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Carbon dioxide-enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) has gained widespread attention in light of the declining conventional oil reserves. Moreover, CO2-EOR contributes to the reduction of the global emissions of greenhouse gases through CO2 sequestration in subsurface geologic formations. This method has been largely used in the petroleum industry for several decades especially for extracting oil from light-to-medium oil reservoirs approaching an advanced state of maturity. Traditionally, CO2 is used in a continuous flooding scheme for EOR. However, continuous CO2 flooding tends to be problematic due to unfavorable mobility, viscous fingering/channeling and early breakthrough of CO2, especially in the presence of reservoir heterogeneities. In this paper, recent developments in the methods used to overcome these problems are reviewed. These developments include CO2 water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection, polymer-assisted CO2 injection, surfactant-assisted CO2 mobility control (CO2-foam injection), and nanoparticle-assisted CO2 flooding. Each method addresses, to an extent, one or more of the problems associated with conventional CO2 flooding. Furthermore, incorporating more than one method can provide better performance in terms of CO2 mobility control and oil recovery. In comparison with CO2-WAG and CO2-foam injection methods, the use of polymers and nanoparticles with CO2 flooding is relatively new. These two new methods were mostly investigated experimentally, at the laboratory level, and they still need further development prior to field implementation.

Iraq is located on the northeastern parts of the Arabian Plate, which has been particularly exposed to tectonic movements in past geological periods, where there are several giant fields that contain most of the country’s oil reserves. The structural features of the oil fields of southern Iraq (Mishrif and Zubeir) form a number of factors that complicate the construction and operation of wells for oil production in the region.Possible negative consequences of the corrosion processes of oil and gas equipment and the prospective use of new technologies and materials were considered, taking into account the fact that waterflooding is currently the main technology in oil production in Iraq, which in these conditions requires a large amount of water and carries a number of negative factors that complicate operation of oil production equipment.These main factors are the content of acid gases (hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide), high mineralization of formation water, mainly due to the presence of chloride ions, elevated temperature, which is due to the depth of drilling and well operation. The negative consequences of corrosion of oil and gas equipment are given. The study was based on an integrated approach, which was carried out by analyzing data on the formation of geological conditions in southern Iraq (tectonics, stratigraphy, lithological-facial and hydrological analysis), generalization of world experience in oil production, use of oil and gas resources.

The rapidly expanding and energy-intensive production from the Canadian oil sands, one of the largest oil reserves globally, accounts for almost 12 % of Canada's greenhouse gas emissions according to inventories. Developing approaches for evaluating reported methane (CH4) emission is crucial for developing effective mitigation policies, but only one study has characterized CH4 sources in the Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR). We tested the use of 14C and 13C carbon isotope measurements in ambient CH4 from the AOSR to estimate source contributions from key regional CH4 sources: (1) tailings ponds, (2) surface mines and processing facilities, and (3) wetlands. The isotopic signatures of ambient CH4 indicate that the CH4 enrichments measured at the site were mainly influenced by fossil CH4 emissions from surface mining and processing facilities (56 ± 18 %), followed by fossil CH4 emissions from tailings ponds (34 ± 18 %) and to a lesser extent modern CH4 emissions from wetlands (10 ± CH4 emissions and show that this method can successfully distinguish wetland CH4 emissions. In the future, the isotopic characterization of CH4 sources and measurements from different seasons and wind directions are needed to provide a better source attribution in the AOSR.

The manufacturing industry in Iraq has faced, during the time stages, several obstacles that have had devastating effects on the Iraqi economy. These obstacles are represented by political events and wars that have led to the depletion of most human and material resources and the suspension of most vital industrial facilities from working, And the occurrence of this major deviation in the process of economic development, For the same reasons, the contributions of the manufacturing sector to the gross domestic product varied fluctuatingly, indicating instability in the growth rates of this sector, On the other hand, the supremacy of the belief that the dominance of oil resources as a main source for creating economic growth and achieving a high level of prosperity placed the manufacturing sector a place of great neglect. The result is that growth in this sector has become distorted in light of the heavy dependence on the oil sector. This study aims to estimate the production functions in the manufacturing industry in Iraq. Through which the existing production relations in this industry can be analyzed, And the extent of the possibility of substituting the factors of production, and measuring the flexibility of production for the factor of labor and capital, and marginal productivity.

