minimum stress was 17.21 MPa in model D. The maximum stress of polyethylene liner weight-bearing was 12.45 MPa in model Bb. The minimum stress was 5.21 MPa in model D. The weightbearing area was located at the middle and upper parts of the acetabulum. (2) The models of the pelvic tilt angle of -14°, -25°, and 11° in the standing position showed maximum values of von Mises stress than the models of -10° < pelvic tilt angle ≤10°. The stress was near the values of models of -10° < pelvic tilt angle ≤10° after adjusting the anterior pelvic plane coordination in the model pelvic tilt angle of -14°, indicating that pelvic tilt angle beyond the range of -10° and 10° is a risk factor for wear and dislocation after total hip arthroplasty. The reset of the anterior pelvic plane in the case of increased pelvic retroversion can reduce the complication in total hip arthroplasty [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Being overweight increases the risk of falls and subsequent injuries. However, conventional functional balance tests may not be appropriate for this population as body weight can affect test performance. Thus, it is crucial to develop reliable methods for assessing balance ability in overweight individuals. Aim: The purpose of this study was to utilize a portable gaming device (Kinect Xbox 360) to measure the center of mass (CoM) of elderly individuals and compare the results between normal weight and overweight elderly women. Methods: The study included 64 female elderly individuals who were divided into two groups: 32 normal weight and 32 overweight subjects, matched for age (matched pairs design). The study collected the body's CoM during the five-time sit-to-stand test (FTSST) using Kinect camera. Additionally, the participants underwent the time up and go test (TUGT) and one-leg standing balance (OLSB) tests. The Kinect Xbox 360 demonstrated high test–retest reliability for measuring body's center of mass sway, with ICC3,1 value of 0.982 in the vertical direction, 0.983 in the mediolateral (ML) direction, and 0.997 in the anteroposterior (AP) direction. Additionally, the technical error of measurement (TEM) was very low at 0.006, 0.002, and 0.004, respectively. The % coefficient of variation ranged from 1.31% to 5.68%, indicating good measurement consistency. Results: Overweight individuals took longer to complete FTSST and TUGT compared to normal weight individuals, but no significant difference was observed in OLSB tests. Moreover, overweight elderly individuals had greater sway length in the ML and AP directions compared to normal weight elderly individuals. Discussion and conclusion: Overweight elderly individuals had poorer balance than their normal weight counterparts when using Kinect camera. The researchers suggest that Kinect device can be a cost-effective alternative to measure balance performance among overweight elderly in the community-based setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the differences in the center of pressure movement in a one-leg standing position with bare feet, thin-soled shoes, and thick-soled shoes. In total, 21 male university students participated in this study. The task involved standing on one leg with the dominant foot for 30 s, and the center of pressure movement was measured using a grab coder (G-620; ANIMA, Tokyo, Japan). Three shoe-wearing states, including bare feet, thin-soled shoes, and thick-soled shoes, with the eyes closed and open in each condition. Statistical analysis was performed, with the significance level set as 5%. In the multiple comparison results, the anteroposterior (AP) locus length, AP locus length per second, and maximum amplitude in the AP direction were significantly larger with thick-soled shoes than with bare feet in the closed eyes state. The locus length per unit area was significantly smaller with the thick-soled shoes than with the barefoot condition. Other items did not differ significantly between the shoe-wearing states. Thick-soled shoes caused a greater center of pressure movement in the AP direction in the static one-leg standing position than did the barefoot state. Our findings suggest that the condition with thick-soled shoes was more unstable in static environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-operative physiotherapy is a major component of the effectiveness of knee replacement. Adequate rehabilitation protocols are required for better functional outcomes. With the advent of smartphones and smartwatches, the use of telerehabilitation has increased recently. This study aims to compare tele rehabilitation using various mobile-based applications to conventional rehabilitation protocols. From Jan 2000 to Jun 2022, all the RCTs from SCOPUS, EMBASE and PUBMED comparing patient-related outcome measures between the smartphone-based app and conventional rehabilitation protocols were scanned and seven studies meeting the eligibility criteria were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The quantitative analysis compared outcomes using the knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS), the knee society function score (KSFS), the active range of motion (AROM), Euro-Qol-5D-5L, and MUA. The qualitative analysis compared VAS, NRS, and Time up and go (TUG). The study shows statistically significant improvement in traditional rehabilitation over app based on KSFS score (M.D.: 6.05, p = 0.05) and AROM on long-term follow-up (12 months) (M.D.: 2.46, p = 0.02). AROM was insignificant on 3 months or less follow-up. NRS and VAS were found to be statistically better in app-based groups. No statistically significant results were seen on KOOS, Euro-Qol-5D-5L, MUA and TUG. 90 days of readmission and a number of physiotherapy visits were more in conventional groups. No difference was seen in single-leg stance and satisfaction rates. The present review highlights improved early pain scores and comparable patient-reported outcome analysis at a short-term follow-up period among patients receiving mobile app-based rehabilitation. However, knee range of motion and KSFS score achieved after surgery is analysed to be better with traditional rehabilitation at the one-year end follow-up period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Chronic low-back pain (CLBP) may be associated with changes in postural balance in athletes as poor postural control during sports practice. Objective: To compare the postural control of athletes with and without CLBP during 2 one-legged stance tasks and identify the center of pressure (COP) cutoff values to determine the main differences. Designed: A cross-sectional study. Setting: