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The article "LVwG Tirol: Unauthorized practice of healthcare and nursing" deals with administrative offenses related to the exercise of the advanced service for healthcare and nursing. It is stated that an administrative offense occurs when someone carries out this activity without recognition of their foreign acquired education or when someone employs someone for this activity without recognition of their foreign acquired education. It is also pointed out that an administrative offense occurs when the reservation of operation form according to the ÄrzteG (Physicians Act) is violated. The decision of the LVwG Tirol from March 17, 2022 refers to the administrative offenses committed by the complainant and the complainant. The fines imposed on the complainants were considered appropriate to their guilt and the decision has a general preventive effect. [Extracted from the article]

In recent decades German criminal procedure has developed a practice of confession bargaining, in which defense counsel negotiates with the trial judge for the defendant to confess the charged offense in exchange for a milder sentence than would result if the defendant were to contest the charge. The German practice resembles American plea bargaining in many respects. This Article probes the similarities and the differences between the two systems of negotiated criminal justice. The Article discusses the origins of the German practice, its tensions with historic principles of the procedure system, and the troubled efforts of the courts and the legislature to justify and to regulate the practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the reliability and validity of proactive (cold-blooded, instrumental), reactive (hot-blooded, affective), and acquisitive (securing goods of others) crime-related attributional domains associated with specific offence-based categories. Using samples from minimum security (n = 116), medium security (n = 102) and parole (n = 116), construct validity of the Proactive, Reactive, and Acquisitive scales was assessed with response latencies, criterion validity with past offending, and predictive validity with future offending. Response latencies for endorsed items discriminated better between the Proactive and Reactive scales than between the Reactive and Acquisitive scales. The Proactive, Reactive, and Acquisitive scales had stronger relationships with their corresponding offense category that with non-corresponding scale and offence-based category. The Acquisitive scale uniquely predicted acquisitive offences. The results support a basic distinction between the Proactive, Reactive, and Acquisitive scales. Implications of the results include using skill-based intervention methods for elevated Proactive scores, affective-based interventions for elevated Reactive scores, and rational choice techniques for elevated Acquisitive scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aggression has drawn research attention during the past decades. It remains unclear how self-esteem, self-perception, narcissism and certain socio-demographic factors impact the course of aggression. Female aggression is considered to differ in its origins and is understudied. Only few studies have attempted to examine the aforementioned variables among females, while none of them included a comparison between delinquent and non-delinquent individuals. The present study examines the effect of self-esteem, self-perception, narcissism, and socio-demographic factors on aggression among female inmates and women without criminal record (non-delinquents). One hundred fifty-seven female inmates in the Attica's Korydallos Female Prison and 150 women with no criminal record were assessed with Buss & Perry Aggression Questionnaire, Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale, Narcissistic Personality Inventory-40 and the Self-Perception Profile for Adults. When inmates were compared to non-delinquent women, it emerged that higher aggression could be independently predicted by higher levels of narcissistic personality traits and sociability, as well as lower age, lower education, lower self-esteem, and lower levels of self-perception items including nurturance, job competence and athletic abilities. Aggression was not predicted by the participants' group (inmates vs. non-delinquents). Within female inmates, independently of the type of their offense (convicted for violent vs. non-violent crimes), it was found that lower job competence, higher narcissistic personality traits and a history of childhood maltreatment could predict higher aggression. Our results support the notion that female aggression differs from male and highlight the significant parameters that may predict aggression either among women (inmates and non-delinquent women) or among female inmates (violent or non-violent crimes). It is the presence of narcissistic traits which predict aggression rather than criminality in general, including violent and non-violent crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores whether The Queen v. Strawbridge, which was heard nearly half a century ago wherein a unanimous Court of Appeal of New Zealand ordered the re-trial of a housewife argued that she thought that the cannabis seeds she had planted were mustard seeds, has been resurrected in Cameron v. R and public welfare offenses. Topics covered include the power of courts to convict accused persons of so-called quasi-criminal offences, and the classification of public welfare offences.