Conventional oil reserves in Colombia are depleted. The country´s reserve-to-production ratio is estimated as 5 years. Therefore, the search for new resources and their conversion into proven reserves are essential. In this case, the production of unconventional reservoirs is an option in Colombia. This work evaluates the technical and economic feasibility of the production of a Tight Oil source rock reservoir, considering parameters such as fracture shape factor, fracture propagation, fracture pressure, international oil price, petrophysical characteristics, fluid properties, drilling cost, completion, and fiscal regime. The methodological development of the work allowed concluding that this reservoir located in the middle Magdalena Valley basin has production potential and those factors such as the type of completion, drilling technique, and cost of lifting the resource have a significant impact on the viability of the project. Resumen Las reservas de petróleo proveniente de reservorios convenvionales en Colombia son escazas, la relación reserva/producción en el país es de 5 años. De esta manera, la búsqueda por nuevas reservas y producción de nuevos recursos son imprescindibles. Así, la producción de yacimientos no convencionales es una salida a la escasez de producción de crudo. Este trabajo evalúa la factibilidad técnica y económica de la producción de un yacimiento de roca generadora Tight Oil, fueron considerados parámetros como factor de forma de la fractura, propagación de la fractura, presión de fracturamiento, precio internacional del petróleo, características petrofísicas, propiedades de los fluidos, costo de perforación, completamiento y el régimen fiscal. El desarrollo metodológico del trabajo permitió concluir que este yacimiento ubicado en la cuenca del valle medio del magdalena tiene potencial de producción y que factores como el tipo de completamiento, técnica de perforación y costo del levantamiento del recurso tienen un impacto significativo en la viabilidad del proyecto.

The oil production and refining processes are directly dependent on historical and political processes. The world wars of the 20th century were catalysts for the transformation of oil as the main energy resource. The capacity of enterprises in the oil refining industry is important for the development of politics and economies of states because oil products are one of the most sought after goods. Addressing the problem of capacity development for oil resource processing at Russian refineries is a relevant topic to build an effective policy for the distribution of global oil resources. The purpose of this paper is to identify the distribution trends in oil resource refining capacities in Russia. The developed method allows us to determine the dynamics of refining capacities in all regions of the country, establish the contributions of refinery groups to regional and countrywide capacities, and identify trends in the capacity concentrations of refineries and regions. The timeline that was used for the research period is 2009–2019. The results of the study showed increases in processing capacity in all federal districts. By 2019, the Volga Federal District provided the largest annual contribution to the countrywide capacity. The Southern Federal District moved up from the fourth to second position. It was followed by the Siberian, Central, Northwestern, Far Eastern, and Ural Federal Districts. The trends in the distribution capacities across the country indicate the prospect for building additional refineries in the Asian part of Russia. Rosneft was the leader, while Gazprom retained the second position. Independent refiners took the third position in terms of total refinery capacity, with Lukoil in the fourth position. Furthermore, Surgut-NG, Tatneft, Mini refineries, and NOVATEK followed the top four positions. The changes in concentration ratios indicated the increased monopolization of the refinery market. A decisive contribution to this process was due to by Rosneft’s takeover of TNK-BP and Bashneft’s capacities. The changes in regional concentrations were influenced by the changes in processing capacities of the Volga Federal District.

