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This article presents serious errors, corrections and omissions in the New York Times coverage of the Israel-Hamas war in Gaza from October 2023 to June 2024. The Times was selected for investigation since it is one of the most influential newspapers in the world. Errors were identified by external sources, corrections were late, vague and evasive. Omissions created false context and reporting, and lacked transparency. Among the explored case studies and issues: Al-Ahli Hospital explosion, civilian casualties, misquoting Israeli leaders, employing questionable journalists, and internal newsroom testimonials. The findings reveal misleading repeated errors, inadequate corrections, significant omissions, and poor editorial supervision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Wikipedia's inclusive editorial policy permits unrestricted participation, enabling individuals to contribute and disseminate their expertise while drawing upon a multitude of external sources. News media outlets constitute nearly one-third of all citations within Wikipedia. However, embracing such a radically open approach also poses the challenge of the potential introduction of biased content or viewpoints into Wikipedia. The authors conduct an investigation into the integrity of knowledge within Wikipedia, focusing on the dimensions of source political polarization and trustworthiness. Specifically, the authors delve into the conceivable presence of political polarization within the news media citations on Wikipedia, identify the factors that may influence such polarization within the Wikipedia ecosystem and scrutinize the correlation between political polarization in news media sources and the factual reliability of Wikipedia's content. Design/methodology/approach: The authors conduct a descriptive and regression analysis, relying on Wikipedia Citations, a large-scale open dataset of nearly 30 million citations from English Wikipedia. Additionally, this dataset has been augmented with information obtained from the Media Bias Monitor (MBM) and the Media Bias Fact Check (MBFC). Findings: The authors find a moderate yet significant liberal bias in the choice of news media sources across Wikipedia. Furthermore, the authors show that this effect persists when accounting for the factual reliability of the news media. Originality/value: The results contribute to Wikipedia's knowledge integrity agenda in suggesting that a systematic effort would help to better map potential biases in Wikipedia and find means to strengthen its neutral point of view policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines differences in news coverage of female candidates using a media sociology framework that examines the interplay between organizational, routine, and individual levels of influence. The analyses find that national and local newspapers are more likely to write about the political qualifications of female candidates relative to male candidates, and female journalists at local newspapers are most likely to write about women's political qualifications. Female candidates receive more feminine stereotypic coverage across newspapers, especially in all-women elections. These results uncover important differences across media organizations that affect how female candidates develop their campaign strategies and voter decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether ownership by media conglomerates impacts business news reporting. To address this question, we take advantage of a unique setting when in 2007 the ownership of The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) was transferred to News Corp., a media conglomerate with broad business interests. We find that, after the acquisition, WSJ's sentiment toward competitors of News Corp. became significantly negative in comparison with similar reporting conducted by The New York Times. Further, WSJ's reporting influences stock prices and is associated with more profitable insider trading. This evidence suggests that ownership by media conglomerates likely influences the nature of business news coverage. This paper was accepted by Brian Bushee, accounting. Supplemental Material: The data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.00653. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses how Western mainstream news media framed causal factors of Russia's 2022 invasion of the Ukraine. The article is based on a synthesis and integration of scholarly studies as well as a primary data analysis of Western mainstream newspaper reporting. The research firstly conducts an integrative literature review investigating how Western mainstream news media have reported on Russia and the new Cold War more broadly. Using this as a backdrop, a quantitative and qualitative content study investigates how causes of the 2022 invasion of Ukraine were framed in the US, the UK and the German press. To contextualize news media framing, the second section critically assesses the Western diplomatic and historical record of NATO expansion. The article identifies two competing explanatory frameworks: the dominant Western news media narrative assumes that Russia/Putin's imperial ambitions and nefarious traits have caused the war, and a second narrative, advanced by several scholars, former diplomats and selected journalists, asserts that NATO's eastward expansion created the context for Russia's invasion. The article concludes that the second narrative has been de-emphasized in the news. Such framing is contrary to the historical and documentary record, and links to a marginalization of non-military solutions to solve the conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Connected financial journalists—those with working relationships, common school ties, or social media connections to company management—introduce a marked media slant into their news coverage. Using a comprehensive set of newspaper articles covering mergers and acquisition (M&A) transactions from 1997 to 2016, I find that connected journalists use significantly fewer negative words in their coverage of connected acquirers. These journalists are also more likely to quote connected executives and include less accurate language in their reporting. Moreover, they tend to portray other firms in the same network in a less negative light. Journalists' favoritism bias has implications for both capital market outcomes and their careers. I find that acquirers whose M&As are covered by connected journalists receive significantly higher stock returns on the news article publication date. However, these acquirers' stock prices reverse in the long term, suggesting market overreaction to news covered by connected journalists. Around M&A transactions, connected articles are correlated with increased bid competition and deal premiums. In terms of future career development, connected journalists are more likely to leave journalism and join their associated industries in the long run. Taken together, the evidence suggests that financial journalists' personal networks promote news bias that potentially hinders the efficient dissemination of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Materials and Methods Results Conclusions The objective of this study is to investigate the outcomes of clinically relevant laboratory studies regarding the cementation of implant‐supported restorations over ti‐bases.The present study has been conducted according to PRISMA statement. An electronic search was performed, including publications up to March 2024, to identify studies investigating the parameters affecting the cementation between ti‐bases and CAD/CAM prostheses. An assessment of the internal validity was