According to art. 34 par. 1 from the UGO no. 34/2001, the court settling the complaint against the offence notice, verifying the legality and substantiality of same, decides on the sanction without distinguishing between the main and the supplementary sanctions. From corroborating these legal provisions with the stipulations under art. 5 from the same normative act, according to which the established sanction must be proportional with the degree of social danger of the committed act, without making differences between the types of sanctions, as well as those of art. 5 and art. 6 according to which the supplementary sanctions are to be applied depending on the nature and seriousness of the fact, it results that the law enforcer has also decided on the right of the court to assess inclusively the proportionality of the sanction in case of applying the supplementary measures, not only in applying main sanctions. And this is so because the proportionality of the committed act and its consequences is one of the requirements demanded by the ECHR jurisprudence in the matter of applying any rights restrictive measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the content of the rule of the criminalization, the legislator describes the conduct he intends to ban or impose. By generalizing the concrete facts observed during the pre-legislative period, the legislator is concerned to present clearly, precisely and completely the essential characteristic features of the behavior he assesses as harming or endangering the social values protected by the criminal law. In the process of the criminalization, the legislator does not seek to identify the acts or actions in which the incriminated conduct is regarded as a physiological manifestation, or as a volitional impulse. Nevertheless, the legislator is aware that the concrete facts to which the generalized expression refer to in the description of the criminalization are inevitably composed of such elements. In this study, we intend to analyze the main opinions expressed in the specialized literature, in order to extract the definition and general rules applicable to the crime unity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article explores the increasing importance of quasi-criminal proceedings in the legal landscape and posits that it is no longer inaccurate to perceive our legal system as divided simply into civil and criminal branches. The rise of quasi-criminality has in essence created a hidden third tier that borrows, in diverse ways, from the other two to address a variety of social ills, both perceived and actual. Part One examines the historical bases identified by the U.S. Supreme Court for designating a proceeding "quasi-criminal:" the coexistence of criminal charges based on the same conduct, exemplified most powerfully by forfeiture actions; and the significant loss of liberty, often coupled with stigmatic harm. Part Two discusses the contemporary expansion of quasi-criminality beyond traditional formulations in three contexts: the civil commitment of sexual predators; sex offender residency restrictions; and the detention and expulsion of noncitizens who are lawful permanent residents. Part Three concludes by discussing how the modern, quasi-criminal landscape reflects a broader "control culture" that has fostered a return to an outsider jurisprudence directed at those believed to be incapable and unworthy of assimilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work analyzes the correlation of retrospective ratings on parental binding with cognitive patterns in the inmates for property crimes. The participant group comprehended 248 adults men, including 130 marked out as offenders (the target group), aged between 19 and 70, currently serving sentences in the Cavadonna prison in Siracusa, and 118 marked out as non-offenders (the control group), aged between 20 and 70, living in Siracusa (Sicily). The instruments used were the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), and the Young Schema Questionnaire-3 (YSQ). The preliminary analysis showed a high percentage of offenders who experienced an affectionate constraint parenting. Offenders scored significantly higher than the non-offenders on the level of paternal control and the YSQ subscales. The study underlines the influence of maternal care on most of the cognitive schemas, and the role of father's control on the tendency to social isolation and defectiveness in the offenders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study builds on previous work by Andresen by examining the effects of entry into the European Union (EU) on the levels of homicide in the 10 Eastern European countries that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007. Andresen's research has indicated that accession to the EU led to increased levels of violent crime across municipalities in Lithuania over the 2001-2006 period. We go beyond prior work by using pooled cross-sectional time-series data that cover approximately 20 years for these 10 Eastern European nations. The results from fixed-effects regression analyses at the national level are generally consistent with Andresen's research, indicating that entry into the EU is positively associated with levels of homicide. In addition, we find that economic growth has a negative effect on homicide rates, whereas the divorce rate and income inequality have positive effects on homicide rates. These findings reaffirm for the sample of Eastern European countries results reported for other cross-national samples. However, our analyses also reveal that these structural covariates do not account for the observed relationship between EU entry and homicide rates. We conclude with a discussion of the some of the mechanisms that might be responsible for the EU effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canadian legislation makes Review Boards (RBs) responsible for rendering dispositions for individuals found Not Criminally