Актуальность. Из 26 промышленно-разрабатываемых месторождений ООО «ЛУКОЙЛ-Западная Сибирь» в Шаимском нефтегазоносном районе пласты средней юры продуктивны на 21 месторождении. В них сосредоточено 56 % извлекаемых запасов нефти. Залежи отложений средней юры имеют сложное геологическое строение и характеризуются неоднородностью по разрезу, не выдержаны по простиранию, имеют в целом низкие фильтрационно-емкостные свойства. Запасы нефти в отложениях пластов тюменской свиты отнесены к трудноизвлекаемым по стратиграфической принадлежности. Отбор нефти в них от начальных извлекаемых запасов по состоянию на 01.01.2021 г. составляет всего 8,6 %. Темп отбора от НИЗ 0,4 % в год. Исследование особенностей выработки коллекторов тюменской свиты является актуальной задачей. Цель: выявить ключевые геолого-физические особенности разработки коллекторов тюменской свиты для поиска методов и технологий повышения эффективности их разработки. Объекты: коллекторы тюменской свиты Шаимского района. Методы: контент-анализ, анализ и обобщение имеющегося опыта разработки коллекторов тюменской свиты на примере трех месторождений ООО «ЛУКОЙЛ-Западная Сибирь». Результаты. Обобщены особенности геологического строения, выработки запасов пластов тюменской свиты и основные направления совершенствования технологии разработки. По результатам проведенного анализа выработки коллекторов тюменской свиты выявлены существенные различия в эффективности выработки запасов нефти. По результатам интерпретации гидродинамических исследований, проведенных на рассматриваемых месторождениях, на двух выявлены коллекторы с двойной средой, что может оказывать существенное влияние на достижение различной эффективности разработки указанных месторождений. Во многом низкая эффективность разработки объектов тюменской свиты обусловлена применяемыми системами разработки, запроектированными на недостаточно геологически изученных залежах. Важной прикладной задачей эксплуатации порово-трещиноватого коллектора является определение величины дренируемых запасов и возможность прогнозирования их выработки с применением характеристик вытеснения, соответствующих типу продуктивного пласта. Research relevance. Middle Jurassic reservoirs are oil-bearing in 21 fields from total of 26 being produced by JSC LUKOIL-West Siberia in the Shaimsky oil-and-gas area, they contain 56 % of recoverable oil reserves. Middle Jurassic reservoirs have complex geological structure and are characterized by cross-sectional heterogeneity and lateral discontinuity, have low reservoir properties in general. Oil reserves in the reservoirs of Tyumen geological interval are classified as hard-to-recover based on the fields stratigraphy. Cumulative oil production from these reservoirs reached only 8,6 % from the total initial recoverable reserves as of 01.01.2021. Production rate is 0,4 % of the initial recoverable reserves per year. Research of the development of Tyumen geological interval reservoirs is a relevant exercise. The purpose of the research is to reveal key geological and geophysical features of the development of Tyumen geological interval reservoirs in order to identify the best methods and technologies to increase efficiency of their development. Subject: reservoirs of Tyumen geological interval in the Shaimsky area. Methods: literature research, analysis of the available experience of the development of Tyumen geological interval reservoirs based on the example of three fields of JSC LUKOIL-West Siberia. Executive summary. The paper analyzes and summarizes the specificities of geological structure, experience of the development of Tyumen geological interval reservoirs and the main methods of production enhancement and improvement of field development. Significant distinctions in the efficiency of field development are revealed based on the results of the carried-out analysis of geological and geophysical characteristics of the development of Tyumen geological interval reservoirs. According to the results of interpretation of the hydrodynamic researches conducted on considered fields, in two of them reservoirs with dual flow conditions (through both matrix and fractures) have been identified, which could have essential impact on the efficiency of development of these specified fields. Low performance of the development of Tyumen geological interval reservoirs is often caused by the use of uniform grid of the production wells, chosen due to insufficient knowledge of fields geological structure. The key issue is the evaluation of the recoverable reserves and the possibility to forecast production parameters using corresponding characteristics of oil drainage in accordance with the type of produced reservoir.

Background. The article considers and justifies the need to take into account the indicators that characterize the amount of balance reserves involved in the development, as well as the increase in recoverable oil reserves due to EOR, when evaluating the technological efficiency of the treatment of the alignment of the pick-up profile (RUNWAY). Aim. If the increase in recoverable reserves is significantly less than production, this will lead to a loss of oil production potential. This fact is of particular importance in the conditions of the arrangement of the old squares and the presence of a developed infrastructure on them. Materials and methods. Materials were used to assess the dynamics and degree of development of oil reserves, calculations of the increase in recoverable reserves. Results. The article presents the results of the accumulated technological efficiency of work to improve oil recovery using various technologies for leveling the intake profile (runway) and non-stationary flooding at the facilities of Subsurface user in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area – Yugra on the basis of system-targeted impact on the reservoir. The article also presents materials on the assessment of the dynamics and degree of development of oil reserves, as well as calculations of the increase in recoverable reserves. Conclusions. Calculations based on the assessment of the increase in initial and residual recoverable oil reserves from the implementation of annual EOR programs carried out in accordance with the methodology of PJSC Gazpromneft indicate that the implementation of these programs contributes to additional involvement in the active development of previously poorly drained or non-drained oil reserves.

Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR) is undoubtedly a topic of interest as conventional oil resources are becoming scarcer, increasing the necessity to exploit heavy and unconventional oils. In te...

