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This paper seeks to find poetry in recreating, if not beauty, then aesthetic dimension in waste itself, to find perfection in imperfection itself. The underline hypothesis stems from questions such as what is the relationship between the automotive industry and the building industry? What if there exists a knowledge transfer mechanism between the two. What if the know-how of automakers be applied to the building industry? Beyond adaptive reuse of existing buildings and abandoned structures, the image of the city of Detroit as the model of industrialized American city could be reshaped by the knowledge of its memory. This manuscript provides a speculative approach to revitalize one of the most famous examples of an American industrial city. The approach attempts to highlight the importance of activating multi-industry pollination known as industrial symbiosis (IS) specifically between the automotive industry and the building industry using the city of Detroit as a case study. Ideas to test the vitality of this approach were explored and tested in a graduate architectural design studio where students were challenged with transforming the automotive industry by-products, waste streams, and flows into building products and façade systems.

Nutrient composition of beef offal was evaluated to expand availability of nutrient data for the following beef items: beef heart, liver, kidney, tongue, honeycomb tripe, oxtail, marrow bones, testicles, and blood. These items are consumed both domestically and internationally, with significant regional variations that can be contributed to unique cultural meals and dietary patterns. Standardized procedures were used to dissect and homogenize beef offal samples. Nutrient analysis occurred at United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service-approved laboratories using validated methods and standards. Each of the offal items in the study qualified for at least one "Good Source" or "Excellent Source" nutrient labeling claim as defined by the United States Food and Drug Administration, based on composition of the separable lean component. This study provides analytically derived nutrient information for U.S. beef offal items. The results reflect that these products could be beneficial in providing essential nutrients as a component of a healthy diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary diversity is one of the fundamental factors of nutritional security and a proxy used to measure diet quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between village chicken availability and the dietary diversity of households along a rural–urban gradient. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire in rural (n = 100), peri-urban (n = 100), and urban (n = 100) areas of Pietermaritzburg uMgungundlovu District, KwaZulu-Natal, in South Africa. A positive relationship between distance from the city center and village chicken flock sizes (p < 0.001) was observed. Consumption of vegetables increased with an increase in distance from the city center (p < 0.01). A quadratic relationship was observed between distance from the city center and consumption of livestock-derived foods (LDFs) (p < 0.05). Consumption of LDFs increased with an increase in village chicken flock sizes (p < 0.05). Consumption of vegetables increased with an increase in village chicken flock sizes (p < 0.01). Food variety score (FVS) increased with an increase in distance from the city center (p < 0.05). Assessing the availability of village chickens across rural–urban gradients is a worthy opportunity to utilize to improve households’ dietary diversity and alleviate poverty. It can be concluded that expanding village flock sizes could enhance the dietary diversity of households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of metal-contaminated offal of animals will affect the health of humans. Thus, the research determined the concentrations of heavy metals in the offal and muscle tissues of cows, goats, and ram slaughtered at the main abattoir in Lokoja, northcentral Nigeria. Furthermore, an evaluation was carried out to assess the potential health hazards faced by the indigenous population due to the consumption of heavy metals from these animals. The mean concentrations of metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb) in the kidney, liver, and muscle of cows, goats, and rams were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. Estimated daily intake of the metals, hazard quotient, hazard index, and cancer risk were calculated. All internal organs had Ni levels above the regulatory threshold limit. The average concentration of Pb in the muscle tissue and liver of the tested animals exceeded the permissible limits by the WHO. Similarly, the concentration of Cd in the muscle tissues was above the Maximum Permissible Limit (MPL) of 0.05 mg kg−1. Except for cow kidneys, all internal organs contain Cr levels below the MPL (1.0) limit. The THQ value for the metals was < 1 except Cd. It indicates potential health risks due to Cd. The calculated HI values were > 1. The percentage contribution of Cd to the HI value was the highest. The observed sequence is Cd > Ni > Cr > Pb > Al. The results show that eating the offal and muscle under investigation has a carcinogenic effect.

This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of a blend of citric acid and hydrochloric acid (CP), peroxyacetic acid (PAA), and sulfuric acid (SA) against Salmonella and mesophilic aerobic plate counts (APC) on chicken hearts and livers. Samples were inoculated with a five‐serovar cocktail of Salmonella at ca. 4.8 log CFU/g and treated by immersion with a water control (90 s), CP (5% v/v, 30 s), PAA (0.05% v/v or 500 ppm, 90 s), or SA (2% v/v, 30 s), all at 4°C and with mechanical agitation. Samples were vacuum packed and stored for up to 3 days at 4°C. Three independent replications were performed for each product, treatment, and time combination. The average Salmonella reductions in chicken hearts after 3 days were 1.33 ± 0.25, 1.40 ± 0.04, and 1.32 ± 0.12 log CFU/g for PAA, SA, and CP, respectively. For chicken livers, the values were 1.10 ± 0.12, 1.09 ± 0.19, and 0.96 ± 0.27 for PAA, SA, and CP, respectively. All antimicrobials reduced Salmonella counts in both chicken hearts and livers by more than one log, in contrast to the water control. All treatments effectively minimized the growth of APC for up to 3 days of refrigerated storage, and no differences in objective color values (L, a, or b) were observed. The poultry industry may use these antimicrobials as components of a multifaceted approach to mitigate Salmonella in nonconventional chicken parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of scientific research carried out on the materials and technical base of KubSAU named after. I.T. Trubilin and MSTU technological parameters and biological value of quail meat has been studied. Texas broiler quails, which were raised on a farm in the Krasnodar Territory, were slaughtered. The rationale for the use of Texas broiler quail meat in the technology of special-purpose meat products has been given. Studies of technological properties showed that the slaughter yield of an uneviscerated carcass is on average 85%. The yield of boneless meat was assessed in two ways: after gutting and after blanching the carcass, which showed that the yield of boneless meat after blanching was higher by 16.87 g, which was explained by a more thorough separation of muscle tissue from the bones. The results provided the basis for the use of blanching of whole carcasses in the production technology of special products based on quail meat. The recipe composition of meat cream based on quail meat and offal was modeled. Experimental batches were developed, followed by a tasting assessment and calculation of nutritional value, which showed high results, which justified the use of Texas broiler quail meat for the production of products for both general and special purposes.