Responsible on account of Mental Disorder (NCRMD) after considering public safety, the mental condition of the accused, and his/her potential for community reintegration. We reviewed 6,743 RB hearings for 1,794 individuals found NCRMD in the three largest Canadian provinces to investigate whether items from two empirically supported risk assessment measures, the Historical Clinical Risk Management-20 and the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide, were considered. Less than half the items were included in expert reports or in RBs' reasons for dispositions, and consideration of these items differed according to gender and index offense severity of the accused. These items included evidence-based risk factors and/or legally specified criteria: mental health, treatment, and criminal history. These results illustrate the gap between research on risk factors and the integration of this evidence into practice. In particular, we recommend the implementation of structured measures to reduce the potential for clinicians to be unduly influenced by gender and offense severity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study compared recidivism outcomes among criminal offenders with mental illness who were assigned to a mental health court (MHC) or a traditional criminal court. It also explored potential differences in outcomes between subgroups of offenders, including felony and misdemeanor offenders and violent and nonviolent offenders. Methods: Data were obtained from court databases. Offenders in the MHC (N=198) and the traditional criminal court (N=198) were matched by propensity scores and followed for 12 months after the index offense. Data for the 12 months preceding the index offense were obtained for MHC participants. Intent-to-treat analyses were conducted, using both between-group and within-subjects designs. Results: After control for covariates, logistic and Cox regressions indicated that MHC assignment predicted a lower overall rate of recidivism and longer time to rearrest for a new charge compared with assignment to traditional court. The groups did not significantly differ on the severity of the offense associated with rearrest. The findings largely held for felony, misdemeanor, violent, and nonviolent offenders, with the exception of analyses involving time to rearrest for violent offenders. Within-subjects analyses suggested that after MHC participation, there were improvements in occurrence of rearrest and time to rearrest but a tendency for rearrest to be associated with more severe offenses. Within the MHC group, recidivism outcomes did not significantly differ by class of offense. Conclusions: The results suggest that an MHC can be effective in reducing recidivism among offenders with mental illness and also indicate that persons who commit more severe offenses may be appropriate candidates for MHC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the role of automaticity in forgiving a real-life offense. As an alternative to self report, an Implicit Association Test (IAT) of forgiveness was developed. Implicit (IAT-measured) and explicit (self-reported) forgiveness predicted shorter response times of state forgiveness ratings. The forgiveness IAT was highly reliable, moderately stable over time, and demonstrated incremental validity. Results suggest that the newly introduced forgiveness IAT could advance personality research beyond what is known from self-report measures, further corroborating the notion of implicit forgiveness. Implications for personality assessment are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The High Point Police Department in North Carolina was the first law enforcement agency to implement a series of “pulling levers” interventions in specific neighborhoods in order to reduce crime problems associated with street-level drug markets. The High Point Drug Market Intervention (DMI) has since received considerable attention among practitioner and researcher audiences given the promise of the strategy seen in prior research. However, no study to date has examined the relative impacts across the different target neighborhood contexts as well as among crime outcomes within High Point. A series of interrupted time series models indicates the initial neighborhood (West End) experienced the greatest offense reductions between the preintervention and postintervention period. The second site (Daniel Brooks) showed more modest crime declines, and the latter two sites (Southside and East Central) did not demonstrate significant crime changes. Potential explanations and directions for future studies are discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The aim of the research consists of the examination of the provisions of the New Criminal Code relating to the unfulfillment or the defective achievement of office duties, a comparative examination of the current provisions and building critical comments that would help improve the legislation in the matter. The paper continues further research in this area, which was published in national and international journals or conference proceedings. The concrete results of the research focuses on examining the new provisions on active and passive subjects of crime, to defining the railway accident, as comparative examination and some critical observations as well. The value of the research can be useful to practitioners in this field, theorists and to the Romanian legislator. The research consists of critical remarks and proposals for improving the content of the type offense and the completion of the aggravated variant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the general principles and some specific offences in various criminal laws in South Africa. It includes the crimes of dolus eventualis, theft, rape and corruption. It also explores crimes related to fugitives in terms of the Protection of Constitutional Democracy Against Terrorist and Related Activities Act 33 of 2004.