Laboratory of functional evaluation and human motor performance. Participants: A total of 56 male athletes, 28 with and 28 without CLBP (mean age = 26 y). Intervention: The one-legged stance with knee extension and with the knee at 30° flexion tasks were measured and analyzed on a force platform. The participants completed three 30-second trials (30 s of rest between each trial). Main Outcome Measures: The COP parameters: the area of COP, mean COP sway velocity in both the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions, and total COP displacement were computed, and a receiver operating characteristics curve analysis was applied to determine the group differences. Results: Athletes with CLBP had poorer postural control (P <.01) in both tasks. The 30° knee flexion reported more postural instability than the knee extension for all COP parameters (a large effect size d = 0.80).The knee extension cutoffs identified were >7.1 cm2 for the COP area, >2.6 cm/s for the COP sway velocity in the anterior-posterior direction, and >3.2 cm/s for the mediolateral direction. Whereas, the 30° knee flexion cutoffs were >10.9 cm2 for the COP area, >2.9 cm/s for the COP sway velocity in the anterior-posterior direction, and >4.1 cm/s for the mediolateral direction. Both measures showed enough sensitivity and specificity (ie, area under the curve = 0.88 in and 0.80, respectively) to discriminate both groups. Conclusions: The athletes with CLBP had poorer postural control than the healthy athletes and obtained specific cutoff scores from the COP values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To compare the postactivation potentiation effects of isometric contraction until failure in double- and single-leg tasks on older women's balance. Methods: The one-legged balance test was performed before and immediately after a rise-to-toes task until the task failure. Older women were divided into two groups: a group performed the task with double leg (n = 43) and the other group with single-leg support (n = 55). Results: The single-leg group showed slower velocity of sway post rise-to-toes task (pre = 4.02 ± 1; post = 3.78 ± 1.15 m/s; p =.04) without differences for the center of pressure path length (pre = 79 ± 21; post = 75 ± 23 cm; p =.08). In the double-leg group, faster velocity of sway (pre = 4 ± 1.22; post = 4.25 ± 1.13; p =.03) and increased center of pressure path length (pre = 80 ± 24; post = 85 ± 23 cm; p =.03) were observed after the task. Conclusions: The single-leg group showed improved balance outcomes due to postactivation potentiation, while the double-leg group showed worsened balance consistent with muscle fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Balance ability is an important factor affecting the posture control of patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain and the main reason for falling, fractures and disabilities. Most of the existing studies only analyze the position of bipedal, and rarely report the static equilibrium characteristics and limits of stability of monopodial and bipedal on the premise of distinguishing the mixed factors brought by dominant and non-dominant legs. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the characteristics of static balance and limits of stability in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain. METHODS: From April 2020 to December 2021, 20 chronic nonspecific low back pain patients (low back pain group) and 20 healthy subjects (healthy group) were recruited among the interns of Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital. The Pro-kin balancer was chosen to perform the static balance of single/biped standing and limit of stability test and to record the index values of the corresponding test, such as: plantar pressure center and limit of stability when bipedal standing, as well as such as the vertical and horizontal amplitude, the mean of vertical and horizontal sway velocities, the area of the movement, and the length of the movement when single and bipedal standing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Under the eyes open/closed state, the plantar center of pressure of the healthy group was concentrated in the axial center, while the low back pain group showed a larger discrete distribution, and the distribution was mainly on the non-dominant leg. (2) Comparing the static balance of bipedal standing: There was no significant difference between the two groups in the open eye state (P > 0.05), and the low back pain group had higher values of static balance indexes than the healthy group in the closed eye state (P < 0.05). (3) Comparing the static balance of standing on one foot: The values of the static balance indexes of the dominant leg in the low back pain group were greater than those of the non-dominant leg (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between the superior and non-dominant legs in the healthy group (P > 0.05). The static balance index value of the dominant leg in the low back pain group was significantly greater than that of the healthy group (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between the two groups on the non-dominant leg (P > 0.05). (4) The limit of stability values on the left side (positive left, front left, rear left) and right side (positive right, front right, rear right) of the healthy group were significantly greater than those of the low back pain group (P < 0.05). (5) The results indicated that the static balance of standing on two feet with eyes closed, the static balance of standing on one foot of the dominant leg and the limit of stability balance ability on the left and right sides was significantly decreased, and the maintenance of balance ability was visually dependent, and there was a great risk of falling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Previous literature suggests that transversus abdominis (TrA) activation is diminished in chronic low back pain (cLBP) subjects compared to healthy subjects in less-functional positions. However, few studies have investigated the effects of upright functional movement on TrA activation in cLBP individuals. OBJECTIVE: This pilot study aimed to compare TrA activation characteristics in healthy and cLBP subjects during the movement of double leg standing (DLS) to single leg standing (SLS) and to a 30 ∘ single leg quarter squat (QSLS). METHODS: TrA activation was determined by the percentage change in TrA thickness from DLS to SLS and DLS to QSLS. TrA thickness was measured in 14 healthy and 14 cLBP participants using ultrasound imaging with a probe holder at 20 mm and 30 mm from the fascia conjunction point. RESULTS: At both measurement points (20 and 30 mm), there were no significant main effects of body sides, lower limb movements and the interactions between them on TrA activations between the healthy and cLBP participants even after covariates were adjusted for (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Results from this study suggest the evaluation of TrA activation during upright functional movements as part of an assessment for cLBP management may not be suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walking or balancing on a slackline has gained increasing popularity as a recreational and school sport, and has been found to be suitable for developing neuromuscular control. The metabolic requirements for neuromuscular control on slackline, however, have not been well described. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the metabolic demands of slacklining in less and more advanced slackliners. Nineteen slackliners performed several 4 min balance tasks: parallel and one-leg stance on stable platform (2LS and 1LS), 1 leg stance on a slackline (1LSS), walking at a self-selected speed and at a given speed of 15 m min−1 on a slackline (WSS and WGS). Expired gas samples were collected for all participants and activities using a portable metabolic system. During1 LS and 1LSS, there were 140% and 341% increases in oxygen uptake (V̇O2) with respect to V̇O2 rest, respectively. During slackline walking, V̇O2 increased by 460% and 444% at self-selected and given speed, respectively. More advanced slackliners required mean metabolic demands 0.377 ± 0.065 and 0.289 ± 0.050 kJ·kg−1·min−1 (5.7 ± 0.95 and 3.9 ± 0.6 MET) for WGS and 1LSS, respectively, whilst less advanced slackliners, 0.471 ± 0.081 and 0.367 ± 0.086 kJ·kg−1·min−1 (6.4 ± 1.2 and 5.0 ± 1.1 MET) for WGS and 1LSS, respectively. Our data suggest that balancing tasks on slackline require V̇O2 corresponding to exercise intensities from light to moderate intensity. More advanced slackliners had a ∼25% reduced energy expenditure when compared with lower ability counterparts during simple balance tasks on the slackline. Highlights Balancing on a slackline is metabolically demanding and slackline training is suitable not only to develop neuromuscular control but also to meet cardiovascular fitness demands. Improved postural control demonstrated by skilled slackliners reduces by ∼25% metabolic cost of balancing tasks on a slackline when compared to less skilled counterparts. Falls during slacklining increase the metabolic demands of the activity. Three falls per minute during walking on a slackline increase the oxygen uptake by ∼50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of dual task (DT) balance exercises on functional status, balance, and DT performance in children with Down Syndrome (DS). Participants were divided into two groups: intervention group (IG; n = 13) and control group (CG;n = 14). WeeFIM was used to measure the functional independence level and balance was evaluated using the Pediatric Balance Scale. DT performance was assessed using Timed Up and Go, Single Leg Stance, Tandem-Stance and 30 s Sit to Stand tests without concomitant task, with motor task or cognitive task. The IG received 16 sessions of DT training twice a week for 8 weeks. Functional level, balance, and DT performance improved significantly in the IG, whereas only balance improved in the CG. Significantly better results were achieved in the IG, as demonstrated by greater pre/post-treatment changes. DT balance exercises improved functional level, balance and DT performance of children with DS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Kinesiotape application is one of the non-pharmacological methods frequently used in patients with knee OA. Guidelines do not have a consensus on its use in knee osteoarthritis (OA). OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to investigate the acute effect of kinesiotape application on pain, balance, and gait performance in patients with knee OA. METHODS: We included 164 patients with grade 1–3 knee OA according to the Kellgren-Lawrence staging system in the study. Patients were evaluated with visual analog scale (VAS), 10-meter walking test (10MeWT), timed-up and go test (TUG-T), single leg stance test (SLST), and functional reach test (FRT) before and after taping. RESULTS: There was a significant improvement in the post-taping scores of all evaluation parameters in the kinesiotaping group compared with pre-taping scores. Statistically significant improvement was found in all scores of evaluated parameters except FRT scores in the placebo taping group. We found a significant superiority in the mean recovery scores of the kinesiotaping group compared to the placebo-taping group in all parameters except for 10MeWT. CONCLUSIONS: We found significant improvements in both groups. The mean improvement levels in pain and balance scores were better in the KT group than in the PT group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The lower quarter Y-Balance Test (YBT-LQ) is associated with injury risk; however, ankle range of motion impacts YBT-LQ. Arch height and foot sensation impact static balance, but these characteristics have not yet been evaluated relative to YBT-LQ. Objective: Determine if arch height index (AHI), forefoot sensation (SEN), and ankle dorsiflexion predict YBT-LQ composite score (CS). Design: Descriptive cohort. Setting: Athletic training laboratory. Participants: Twenty general population (14 females and 6 males; mean [SD]: age 35 [18] y, weight 70.02 [16.76] kg, height 1.68 [0.12] m) participated in this study. Interventions: AHI measurement system assessed arch height in 10% (AHI10) and 90% (AHI90) weight-bearing. Two-point discrim-a-gon discs assessed sensation (SEN) at the plantar great toe, third and fifth metatarsal heads. Biplane goniometer and weight-bearing lunge tests were used to measure static and weight-bearing dorsiflexion, respectively. The YBT-LQ assessed dynamic single-leg balance. Results: For right-limb dynamic single-leg balance, AHI90 and SEN were included in the final sequential prediction equation; however, neither model significantly (P = .052 and .074) predicted variance in YBT-LQ CS. For left-limb dynamic single-leg balance, both SEN and weight-bearing lunge test were included in the final sequential prediction equation. The regression model (SEN and weight-bearing lunge test) significantly (P = .047) predicted 22% of the variance in YBT-LQ CS. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that foot characteristics may play a role in YBT-LQ CS. The authors did not assess limb dominance in this study; therefore, the authors are unable to determine which limb would be the stance versus kicking limb. However, altered SEN and weight-bearing dorsiflexion appear to be contributing factors to YBT-LQ CS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testing balance and fall risk with older adults of varying abilities is of increasing importance. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of the lower quarter Y-balance test (YBT-LQ) in older adults. A secondary aim was to provide estimates of reliability with this population. A total of 30 male (n = 15) and female (n = 15) subjects (66.8 ± 6.5 years) performed the YBT-LQ, 30-s chair stand test, 8-foot up and go test, timed up and go test, single-leg stance, and Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale questionnaire. The YBT-LQ was performed on two separate occasions by two investigators in random order. YBT-LQ was significantly correlated with age (p < .01), timed up and go test (p = .003), 8-foot up and go test (p < .001), 30-s chair stand test (p < .001), Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (p = .002), and single-leg stance (p = .005) performance. The intraclass correlation coefficient (3,1) score for the reliability of the YBT-LQ was .95 (95% confidence interval [.89, .97]). The YBT-LQ appears to be a valid and reliable assessment to use with older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Purpose This study aimed to evaluate how a two-week program using the in-phase mode of a balance adjustment system (the BASYS) affected postural control in participants with chronic ankle instability (CAI). It was hypothesized that the in-phase mode on the BASYS would lead to improved postural control compared with training on a balance disc. Study Design Randomized control trial. Methods Twenty participants with CAI were recruited. The participants were divided into two intervention groups: the BASYS (n = 10) and Balance Disc (BD; cushion type, n = 10). All participants underwent six supervised training sessions over a two-week period. Static postural control during single leg standing with closed eyes was assessed for the CAI limb. We collected COP data while participants balanced on the BASYS. The test was performed for 30 sec, and the total trajectory length and 95% ellipse area were calculated. In the assessment of dynamic postural stability, Y-Balance tests-anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions were measured on the CAI limb for all participants and normalized to the individual's leg length. Participants were recorded at three instances: pretraining (Pre), post-training 1 (Post1: after the first training), and post-training 2 (Post2: after the last training). Results There was an effect on time in the COP total trajectory length of the BASYS group, which was significantly decreased for Post 1 and Post 2 than for the Pre (p = 0.001, 0.0001). Group differences and time-by-group interactions were not observed for either of the Y-balance test reach distances. Conclusions The study's primary finding was that two weeks of intervention in the in-phase mode on the BASYS improved static postural control in participants with CAI. Level of Evidence Level I, randomized control trial [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lamb–Shaffer syndrome (LAMSHF) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused by heterozygous mutation or microdeletion involving the SOX5 gene. LAMSHF is characterize by developmental delay, intellectual disability, poor expressive speech, mild dysmorphic facial features and skeletal abnormalities. Case presentation: We presented a case of a child with delayed psychomotor development in all areas, scoliosis, peculiar facies, and suspicion of intermittent endotropia, alteration in the alignment of one foot and difficulty in standing. These clinical features lead to genetics studies, in which a novel pathogenic variant in the SOX5 gene was detected in association with LAMSHF. Conclusions: LAMSHF should be suspected in patients with developmental delay, speech delay, intellectual disability, behavioural disturbances, ophthalmological alterations and skeletal abnormalities. A novel pathogenic mutation in the SOX5 gene c.1627del p.(Tyr543IlefsTer14) was identified in this patient as responsible of Lamb–Shaffer syndrome. This case contributes to understanding the genetic characteristics, clinical features, and diagnosis of LAMSHF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: The Wii Balance Board (WBB) can be used for assessment of steady state balance (SSB), but its reliability has not been studied in children aged 6–9 years. This study aimed to determine the test-retest reliability of the WBB for measuring SSB in this population. A secondary aim was to determine the minimum detectable change (MDC) and standard error of measurement (SEM) of the WBB in children aged 6–9 years. METHODS: 52 children between 6–9 years of age participated. "One leg stand balance" was used to assess center of pressure velocity (COPV) and center of pressure area (COPA) on three occasions by the same tester. Two tests were conducted on the same day (Day 1) and the third test was performed on another day (Day 2), with a period of 5–13 days between the two test days. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC 3,1), SEMs, and MDC were calculated. RESULTS: Intra-day test-retest reliability of COPA was found to be good (ICC3,1 =0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75, 0.92) and that of COPV was also found to be good (ICC3,1 =0.87; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.92). Inter-day test-retest reliability was found to be good for COPA (ICC3,1 = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.93) and COPV (ICC3,1 = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.94). SEM for COPA in intra-day testing was 18.90 mm2 (15.78%), and in inter-day testing it was 16.44 mm2 (13.61%). SEM for COPV in intra-day testing was 1.12 mm/s (7.6%), and in inter-day testing it was 1.01 mm/s (6.9%). MDC for COPA in intra-day testing was 52.41mm2 (42.75%), and in inter-day testing was 45.58 mm2 (35.75%). MDC for COPV in intra-day testing was 3.11 mm/s (21.2%), and in inter-day testing it was 2.80 mm/s (18.9%). CONCLUSION: The WBB has good test-retest reliability for assessing SSB of children between 6-9 years. COPA measurements appear to be less sensitive to clinical changes in SSB when compared to COPV. Assessment of validity of the WBB in this age group is recommended before it can be considered as a potential balance assessment tool