Pork liver is a protein-rich offal, generated in large quantities in the meat industry and considered non-allergenic, although not highly appreciated by Western consumers. The recovery of its proteins through a simple and easily scalable process with the purpose of obtaining economical and environmentally friendly techno-functional ingredients might be an alternative for its valorization. Of great interest are protein fractions with good foaming properties that can act as substitutes for other highly allergenic proteins in food formulation. In this study, protein extractions from fresh pork livers were performed using buffer solutions adjusted to different pH (from 4.0 to 8.5), without a subsequent concentration/purification step. The main parameters evaluated were yield and foaming properties of the recovered extracts; their physicochemical characteristics and the SDS-PAGE protein profiles were determined as well. Acceptable extraction yields (> 50% of the total protein) were obtained using buffer solutions adjusted to pH ≥ 4.80, but their foaming properties were poor. By contrast, the extracts recovered using buffers adjusted to pH ≤ 4.75 were capable of forming very voluminous and stable foams, although rather low yields were achieved under these conditions (31.5–36.0% of the total protein). In addition to the profile of solubilized proteins, a low fat and relatively high carbohydrate content in the extracts seem to contribute to their excellent foaming properties. Therefore, protein extracts from fresh pork liver obtained using buffer solutions adjusted to pH 4.0–4.5 (extract pH: 5.3–5.6) could be a real alternative to other protein foaming agents that cause food allergies, in a simple, cost-effective and sustainable way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camel meat is an important source of red meat and essential amino acids in Egypt and other Arab countries. This study aimed at investigation of the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in the camel meat and offal (liver, and kidney) retailed in Zagazig city, Egypt. Besides, antibiogram of the recovered Salmonella spp. was screened. In addition, a reduction trial for Salmonella loads in the prepared camel meat ball using organic acids such as acetic and lactic acids or their combination. The obtained results revealed isolation of Salmonella spp., at 20% (12 out of 60 samples). With the highest prevalence in the liver (30%), followed by kidney (20%), and muscle (10%), respectively. Salmonella spp., that were isolated were identified serologically as S. Enteritidis (33.33%), S. Typhimurium (41.66%), S. Virchow (8.33%), and S. Apeyeme (16.66%). The recovered species showed marked multidrug resistance with the highest resistance against erythromycin, oxacillin, clindamycin, ampicillin, and nalidixic acid. The use of acetic, lactic acids and their combination could significantly reduce Salmonella load in the camel meat samples. In conclusion, the use of organic acids, particularly a combination of acetic and lactic acids (1:1, 2%) is of a particular importance in reducing Salmonella load in the camel meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-quality animal protein, vitamins B1, B6, and B12, as well as minerals like zinc, selenium, and iron, can all be found in buffalo meat and milk. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been widely utilized for many years because of their long duration of action, low cost, and toxicity against a variety of pests. Despite being outlawed everywhere, OCPs are still being used illegally. One of the main responsibilities of the food safety and public health sectors is to guarantee the safety and wholesomeness of such food products before they are made available to the public. In order to determine the residual OCP contents in retailed buffalo meat, liver, kidney, milk, and kariesh cheese, this study was conducted. The obtained results in the current investigation revealed the detection of OCPs at 75%, 40%, 25%, 60%, and 80% in the examined buffalo raw milk, kariesh cheese, meat, kidneys, and liver. Different OCPs were detected at variable concentrations; however, such concentrations were within the established permissible limits in Egypt. In conclusion, OCPs are still in use in Egyptian agricultural activities and residual concentrations can be detected in the meat, offal, and dairies. Therefore, it is highly advised to continuously check for OCP residues in foods with both animal and plant origins. Additionally, it is strongly advised that farmers become more aware of the negative consequences of OCPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to comparatively analyse the physical parameters, basic chemical composition and the macro- and microelement content of offal obtained from fattening pigs raised in deep litter and slatted floor housing systems. The experiment involved a group of 80 Puławska fatteners, including 40 pigs kept in deep-litter pens (group I) and 40 pigs in slatted pens without bedding (group II). Offal (tongues, kidneys, hearts, lungs and livers) was evaluated for weight, physical characteristics (pH45, pH24, WHC), chemical composition (water, protein, fat) and the content of minerals: macro- (K, Na, Mg, Ca) and microelements (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu). Based on the results obtained, associations were found between housing system and basic chemical composition of some offal, i.e. percentage of water (slatted floordeep litter) in lungs, content of protein (slatted floor>deep litter) and fat (slatted floordeep litter); lungs: sodium (slatted floor>deep litter), potassium (slatted floordeep litter) and copper (slatted floor

BackgroundFew studies have been conducted on the associations of dietary habits with the risks of high normal blood pressure and hypertension in employees of chemical companies in northwest China.ObjectiveTo understand the excess intakes of red meat, offal, and salt, the current status of high normal blood pressure and hypertension detection among employees of a large chemical company in Gansu, China, and to analyze the relationships between different dietary habits and the risks of high normal blood pressure and hypertension.MethodsA large state-owned chemical enterprise in Gansu Province was selected and 914 employees were recruited by age-stratified random sampling. A set of questionnaires and health examination were adopted for the survey. χ2 test was used to compare dietary habits. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationships between different dietary habits and the risks of high normal blood pressure and hypertension in the chemical enterprise employees after including the factors significantly different in the χ2 test.ResultsA total of 914 workers completed the survey. Significant differences were found in the distribution of normal blood pressure, high normal blood pressure, and hypertension among the participants grouped by gender, age, body mass index (BMI), and family history of hypertension (P < 0.001). The excess intake rates of red meat, offal, and salt were 25.4%, 29.0%, and 62.1%, respectively. Significant differences were found in the distribution of normal blood pressure, high normal blood pressure, and hypertension among the participants grouped by intakes of meat, offal, and salt (P < 0.001). The highest positive rate of high normal blood pressure was detected in the workers with excess intakes of offal and salt (P < 0.001). The prevalence rate of hypertension increased with higher intakes of red meat, offal, and salt (P < 0.001). After adjusting for gender, age, BMI, family history of hypertension, and other factors, the results of logistic regression showed that the risks of high normal blood pressure and hypertension in workers with excess red meat intake were 1.55 (95%CI: 1.00, 2.38) times and 2.88 (95%CI: 1.63, 5.07) times higher than those in workers with low red meat intake respectively. The risks of high normal blood pressure and hypertension in workers with excess offal intake were 1.75 (95%CI: 1.12, 2.72) times and 1.87 (95%CI: 1.01, 3.44) times higher than those in workers with no offal intake respectively. The risks of high normal blood pressure and hypertension in workers with excess salt intake were 1.80 (95%CI: 1.22, 2.65) times and 2.59 (95%CI: 1.63, 4.11) times higher than those in workers with moderate salt intake, respectively.ConclusionExcessive intakes of red meat, offal or salt are common among the chemical enterprise workers. Excess intakes of red meat, offal, and salt are risk factors for both high normal blood pressure and hypertension. The northwest chemical enterprise should further advocate a healthy and reasonable diet among employees, and propose to reduce the intakes of red meat, offal, and salt.