In this study, the author outlines the definition of the offense in terms of the new Criminal Code and the Criminal Code in force. He also examines the essential features of the offense stipulated by the new Criminal Code. In the final part, the author presents interesting comparative law elements in the matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo analiza la reforma de la Ley 37/2011 que modifica las medidas de agilización procesal de España, así como dos sentencias de tribunales españoles que sientan jurisprudencia en el área de Derecho Procesal Penal. Los autores discuten las principales modificaciones procesales relacionadas con el proceso penal, en particular lo concerniente a personas jurídicas. Las sentencias analizadas se relacionan con la diferencia entre ilegalidad y delito.

Whether criminals are specialized or versatile in their offending is a long-standing research area that has been recently revitalized by a paradigm that recognizes that both specialization and versatility characterize offending careers. Based on data from an enriched sample of 500 adult habitual criminals, the current study introduces a measure of relative specialization-the offense specialization coefficient-and a novel analytical technique called simultaneous quantile regression to further the study of specialization. Although offenders committed a mix of offenses, there was considerable and at times pronounced evidence of specialization. Age, sex, and arrest onset had differential predictive validity of specialization for eight crimes at the 75th and 95th quantiles. Implications and suggestions for future research are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article argues that lying should be a crime. In doing so, we propose the creation of a wholly new category of crime, which we term "egregious lying causing serious harm." The Article has two broad objectives: the first is to make the case why such a crime should even exist, and the second is to flesh out how this crime might be constructed The main contribution of the Article lies in the radical nature of its stated aim: the outright criminalization of certain kinds of lies. To our knowledge, such a proposal has not previously been made. The analysis also contributes to a broader discussion regarding the issue of overcriminalization. We conclude that while criminalizing certain forms of lies might at first blush appear fanciful, the case for doing so is not only plausible, it is indeed necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an overview of the identification of criminal conduct in the criminal property case R v Kuchhadia in Great Britain. The topics discussed include the reasons why the appellant was convicted of fraud and the offences of criminal property conversion and the situations when a person committed an offence against the Section 327(1)(c) of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002.

Crimes have many features, and the mix of those features can change over time and space. In this article, we introduce the concept of a crime regime to provide some theoretical leverage on collections of crime features and how the collections of features can change. Key tools include the use of principal components analysis to determine the dimensions of crime regimes, visualization methods to help reveal the role of time, summary statistics to quantify crime regime patterns, and permutation procedures to examine the role of chance. Our approach is used to analyze temporal and spatial crime patterns for the city of Los Angeles during an 8-year period. We focus on the number of violent crimes over time and their potential lethality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: National differences in murder, rape, and serious assault were examined in 113 countries in relation to national IQ, income, skin color, birth rate, life expectancy, infant mortality, and HIV/AIDS. Data were collated from the 1993–1996 International Crime Statistics published by INTERPOL. Violent crime was found to be lower in countries with higher IQs, higher life expectancies, lighter skin color, and lower rates of HIV/AIDS, although not with higher national incomes or higher rates of infant mortality. A principal components analysis found the first general factor accounted for 52% of the variance. Moreover, the correlations were significantly higher with skin color, a more biologically influenced variable, than with measures of national income, a more culturally influenced variable. When the 19 sub-Saharan African countries were excluded from analysis the crime/IQ relation held but the crime/skin color relation did not. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Mechanical injuries in form of abrasions are important injuries present in various types of police informed as well as medico-legal cases such as accidents and assault cases. Color of abrasions and its other associated features gives us clue about the approximate range of time since accident or assault. In this study, injured person coming/brought to the emergency wing for medico-legal examination were studied for changes in appearance with passage of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accounts from over 90 survivors and 56 witnesses of the 2005 London bombings were analysed to determine the relative prevalence of mass behaviors associated with either psychosocial vulnerability (e.g. 'selfishness', mass panic) or collective resilience (e.g. help, unity). 