The country's population is increasing rapidly and the need to make lives easier daily. Some of the essential needs for this generation are crude oil and electricity. India, unfortunately, does not possess any oil reserves to meet the needs of the country’s demands. So, India is importing oil from other countries. Whenever there are situations like war, pandemic (COVID-19), and other emergencies, the natural oil reserved countries cannot export the oil to other countries which will lead to great chaos in the country. To avoid this situation storing the crude oil is necessary. Building surface giant structures for storing the oil is difficult and won’t be economical. So, India is constructing giant underground structures called caverns, which will reserve the oil. The present study is focused on the stability of the underground cavern structure and understanding the importance of the water-curtaining system. To analyse the stresses and displacement 2D modelling has been done. In this, wet and dry models are prepared and analysed based on the available geological and geotechnical data to determine the stresses around the cavern and the displacement which will reach the surface due to excavation.

Resumen Las ciudades contemporáneas de la península arábica -Abu Dabi, Dubái, La Meca, Doha, Medina, Riad, Dammam, Kuwait, Manama-, han experimentado abruptas transformaciones con un factor común: una economía petrodolarizada a partir de 1967. Pese a sus contextos y orígenes geohistóricos disímiles, actualmente, son claros nodos jerárquicos centrales de la economía mundo, un tipo de ciudades globales de nueva generación. ¿Cómo no preguntarse? ¿Qué rol juegan y qué características poseen estas aglomeraciones, en tanto proyecto urbano, que se soportan en la dominación de las fuerzas agrestes del desierto, en un contexto de crisis ambiental, y por qué no, social global? Si bien en otras latitudes también emergen como champiñones ciudades suntuosas llenas de incontables rascacielos, las arabépolis o ciudades árabes actuales -tal como es la propuesta a ser tipificadas- con las mayores reservas de gas y petróleo del mundo, un estilo arquitectónico, urbanístico y simbólico peculiar, y sin antecedente industrial: ¿serían en sí mismas una utopía o una distopía urbana? Poniendo foco en Abu Dabi, y exponiendo algunas hipótesis para resolver esos cuestionamientos, se hila este texto, verificando particularidades y combinando métodos geohistóricos, de observación y revisión documental, con el fin de incentivar nuevos escenarios de reflexión. Ideas destacadas: artículo de reflexión que propone la categoría de arabépolis, para connotar a las ciudades modernas de la península arábica -caso de estudio Abu Dabi-, a partir de las singularidades que las tipifica como nuevos nodos mundiales y dado el factor multiplicador que representó el hallazgo del petróleo. Abstract Contemporary cities on the Arabian Peninsula -Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Mecca, Doha, Medina, Riyadh, Dammam, Kuwait, Manama-, have undergone abrupt transformations with a common factor: a petro-dollarized economy since 1967. Despite their contexts and dissimilar geohistorical origins, currently, together, they are clear central hierarchical nodes of the world economy, a type of new generation global cities. How can we not ask ourselves then, what role do these agglomerations play and what characteristics do they have, as an urban project, which are supported by the domination of the wild forces of the desert in a context of environmental crisis, and why not a global social one? Although in other latitudes sumptuous cities full of countless skyscrapers also emerge like mushrooms, the current Arab polis or Arab cities -as is the proposal to be typified- with the largest gas and oil reserves in the world, an architectural, urban and symbolic style peculiar, and without industrial antecedent: would they be in themselves a utopia or an urban dystopia? Focusing on Abu Dhabi, and presenting some hypotheses to resolve these questions, this text is spun, verifying particularities and combining geohistorical, observation, and documentary review methods to encourage new scenarios for reflection. Highlights: reflection article that proposes the category of Arab polis to connote the modern cities of the Arabian Peninsula -case study of Abu Dhabi-, based on the singularities that typify them as new world nodes and given the multiplying factor represented by the finding of the oil. Resumo Cidades contemporâneas da península arábica -Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Meca, Doha, Medina, Riade, Dammam, Kuwait, Manama-, passaram por transformações abruptas, com um fator comum: uma economia petrodolarizada desde 1967. Apesar de seus contextos e dissimilares origens geo-históricas, atualmente, juntas, são nítidos nós hierárquicos centrais da economia mundial, uma espécie de cidades globais de nova geração. Como não nos interrogarmos então, que papel desempenham essas aglomerações e que características têm, enquanto projecto urbano, que se apoiam no domínio das forças selvagens do deserto, num contexto de crise ambiental, e porque não, um social global? Embora em outras latitudes, cidades suntuosas repletas de inúmeros arranha-céus também surjam como cogumelos, as atuais arabépolis ou cidades árabes -como é a proposta a ser tipificada- com as maiores reservas de gás e petróleo do mundo, um estilo arquitetônico, urbano e simbólico peculiar, e sem antecedente industrial: seriam uma utopia ou uma distopia urbana? Com foco em Abu Dhabi, e apresentando algumas hipóteses para resolver essas questões, este texto é girado, verificando particularidades e combinando métodos geo-históricos de observação e de revisão documental, a fim de estimular novos cenários de reflexão. Ideias destacadas: artigo de reflexão que propõe a categoria de arabépolis, para conotar as cidades modernas da península arábica -estudo de caso de Abu Dhabi-, a partir das singularidades que as tipificam como novos nós do mundo e dado o fator multiplicador representado pela descoberta do petróleo.