Camel meat and edible offal are regarded as exotic meats around the world. However, such meat kinds are regarded as emerging meat sources rich in animal-derived protein in particular countries such as Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Camel meat and offal supplies humans with part of their needs from essential amino acids, minerals, vitamins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Toxic metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg) are of no-known physiological importance. The objectives of the present study were to quantitatively estimate the residual levels of Pb, Cd, As, and Hg in camel meat and edible offal including round, liver, kidney, and tongue in samples collected from Zagazig slaughterhouse, Egypt and Al-Ahsa slaughterhouse, Saudi Arabia. Dietary intakes and potential health risks associated with the consumption of camel meat and edible offal among Saudi and Egyptian populations were additionally calculated in a comparative way. The obtained results indicated that edible offal including liver, kidney and tongue had higher levels of the tested metals compared with the muscle. Samples collected from Egypt had significantly (p< 0.05) higher metal residues than that collected from Saudi Arabia. Cadmium content exceeded the established maximum permissible limits (MPL) in 65%, 20%, and 70% of liver, kidney, and tongue samples collected from Egypt, while only 35%, and 20% of the Saudi liver and kidney samples exceeded MPL. Arsenic residue levels exceeded MPL in 50%, 50%, and 25% of the Egyptian liver, kidney, and tongue samples. None of the examined samples exceeded MPL for Pb, and Hg. Calculation of the hazard ratio (HR), and hazard index (HI) for Egyptian and Saudi adults and children indicated that HI was higher than one for Egyptian children consuming liver, kidney, and tongues of the camel. Therefore, it is highly recommended to reduce the daily consumption of such offal samples, particularly among children in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of veterinary drug residues in food of animal origin is of great importance in developing countries. The concerns are mostly related to food safety and the development of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. This study was carried out during the hot dry season (March) between 2016 - 2018 to detect antibiotic presence in beef, chevon and pork sold for human consumption in abattoirs in Benue state. Thirty-nine samples each of 100-150g of kidney, liver and muscle were collected from cattle, goats and pigs making a total of 351 samples from abattoirs across the three geopolitical zones of Benue state. The samples were screened for multidrug residues using the modified agar gel diffusion method. A total of 144 were positive out of which 40.3% (58/144) were beef, while 29.2% (42/144) and 30.5% (44/144) were chevon and pork respectively. From the results of this study, it could be inferred that the meat consumed within Benue State contains residues of antibiotics possibly because of non-adherence to the withdrawal period by farmers and lack of knowledge of its consequences on the consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

19‐Norandrosterone (19NA) is the preferred urinary target compound to identify doping with nandrolone or related 19‐norsteroids. At concentrations between 2.5 and 15 ng/mL, isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is required to establish exogenous origin of urinary 19NA. An absolute difference of 3‰ between urinary 19NA and an endogenous reference compound (ERC) constitutes a finding for exogenous origin of 19NA. Over the last 3 years, 77 samples containing urinary 19NA between 2.5 and 15 ng/mL were analyzed at our laboratory. The measured δ13C values for 19NA ranged from −29.5‰ to −16.8‰. In comparison, the δ13C values for the corresponding urinary ERCs ranged from −22.4‰ to −16.2‰. Due to the considerable overlap in values between the target compound and the natural range of urinary ERCs, it can be challenging to distinguish between endogenous and exogenous origins of urinary 19NA. In addition, it is well known that consumption of offal from non‐castrated pigs can produce 19NA in urine. To determine whether this could cause a positive IRMS finding under the current IRMS positivity criteria, meat from non‐castrated boars fed a mixture of corn and soy was consumed by 13 volunteers. Two volunteers produced 19NA findings above 2.5 ng/mL, and the measured isotope values, while inconsistent with documented 19‐norsteroid preparations, did meet IRMS positivity criteria. However, these increases in 19NA urinary concentrations were short‐lived due to rapid elimination. Timely follow‐up collections may help support a claim for dietary exposure when low urinary concentrations of 19NA with pseudo‐endogenous isotope values are observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Indonesia is a home to diverse ethnicities and cultures that have influenced its culinary tradition. Moreover, Indonesian culinary tradition is shaped by the country’s wealth of natural resources, one of which is offal (including tripe, lung, intestine, liver, and so on). The utilization of offal has created myriad recipes of offal-based dishes (OBDs), resulting in a culinary diversity across the nation. Therefore, this article aimed to identify and create a culinary profile of Indonesian OBDs based on geographical distribution. To strengthen this culinary profile, historical creations of Indonesian OBDs were also elucidated. For centuries, Indonesian OBDs have been shaped by several factors, such as natural resources, history, religio-cultural, and economic backgrounds. For instance, specialties such as momoh (braised offal) from Central Java and pallubasa (coconut milk-based offal soup) from South Sulawesi were developed due to religio-cultural and economic reasons, respectively. Although 139 Indonesian OBDs are widely distributed across 23 Indonesian provinces, the foods are mostly concentrated in West Sumatra (31 dishes), Central Java (18 dishes), and East Java (14 dishes). Furthermore, intestine, liver, and tripe are the most commonly used types of offal as utilized in over 40 dishes; while cattle, water buffalo, and chicken are the most utilized sources of offal. Meanwhile, pig offal is only used in the non-Muslim regions of Indonesia. The creation of Indonesian OBDs is also influenced by foreign cultures. For example, gulai tambusu (intestine curry) from West Sumatra, rabeg (Bantenese-styled mutton curry) from Banten, babat gongso (stir-fried cattle tripe) from Central Java, and the ubiquitous sop buntut (oxtail soup) demonstrate Indian, Arabian, Chinese, and colonial influences, respectively. However, OBD such as saksang (pork stewed in pig blood), which originated from Batak ethnic group, retains the native culinary features. Additionally, OBDs recipes involve several spices, herbs, and other ingredients that can maintain and improve their organoleptic attributes.

Nutritional qualities of consumer foods particularly, meat is of great importance in improving health of an individual. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine the proximate composition and concentrations of some essential heavy metals (Co, Se and B) in the liver, kidney and tissue muscle of cow, ram, and goat in Lokoja, Kogi State. Proximate analysis was done according to AOAC procedure. After sampling, the tissues were prepared for metal analysis by acid digestion method and read by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The result showed that moisture content ranged from 70.1% to 74.8%, ash content ranged from 1.1% to 3.8%, protein content 16.2 to 19.9%, fat content 4.7 to 8.8%, organic matter ranged from 96.2% to 99.1%, carbohydrate contents ranged from 0.2% to 0.9%, and dry matter content 25.5% to 29.8 %. Selenium ranged from 5.2 to 6.0 mg/kg, boron ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 mg/kg, and cobalt ranged from 1.5 to 6.0 mg/kg. The mean concentration of selenium and cobalt unlike boron exceeded permitted recommended level. Excessive level of essential elements can pose a threat to human health. Therefore, regular consumption of offal from the studied animals consumed in Lokoja may poses a health risk with respect to Se and Co. Sources of Se and Co need to be investigated to safeguard consumers from possible exposure to health hazards.