'Selfish' behaviors were found to be rare; mutual helping was more common. There is evidence for (a) a perceived continued danger of death after the explosions; (b) a sense of unity amongst at least some survivors, arising from this perceived danger; (c) a link between this sense of unity and helping; and (d) risk-taking to help strangers. We suggest a novel explanation for this evidence of 'collective resilience', based on self-categorization theory, according to which common fate entails a redefinition of self (from 'me' to 'us') and hence enhanced concern for others in the crowd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original version of Static-99 is widely used for assessing sexual recidivism. It does not, however, account for the negative effect of age on recidivism. Hanson (2006, Sexual Abuse, 18, 343-355) took up this problem by disseminating an updated experience table for Static-99, based on 3425 sex offenders, that was stratified by four rows of risk categories and five columns of age categories. Contrary to expectations, updated Static-99 reported that the highest group-wise recidivism rates accrued to sex offenders in the second youngest category. The explanation for this inconsistency is that the entries in updated Static-99 are misspecified for the youngest offenders because, in effect, Hanson used one scoring system for assigning older offenders to risk groups and another for the classification of younger offenders. Updated Static-99, therefore, needs to be respecified. We applied a Bayesian algorithm to do so. Updated Static-99 holds out so many advantages that we believe it is unethical for evaluators to use original Static-99 unless they can present overwhelming evidence in support of this choice. Other contributions of respecifying updated Static-99 are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Philippine government, military and media regularly represent the Abu Sayyaf as being the main perpetrators of atrocities in the southern Philippines. This paper challenges such representations through an outline of the phenomenon of kidnapping in the region. Opening with a vignette of the phenomenon drawn from primary sources, the paper then considers in greater detail its objective conditions, the identities of its perpetrators and sponsors, and their interdependencies. The available evidence strongly indicates that kidnappings in the zone are instigated mainly by key power brokers, who engage or collaborate with local armed groups for the purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In their seminal “Broken Windows” article in Atlantic Monthly, J. Q. Wilson and G. L. Kelling (1982) suggested that police could more effectively fight crime by targeting minor offenses. They hypothesized that untended disorder increases fear of crime in a community, starting a chain of events that eventually leads to heightened levels of crime. By targeting disorder, police can thus circumvent this cycle of neighborhood decline (Skogan, 1990). This study aimed to improve knowledge of the relationship between disorder and fear of crime in the context of the broken windows hypothesis by using a micro-place level research design involving a police crackdown on disorder and minor crime at hot spots. The results of the current study suggest that perceived social disorder and observed levels of physical disorder have a strong impact on fear of crime. This confirms the relationship between disorder and fear hypothesized by the broken windows literature, and implies that police may be able to reduce fear of crime by reducing disorder. It was also found, however, that the police intervention itself significantly increased the probability of feeling unsafe. Accordingly, any fear reduction benefits gained by reducing disorder may be offset by the fact that the policing strategies employed simultaneously increase fear of crime. These findings suggest the importance of a careful focus on “how” broken windows policing programs are implemented. Such programs must be geared not only to reduce disorder, but also to prevent increases in citizen fear that accompany crackdowns and other intensive enforcement efforts associated with broken windows policing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Facet action system theory (FAST) is a unified approach able to assist in the investigation of a range of crimes. The theoretical backdrop and methodological foundations of FAST are thoroughly reviewed and studies which have successfully made use of the framework to classify offences and offenders are considered. Particular attention is given to the way in which the model has been applied to organise actions in the domains of homicide, arson and sexual offending by subjecting multifarious crime scene behaviours to types of multidimensional scaling. In addition, the findings of a recent study testing the functional consistency across time and context of FAST within the same individual are discussed. The results indicate that the majority of individuals are true to modal type and suggest that even though the independent behaviours describing a particular mode may change across situation and time, the underlying psychological function of each mode remains the same. Given these findings, a promising avenue for future research lies in the application of the model to inform the interviewing of suspects and in testing for similarities and differences across the various forms of sexual violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the characteristics and experiences of women admitted to inpatient forensic psychiatric care in Ireland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The case records of all women admitted to the Central Mental Hospital, Dublin, between 1868 and 1908 (n = 70) were examined. Most women were Roman Catholic and single, with between one and 12 children. Over half were convicted of killing, of whom a majority were convicted of child-killing. Mean age was 32.8 years. Women convicted of