performed, using a custom‐made risk of bias tool (QUIN).From the included studies, 40.1% were reported on luting systems, 25% on ti‐base surface treatment, 25% on restoration surface, 21.8% on restoration material, and 18.7% on ti‐base height. The majority of the included studies were associated with a medium risk of bias. In the absence of micro‐retentive features, air‐abrasion of ti‐bases with a minimum height of 3.5 mm can be beneficial for restoration's retention. The bonding performance can vary not only between different bonding systems but also for different applications within the same system, based on a restoration's material and surface treatment as well as on ti‐base height and surface treatment.The height of the ti‐base seems to be the prevailing factor as it constitutes the prerequisite for other modifications of the bonding surfaces to have an advantageous effect. Since the parameters that can affect bonding performance between ti‐base and restoration can interact with each other, it is important for the clinician to focus on verified bonding protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inadequate menstrual hygiene management can result in physical, social, psychological, and educational challenges for schoolgirls. To address these issues, researchers have conducted intervention studies, but the impact on school attendance has varied. This review has systematically collected and evaluated evidence about the effects of menstrual hygiene interventions on schoolgirls. Method: A systematic search of the literature was done and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA statement). Both peer-reviewed journals and gray literature were searched using PubMed and Google Scholar. The search included individual, or cluster randomized controlled trials, and quasi-experimental studies, and covered the period from the date of indexing until January 3, 2023. Result: A review of sixteen trial studies showed that menstrual hygiene interventions have a positive effect on schoolgirls' school attendance, performance, and dropout rates, as well as on their menstrual knowledge, attitudes, practices, and emotional well-being. There was a low to medium risk of bias in most of the studies. Additionally, the literature overlooked the impact of interventions that involve parental and male engagement, interventions correcting community misperceptions about menstruation, and the impact of infrastructure improvements on water, sanitation, and hygiene. Conclusion: Interventions aimed at improving menstrual hygiene management can enhance schoolgirls' educational outcomes, and can improve their menstrual knowledge, attitudes, and practices by helping them manage their periods more effectively. Most interventions have focused on the provision of menstrual products and menstrual education but have neglected improvements in the physical environment at home and school and the social norms surrounding menstruation. Trial studies should take a holistic approach that considers the total socio-cultural environment in which menstrual hygiene management takes place, thus enabling stakeholders and policymakers to develop sustainable, long-term solutions to these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extensive data generated on social media platforms allow us to gain insights over trending topics and public opinions. Additionally, it offers a window into user behavior, including their content engagement and news sharing habits. In this study, we analyze the relationship between users' political ideologies and the news they share during Argentina's 2019 election period. Our findings reveal that users predominantly share news that aligns with their political beliefs, despite accessing media outlets with diverse political leanings. Moreover, we observe a consistent pattern of users sharing articles related to topics biased to their preferred candidates, highlighting a deeper level of political alignment in online discussions. We believe that this systematic analysis framework can be applied to similar scenarios in different countries, especially those marked by significant political polarization, akin to Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media influencers have emerged as effective brand endorsers, yet a gap remains in understanding their followers' cognitive engagement with sponsored posts. To address this issue, we conducted a study guided by parasocial theories and the elaboration likelihood model (ELM). Follower status (follower/non-follower) and persuasive argument quality (weak/strong) were manipulated among study participants (N = 163) to discern the prevailing processing mode triggered by sponsored influencer content. Based on parasocial theories, we predicted that followers who have established parasocial relationships with influencers should show high situational engagement with their content. Our results demonstrated that argument quality influenced followers' brand evaluation and purchase intention, whereas non-followers were unaffected by it. These findings suggest that followers are more likely to elaborate on influencer content compared with non-followers. Interestingly, some signs of biased processing were evident. These results contribute to our understanding of how followers engage with sponsored content and shed light on the mechanisms underlying the persuasiveness of influencer marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social media platform TikTok is increasingly becoming an important space for sharing and finding news and information, especially for younger people. Most scholarly research examining news sharing on TikTok has focused on practices by professional journalists and news organizations; however, these are only a small percentage of the actors who make up the news information sharing ecosystem on the platform. In particular, citizen journalists play a large role in creating and disseminating news on TikTok. Thus, I interviewed 14 TikTok citizen journalists to understand their news reporting practices. Findings suggest TikTok citizen journalists are guided by the platform logics and concerns around misinformation in the content they post on the platform. This study contributes to the literature on the role of citizen journalists and social media in shaping news disseminated online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

News outlets increasingly position themselves on social media platforms with platform-bound content next to their regular media offerings. At the time of writing, scholarship on studying these novel types of news content remains limited in size and scope. Drawing on recent theoretical insights from the dislocation of news journalism and social media logics, we assess a dataset of Instagram and TikTok posts of public, private and digital-native news outlets from Belgium, Spain and the United Kingdom (n = 458). Contrary to previous findings, we conclude that news publishers tend to adapt their content to the specific technological affordances of social media networks and that news-related content prevails, signalling normalisation patterns for how news is produced for and diffused via both platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now over a decade since the influential paper Understanding Social Media Logic by van Dijck and Poell was published, the total number, sheer variety and penetration of social media apps in everyday media consumption and production behaviour has exploded. This poses risks and opportunities for legacy media corporations as well as scholars attempting to make sense of the various affordances each individual social media platform offers to facilitate the production, dissemination and consumption of novel