By virtue of geographical and historic factors, Ukraine has been playing an important role in oil and natural gas deliveries to European energy markets. Such status is basically attributed to the fact that West and Central European countries, while being rather big consumers of natural hydrocarbons, have shortage in their own energy resources. On the other hand, major natural gas and oil reserves are concentrated in the Russian Federation, Caspian region and the Gulf area. Currently Ukraine has become a major juncture in the transit of gas and oil from Russia and Kazakhstan to European markets. The expected increase in consumption of natural hydrocarbon resources, as well as their uneven distribution make Ukraine, owing to its suitable geographical location and the developed gas and oil network, an “energy bridge” between the exporting countries and consumers in the industrialized Europe. In the article the author considers the modern gas supply system of Ukraine. The author carried out a study on the technical feasibility of calibration of flow meters on the environment of natural gas under pressure. Currently in Ukraine calibration is performed only in the air. This does not make it possible to reduce the error in the instrumentation of natural gas. Given the volume of natural gas consumption in the country (about 20 billion m3/year), this leads to huge non-production losses, negative impact on economic performance and inflated cost for end users. The European experience was analyzed: PTB, DNV, PIGSAR, SICK, INOTECH. Modernization of the gas industry of Ukraine is proposed.

Introduction.A quarter of the world’s natural gas and oil reserves are located in the Far North of the Russian Federation. Only with reliable and efficient transportation support is it possible to successfully develop and exploit deposits in hard-to-reach areas. The main factor in increasing the efficiency of road transport and reducing the transport component in the cost of oil and gas is the growth of productivity of vehicles. The paper considers and analyzes the sources of productivity growth of the mobile unit (MU). The characteristics of the organization of work of winter roads in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Area) are considered. Winters are characterized by three main characteristics: operation duration, location, use of season duration. The activities of one of the major carriers, IE (individual entrepreneur) V.N. Anokhin, have been analysed. The carrier serves six major deposits and four material supply bases. It is highlighted that the main range of transportation is steel pipes. The transport problem was solved in which consumers were optimally assigned to pipe suppliers. For calculations, the route Korotchaevo base was chosen the Pyakyakhinskoye deposit, with a traffic volume of 2800 tons. Rolling stock was selected, the optimal method for placing pipes on the MU platform was found. The minimum number of rides for transporting the entire volume of pipes has been determined. A technological design and technological schemes for the transported cargo have been developed. The influence of technical and operational indicators on the performance of MU; The economic effect of the proposed activities is calculated.Materials and methods.The work explores the technology and organization of pipe transportation on routes to the conditions of the Far North of the Russian Federation. In order to increase the efficiency of road transport, we used the methodology for choosing a rational rolling stock and a method for placing pipes on the MU platform; methodology for determining the optimal number of rides for the transportation of a given volume of pipes; methodology for assessing the impact of technical and operational indicators on the productivity of MU.Results.The economic effect of the implementation of the optimal technological scheme and the organization of pipe transportation in the conditions of the Far North of the Russian Federation is 38,846 rubles per trip. The transportation on an improved winter road allows the use of higher-capacity MU (37 tons) and makes it possible to transport at an increased average speed of up to 20 km/h. Recommended activities allow to increase the productivity of MU from 0.287 t/h to 1.156 t/h.Discussion and conclusions. Measures were developed to improve the efficiency of road transport in the Far North of the Russian Federation. The results of the work are used in the organization of transportation of pipes on the enterprise under consideration.