killing were younger than those convicted of other offences. Women convicted of child killing were less likely to be unmarried than those convicted of killing adults. Almost one woman in 10 was 'sane' on admission; 'mania' and 'melancholia' constituted the largest diagnostic groupings. Approximately 15% of the women died at the Central Mental Hospital; almost 50% were ultimately transferred to local asylums; 12% were transferred to prison; and others were released to family or friends. The lives and institutional experiences of this patient group merit further examination and study from the perspectives of legal, social, and psychiatric history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of yet another young suicide in the Welsh town of Bridgend, and in the context of rising emotional problems among young people in Britain, Meghan Benton reflects on the suicide of her ex-boyfriend at the age of 18, and asks what can be done to better protect at-risk young people, particularly pressurised students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of humor in advertising has long been considered risky, partly due to its potential for causing offense. However, the conditions under which humor might be associated with offense in advertising had never been empirically explored, prior to the content analysis reported in this article. The findings of this study of consumer complaint adjudication reports, published by the Advertising Standards Authority of New Zealand, confirm that intentional humor is often present in advertisements audience members complain about. However, findings also suggest that audiences are (1) more offended by inherently offensive themes than anything else, and (2) when an intentionally humorous advertisement offends, it is likely because it is a certain type of humor that frequently includes an inherently offensive theme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a study consisting of in-depth interviews with 12 women who were victims/survivors of acquaintance rape while attending a university in the Northeast. The interviews focused on research questions concerning actions taken by the victim/survivor after the assault, reactions to her disclosure of the assault, and the impact of assault. It was found that a majority of the women did not seek professional services (medical, legal, counseling). All of the women had disclosed prior to participation, and had received varied reactions to disclosure, ranging from very supportive to complete disbelief. The rape had impacted all of the women quite dramatically; all cited consequential negative effects, while a few noted some positive effects as well. Implications for colleges and universities are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population rates of suicidal ideation, suicide plans or attempted suicide from three independent multinational epidemiological surveys (the WHO/EURO and WHO SUPRE-MISS studies and a third one) were not significantly associated with national IQ figures. This result conflicts with previous evidence from cross-national studies (by Lester and by Voracek) of a positive ecological correlation between level of national intelligence and rates of completed suicide. Across nations, the indicators for the prevalence of suicidal behavior also lacked close correspondence with suicide rates, which may be due to the higher unreliability of assessing covert suicidal behavior (suicide ideas, thoughts, plans, and, to a lesser extent, also suicide attempts) as compared to suicidal behavior that is indisputably overt (completed suicide). Several alternative explanations for the current nil findings are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criminologists have long debated the issue of how to define crime, and hence, the scope of criminological inquiry. For years, some critical criminologists have argued for expanded definitions of crime that include harmful behaviors of the state that may not be officially defined as criminal. Other critical criminologists have argued that existing legal frameworks may be used to study varieties of state crime, and that defining the harmful actions of the state as criminal is important to help mobilize public support for their control. In this paper, we first trace the historical development of these two perspectives, and then offer a tentative solution to the seeming tension between these two perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desistance from criminal behavior represents an important dimension of offending, yet few studies have explored whether factors promoting desistance from crime also promote desistance from less serious forms of offending behavior. Using data from the National Youth Survey, this study examines whether a series of theoretically informed psychosocial factors can differentiate offenders who desist from those who persist and whether these factors vary for offenders who desist from general and more serious forms of offending behavior. The results reveal that a number of characteristics differentiate desisters from persisters, and that there are important similarities and differences between factors that promote desistance from serious and not so serious offending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the Uniform Child Abduction Prevention Act (UCAPA or Act). The Act was approved and recommended for enactment by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) in July 2006 conference. It assists judges to identify children at risk of abduction, and offers various alternative prevention measures. Moreover, its scope include domestic abductions, preventive measures, and others. Discussions related to constructing and deconstructing the Act are also included.