types of news content. Drawing on insights from the articles published in this special issue on the characteristics, constraints and contingencies of social media journalism, we seek to advance scholarship by challenging and expanding existing frameworks. We synthesise the current state of research and propose a research agenda for peers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the credibility of short video news through a 3 × 2 factorial experiment on media richness and emotional intensity with 215 participants. Results show that text-based news, with lower media richness, is deemed more credible than highly rich short video news. An interaction between media richness and emotional intensity further impacts credibility assessments. Our findings suggest segmenting news by emotional intensity to refine audiovisual news credibility evaluation, offering a new direction for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals, including researchers, often have to form beliefs about the political world from nonrepresentative samples—e.g., their friends, what they see on TV, or content on social media. Substantial evidence indicates that many struggle to account for this selection problem and generally form beliefs as if what they observe is representative. In this review, we provide a formal typology of how this phenomenon of selection neglect affects political beliefs. We identify three types of selection neglect: homophily leads individuals to believe others' traits and beliefs are closer to their own; the squeaky wheel effect biases beliefs toward more visible or vocal groups; and the man bites dog effect leads to excessive belief in extreme or unusual events. Selection neglect is a unifying way to understand disparate literatures on perceptions of the economy and demographics, beliefs about others' beliefs, partisan media, and social media. Much empirical research is consistent with biased beliefs driven by selection neglect but rarely directly tests this mechanism outside of lab settings. We discuss how future research can provide more direct evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The media is described as a fourth estate of the realm due to its ability to frame and shape discussions on governance and provide a stimulus for fighting corruption. But is the media really an effective tool for fighting corruption? This question arises due to the possibility of the media being used for propaganda, biased reporting and media owners' and journalists' engagement in corruption. The current study addresses the question by exploring the relationship between the media and corruption from the perspectives of Ghanaian justice and anti-corruption officials. Design/methodology/approach: The study adopts a qualitative approach by interviewing justice and anti-corruption officials across three administrative regions in Ghana. Findings: The results show that while justice officials describe the media as a medium for accusing officials unjustifiably and exaggerating the scale of corruption, anti-corruption officials believe the media helps to fight corruption. In addition to uncovering and exposing public officials' corruption, the media is also a double-edged sword characterised by intra-vigilance: the media hold "their own" (i.e. journalists fighting corruption) accountable through criticism and exposure of wrongdoings. Practical implications: The double-edged nature of the media can strengthen and enhance the fight against corruption because anti-corruption actors and journalists will be cautious as misjudgements or errors committed will not be overlooked or concealed by the media. Therefore, anti-corruption agencies in Ghana can collaborate with the media to uncover and expose corruption committed by public officials and even journalists or media owners. Originality/value: This study is the first in Ghana to explore the relationship between the media and corruption from the perspectives of justice and anti-corruption officials. The approach, frameworks and methodology adopted in this study can be applied in similar studies in other countries on the African continent and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the reporting of Alexander Werth from the Soviet Union for the BBC during World War II. Werth’s despatches, broadcast mostly under the title ‘Russian Commentary’, sought to bring to life the struggles of an ideologically opposed nation that had become an ally against Nazi Germany. The article analyses Werth’s technique as a correspondent, situating it within the wider political and propaganda climate within which he was working. It assesses his work’s significance for the study of ideas of journalistic objectivity in wartime. It looks too at the optimism his reporting expressed as the tide of war began to turn in the allies’ favour—a change that Werth saw as a sign that the Soviet Union’s wartime alliance would endure beyond the end of the conflict—a hope that was crushed by the onset of the Cold War, and renewed enmity between Moscow and the West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delved into the dynamics of perceived challenges, adoption, and assessment of Western values of democracy and human rights among university students in Palestine, particularly in the aftermath of the 2023 War on Gaza. A mixed-methods strategy was used in the research, with a participant pool of 384 students representing a range of demographics. By exploring the impact of geopolitical events, the results revealed a positive link between perceived challenges and the assessment of Western values. Although there is a notable gender and geographic difference in the assessment and adoption of Western values, females and those living in cities and villages are shown to have greater perceived challenges with these values. The qualitative component, including interviews with 12 students, provided valuable insights into the postwar evolution of Palestinian perspectives, highlighting a notable shift in attitudes, initially characterized by belief in the superiority of Western values, followed by a decline in faith during the war. This decline is attributed to traumatic events, biased media narratives, and the contradiction between idealized standards and harsh realities. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the need for a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted influences on Palestinian perceptions of Western values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many scholars have used local Chinese county gazetteers for historical and socioeconomic analyses, yet little research has examined the completeness of coverage or the biases in reporting that characterize the compilation of these gazetteers. In this paper, we provide a novel source for studying Chinese political movements and local history under the communist regime after 1949: the internal-discussion drafts of county gazetteers (xianzhi pingyigao). Our findings constitute the first study to use internal review drafts to examine the authenticity and credibility of county gazetteers. Prior to their publication, gazetteer drafts are compiled by a team of editors and typically receive at least three rounds of rigorous internal review. These internal-discussion drafts are subject to a prolonged and strict process of self and external censorship. Our analysis engages in a close comparison of text samples extracted from two versions of local gazetteers collected from four counties in Guangxi province. Compared to the draft versions, we find evidence of serious data manipulation and a tendency to underreport historical events in the published editions. Our research evidently demonstrates the process of historiography editing and