Nutritional qualities of consumer foods particularly, meat is of great importance in improving health of an individual. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine the proximate composition and concentrations of some essential heavy metals (Co, Se and B) in the liver, kidney and tissue muscle of cow, ram, and goat in Lokoja, Kogi State. Proximate analysis was done according to AOAC procedure. After sampling, the tissues were prepared for metal analysis by acid digestion method and read by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The result showed that moisture content ranged from 70.1% to 74.8%, ash content ranged from 1.1% to 3.8%, protein content 16.2 to 19.9%, fat content 4.7 to 8.8%, organic matter ranged from 96.2% to 99.1%, carbohydrate contents ranged from 0.2% to 0.9%, and dry matter content 25.5% to 29.8 %. Selenium ranged from 5.2 to 6.0 mg/kg, boron ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 mg/kg, and cobalt ranged from 1.5 to 6.0 mg/kg. The mean concentration of selenium and cobalt unlike boron exceeded permitted recommended level. Excessive level of essential elements can pose a threat to human health. Therefore, regular consumption of offal from the studied animals consumed in Lokoja may poses a health risk with respect to Se and Co. Sources of Se and Co need to be investigated to safeguard consumers from possible exposure to health hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is a home to diverse ethnicities and cultures that have influenced its culinary tradition. Moreover, Indonesian culinary tradition is shaped by the country's wealth of natural resources, one of which is offal (including tripe, lung, intestine, liver, and so on). The utilization of offal has created myriad recipes of offal-based dishes (OBDs), resulting in a culinary diversity across the nation. Therefore, this article aimed to identify and create a culinary profile of Indonesian OBDs based on geographical distribution. To strengthen this culinary profile, historical creations of Indonesian OBDs were also elucidated. For centuries, Indonesian OBDs have been shaped by several factors, such as natural resources, history, religio-cultural, and economic backgrounds. For instance, specialties such as momoh (braised offal) from Central Java and pallubasa (coconut milk-based offal soup) from South Sulawesi were developed due to religio-cultural and economic reasons, respectively. Although 139 Indonesian OBDs are widely distributed across 23 Indonesian provinces, the foods are mostly concentrated in West Sumatra (31 dishes), Central Java (18 dishes), and East Java (14 dishes). Furthermore, intestine, liver, and tripe are the most commonly used types of offal as utilized in over 40 dishes; while cattle, water buffalo, and chicken are the most utilized sources of offal. Meanwhile, pig offal is only used in the non-Muslim regions of Indonesia. The creation of Indonesian OBDs is also influenced by foreign cultures. For example, gulai tambusu (intestine curry) from West Sumatra, rabeg (Bantenese-styled mutton curry) from Banten, babat gongso (stir-fried cattle tripe) from Central Java, and the ubiquitous sop buntut (oxtail soup) demonstrate Indian, Arabian, Chinese, and colonial influences, respectively. However, OBD such as saksang (pork stewed in pig blood), which originated from Batak ethnic group, retains the native culinary features. Additionally, OBDs recipes involve several spices, herbs, and other ingredients that can maintain and improve their organoleptic attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing demand for clean-label products. This study aimed to obtain a food-grade coloring ingredient for meat products based on the formation of Zn-protoporphyrin from porcine livers, thus contributing to the development of nitrite-free products. First, the effects of sodium disulfite and acetic, ascorbic, and lactic acids on the formation of Zn-protoporphyrin and the total microbial count were studied. The combination of ascorbic and acetic acids resulted in a higher Zn-protoporphyrin content than acetic acid alone, and microbial levels were maintained (ca. 3 log CFU/mL). Second, a response surface methodology was used to maximize Zn-protoporphyrin while maintaining microbiological food standards. To that end, the effects of pH (4.2–5.4), incubation time (3–30 h), and temperature (25–50 °C) were studied. The selected conditions for Zn-protoporphyrin formation involved anaerobic incubation at pH 4.8 and 45 °C for 24 h. The safety was validated through challenge testing for relevant pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Clostridium perfringens). A significant reduction (>6 log units) was observed in the selected conditions for L. monocytogenes and Salmonella, whereas C. perfringens spores remained at the inoculated levels. The optimized procedure is proven to be microbiologically safe, and may improve the color of nitrite-free meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sheep meat including mutton and lamb and its edible offal are regarded as important sources of high quality animal protein, essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. However, unsanitary handling of such meat sources during the slaughtering, dressing, evisceration, or further processing might contribute to contamination of meat with a vast array of microorganisms including those with public health significance such as E. coli, and Salmonella spp. In this review, we would like to highlight the role of sheep meat and offal as potential sources of the spread of E. coli, and Salmonella spp. It was clear that adoption of strict hygienic measure during the entire steps of the carcass preparation and processing as well as efficient cooking of such meat and edible offal are among the suggested strAtegies to prevent the possible contamination of sheep meat with foodborne pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of research chosen in the work is low-value products of slaughter and processing of livestock, in particular by-products of category II. Having a sufficient protein content and a number of other properties necessary for the production of protein hydrolysates. At the same time, the use of such secondary products seems promising, since in this case, on the one hand, prerequisites are created for the creation of low-waste technologies, and on the other hand, it becomes possible to produce combined products with an optimal ratio of nutrients. The research results show a high content of glycine, alanine, glutamic acid, serine, and proline in wool by-products, i. e. those amino acids that are mainly contained in collagen. Collagen hydrolysate was obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of legs with a put joint. Taking into account the peculiarities of the preparation of the components, the technological process was worked out and a technological scheme for obtaining protein hydrolysate was proposed.

The analysis of existing foreign technologies of herodietic meat products was carried out, which showed that the main components forming their orientation are: connective-woven proteins, vitamins, minerals. The use of secondary raw materials seems promising, on the one hand, prerequisites for resource-saving technologies are being created, on the other hand, it becomes possible to produce meat products enriched with biologically active ingredients from secondary meat raw materials. Connective tissue proteins, as well as full-fledged proteins, play an important role for the human body, since they can perform the functions of dietary fibers. The scar refers to mucous by-products that are collagen-containing and, when used in their native form, have high strength characteristics, specifically smell and taste. These characteristics make it difficult to use them in raw or natural form. In this regard, it is necessary to develop a technology for their processing for further application in industry. The physicochemical, microbiological and technological properties of beef tripe were investigated for use in the production of sausages of the herodietic direction. The results of the study indicate a high potential for the possibility of using these raw materials and have all the prerequisites for the production of meat products of the herodietic direction from them.