in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: The First-time Injurious Fall (FIF) screening tool was created to identify fall risk in community-living older men and women, who may be targets for primary preventive interventions. The FIF tool consists of 3 self-reported questions and 1 physical test (1-leg standing balance). The purpose of this study was to examine the predictive ability of the FIF tool and a modified FIF tool (in which 1-leg standing is replaced by self-reported balance) for first-time injurious falls. Methods: A cohort of 1194 community-living people 60 years and older from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K), Sweden, was followed longitudinally for 5 years. Data on injurious falls were collected from registered data and were defined as receipt of care after a fall. The predictive ability of the FIF tool and the m-FIF tool was explored using Harrell's C statistic, stratified by sex. Results and Discussion: The injurious fall rate per 1000 person-years was 54.9 (95% CI: 47.22-63.78) for women and 36.3 (95% CI: 28.84-45.78) for men. The predictive ability for women and men according to Harrell's C statistic was 0.70 and 0.71 for the FIF tool and the m-FIF tool. The predictive ability was 0.70 and 0.69 for 1-leg standing, and 0.65 and 0.60 for self-reported balance problems. Conclusions: The m-FIF tool presented similar predictive ability as the FIF tool regarding first-time injurious falls. This finding could extend the usefulness of the tool to other settings, such as to electronic health (eHealth). A quickly and easily administered screening tool can help physical therapists to identify people with a high risk of falling who may need to undergo a more comprehensive fall risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study's aim was two-fold: (i) to test the intra-session reliability of the one-leg balance activity test; and (ii) to assess the influence of age on reaction time (RT) and the differences between dominant and non-dominant feet. Fifty young soccer players with an average age of 12.4 ± 1.8 years were divided into two groups: younger soccer players (n = 26; 11.6 ± 0.9 years) and older soccer players (n = 24; 14.2 ± 0.8 years). Each group then completed four trials (two with each leg) of the one-leg balance activity (OLBA) to evaluate RT under a single-leg stance. Mean RT and the number of hits were calculated, and the best trial was also selected. T-tests and Pearson correlations were performed for statistical analysis. Values for RT were lower, and the number of hits was higher while standing on the non-dominant foot (p = 0.01). MANOVA revealed that the "Dominant Leg" factor did not affect the multivariate composite (Pillai Trace = 0.05; F(4, 43) = 0.565; p = 0.689; Partial ETA Squared = 0.050; Observed Power = 0.174). The "Age" factor did not present an effect on the multivariate composite (Pillai Trace = 0.104; F(4, 43) = 1.243; p = 0.307; Partial ETA Squared = 0.104; Observed Power = 0.355). The results of the present investigation demonstrate that RT may be lower while standing on the non-dominant foot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background and purpose: Chinese mind–body exercise-Baduanjin has received increasing attention for health promotion among middle-aged and older adults in China, but there is a lack of high-quality evidence on its effectiveness. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of Baduanjin on physical function in middle-aged and older adults. Methods: Seven electronic databases were searched for articles published before 22 June 2021 with the keywords Baduanjin exercise combined with physical-function-related outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed in the included studies, and data were analyzed using Review Manager software V5.3. Results: Fifteen articles, including 14 randomized controlled trials, were included in this study. The results of the meta-analysis showed that Baduanjin significantly improved muscle strength (grip strength: SMD = 0.63, 95% CI 0.22 to 1.04, p = 0.003), balance ability (timed up-and-go test score: MD = -2.21, 95% CI -3.91 to -0.51, p = 0.01; one-leg stand test score: MD = 3.75, 95% CI 1.96 to 5.55, p < 0.0001; Berg balance scale score: MD = 4.16, 95% CI 2.49 to 5.83, p < 0.00001; strengthening Romberg's test result: SMD = 1.02, 95% CI 0.17 to 1.86, p = 0.02); and cardiorespiratory fitness (diastolic blood pressure: MD = -3.62, 95% CI -3.95 to -3.30, p < 0.00001; resting heart rate: MD = -1.30, 95% CI -1.57 to -1.03, p < 0.00001; step test: MD = 4.25, 95% CI 0.76 to 7.74, p = 0.02). No adverse events were reported. Conclusions: Baduanjin exercise may be an effective intervention to improve physical function in the middle-aged and elderly population. However, more RCTs with larger sample sizes and more rigorous research designs are needed in the future to confirm the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although research supports the feasibility and reliability of health-related physical fitness (HRPF) tests in typically developing children and adolescents, little is known regarding the feasibility and reliability of these tests for those with hearing impairments (HI). The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and reliability of a HRPF test battery for children and adolescents with HI. A test–retest design with a one-week interval was conducted with 26 participants with HI (mean age: 12.7 ± 2.8 years; 9 male). The feasibility and reliability of seven field-based HRPF tests (i.e., body mass index, grip strength, standing long jump, vital capacity, long distance run, sit-and-reach, one leg stand) were evaluated. All the tests showed high feasibility (completion rate > 90%). Six tests indicated good to excellent test–retest reliability (all intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] > 0.75) while the one leg stand test showed poor reliability (ICC = 0.36). Relatively large percentages of standard error of measurement (SEM%) and minimal detectable change (MDC%) were observed in the sit-and-reach test (SEM% = 52.4%, MDC% = 145.2%) and one leg stand test (SEM% = 107.9%, MDC% = 299.2%), whereas the rest of the tests demonstrated reasonable SEM% and MDC% values. Collectively, most of the tests can be feasibly and reliably used to assess HRPF for children and adolescents with HI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The single-leg squat task is often used as a rehabilitative exercise or as a screening tool for the functional movement of the lower limb. Objective: To establish the effect of 3 different positions of the nonstance