Given the serious imbalance between supply and demand for domestic oil resources, it is essential to accurately identify and measure the potential problems associated with oil imports to mitigate t...

The coastal regions in the Persian Gulf are renowned for having the largest oil reserves. Pipelines, as a means of oil transportation, are one of the most common options for transporting petroleum products in these regions. Hence, the risk of oil spill pollution has become a vital challenge for local authorities, which has gradually increased since the last decade. Therefore, it is essential to use a method for timely detection of oil spills to prevent environmental damage. In this study, Sentinel-1 SAR data and Sentinel-2 image have been used for timely detection of oil slicks in the Persian Gulf. The area of oil pollution that extracted from Sentinel-2 (optical data), Sentinel-1 (SAR data), and field data is 114.7, 98.5, and 124.7 square kilometres, respectively. The results indicated that the object-based image analysis (OBIA) method using optical data had better results than using SAR data. In addition, the results indicated that the OBIA could be used as a method to produce ground truth map. Therefore, this research demonstrates the applicability of remote sensing data to recognize oil spill pollution on the surface of the water with the applicability of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data.

The novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a deadly disease that increases global healthcare sufferings. Further, it affects the financial and natural resource market simultaneously, as both are considered complementary goods. The volatility in the oil prices deteriorates the global financial market to substantiate the "financial resource (oil) curse" hypothesis primarily filled with earlier studies. In contrast, this study moved forward and extended the given relationship during the COVID-19 pandemic in a panel of 81 different countries. The study's main objective is to examine the volatility in the domestic credit provided to the private sector due to oil shocks and the COVID-19 pandemic across countries. The study is essential to assess the healthcare vulnerability in the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to the damage of financial stability, causing deterioration in the oil rents to affect the global sustainability agenda. The study employed statistical techniques to get sound inferences of the parameter estimates, including robust least squares regression, seemingly unrelated regression, and innovation accounting matrix to get a variable estimate at the level and inter-temporal framework. The results confirmed the U-shaped relationship between oil rents and financial development during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, it verifies the "financial resource (oil) curse" hypothesis at the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Later down, it supports the capital market when economies are resuming their economic activities and maintaining the SOPs to restrain coronavirus at a global scale. The qualitative assessment confirmed the negative effect of financial development and oil shocks on environmental quality during the pandemic crisis. The innovation accounting matrix shows that the COVID-19 pandemic will primarily be the main factor that intervenes in the relationship between oil rents and financial development, which proceed towards the "resource curse" hypothesis during the following years' time period. Therefore, the need for long-term economic policies is highly desirable to support the financial and resource market under the suggested guidelines of restraining coronavirus worldwide.

Este trabalho procura resgatar a trajetória do empresário e escritor Monteiro Lobato, particularmente no que diz respeito às suas contribuições para o avanço da nascente indústria de petróleo no Brasil. Para tanto, a metodologia de pesquisa combinou análise documental e revisão bibliográfica, recuperando suas obras e escritos sobre o tema. A retomada de tal discussão – que envolve temas como nacionalismo em relação a recursos naturais e soberania nacional – contribui para o entendimento acerca dos conflitos permanentes entre, de um lado, os interesses de empresas estrangeiras e, de outro, os países da periferia do sistema capitalista detentores de reservas petrolíferas.

Estimation of recoverable oil reserves is an actual problem in field development. One way to estimate reserves is to use the characteristics of oil displacement by water. This method, in contrast to hydrodynamic modeling, doesn't take a long computational time and doesn't require information on the geological and filtration properties of the objects under consideration.The article discusses the use of integral displacement characteristics based on a probabilistic method for assessing potentially recoverable oil reserves. We describe an algorithm for estimating reserves by this method. In the course of the comparative analysis, the efficiency of the method was demonstrated depending on the watercut at the end of the approximation interval. As a result, with a watercut of less than 90 %, a better forecast was found than in the classical application of the characteristics of oil displacement by water.