reveals how local history is presented through the lens of government public documents in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implicit and explicit gender biases in media representations of individuals have long existed. Women are less likely to be represented in gender-neutral media content (representation bias), and their face-to-body ratio in images is often lower (face-ism bias). In this article, we look at representativeness and face-ism in search engine image results. We systematically queried four search engines (Google, Bing, Baidu, Yandex) from three locations, using two browsers and in two waves, with gender-neutral (person, intelligent person) and gendered (woman, intelligent woman, man, intelligent man) terminology, accessing the top 100 image results. We employed automatic identification for the individual's gender expression (female/male) and the calculation of the face-to-body ratio of individuals depicted. We find that, as in other forms of media, search engine images perpetuate biases to the detriment of women, confirming the existence of the representation and face-ism biases. In-depth algorithmic debiasing with a specific focus on gender bias is overdue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how Black journalists in local legacy newspapers, digital startup media and historically Black newspapers have expressed journalistic objectivity and enacted journalistic roles. Findings showed more neutral coverage in historically white media, which was expected, while coverage in the historically Black newspaper and the digital startup reflected an advocacy role—one that did not fit within the four expected roles. Also, a "clarifier" role emerged in which journalists encouraged local protest groups to distinguish their identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a layer of isonicotinohydrazide and pyrene-based Schiff base (PyMIs) was formed on the front side of a p-Si semiconductor using the spin coating method, and an Al/PyMIs/p-Si/Al diode was fabricated. The I-V characteristics of the fabricated diode were measured under dark and from 20 to 100 mW/cm2 illumination intensities for both forward and reverse bias. Diode parameters, including saturation current (), ideality factor (n), and barrier height () were investigated for all measurements based on thermionic emission theory. The values n changed from 2.51 to 2.05, and the changed from 0.77 eV to 0.86 eV as light intensity increased from dark to 100 mW/cm2. The series resistance () values of the diode were investigated using the modified Norde's function and Cheung's functions. An analysis of the forward plot of Al/PyMIs/p-Si (MOmS)-type diode specified the carrier transport domination by ohmic conduction in the lower bias regions, by the space-charge-limited current (SCLC) at medium bias regions and the trap-charge limit current (TCLC) transport mechanism at higher bias regions. The fabricated diode exhibited typical photodiode behavior with reverse current values increasing from 9.13 × 10− 6 A to 1.05 × 10− 4 A, respectively. Furthermore, characteristics illuminated from 20 to 100 mW/cm2 were also studied, and they indicated that the Al/PyMIs/p-Si diode could operate in a photovoltaic regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the role of the mining industry in promoting positive peace in post-conflict West Aceh, using qualitative content analysis of secondary data sources such as media and documentation. The findings reveal a significant gap between the current trajectory of the mining sector and aspirations for long-term peace. While the mining industry has transformative potential, its progress is marred by ecological damage and social injustices, particularly conflicts between local communities and mining companies over land tenure and environmental impacts. This study proposes a socially inclusive approach to mining development that balances economic benefits with sustainable peacebuilding. Key recommendations include stronger environmental regulations, increased community participation in all phases of mining projects, and robust conflict resolution mechanisms. This study is limited by its reliance on secondary data, which may not fully capture local nuances and may be biased by media sources. Further research with primary data collection is recommended to validate and extend these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to examine whether by promoting the socio-analytic thinking it is possible to intervene in the reliance on ethnic moral disengagement as a negative consequence of racial misleading news, that can seriously contribute to the diffusion of ethnic prejudice. We focus on the neglected phenomenon of racial hoaxes, which can be defined as misleading news stories dealing with health or safety threats, in which the protagonist is described in terms of ethnicity or nationality. The intervention procedure has been created starting from the well-established literature focused on media biases' reflection, integrated with the recent studies on 'mediated intergroup contact' where the observation of the person belonging to the outgroup is crucial for prejudice reduction. The intervention involved 83 adolescents (Mage = 13.9; SDage = 0.9) and it was composed of two different parts, one focused on the analytical racial hoax reading, and the other focused on racial hoax rewriting after the 'mediated contact', represented by an alternative story given by the African protagonist. The results show that in dealing with misleading news, the promotion of this social-analytic processing reduces ethnic biases of moral disengagement. In particular, it was found that analytical processes are supported by the participants' level of propensity for analytical reasoning and that these processes directly hinder distorted ethnic beliefs. Overall, these results suggest that improving social-analytic processes related to reflexivity could be an effective intervention to counter those distorted beliefs, such as ethnic disengagement beliefs, associated with discrimination and racial prejudice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the relative importance of accuracy concerns and belief confirmation motives in driving the demand for news. In experiments with US voters, we first vary beliefs about whether an outlet reports the news in a right-wing biased, left-wing biased or unbiased way. We then measure demand for a newsletter covering articles from this outlet. Right-wing voters strongly reduce their demand for left-wing biased news, but not for right-wing biased news. The reverse patterns hold for left-wing voters. These results suggest a trade-off between accuracy concerns and belief confirmation motives. We quantify this trade-off using a structural model and find a similar quantitative importance of both motives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: With the popularity of clear aligners, the sequential distalization protocol has been more commonly used for molar distalization. However, the amount of molar distalization that can be achieved, as well as the accompanying side effects on the sagittal dimension, are unclear. Methods: Registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023447211), relevant original studies were screened from seven databases (MEDLINE [PubMed], EBSCOhost, Web of Science, Elsevier [SCOPUS], Cochrane, LILACS [Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature], and Google Scholar) supplemented by a manual search of the references of the full-reading manuscripts by two investigators independently. A risk of bias assessment was conducted, relevant data were extracted, and meta-analysis was performed using RStudio. Results: After the screening, 