We take advantage of the fortuitous randomization of trial outcome to provide a novel strategy to identify the deterrent effect exclusive of incapacitation. We compare the post-sentencing criminal activity of criminals who were convicted of a strikeable offense with those who were tried for a strikeable offense but convicted of a nonstrikeable offense. As a robustness check, we also make this comparison in states without three-strikes laws. The identification strategy lets us estimate the deterrent effect nonparametrically using data solely from the three-strikes era. We find that California's three-strike legislation significantly reduces felony arrest rates among the class of criminals with two strikes by 17-20 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article study the presence of stalking in domestic violence. Forty six subjects were studied, 20 homicides and 26 batterers not homicides using the PPAD (Psychological Profile of Domestic Aggressor), a semi-structured interview. The results show the presence of stalking like a common post- offence behavior in domestic homicide or violence. Both groups present as finality to place the victim in a position of vulnerability using a surprising approach. In other way, both groups show differences in the criminal psychological motivation, the type of stalking used and the intensity and extension over the victim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is the crime problem in the Western Cape and the Northern Cape rooted in the coloured population? Official figures suggest that coloured people are twice as likely as any other ethnic group to be murdered, and twice as likely to be incarcerated. Unfortunately, it is impossible to properly explore the linkage between the crime rates in the Cape and the coloured communities without station-level crime statistics, which the police no longer release to the public. Nevertheless, more research is needed to understand the links between this group and the crime problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the official crime statistics, the Western Cape has emerged as the country's most crime-ridden province, and the Northern Cape as the most violent. This is confusing for criminologists who link crime to poverty, because these are two of the best developed provinces in the country, with the highest employment levels. Explaining crime in these provinces requires further research on the people and conditions in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the choice of punishment levels where therapy and pure imprisonment are the two types of treatment. The incidence of a repeat offense depends on the offender's criminal energy in a stochastic fashion. Therapy increases the depreciation rate of criminal energy. A combination of the two treatment types is never chosen since they constitute strong substitutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engagement in property crime by drug users is often regarded as driven by the need to support a habit and/or as merely an aside to involvement in the drug "industry." This paper examines a group of successful women drug dealers in Melbourne—most of whom are also illicit drug users—and maps their involvement in property crime. It concludes that property offenses are tightly integrated with the women's drug businesses. Success in property offending is a characteristic of successful drug dealers, and stolen property and money plays a key part in the trade—providing a lucrative source of income, gifts, payments, and rewards. Property crime provides excitement and other, valued, intangible satisfactions, including status and self-esteem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article summarizes the findings from 273 studies of the relationship between social status and criminal/delinquent behavior. The present review differs from others published on the same topic in recent decades partly in terms of comprehensiveness, both in terms of the total number of studies reviewed and in terms of our efforts to include research from all countries, not just the United States and other English-speaking industrialized nations. This review also explicitly separated studies according to the types of the operational measures used in defining offending and social status. The review suggests that individual social status is much more closely associated with criminal/delinquent behavior than is parental social status, particularly when offending behavior is persistent. Parental social status was found to be especially unlikely to be significantly correlated with offending probabilities in the case of self-reported offenses. Most surprising of all was that not a single study of self-reported drug use was found that reported a significant negative correlation with parental social status, and most studies actually reported a significant positive correlation. The implications for theories of criminal/delinquent behavior are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We report the results of an expanded analysis of the impact of a Family Empowerment Intervention on twelve months recidivism among youths processed at the Hillsborough County Juvenile Assessment Center. Continuing, promising results were obtained. In particular, youths receiving Family Empowerment Intervention services had a reduced rate of subsequent arrests for property felonies and a new arrest in one or more of seven specific offense categories. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]