The purpose of this paper is to manifest the unrefined design of the transition of the currency system from centralized fiat money based on the US Dollar to the real currency system that relies on the precious metals-based currency after reviewing the rapid changes from the COVID-19 phenomenon to various sectors of life, including the currency system. This paper used qualitative research with a historical analysis approach or historiography that deals with precious metals-based currency in the pastime, and it is used to produce relevant analyses for the future. First, states that prefer to transition to a precious metals-based currency ought to combine them in a single political institution that can provide a strong bargaining position in politics. Second, they have to withdraw gold reserves from the major central banks by making a trade balance surplus paid only in precious metals. Third, at this transitional stage, the use of oil reserves as a political economy of energy to withdraw gold reserves at the major central banks and the issuance of money is temporary until the state is fully stable and a new wave of gold reserves begin to enter. The underlying study will provide a comprehensive analysis of the currency system scheme in this modern era. Previous works have only focused on the superior aspects of the precious metals-based system and criticisms of the fiat money system, without detailing the steps to supersede the fiat money-based system. This paper used qualitative research with a historical analysis approach or historiography. It attempted to fill this glaring gap and expected to produce a study for implementation within the state scope.

The oil crisis in the early 1980s has triggered the necessity of finding oil reserves among non - oil producing countries. India and Thailand are both oil consumption countries. Because of the rapid economic development and high vehicular fuel consumption, India has become one of the top five oil consumption countries in the world. Thailand though has less population but the demand for oil energy is still increasing. From the geopolitics perspective, Myanmar is country with abundant oil resource that located between Thailand and India, become a vital geo – economics subject for both countries. Bilateral cooperation, between India - Myanmar and Thailand-Myanmar attests the importance of Myanmar in both regards. By visiting Myanmar, India’s ministry of energy has strengthened the energy cooperation between India and Myanmar. Meanwhile, Thailand, as a natural gas consumer from both the Yadana and Yetakun, in the Gulf of Mottama or Arakan, Myanmar, has hiked up her import of natural gas from Myanmar. The agreements in the 1990s have resulted in the increase of oil imports to India and Thailand. The oil demand for both countries could lead India and Thailand into competitors. Thanks to the policy of energy cooperation between India and Thailand, their attempts are to build multilateral partnership in order to increase the capability to strengthen energy connectivity from Myanmar. By making the connectivity more convenient and efficient has led to the creation of BIMSTEC Gas Pipeline project. Myanmar as the energy leader in BIMSTEC has placed Thailand, Myanmar, India and others countries in the framework of cooperation. In the future energy will play an important role to strengthen the cooperation in BIMSTEC which highly oil consumption still continuously. This article aims to show that the cooperation like BIMSTEC can guarantee the energy dependence for Thailand and India in the future. It will also analyze their related policy formulation, such as the plan for an alternative energy security.

According to the World Bank review, National Oil Companies (NOCs) control approximately 90% of the world’s oil reserves and 75% of production (similar numbers apply to gas) and many major oil and gas infrastructure systems. However, NOCs fall behind many smaller companies in terms of innovation. The reason is the closed nature of their business, which constrains innovations. It has been suggested that this problem can be solved by the application of an “Open Innovation” paradigm. The concepts of Open Innovation suggest firms who would like to be more innovative to use internal as well as external sources for their idea generation. (Ibrahimov in Open innovation and application to petroleum industry. IFAC Papersonline, 2018). However, this is not easy to deploy due to these organizations’ traditions, values, and institutional culture, which act as innovation obstacles in those companies. Innovations should be “Open” to find better solutions but should be “Closed” to fit with the cultural requirements of NOCs. This contradiction needs to be solved quickly for the sake of innovation, which is the key to ensure environmental and societal benefits and to prevent further harm. This article stresses the importance of Open Innovation in the petrochemical industry and discusses the difficulties for the industry to embrace it, especially in light of the advances in intelligent robotic systems applications in the sector. The questions are: How should large NOCs adopt innovations and become more open to innovation so that the best intelligent automatic solutions are adopted in such contexts? Is there a theory of knowledge and innovation that can solve the contradictions between Closed versus Open Innovation? This paper posits that a solution to the contradictions surrounding innovations in NOCs could be found in Teorija rezheniya izobretatelskih zadach (TRIZ) (Theory of inventive problem solving), which has been used for decades to overcome contradictions and to develop inventive solutions, in a variety of similar sectors. In this paper, TRIZ theory has been suggested as a tool to deploy the “Open Innovation” paradigm to solve the above-mentioned contradictions, i.e., how to make things “Open” while keeping them “Closed” where necessary (or even required by regulations). Real-life examples from the oil industry, and recent applications from Azerbaijan specifically, are analyzed and interviews with the industry players used to test TRIZ theory as a tool for the Open Innovation paradigm in the oil sector. The paper sets out innovative solutions in intelligent robotic pipeline inspection systems, which operate in hazardous conditions unsuitable for humans, and which, for example, ensure that pipelines do not degrade to the extent, where they create environmental and societal damage. The problems, paradigms, and TRIZ praxis as applied in the oil sector examples given here offer important lessons for the global oil industry and other high hazard sectors globally; however, examples in the paper chosen from Azerbaijan and Caspian Region which is also the hometown of TRIZ.