leg on 3-dimensional kinematics, muscle activity, and center of mass displacement during a single-leg squat. Design: Within-subjects, repeated-measures design. Setting: Movement analysis laboratory. Participants: A total of 10 participants, aged 28.2 (4.42) years performed 3 squats to 60° of knee flexion with the nonstance (1) hip at 90° flexion and knee at 90° flexion, (2) hip at 30° flexion with the knee fully extended, or (3) hip in neutral/0° and the knee flexed to 90°. Main Outcome Measures: Trunk, hip, knee and ankle joint angles, and center of mass displacement were recorded with inertial sensors while muscle activity was captured through wireless electromyography. Results: Most trunk flexion (21.38° [18.43°]) occurred with the nonstance hip at 90° and most flexion of the stance hip (23.10° [6.60°]) occurred with the nonstance hip at 0°. Biceps femoris activity in the 90° squat was 40% more than in the 0° squat, whereas rectus femoris activity in the 0° squat was 29% more than in the 90° squat. Conclusion: The position of the nonstance limb should be standardized when the single-leg squat is used for assessment and be adapted to the aim when used in rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: There are still many controversies about how to implant the tibiofibular joint screw. With the gradual development of computer technology, finite element method has been continuously applied in the field of orthopedics, and the reliability of this technology has been greatly improved. OBJECTIVE: To study the biomechanical characteristics of different angle fixation of the tibiofibular syndesmosis with a single tibiofibular syndesmosis screw by establishing a three-dimensional finite element model of the ankle joint. METHODS: Based on the CT image, Mimics software and Geomagic Studio software were used to establish the ankle joint model and verify its validity. The model was imported into Solidworks software. The finite element model of fixing the inferior tibiofibular joints with screws at six different angles (Model a: 15° forward, 10° upward, model b: 15° forward, 15° upward, model c: 15° forward, 20° upward, model d: 25° forward, 10° upward, model e : 25° forward, 15° upward, model f: 25° forward, 20° upward) was established to simulate the force mode of the ankle joint when the human body stood on one foot in neutral position. The maximum stress distribution and the maximum displacement of screws with different angle fixing methods were compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Under internal rotation and external rotation loads, the maximum stress point of the screw was between the tibia and fibula near the tibia. Under internal rotation load, the maximum stresses of models a, b, c, d, e, and f were 53.38, 52.05, 52.63, 54.39, 53.85, and 52.83 MPa, respectively. Under external rotation load, the maximum stresses of models a, b, c, d, e, and f screw were 73.75, 71.62, 66.81, 77.96, 75.31, and 74.60 MPa, respectively. (2) Under internal rotation load, the maximum displacements of models a, b, c, d, e, and f were 3.27, 3.25, 3.2, 2.83, 2.99, and 2.98 mm, respectively. Under external rotation load, the maximum displacements of models a, b, c, d, e, and f screw were 2.69, 2.71, 2.75, 2.41, 2.53, and 2.55 mm. (3) In conclusion, under internal and external rotation loads, the screw position is fixed at an angle of 25° forward for greater stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near falls, such as stumbles or slips without falling to the ground, are more common than falls and often lead to a fall. The objective of this study was to investigate which balance tests differentiate near fallers from fallers and non-fallers. This cross-sectional, observational study assessed balance in healthy community dwelling adults aged 40–75 years. Participants reported falls and near falls in the previous 6 months. Balance testing was completed in the local community for static (i.e. feet together and single-leg stance) and dynamic balance (i.e. tandem walk, Functional Movement Screen hurdle step and lunge). Between-group comparative analysis of pass-fail for each balance test was undertaken. Of 627 participants, there were 99 fallers (15.8%), 121 near fallers (19.3%) and 407 non-fallers (64.9%). Near fallers were twice as likely as non-fallers to fail single-leg stance eyes (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.5–4.9), five tandem steps (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.5–5.7), hurdle step (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.4–5.8), and lunge (OR 2.5. 95% CI 1.5–4.1). The predictive capacity differentiates near fallers with a sensitivity of 73.3%. A new battery of tests assessing static and dynamic balance identifies near fallers in seemingly healthy, community dwelling middle- and young-older-aged adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lack of stability during stance negatively impacts gait and motor function for children with unilateral cerebral palsy. Improving stability and balance are the focus for gait rehabilitation). The One-Leg-Standing-Test may give valuable information about motor function and stability of stance for patients with unilateral cerebral palsy. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the One-Leg-Standing-Test and the gross-motor-function-measurement and single-limb support time. The study included 18 patients with unilateral cerebral palsy (age 11.08 [SD 2.84] years old). The One-Leg-Standing-Test and pedobarographic evaluation were performed. Sections D and E of the gross-motor-function-measurement were assessed, and in pedobarographic evaluation, the single-limb support time (the total duration of mid-stance and terminal-stance during walking) was calculated to describe stability during stance. For patients, the One-Leg-Standing-Test scores and single-limb support time values were lower on the affected side than on the unaffected side. The One-Leg-Standing-Test was correlated with single-limb support time (p =.02, r = 0.60) and section E (p <.01, r = 0.59) values. The One-Leg-Standing-Test was also correlated to total stance phase and section D. The One-Leg-Standing-Test gives valuable information about gross-motor-function but cannot be substituted for motor function tests. The single-limb support time value may be used to describe stability in stance during walking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While investigators have often compared ankle proprioception between groups with and without chronic ankle instability (CAI), findings have been inconsistent. Possibly this is because ankle