13 articles (11 involving maxillary distalization, two involving mandibular distalization) met the inclusion criteria. All studies had a high or medium risk of bias. The meta-analysis revealed that the maxillary first molar (U6) mesiobuccal cusp was distalized 2.07 mm [1.38 mm, 2.77 mm] based on the post-distalization dental model superimposition, and the U6 crown was distalized 2.00 mm [0.77 mm, 3.24 mm] based on the post-treatment lateral cephalometric evaluation. However, the U6 mesiobuccal root showed less distalization of 1.13 mm [−1.34 mm, 3.60 mm], indicating crown distal tipping, which was validated by meta-analysis (U6-PP angle: 2.19° [1.06°, 3.33°]). In addition, intra-arch anchorage loss was observed at the post-distalization time point (U1 protrusion: 0.39 mm [0.27 mm, 0.51 mm]), which was corrected at the post-treatment time point (incisal edge-PTV distance: −1.50 mm [−2.61 mm, −0.39 mm]). Conclusion: About 2 mm maxillary molar distalization can be achieved with the sequential distalization protocol, accompanied by slight molar crown distal tipping. Additional studies on this topic are needed due to the high risk of bias in currently available studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the biases present in artificial intelligence (AI) tools, focusing on GPT-3.5, GPT-4, and Bing. The performance of the tools has been compared with a group of experts in linguistics, and journalists specialized in breaking news and international affairs. It reveals that GPT-3.5, widely accessible and free, exhibits a higher tendency rate in its word generation, suggesting an intrinsic bias within the tool itself rather than in the input data. Comparatively, GPT-4 and Bing demonstrate differing patterns in term generation and subjectivity, with GPT-4 aligning more closely with expert opinions and producing fewer opinative words. The research highlights the extensive use of generative AI in media and among the general populace, emphasizing the need for careful reliance on AI-generated content. The findings stress the risks of misinformation and biased reporting inherent in unexamined AI outputs. The challenge for journalists and information professionals is to ensure accuracy and ethical judgment in content creation to maintain the quality and diversity of content in journalistic practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science journalism is a critical way for the public to learn about and benefit from scientific findings. Such journalism shapes the public's view of the current state of science and legitimizes experts. Journalists can only cite and quote a limited number of sources, who they may discover in their research, including recommendations by other scientists. Biases in either process may influence who is identified and ultimately included as a source. To examine potential biases in science journalism, we analyzed 22,001 non-research articles published by Nature and compared these with Nature-published research articles with respect to predicted gender and name origin. We extracted cited authors' names and those of quoted speakers. While citations and quotations within a piece do not reflect the entire information-gathering process, they can provide insight into the demographics of visible sources. We then predicted gender and name origin of the cited authors and speakers. We compared articles with a comparator set made up of first and last authors within primary research articles in Nature and a subset of Springer Nature articles in the same time period. In our analysis, we found a skew toward quoting men in Nature science journalism. However, quotation is trending toward equal representation at a faster rate than authorship rates in academic publishing. Gender disparity in Nature quotes was dependent on the article type. We found a significant over-representation of names with predicted Celtic/English origin and under-representation of names with a predicted East Asian origin in both in extracted quotes and journal citations but dampened in citations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite much research on the media coverage of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), the specific language and ideological underpinnings used in this discourse have received little attention. This study compares the discourse surrounding the GERD construction in Egyptian and Ethiopian news sources to identify variations in word choice and underlying biases. Using critical discourse analysis (CDA), the study analyzes two online English news corpora, totalling over a million words across 2655 articles. The analysis involves identifying statistically salient keywords in each corpus and examining their context through a contrastive collocation analysis. The study investigates the data in light of Fairclough's three-dimensional framework, which considers the text, discourse practice, and social practice, and applies van Dijk's concept of the ideological square to explore patterns of self-positive and other-negative representation. The findings reveal distinct patterns of bias in the news coverage from both countries. Egyptian news outlets often frame the GERD project as a source of crisis, depicting Ethiopia as violating international law and exacerbating political tensions. In contrast, Ethiopian news sources tend to portray Egypt as dismissive of Ethiopia's development rights and as monopolizing the Nile's resources. These discursive strategies reflect a broader trend of media bias, where lexical choices and framing techniques align with national interests and diplomatic stances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media bias widely exists in the articles published by news media, influencing their readers' perceptions, and bringing prejudice or injustice to society. However, current analysis methods usually rely on human efforts or only focus on a specific type of bias, which cannot capture the varying magnitudes, connections, and dynamics of multiple biases, thus remaining insufficient to provide a deep insight into media bias. Inspired by the Cognitive Miser and Semantic Differential theories in psychology, and leveraging embedding techniques in the field of natural language processing, this study proposes a general media bias analysis framework that can uncover biased information in the semantic embedding space on a large scale and objectively quantify it on diverse topics. More than 8 million event records and 1.2 million news articles are collected to conduct this study. The findings indicate that media bias is highly regional and sensitive to popular events at the time, such as the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Furthermore, the results reveal some notable phenomena of media bias among multiple U.S. news outlets. While they exhibit diverse biases on different topics, some stereotypes are common, such as gender bias. This framework will be instrumental in helping people have a clearer insight into media bias and then fight against it to create a more fair and objective news environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Molar distalization is used to correct molar relationships or to create space for mild anterior crowding. However, whether clear aligners can provide proper vertical control with the sequential distalization strategy has been highly debated. Thus, the current study aimed to systematically review the amount of dentoskeletal changes in the vertical dimension that results from sequential molar distalization in clear aligner therapy without temporary anchorage devices (TADs). Methods: Registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023447211), relevant original studies were screened from seven databases and supplemented