Rabbit meat and offal are considered valuable sources of high biological value animal protein. Rabbit meat is rich in essential amino acids, low in cholesterol, and contains considerable amounts of trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, and zinc. However, the potential contribution of rabbit meat and offal in the transmission of foodborne pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Salmonella spp. is neglected. Therefore, this study was conducted first to investigate the prevalence rates of S. aureus and Salmonella spp. in the retailed rabbit meat at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Second, serological identification of the isolated bacteria was followed. Detection of S. aureus-enterotoxins and Salmonella-virulence-associated genes was also done using PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the recovered bacterial isolates was additionally examined. The acquired results showed that 17% of the investigated samples of rabbit meat contained S. aureus. Where S. aureus was isolated from the investigated rabbit’s breast, thigh, liver, and kidney at 20%, 24%, 12%, and 12% of each, respectively. Salmonella spp. was isolated at 13%. Salmonella spp. was isolated from the investigated rabbit thigh, liver, breast, and kidney at 16%, 16%, 12%, and 8%, respectively. Four different strains of Salmonella spp namely, S. Typhimurium, S. Kentucky, S. Virchow, and S. Infantis were recovered in the current study. The recovered S. aureus and Salmonella spp. harbored enterotoxins and virulence attributes with multidrug resistance. Therefore, strict hygienic measures should be followed during the processing and handling of rabbit meat and offal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abattoir survey was conducted from October 2020 to September 2021 to identify the primary reasons for offal and carcass condemnation of slaughtered animals in Dakahlia province, Egypt, as well as to estimate their economic loss. During the survey, 643 animals (441 cattle, 178 buffalos, 19 camels, 4 sheep, and one goat) were submitted for antemortem and postmortem inspection. The results of both inspections were collected, analyzed, and the total economic loss was estimated by adding the condemnation of offal and carcasses over a twelve-month period. Retail prices for offal (liver, lung, heart, and tongue) and carcass prices per kg were obtained from local markets. Out of 643 animals slaughtered, 2 (0.31%) were totally condemned. In addition, postmortem inspection revealed that 217 (33.74%) livers, 158 (24.57%) lungs, 5 (0.78%) hearts, 14 (2.18%) heads, and 11(1.71%) tongues were condemned. Offal were condemned mainly due to pneumonia, fascioliasis, telangiectiasis, necrosis, and hydatidosis, whereas carcasses were rejected due to generalized tuberculosis. According to this study, the financial loss at the abattoir owing to carcass and organ condemnations was 244066 Egyptian Pounds over a twelve-month period (15746 USD). The incidence of meat rejection and subsequent financial loss was high compared to the amount of local revenue. The current study concluded that bacterial and parasitic diseases are still prevalent and cause significant economic damage in Dakahlia province, Egypt. This abattoir survey offered regional information on the principal reasons for carcass and organ condemnation in slaughtered animals, as well as an estimate of the direct economic consequences. Furthermore, the findings of the current work underlined the importance of developing an efficient monitoring system for meat condemnation and enforcing animal health strategies in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abattoir survey was conducted from October 2020 to September 2021 to identify the primary reasons for offal and carcass condemnation of slaughtered animals in Dakahlia province, Egypt, as well as to estimate their economic loss. During the survey, 643 animals (441 cattle, 178 buffalos, 19 camels, 4 sheep, and one goat) were submitted for antemortem and postmortem inspection. The results of both inspections were collected, analyzed, and the total economic loss was estimated by adding the condemnation of offal and carcasses over a twelve-month period. Retail prices for offal (liver, lung, heart, and tongue) and carcass prices per kg were obtained from local markets. Out of 643 animals slaughtered, 2 (0.31%) were totally condemned. In addition, postmortem inspection revealed that 217 (33.74%) livers, 158 (24.57%) lungs, 5 (0.78%) hearts, 14 (2.18%) heads, and 11(1.71%) tongues were condemned. Offal were condemned mainly due to pneumonia, fascioliasis, telangiectiasis, necrosis, and hydatidosis, whereas carcasses were rejected due to generalized tuberculosis. According to this study, the financial loss at the abattoir owing to carcass and organ condemnations was 244066 Egyptian Pounds over a twelve-month period (15746 USD). The incidence of meat rejection and subsequent financial loss was high compared to the amount of local revenue. The current study concluded that bacterial and parasitic diseases are still prevalent and cause significant economic damage in Dakahlia province, Egypt. This abattoir survey offered regional information on the principal reasons for carcass and organ condemnation in slaughtered animals, as well as an estimate of the direct economic consequences. Furthermore, the findings of the current work underlined the importance of developing an efficient monitoring system for meat condemnation and enforcing animal health strategies in Egypt.

Rabbit meat and offal are considered valuable sources of high biological value animal protein. Rabbit meat is rich in essential amino acids, low in cholesterol, and contains considerable amounts of trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, and zinc. However, the potential contribution of rabbit meat and offal in the transmission of foodborne pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Salmonella spp. is neglected. Therefore, this study was conducted first to investigate the prevalence rates of S. aureus and Salmonella spp. in the retailed rabbit meat at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Second, serological identification of the isolated bacteria was followed. Detection of S. aureus-enterotoxins and Salmonella-virulence-associated genes was also done using PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the recovered bacterial isolates was additionally examined. The acquired results showed that 17% of the investigated samples of rabbit meat contained S. aureus. Where S. aureus was isolated from the investigated rabbit's breast, thigh, liver, and kidney at 20%, 24%, 12%, and 12% of each, respectively. Salmonella spp. was isolated at 13%. Salmonella spp. was isolated from the investigated rabbit thigh, liver, breast, and kidney at 16%, 16%, 12%, and 8%, respectively. Four different strains of Salmonella spp namely, S. Typhimurium, S. Kentucky, S. Virchow, and S. Infantis were recovered in the current study. The recovered S. aureus and Salmonella spp. harbored enterotoxins and virulence attributes with multidrug resistance. Therefore, strict hygienic measures should be followed during the processing and handling of rabbit meat and offal.

Rabbit meat and offal are considered as valuable sources of high biological value animal protein. Rabbit meat is rich in essential amino acids, low in cholesterol and contains considerable amounts of trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, and zinc. However, rabbit meat is also implicated in the transmission of foodborne pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., E. coli, and Pseudomonas spp. Few reports had reviewed the microbiological quality of rabbit meat either worldwide or in Egypt. In this review, we will summarize the available literature about the microbiological status of rabbit meat and offal. Moreover, the potential human health risks associated with the occurrence of such foodborne pathogens in rabbit meat, and their effect on the shelf life of meat will be discussed. In addition, suggestions on how to improve the microbiological quality of rabbit meat and to extend its shelf life will also be introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A national baseline study of offal hygiene was undertaken at 17 Australian export establishments. A total of 1756 samples of different offal types were analysed for aerobic plate count (APC), generic Escherichia coli, and coliform bacteria. Average APC values varied from 1.51 to 5.26 Log10 CFU/g, depending on species and offal type. The average APC on beef, sheep, lamb, and goat offal was 3.25, 3.38, 3.70, and 2.97 Log10 CFU/g, respectively. There is a small but significant difference in APC on offal sampled frozen (3.26 Log10 CFU/g) and offal sampled fresh (3.73 Log10 CFU/g). Escherichia coli prevalence on beef, sheep, lamb, and goat offal was 15.4%, 28.1%, 17.5%, and 39.3%, respectively. The number of E. coli on positive offal samples ranged from 1.42 to 1.82 Log10 CFU/g. While the quality of some offal approach that of muscle meat, the hygienic quality of red meat offal can be understood by considering the anatomical site from which it is harvested, the usual bacterial levels found at that site, the difficulty in hygienically removing the offal from the carcase, the process prior to packing, and the chilling method used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the main trends in processing animal products, the development of technologies to improve their quality and technologies to preserve the quality indicators of the product over time. A review of the effects of ultrasound treatment on beef rumen is presented, and the main directions of ultrasound application are determined. The advantages of ultrasonic processing and its influence on the characteristics of raw meat were researched. The modes and parameters (frequency, intensity and duration) of ultrasound treatment of muscle tissue were established based on the results. This study evaluated the effect of ultrasound treatment on beef rumen's physical, microstructural and organoleptic characteristics. The physicochemical, mineral, microbiological, vitamin and amino acid composition of beef rumen and reticulum were also studied. Based on the results of the presented review, it can be concluded that the development of technologies for processing beef rumen with ultrasound is of potential interest. The optimal parameters are 400 and 600 W/m2, with a frequency of 40 kHz, for 50-60 minutes.