This paper examines the impact of oil resources endowment, measured by proven reserves and oil rents, on the economic growth in the presence of quality of governance factors. To address this issue,...

Актуальность работы обусловлена тем, что при разработке сложнопостроенных карбонатных залежей зачастую возникают сложности, связанные с системой поддержания пластового давления и выбором оптимальных технологий, направленных на эффективную выработку запасов нефти. В данных условиях для поддержания уровня добычи на рентабельном уровне необходимо оптимизировать забойные давления скважин. Нефтяным компаниям, разрабатывающим карбонатные залежи, стоит обращать внимание на величину оптимального забойного давления, которая обеспечивает наиболее рациональную выработку запасов. Несмотря на то, что данный вопрос рассматривается достаточно долгое время многими отечественными и зарубежными учеными, он на сегодняшний момент времени остается нерешенным и в то же время имеет значительную научную и практическую значимость. Целью работы является обоснование значения оптимального забойного давления добывающих скважин и его влияния на выработку запасов из сложнопостроенного карбонатного коллектора Гагаринского нефтяного месторождения. Объект: карбонатная залежь Гагаринского нефтяного месторождения. Методы: фильтрационные установки с моделированием пластовых условий УИК-5ВГ и AFS-300; использование гидродинамического симулятора Tempest версии 8.3.1 компании Roxar. Результаты. Смыкание естественных трещин приводит не только к снижению производительности скважин и к неполной выработке запасов нефти в зоне дренирования, но и к низкой эффективности применяемых мероприятий, а также к ухудшению гидродинамической связи между скважинами. Следовательно, в данных условиях важным и необходимым является обоснование оптимальных забойных давлений добывающих скважины на начальных этапах разработки карбонатных залежей. Проведенные лабораторные исследования и расчеты с помощью геолого-гидродинамической модели карбонатной залежи, которая учитывает особенности строения пустотного пространства, показали практическое значение (выражается в увеличение добычи нефти) оптимизации забойного давления добывающих скважин, эксплуатирующих карбонатные трещиноватые коллектора. Проведенный расчет экономической составляющей оптимизации (регулирование величины забойного давления) работы трех добывающих скважин Гагаринского месторождения позволит дополнительно получить 19,5 млн р. The relevance of the research is caused by the fact that when developing the complex carbonate deposits, the difficulties often arise. They are associated with the operation of the reservoir pressure maintenance system and the choice of optimal technologies for development of oil reserves. Under these conditions, to maintain the production at a profitable level, it is necessary to optimize the bottomhole pressure of the wells. For oil companies developing carbonate deposits, it is worth paying attention to the value of the optimal bottomhole pressure, which ensures the most rational development of reserves, and not critical. Even though this issue has been considered for quite a long time by many domestic and foreign scientists, it remains unresolved now and at the same time it has significant scientific and practical importance. The main aim of the study is to substantiate the optimal bottomhole pressure of producing wells and its influence on the development of reserves from the complex carbonate reservoir of the Gagarinskoe oil field. Object: carbonate reservoir of the Gagarinskoe oil field. Methods: filtration units with reservoir conditions modeling UIK-5VG and AFS-300; using Roxar's Tempest Fluid Dynamic Simulator version 8.3.1. Results. Closing of natural fractures leads not only to a decrease in well productivity and to incomplete production of oil reserves in the drainage zone, but also to a low efficiency of the measures used, as well as to a deterioration in the hydrodynamic connection between wells. Therefore, under these conditions, it is important and necessary to substantiate the optimal bottomhole pressures of producing wells at the initial stages of the development of carbonate deposits. Laboratory studies and calculations using a geological and hydrodynamic model of a carbonate reservoir, which takes into account the peculiarities of the geological structure, have shown the practical value (expressed in an increase in oil production) of optimizing the bottomhole pressure of producing wells operating fractured carbonate reservoirs. The calculation of the economic component of optimization (regulation of the bottomhole pressure value) of the operation of three production wells of the Gagarinskoe field will additionally receive 19,5 million rubles.