by a manual search by two investigators independently. Articles were screened against inclusion and exclusion criteria, and a risk of bias assessment was conducted for each included article. Relevant data were extracted from the included articles and meta-analysis was performed using RStudio. Results: Eleven articles (nine for maxillary distalization and two for mandibular distalization) were selected for the final review. All studies have a high or medium risk of bias. For maxillary molar distalization, the meta-analysis revealed 0.26 mm [0.23 mm, 0.29 mm] of maxillary first molar intrusion based on post-distalization dental model analysis, as well as 0.50 mm [−0.78 mm, 1.78 mm] of maxillary first molar intrusion and 0.60 mm [−0.42 mm, 1.62 mm] of maxillary second molar intrusion based on post-treatment lateral cephalometric analysis. Skeletally, there was a −0.33° [−0.67°, 0.02°] change in the SN-GoGn angle, −0.23° [−0.30°, 0.75°] change in the SN-MP angle, and 0.09° [−0.83°, 1.01°] change in the PP-GoGn angle based on post-treatment lateral cephalometric analysis. There was insufficient data for meta-analysis for mandibular molar distalization. Conclusions: No significant changes in vertical dimension were observed, both dentally and skeletally, after maxillary molar distalization with a sequential distalization strategy. However, further studies on this topic are needed due to the high risk of bias in the currently available studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media offers a unique lens to observe large-scale, spatial-temporal patterns of users' reactions toward critical events. However, social media use varies across demographics, with younger users being more prevalent compared to older populations. This difference introduces biases in data representativeness, and analysis based on social media without proper adjustment will lead to overlooking the voices of digitally marginalized communities and inaccurate estimations. This study explores solutions to pinpoint and alleviate the demographic biases in social media analysis through a case study estimating the public sentiment about COVID-19 using Twitter data. We analyzed the pandemic-related Twitter data in the U.S. during 2020–2021 to (1) elucidate the uneven social media usage among demographic groups and the disparities of their sentiments toward COVID-19, (2) construct an adjusted public sentiment measurement based on social media, the Sentiment Adjusted by Demographics (SAD) index, to evaluate the spatiotemporal varying public sentiment toward COVID-19. The results show higher proportions of female and adolescent Twitter users expressing negative emotions to COVID-19. The SAD index unveils that the public sentiment toward COVID-19 was most negative in January and February 2020 and most positive in April 2020. Vermont and Wyoming were the most positive and negative states toward COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large body of research has documented gender bias in the news coverage of women. Despite small gains in recent years, namely on television, and the growing percentage of females in the workforce, substantial underrepresentation of women in the news has remained. To explore journalists' social and professional world as a milieu of the lived professional and culturally grounded understandings of gender, we conducted participant observation of a television newsroom. Drawing on symbolic interactionism, our study explored daily interactions and communicative performances, focusing on how gender is built in everyday work encounters in ways that may be connected to potential changes in the practices of gender representations. The study identified three primary themes: newsroom environment, gender assumptions, and issues of language. Our findings support that gender is not given but performed mostly according to institutionalised common practices following gender expectations and presuppositions, making change more difficult and slower than necessary. Future research should complement the limitations of the cultural generalizability of our study. Recommendations include the study of gender construction in relation to other components of gender as a social institution and gender in television journalism practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is frequently claimed that mainstream news organisations are in crisis and becoming ever more marginalised in the contemporary high-choice media environment. Such claims frequently conflate different challenges facing the industry, resulting in over-generalised claims about the prospects for established news brands. In this article, we identify four related crises: reach, resource, reputation and relevance. Through the analysis of each, we show that many claims about the displacement of mainstream news are overstated, but that the interactive aspects of these crises are presenting particularly significant challenges for local news production and news organisations orientated towards impartiality norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S.-China trade dispute and the consequent reduction of U.S. agricultural exports to China in 2018 caused significant financial losses to corn and soybean farmers in the American Midwest. The mass media are arguably the most influential information sources that shape citizens' attitudes toward such political matters. This study first identified the overarching frames employed by the farmers' top media sources regarding the trade dispute and then compared them against farmers' level of support for the U.S. trade policy toward China. Results showed stark differences in the frames used by media sources. We also found that farmers' level of support for America's tough trade stance on China varied according to the media sources to which they subscribed the most. The findings provide evidence for the influence of news organisations' political ideology or political leaning on media frame setting and the effects of media frames on the strength of farmers' support for the retaliatory trade policy toward China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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There is a need to emphasize the magnitude of the tragedies caused by the war on terror by drawing viewers' attention toward terrorist groups' terrible activities on social media sites for awareness and understanding. The present study aims to assess the perceptions of youth towards the coverage of international terrorism through social media. The random sampling technique was used to recruit 1020 participants from 22 Arab states. The study revealed that social media sites broadcast international terrorism news that has an impact on the Arab region where Islam is represented as the prime mover behind those acts of terror. The majority believed that the coverage of the Arab media, in comparison with the international media, was much more impartial. No statistical difference was observed between gender and dependency on the news on Facebook and X (formerly Twitter). The findings also showed that raising awareness of Arab youth is needed to develop their media literacy and their independent analysis of biased coverage of social media in order to prevent radicalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article empirically examines how political connections (PCs) affect a firm's media reaction after corporate fraud. Using data for Chinese listed companies from 2008 to 2021, we find that the media reports more positively for firms with PCs than for others that do not possess such advantages after the enforcement against fraud. The results are robust to a series of robustness checks and endogeneity corrections. When