The purpose of this paper was to determine the quality of the edible offal (heart, liver, and kidney) of rabbits (Flemish Giant breed) during storage by refrigeration following the evolution of the pH, after slaughter, during maturation, to autolysis and alteration, from 27 individuals (15 males and 12 females). The rabbits had an average body weight of 11.5 kg being at the age of reproductive maturity (11-12 months). The pH evolution of the edible offal (heart, liver, and kidney) of rabbits (refrigerated at 4oC) was monitored during of 18 days after slaughter. The pH evolution had a fluctuant ascendant trend, quite similar for females and males, presenting insignificant differences by gender. At 24 h after slaughter, the mean values of pH of the main edible offal (from males and females) had the highest average values to the kidneys 6.48, followed by the heart 6.32 and by the liver 6.23. The alteration occurred much faster in kidneys and was starting with the 13th day of storage, the pH being close to 6.8-7.

The objective of this study was to assess the preference for grasscutter offal among consumers in the Greater Accra and Ashanti regions of Ghana. The stratified three-stage random sampling was adopted for the selection of respondents. A total of 140 respondents (120 consumers; 20 operators) were used in this study. In the Ashanti region, 93 consumers and 13 chop bar operators were considered. Within the Greater Accra region, only one market was selected (Agbogbloshie market), where 27 consumers and seven chop bar operators were considered. Relevant information was collected through the administration of well-structured questionnaires. Results obtained showed a relatively higher offal preference by consumers in the Ashanti region (91.4%) as compared to the Greater Accra region (81.5%). Most consumers preferred the intestines and intestinal contents in both represented areas 60% from the Ashanti region and 45.6% from the Greater Accra region. 90.6% and 81.8% of the consumers from the Ashanti and Greater Accra regions, respectively preferred cooked offal to either smoked or roasted. These regional differences were not statistically significant. The rate of offal consumption was higher in the Ashanti region (i.e., on a weekly basis) as compared to the Greater Accra region (i.e., occasionally), represented by 63.5% and 68.2%, respectively. This difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The taste was considered the most significant, relevant and important factor affecting consumer preference for grasscutter offal consumption in both regions. It is concluded in this study that the grasscutter offal has relatively high patronage by the respondents in this study. Further studies should be focused on the possible health implication of offal consumption on consumers as the intestines, and their contents might contain some parasites and other bacteria which can be harmful to humans. Further studies should be carried out to obtain a nationwide view of grasscutter offal consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hunters support scavengers with seasonal pulses of carrion. If those hunters also deploy remote cameras at kill sites, they could simultaneously contribute data to wildlife research while gaining first‐hand knowledge of scavenger ecology. In 2018–2020, we recruited hunters to monitor carcasses and offal with remote cameras across western Montana, USA. We increased our sampling effort by also setting up cameras following successful elk (Cervus canadensis) hunts at a private ranch. Cameras recorded 19 scavenger species. Golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) appeared at 55% of sites, and 3 individuals wore auxiliary markers, demonstrating how hunters can augment efforts to detect tagged wildlife. Cameras also documented elusive predators (e.g., wolves [Canis lupus]) and a seasonality of scavenging among American black bears (Ursus americanus). At 42% of the sites, ≥1 cervid investigated the carrion within 1 m, a behavior that may transmit the prions associated with chronic wasting disease. Hunters are willing and competent citizen scientists that can help generate wildlife observations at a broad spatial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing demand for clean-label products. This study aimed to obtain a food-grade coloring ingredient for meat products based on the formation of Zn-protoporphyrin from porcine livers, thus contributing to the development of nitrite-free products. First, the effects of sodium disulfite and acetic, ascorbic, and lactic acids on the formation of Zn-protoporphyrin and the total microbial count were studied. The combination of ascorbic and acetic acids resulted in a higher Zn-protoporphyrin content than acetic acid alone, and microbial levels were maintained (ca. 3 log CFU/mL). Second, a response surface methodology was used to maximize Zn-protoporphyrin while maintaining microbiological food standards. To that end, the effects of pH (4.2–5.4), incubation time (3–30 h), and temperature (25–50 °C) were studied. The selected conditions for Zn-protoporphyrin formation involved anaerobic incubation at pH 4.8 and 45 °C for 24 h. The safety was validated through challenge testing for relevant pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Clostridium perfringens). A significant reduction (>6 log units) was observed in the selected conditions for L. monocytogenes and Salmonella, whereas C. perfringens spores remained at the inoculated levels. The optimized procedure is proven to be microbiologically safe, and may improve the color of nitrite-free meat products.

The main of this study is to determine the nature and frequency of the different reasons for the seizure of mean and offal in the camel compared to the other ruminants slaughtered under the same conditions. This study is a synthesis of the slaughterhouse records that are part of the activity of the veterinary inspection office of the agricultural services of the wilaya of Adrar during 2017. Camels accounted for 10.4% of the total meat produced at the slaughterhouse in 2017, after the sheep, with 77.8%. The percentage of seizures for meat in camel is 3.12%. The highest weight of seized meat is observed in sheep, with 3665 kg, then camel, with 150 kg. Traumatized meat is the predominant reason for seizures, with 3.12% (150 kg) and 81.81% (115 kg) for camel and sheep, respectively. The dromedary is in the second class for the seizure of red offal after sheep, with an estimated loss of 316.3 kg, of which 88.88% of seizures are represented by lung lesions. Pneumonia is the greatest reason for offal seizure at 1.1%, followed by pulmonary hydatidosis at 0.36%. The dominant cases lead to considerable losses of animal protein. The loss of protein in a country that lacks sufficient sources shows how worrying seizures are.