proprioceptive impairment in this population is task-specific. Thus, we aimed to compare ankle inversion proprioception in individuals with and without CAI in two task conditions: (i) when standing (not challenging) and (ii) when on a step-down landing (minimally-challenging). Ankle inversion proprioception was measured in both conditions for 38 recreational sport player volunteers with CAI (n = 19) and without CAI (n = 19). We used the Active Movement Extent Discrimination Apparatus (AMEDA) for the standing condition and the Ankle Inversion Discrimination Apparatus-Landing (AIDAL) for step-down landing. From analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests, CAI and non-CAI participants performed equally well on the AMEDA when standing; but the CAI group performed significantly worse than the non-CAI group on the AIDAL step-down landing task (p = 0.03). Within the non-CAI group, the AIDAL proprioceptive scores, as area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC), were significantly higher than their AMEDA AUC scores (p = 0.03), while there was no significant difference between AIDAL and AMEDA AUC scores in the CAI group. Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool CAIT scores were significantly correlated with AIDAL scores (Spearman's rho = 0.391, p = 0.015), but not with the AMEDA scores; and there was no significant correlation between the AIDAL and AMEDA scores. Thus, an ankle inversion proprioceptive deficit was evident for persons with CAI on the step-down AIDAL, and in a dose-response way, but not evident on the standing AMEDA, suggesting that ankle proprioceptive impairment is task-specific. Selected proprioceptive tests must present some minimal degree of challenge to the ankle joint in a functional task in order to differentiate CAI from non-CAI participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Children aged 10 to 12 years often show dangerous maneuvers during landing, which include increased knee valgus, placing them at higher risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. The study aimed to investigate the relation of the trunk and hip kinematics with the peak knee abduction angle during single-leg landing among preadolescent female soccer players. Methods: Thirty-six preadolescent female soccer players aged 10 to 12 years attended the study. Participants did a static trial and after that performed landing trials. A single-leg landing was applied to assess the landing kinematics. A three-dimensional motion capture system was applied to analyze trunk, hip, and knee kinematics. Results: Pearson correlation coefficient demonstrated a significantly positive relationship between peak hip internal rotation angle (r=0.361) (P=0.03) and peak knee abduction angle. Furthermore, no significant relationship was identified between peak hip adduction (r=-0.102) (P=0.55), peak trunk rotation (r=0.239) (P=0.16), peak trunk lateral flexion (r=0.052) (P=0.76), and peak valgus knee. Discussion: Peak hip rotation angle was correlated with the valgus knee with a weak correlation value among preadolescent female soccer players. Future studies should consider kinematic risk factors related to ACL injuries in combination with neuromuscular control trunk and hip during more demanding tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children's exercise habits have changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to examine the physical function and physical activity of preadolescent children before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional study compared time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), grip strength, single-leg standing time, and two-step tests of healthy children aged 10 to 12 years, enrolled from January 2018 to January 2020 (pre-COVID-19 group, n = 177) and from January 2021 to September 2022 (during-COVID-19 group, n = 69). The during-COVID-19 group had weaker grip strength (median: 14.4 vs. 15.8 kg; p = 0.012), worse performance on the two-step test (mean: 1.56 vs. 1.60; p = 0.013), and less MVPA (median: 4 vs. 7 h per week; p = 0.004). Logistic regression showed that the during-COVID-19 group was significantly related to weaker grip strength (odds ratio: 0.904, 95% CI: 0.829–0.986; p = 0.022) and worse performance in the two-step test (odds ratio: 0.976, 95% CI: 0.955–0.997; p = 0.028). The COVID-19 pandemic decreased exercise opportunities for preadolescent children, which may have had a negative impact on muscle strength and balance. It is essential to increase the amount of MVPA among preadolescent children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of gaze fixation and different kinds of smooth-pursuit eye movements on the trunk and lower extremity muscle activities and center of pressure. Methods: Twenty-four subjects were selected for the study. The activity of trunk and lower limb muscles (tibialis anterior, lateral gastrocnemius, medial gastrocnemius, vastus midialis obliques, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, rectus abdominis, and erector spinae) and the COP (center of pressure) (surface area ellipse, length, and average speed) were measured to observe the effects of gaze fixation and different kinds of smooth-pursuit eye movements on the center of pressure and muscle activities during one leg standing. Before the experiment, a Gaze point GP3 HD Eye Tracker (Gazept, Vancouver, BC, Canada) was used to train eye movement so that the subjects would be familiar with smooth eye movement. Repeated each exercise 3 times at random. In order to avoid the sequence deviation caused by fatigue, the movement sequence is randomly selected. Result: The center of pressure and muscle activities were increased significantly when the smooth-pursuit eye movement with one leg standing compared with gaze fixation with one leg standing. In smooth-pursuit eye movements, the changes in the center of pressure and muscle activities were increased significantly with eye and head movement. When the head and eyes moved in opposite directions, the center of pressure and muscle activities were increased more than with any other exercises. Conclusion: Smooth-pursuit eye movement with one leg movement affects balance. In particular, in the smooth-pursuit eye movement with one leg standing, there were higher requirements for balance when the eyes and head move in the opposite direction. Therefore, this movement can be recommended to people who need to enhance their balance ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnitude of trunk acceleration reflects the ground reaction force. This study compared the frequency of high