decomposing media reports, we find that PCs only facilitate positive media coverage but do not impede negative media coverage, which is more pronounced in state‐controlled media. This suggests that PCs protect firms' branding by facilitating positive media reports rather than withholding bad news. Moreover, we find this protective effect is more pronounced in firms with stronger PCs, weaker anti‐corruption regulation, lighter punishment for fraud, private ownership, and more donations. Further, the consequences analysis shows that this kind of protective effect significantly increases the probability of future fraud and stock price crashes. Our findings present a new perspective on the role of PCs and provide evidence for political bias in media coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of a societal preoccupation with subjectivity and emotions, a discussion of authenticity has started to emerge in the professional practice of journalism. This is similar yet different to the more traditional notion of credibility: while credibility has connotations of truth-telling and unbiased reporting, authenticity points to other features, such as genuineness, intimacy, and, notoriously, trust, derived from what is regarded as an honest self. This article discusses the shift from a theoretical perspective and through an analysis of newspaper pieces written around the Irish Abortion Referendum of 2018. While some of these stories could be uncritically framed in the tradition of the so-called "personal essay" that is associated with "click-bait" journalism and cheap content, the article proposes that they present personal stories as a form of "witnessing" (Peters 2001) and "bearing witness" (Tait 2011), both of the journalists and writers' own experiences and the experiences of others. The reflective tone becomes a dialogical form of correspondence between the author and the reader, where authenticity is derived in the relationship between the writer, the text, and the audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When do the media cover far-right protests? News coverage matters for the entrenchment of the far right in contemporary democracies, but little comparative research has looked at what drives news attention to far-right mobilization. We apply a classic input–output process model of news selection bias to test the hypothesis that the visibility of far-right protests events depends on the characteristics of protest initiators, type of action, and reactions. We appraise this via logistic regressions on an original dataset of 5972 protest events retrieved from online press releases by far-right groups (input) and national quality newspapers (output) in 11 European countries (2008–2018). The analysis confirms that news media are particularly responsive to contentious action, protest around migration issues, and action–reaction chains between political opponents. Our findings shed light on the role of news organizations in the success of the far-right and on the pathways by which these movements shape public agendas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, European journalists show a preference for opinionated stories in a growing movement triggered by the acceleration of the political information cycle in the digital sphere. This research aims to analyze how reporting the EU meets quality standards, comparing the coverage of EU affairs in local media from Germany, the United Kingdom (UK) and Spain. We content-analyze all the published news items on European issues, collected over a one-year period (2018–2019). Local media are selected because of their relationship with democracy in nearby communities. Based on a corpus of 1093 news stories, the results show that the number of statements was high; meanwhile, we detected a negative bias in every media outlet of the sample, but some differences were also found linking to national contexts. Likewise, our study provides evidence on the shaping of low-quality news about the EU, arguing that this practice could boost a polarized climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study how news coverage of immigrant criminality impacts voting in one of the most controversial referendums in recent years—the 2009 Swiss minaret ban. We combine a comprehensive crime detection data set with detailed information on newspaper coverage. We first document a large upward distortion in media reporting of immigrant crime during the prereferendum period. Exploiting quasi-random variations in crime incidence, we find a positive first-order effect of news coverage on support for the ban. Our quantification shows that, in absence of the media bias, the pro-ban vote would have decreased from 57.6% to 53.5% at the national level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the difference in the color stability of light‐cured and dual‐cured resin cements. Materials and Methods: Two separate reviewers used the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Scielo databases to execute the systematic review. For the analysis, studies that evaluated the color stability of dual‐cured and light‐cured resin cements over time were used. The random effects model was used in the meta‐analysis. Analyses of subgroups were carried out based on the aging technique. The methodological quality of each in vitro study was evaluated in accordance with the parameters of a prior systematic review. Results: From all databases, a total of 2223 articles were retrieved. Following the screening of titles and abstracts, 44 studies were selected for full text review, and a total of 27 articles were used for the qualitative analysis. Finally, 23 articles remained for the qualitative analysis. The majority of studies were labeled as having a medium risk of bias. The global analysis showed that the dual‐cure resin cements had considerably greater differences in the color change (p = 0.006). A high heterogeneity index (86%) was found in the analysis. Conclusions: The best available in vitro evidence suggests that dual‐polymerizing cement has higher color variation than light‐polymerized materials. To reduce the likelihood of color change after the luting of thin ceramic restorations, clinicians should employ light‐polymerizable resin cements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why are prominent news media retractions so rare? Using data from a survey experiment in which respondents view simulated Twitter newsfeeds, we demonstrate the dilemma facing news organizations that have published false information. Encouragingly, media retractions are effective at informing the public – they increase the accuracy of news consumers' beliefs about the retracted reporting more than information from third parties questioning the original reporting or even the combination of the two. However, trust in the news outlet declines after a retraction, though this effect is small both substantively and in standardized terms relative to the increase in belief accuracy. This reputational damage persists even if the outlet issues a retraction before a third party questions the story. In a social media environment that frequently subjects reporting to intense scrutiny, the journalistic mission of news organizations to inform the public will increasingly conflict with organizational incentives to avoid admitting error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a methodologically novel, large-scale proof of historical bias against Palestine in a newspaper of international importance – The New York Times (NYT) – during the First and Second Palestinian Intifadas. Using state-of-the-art natural language processing toolkits as well as a regression model with over 90 percent accuracy based on a carefully