Simple Summary: Due to their natural origin and a wide range of positive effects on the body, herbs and spices are currently becoming commonly used as a nonantibiotic component of pig rations. There is research evidence to confirm health-promoting effects of milk thistle on humans and animals. The greatest effects are seen for the liver, i.e., protection from toxins and regeneration. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of adding milk thistle seeds on the quality of edible internal organs from the fatteners, which are used in food production as offal. We suggest that our study shows room for improvement of offal quality and may have a positive impact on consumer awareness in the context of offal consumption. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of milk thistle supplementation of fattener pig feeds on physical and chemical properties of pork offal. The experiments were conducted on 60 fatteners (group C—control (30 pigs) and group E—experimental (30 pigs)). The experimental group was supplemented with ground milk thistle (Silybum marianum) at 7 g/kg feed. The offal (tongues, kidneys, hearts, lungs and livers) was analyzed for weight, pH, WHC, water, protein, fat, energy value, fatty acid profile and content of major and trace elements. The present study shows that milk thistle added to fattener pig diets increased pH45 and pH24 values in most of the analyzed offal and significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased the weight of heart and lungs and increased the weight of liver and kidneys. Hearts, lungs and kidneys of the experimental group contained more fat and the liver less, than the same offal of the control group. As regards the content of elements, the dietary supplement most often had an effect on the heart and lungs. In general, milk thistle supplemented in fattener diets had modified the physical parameters and chemical composition of the analyzed products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic identification and sorting of livestock organs in the meat processing industry could reduce costs and improve efficiency. Two hyperspectral sensors encompassing the visible (400–900 nm) and short-wave infrared (900–1700 nm) spectra were used to identify the organs by type. A total of 104 parenchymatous organs of cattle and sheep (heart, kidney, liver, and lung) were scanned in a multi-sensory system that encompassed both sensors along a conveyor belt. Spectral data were obtained and averaged following manual markup of three to eight regions of interest of each organ. Two methods were evaluated to classify organs: partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and random forest (RF). In addition, classification models were obtained with the smoothed reflectance and absorbance and the first and second derivatives of the spectra to assess if one was superior to the rest. The in-sample accuracy for the visible, short-wave infrared, and combination of both sensors was higher for PLS-DA compared to RF. The accuracy of the classification models was not significantly different between data pre-processing methods or between visible and short-wave infrared sensors. Hyperspectral sensors, particularly those in the visible spectrum, seem promising to identify organs from slaughtered animals which could be useful for the automation of quality and process control in the food supply chain, such as in abattoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main of this study is to determine the nature and frequency of the different reasons for the seizure of mean and offal in the camel compared to the other ruminants slaughtered under the same conditions. This study is a synthesis of the slaughterhouse records that are part of the activity of the veterinary inspection office of the agricultural services of the wilaya of Adrar during 2017. Camels accounted for 10.4% of the total meat produced at the slaughterhouse in 2017, after the sheep, with 77.8%. The percentage of seizures for meat in camel is 3.12%. The highest weight of seized meat is observed in sheep, with 3665 kg, then camel, with 150 kg. Traumatized meat is the predominant reason for seizures, with 3.12% (150 kg) and 81.81% (115 kg) for camel and sheep, respectively. The dromedary is in the second class for the seizure of red offal after sheep, with an estimated loss of 316.3 kg, of which 88.88% of seizures are represented by lung lesions. Pneumonia is the greatest reason for offal seizure at 1.1%, followed by pulmonary hydatidosis at 0.36%. The dominant cases lead to considerable losses of animal protein. The loss of protein in a country that lacks sufficient sources shows how worrying seizures are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the main trends in processing animal products, the development of technologies to improve their quality and technologies to preserve the quality indicators of the product over time. A review of the effects of ultrasound treatment on beef rumen is presented, and the main directions of ultrasound application are determined. The advantages of ultrasonic processing and its influence on the characteristics of raw meat were researched. The modes and parameters (frequency, intensity and duration) of ultrasound treatment of muscle tissue were established based on the results. This study evaluated the effect of ultrasound treatment on beef rumen's physical, microstructural and organoleptic characteristics. The physicochemical, mineral, microbiological, vitamin and amino acid composition of beef rumen and reticulum were also studied. Based on the results of the presented review, it can be concluded that the development of technologies for processing beef rumen with ultrasound is of potential interest. The optimal parameters are 400 and 600 W/m2, with a frequency of 40 kHz, for 50-60 minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A feeding trial was conducted with two hundred (200) Arbor Acre strain of broiler chicks to determine the effect of soybean residue (SBR) on carcass characteristics and visceral organs. Birds were fed for 28 days (starter phase) with formulated diet containing 22% crude protein and 3000Kcal/kg (ME). Five ISO-nitrogenous experimental diets were formulated which contain SBR. In the control diet (T1) groundnut cake was served as the only protein source. Four (4) test diets designated as: T2, T3, T4 and T5 were formulated with SBR replacing 25, 50, 75 and 100% of groundnut cake respectively in finisher phase. The birds were randomly grouped into five (5) experimental treatment groups in four (4) replicates of 40 birds per treatment in a completely randomized design. The finisher phase lasted for five (5) weeks and the birds were fed and given drinking water adlibitum. All carcass characteristics evaluated differ significantly (P0.05) difference were shown for organs, while shanks was only the residue that was significantly affected by dietary treatment. Soybean residue can be used up to 100% to replace groundnut cake in the diet of broiler chickens thus providing a productive use for this hither to neglected agro allied waste.

The consumption of metal-contaminated offal of animals will affect the health of humans. Thus, the research determined the concentrations of heavy metals in the offal and muscle tissues of cows, goats, and ram slaughtered at the main abattoir in Lokoja, northcentral Nigeria. Furthermore, an evaluation was carried out to assess the potential health hazards faced by the indigenous population due to the consumption of heavy metals from these animals. The mean concentrations of metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb) in the kidney, liver, and muscle of cows, goats, and rams were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. Estimated daily intake of the metals, hazard quotient, hazard index, and cancer risk were calculated. All internal organs had Ni levels above the regulatory threshold limit. The average concentration of Pb in the muscle tissue and liver of the tested animals exceeded the permissible limits by the WHO. Similarly, the concentration of Cd in the muscle tissues was above the Maximum Permissible Limit (MPL) of 0.05 mg kg -1 . Except for cow kidneys, all internal organs contain Cr levels below the MPL (1.0) limit. The THQ value for the metals was < 1 except Cd. It indicates potential health risks due to Cd. The calculated HI values were > 1. The percentage contribution of Cd to the HI value was the highest. The observed sequence is Cd > Ni > Cr > Pb > Al. The results show that eating the offal and muscle under investigation has a carcinogenic effect., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Everyday operations in the red meat industry generate large quantities of offal and meat co-products. These traditionally are not valued as highly as prime cuts of meat, and can represent a threat to the environment and human health, if not disposed of or processed properly. In this way, they can represent a cost rather than a potential income stream. A requirement to sustainably feed a growing global population, and to find renewable bio-based alternatives to fossil-derived food, feed, materials and energy, provide new valorisation opportunities for such biomass. To identify such opportunities, a systematic literature review was undertaken, considering edible and inedible offal and co-products as raw materials. The initial search of academic databases identified 11,058 papers of potential relevance. Following removal of duplicates, out of topic articles, articles for which a full-text was not available and other quality related factors, 23 review papers and 94 full research papers remained for analysis. The results highlight the large variety of potential products that can be produced from meat co-products and offal, including applications in food and human nutrition, pharmaceuticals, biomedical, oleo-chemical, animal feed, pet-food and fertilizer. Capitalising on these opportunities is likely to require demonstration and industrial-scale development, and changes to operational as well as current business practices within the industry. However, the creation of a circular bio-economy model with positive economic, environmental, and social impacts will increasingly be required to enable the industry to address challenges relating to sustainability. • Meat co-products can be a valuable source of biomass. • They can be used to produce food, feed, fibre, fuel and fertilizer. • They also have many high value applications, e.g. bio-medical and oleo-chemical. • Valorisation will require changes to industry operational and business practices. • The industry can address sustainability challenges through bioeconomy principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goat meat is a major source of animal-derived protein worldwide. Listeria spp., particularly Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is one of the foodborne pathogens that has serious health effects. This study investigated the prevalence of Listeria spp., particularly L. monocytogenes in the meat and offal of the goat retailed in Mansoura city, Egypt. Besides, antibiogram of the recovered L. monocytogenes isolates was further screened. In addition, the recovered L. monocytogenes isolates were screened for harboring drug resistance related genes using PCR. The obtained results of the present study revealed an overall isolation rates of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes from goat edible tissues at 26%, and 8%, respectively. The prevalence rates of Listeria spp., in goat's muscle, liver, kidney, lungs, and rumen were 4%, 6%, 6%, 0%, and 10%, respectively. Serological identification of the isolated Listeria spp. revealed recovery of six Listeria spp. namely, L. ivanovii, L. welshimeri, L. innocua, L. seeligeri, L. grayi, and L. monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes was isolated at 4%, 6%, 6%, 0%, and 10% from goat's muscle, liver, kidney, lungs, and rumen, respectively. The recovered L. monocytogenes showed multidrug resistance profiling, particularly against tetracycline and erythromycin with 100% resistance rates. Interestingly, all isolated L. monocytogenes had tet L, and mef A coding genes for resistance against tetracycline and erythromycin. In conclusion, goat meat and offal should be considered as potential sources of Listeria spp., particularly, L. monocytogenes. Therefore, strict hygienic measures should be adopted during handling of goat meat and offal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution of camels and their products (meat and offal) as potential reservoirs of foodborne pathogens is far from elucidated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of camels as potential sources of different foodborne agents and to determine their antibiotic resistance profile. For this reason, one hundred apparently healthy camels admitted to the Zagazig abattoir (Sharkia province, Egypt) for slaughtering were studied. Three different specimens were collected from each camel including fresh faeces, raw meat and liver which were processed to determine the presence of different foodborne pathogens using standard bacteriological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was also performed using the disc diffusion method. The occurrence of Campylobacter in the faeces, raw meat and liver were 20%, 33% and 15%, respectively, with the most prevalent C. coli (21%) followed by C. jejuni (0.7%) and C. lari (0.7%). Enterococcus spp. was isolated at 50%, 40%, and 43% from the examined faeces, meat and liver, respectively, with E. faecalis (24%) as the most widely identified bacterial spp. The respective specimens showed typical colonies of S. aureus with 15%, 45% and 25%, respectively, with an overall prevalence 28.3%. S. aureus was found to colonise workers hands (40%; 10/25), followed by E. faecalis (20%) while Campylobacter spp. was not detected in any of the tested workers' hands. All recovered foodborne agents were found to be susceptible to enrofloxacin and resistant to rifampicin. The high loads of the pathogenic, as well as indicator bacteria in the raw camel meat, could indicate unhygienic conditions at the abattoir.