trunk accelerations during single-leg landing after an overhead stroke between junior and adolescent badminton players, and examined the difference in each directive magnitude according to age and landing leg. Thirty-eight female badminton players (17 junior and 21 adolescent athletes) played two singles games while wearing a tri-axial accelerometer on their upper back. The frequency and 95% confidence interval (CI) of single-leg landings that generated >4-G resultant acceleration, and each directive magnitude were calculated. A two-factorial analysis of variance (factor 1: group, factor 2: landing leg) was performed to determine the effects of age and different landing patterns. Frequency of single-leg landings following an overhead stroke in the adolescent athletes (mean, 1.71 cases/min; 95% CI, 1.59–1.83 cases/min) was higher than that in the junior athletes (mean, 1.13 cases/min; 95% CI, 1.01–1.25 cases/min). The adolescent athletes exhibited greater mediolateral acceleration in the movement towards racket-hand leg and anteroposterior acceleration in the movement towards the opposite leg than the junior athletes. This cross-sectional study suggests that the frequency and movement pattern associated with high-load landing in badminton games differ between junior and adolescent athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We examined ADL decline in older adults at day care services. • We calculated cut-off values for motor performance tests to predict ADL decline. • Decline in multiple motor performance tests is strongly associated with ADL decline. This study aimed to predict decline in activities of daily living (ADL) in older adults requiring long-term care, using motor performance tests. This prospective cohort study was conducted among 3948 older adults using day care services in Japan. ADL decline was assessed using the Functional Independence Measure at the start of day care service use and 12 months later. Grip strength (GS), one-leg standing (OLS), and comfortable walking speed (CWS) were measured as baseline motor performance tests. To predict ADL decline using motor performance tests, we calculated cut-off values using receiver operating characteristics curves and odds ratios using logistic regression analysis. In total, 521 participants had ADL decline at 12 months of follow-up. The cut-off values for each motor performance test were as follows (for men/women): GS < 24 kg/16 kg, OLS < 2 s/3 s, and CWS < 0.77 m/s/0.71 m/s. The odds ratios based on the number of items with scores below the cut-off were 1.84 for one item, 3.19 for two items, and 5.20 for three items. Motor performance tests are effective in predicting ADL decline in older adults requiring long-term care, and combining the results of multiple items is even more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporal gait asymmetry (TGA) affects 55% of people with stroke. This study investigated the effects of augmented feedback during overground gait training, on TGA. Eighteen people with chronic stroke were randomized to receive one of two feedback displays (A or B) and one of three feedback frequencies; no feedback (0%), after alternate walking trials (50%) or after every trial (100%). Display A depicted the TGA ratio as a vertical line along a horizontal axis with perfect symmetry in the middle. Display B depicted single limb stance duration of each leg as a bar graph. Participants completed 25 repetitions of 30 second trials with their assigned feedback (acquisition). Participants completed 10 repetitions of 30 second trials without feedback 24 hours later (retention). A pressure sensitive mat recorded TGA and speed. Changes in TGA and speed were investigated by plotting individual motor learning curves and fitting a curve with locally estimated scatterplot smoothing (LOESS) for each feedback group. An effect of feedback was defined a priori as a LOESS fitted curve with a decreasing slope from acquisition to retention. LOESS curve exhibited a decreasing slope for TGA in the 100B group only and for speed in the 50A and 0FB groups. This study provides preliminary evidence that visual feedback delivered at a high frequency during a single session of overground walking can change TGA post-stroke without reducing gait speed. An overground gait intervention with high frequency visual feedback to improve TGA post-stroke is worthwhile to investigate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The single leg squat (SLS) motion imitates various maneuvers in sports. It is commonly used as a functional test for the lower limb. SLS with two-dimensional (2-D) video analysis is regularly performed in the clinical setting to assess dynamic knee valgus (DKV). However, 2-D video analysis may not be able to demonstrate the same level of accuracy as three-dimensional (3-D) motion analysis. Purpose This study aimed to determine the within- and between-day reliability as well as the concurrent validity of 2-D and 3-D motion analysis of lower limb kinematics during 45° and 60° SLS among physically active females with and without DKV. Study Design Cross-sectional study Methods A total of 34 physically active females (17 individuals with excessive DKV and 17 without DKV) participated in the study. Their DKV was determined based on the cut-off values of knee frontal plane projection angle during drop landing. Their lower limb kinematics during SLS at 45° and 60° knee flexion were captured simultaneously by digital cameras (2-D motion capture) and infrared cameras (3-D motion capture). Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was used as an indicator for within- and between-day reliability tests of both groups. Bland-Altman Plot and Pearson correlation were used to examine the validity of 2-D and 3-D motion capture methods in evaluating knee valgus angle. Results Two-dimensional knee FPPA and 3-D knee angle measured during 45° and 60° SLS in normal and excessive DKV groups showed moderate to excellent within-day and between-day reliability (ICC≥ 0.50). The current study showed that the 2-D knee frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) during 45° SLS were valid for the non-dominant leg in both groups. Additionally, the 2-D knee FPPA during 60° SLS were valid for non-dominant leg in excessive DKV group and dominant leg in normal group. Conclusion Two-dimensional knee FPPA during 45° and 60° SLS also showed high within- and between-day reliability for both groups. The validity of 2-D knee FPPA during SLS depends on the squat depth, stance leg, and presence of DKV. Level of Evidence 2B [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]