validated word bank, the author analyzes over 33,000 NYT articles for (1) their use of active/passive voice, and (2) the objectivity, tone, and violent sentiment of the language used. She follows up her quantitative analysis with a qualitative validation step, analyzing biased articles in each period. In conjunction with historical context, the article shows that anti-Palestinian bias persisted disproportionately in the NYT during both periods and, in fact, worsened from the First Intifada to the Second. This work builds on a history of qualitative research on anti-Palestinian bias in the US media and attempts to provide a methodological contribution that encourages conversation between quantitative and qualitative metrics of bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Who hasn't questioned one's identity? Pachinko is a direct record and testimony of the narrative of Korean-Japanese who is struggling with his or her identity under the discrimination and prejudice that has continued from the past to the present, including the people who wander adrift. In the words of Foucault, we should hold a skeptical view toward ourselves, our present, our appearance and here and today. In this sense, the boundary crossing of Koreans described in Pachinko showcases the potential for enabling readers to critically contemplate violent discrimination in the era of multiculturalism and multiracialism, increasing their understanding of minorities and their cultures, and ultimately acquiring ethical insights from new perspectives. Furthermore, Pachinko can be seen as contents that present the possibility of acquiring ethics by understanding those who are discriminated against in society. This study examines narratives of discrimination and prejudice as they are represented across media in the novel Pachinko and the TV series Pachinko. This study also examines various aspects of life that move toward a decolonizing subject through the struggling life of characters. We interpret the existential aspect of characters as trans-identity and illustrate various aspects of identity transformation of characters that appear in narrative contents. Humans cannot be free from their ethical and identity related anxieties through the past, present and future. We are sure that literature, or content can continue to play a role that criticizes and supports those anxieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While many news outlets aim for impartiality, 67% of Americans perceive their news sources as partisan, often presenting only one side of the story. This paper tests whether exposing individuals to news stories their political adversaries focus on can mitigate political polarization. In an experiment involving a real-world political newsletter—sent to participants who had opted to receive news that uncovers media biases—exposure to a specific story about refugee policy led respondents to reassess their positions. This reevaluation changed their stances on the issue and reduced the ideological distinctions they made between Democrats and Republicans. These findings underscore the need for future studies to untangle the specific circumstances where cross-partisan exposure can alter political attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of journalistic style guides is to provide media practitioners with guidance on language to convey a neutral and objective presentation of information. This paper investigates thematic style guides published with a focus on Palestine and analyzes how these style guides construct media bias. Literature Review: In the literature reviewed a structural media bias against Palestinians that favors Israeli narratives is documented in research as an integral part of anglophone mainstream media through the reproduction of Orientalism, Zionist narratives, and anti-Palestinian racism. Methodology: A comparative content analysis was conducted on four thematic style guides, sampling common terms through a grounded theory approach. Results:The results show similarities and differences in the style guides’ definitions, sourcing, and explanations of key terms related to Palestine and its historical, legal, and geographic contexts. Discussion: The style guides notably differ in their content with some perpetuating anti-Palestinian bias in various implicit and explicit ways, such as Nakba denial, questioning Palestinian history, and reproducing Israeli sources and narratives. Conclusions: Our analysis concludes that anti-Palestinian bias and racism are an integral part of some anglophone newsroom policies and practices as implemented in style and editorial guidelines. Thematic style guides on Palestine thus can further perpetuate colonial conquest and anti-indigenous violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What determines media coverage on cyber conflict (CC)? Media bias fostering misperception is a well-established problem in conflict reporting. Because of the secrecy and complexity surrounding cyber operations (COs), where most data moreover come from marketing publications by private sector firms, this problem is likely to be especially pronounced in reporting on cyber threats. Because media reporting shapes public perception, such bias can shape conflict dynamics and outcomes with potentially destabilizing consequences. Yet little research has examined media bias systematically. This study connects existing literature on media reporting bias with the CC literature to formulate four theoretical explanations for variation in reporting on COs based on four corresponding characteristics of a CO. We introduce a new dataset of COs reporting by the private sector, which we call the Cyber Conflict Media Coverage Dataset, and media reporting on each of these operations. Consequently, we conduct a statistical analysis to identify which of these characteristics correlate with reporting quantity. This analysis shows that the use of novel techniques, specifically zero-day exploits, is a highly significant predictor of coverage quantity. Operations targeting the military or financial sector generate less coverage. We also find that cyber effect operations tend to receive more coverage compared to espionage, but this result is not statistically significant. Nonetheless, the predictive models explain limited variation in news coverage. These findings indicate that COs are treated differently in the media than other forms of conflict, and help explain persistent threat perception among the public despite the absence of catastrophic cyberattacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cornerstones of science advancement are rigor in performing scientific research, reproducibility of research findings and unbiased reporting of design and results of the experiments. For radiation research, this requires rigor in describing experimental details as well as the irradiation protocols for accurate, precise and reproducible dosimetry. Most institutions conducting radiation biology research in in vitro or animal models do not have describe experimental irradiation protocols in sufficient details to allow for balanced review of their publication nor for other investigators to replicate published experiments. The need to increase and improve dosimetry standards, traceability to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard beamlines, and to provide dosimetry harmonization within the radiation biology community has been noted for over a decade both within the United States and France. To address this requirement subject matter experts have outlined minimum reporting standards that should be included in published literature for preclinical irradiators and dosimetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]