A national baseline study of offal hygiene was undertaken at 17 Australian export establishments. A total of 1756 samples of different offal types were analysed for aerobic plate count (APC), generic Escherichia coli, and coliform bacteria. Average APC values varied from 1.51 to 5.26 Log10 CFU/g, depending on species and offal type. The average APC on beef, sheep, lamb, and goat offal was 3.25, 3.38, 3.70, and 2.97 Log10 CFU/g, respectively. There is a small but significant difference in APC on offal sampled frozen (3.26 Log10 CFU/g) and offal sampled fresh (3.73 Log10 CFU/g). Escherichia coli prevalence on beef, sheep, lamb, and goat offal was 15.4%, 28.1%, 17.5%, and 39.3%, respectively. The number of E. coli on positive offal samples ranged from 1.42 to 1.82 Log10 CFU/g. While the quality of some offal approach that of muscle meat, the hygienic quality of red meat offal can be understood by considering the anatomical site from which it is harvested, the usual bacterial levels found at that site, the difficulty in hygienically removing the offal from the carcase, the process prior to packing, and the chilling method used.

The objectives of the current study were first to investigate the prevalence rates of Salmonella spp. in the buffalo meat and edible offal (round, masseter muscles, liver, kidney, and trimmings) retailed in Zagazig city, Egypt. Second, serological identification of the isolated Salmonella spp., was followed. Third, screening of antimicrobial sensitivity testing of the identified Salmonella Typhimurium was done using the disk diffusion assay. Finally, the inhibitory effects of rosemary and olive oils against Salmonella Typhimurium were investigated. The obtained results in the present study revealed isolation of Salmonella spp., from the examined round, masseter muscles, liver, kidney, and trimmings at 15%, 25%, 35%, 25%, and 50%, respectively. Serological identification of Salmonella spp. revealed recovery of six serotypes namely, S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Kentucky, S. Inganda, S. Apeyeme, and S. Anatum from the examined samples at variable rates. The overall isolation rates of these serotypes were 26.64%, 29.97%, 16.65%, 9.99% 9.99%, and 6.66%, respectively. Salmonella Typhimurium isolates had clear multidrug resistance profiles. Rosemary and olive oils at 0.1%, and 0.5% could significantly reduce S. Typhimurium in an experimental trial in a concentration-dependent phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Butajira municipal abattoir from November 2013 to April 2014 to determine the major parasitic causes of edible offal condemnation and estimate the associated annual economic losses. A total of 1120 randomly selected male cattle were subjected to standard antemortem and postmortem examination. Chi-square statistic and comparison of proportions were used to analyse the data. From the total organs inspected, 426 (38.04%) livers, 268 (23.93%) lungs, 31 (2.77%) hearts and 13 (1.16%) kidneys were infected by one or more parasites and totally condemned as unfit for human consumption. Of the major parasitic diseases, fasciolosis alone caused 228 (20.36%) livers rejection, and together with hydatidosis, it was responsible for the rejection of 44 (3.93%) livers. Hydatidosis caused the rejection of 258 (23.04%) lungs. Cysticercosis was also responsible for the condemnation of a significant proportion of liver (6.16%), and a few hearts (1.34%) and lungs (0.89%) were also rejected due to cysticercosis. The association between the age of the animals and the frequency of organ condemnation was statistically significant (p = 0.002). However, organ condemnation rates did not show any statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between origins and among body condition score of slaughtered animals. The total annual direct financial loss due to edible organ condemnation was estimated to be 99,182.47 ETB per year. In conclusion, the results of the current study revealed that the main causes of organ condemnation that lead to huge economic losses were fasciolosis and hydatidosis. Therefore, appropriate control and preventive measures should be taken so as to minimize the public health and financial impacts of the diseases.

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of milk thistle supplementation of fattener pig feeds on physical and chemical properties of pork offal. The experiments were conducted on 60 fatteners (group C—control (30 pigs) and group E—experimental (30 pigs)). The experimental group was supplemented with ground milk thistle (Silybum marianum) at 7 g/kg feed. The offal (tongues, kidneys, hearts, lungs and livers) was analyzed for weight, pH, WHC, water, protein, fat, energy value, fatty acid profile and content of major and trace elements. The present study shows that milk thistle added to fattener pig diets increased pH45 and pH24 values in most of the analyzed offal and significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased the weight of heart and lungs and increased the weight of liver and kidneys. Hearts, lungs and kidneys of the experimental group contained more fat and the liver less, than the same offal of the control group. As regards the content of elements, the dietary supplement most often had an effect on the heart and lungs. In general, milk thistle supplemented in fattener diets had modified the physical parameters and chemical composition of the analyzed products.