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The incidence of asthma and obesity is constantly increasing. It is commonly acknowledged that obesity can make asthma more severe and poorly controlled. Conventional spirometry, despite of being a “gold standard” in diagnostics of lung diseases, cannot provide information on residual lung volume and bronchial resistance, which can be a key to understanding the mechanics of spirometric deviations found in asthma-obesity phenotype.The aim. To evaluate pulmonary function in patients with asthma and obesity by non-invasive and safe clinical method – body plethysmography.Methods. 46 women with asthma were enrolled into the study, of which 21 were obese and 25 had normal body weight. 18 women with obesity and 20 women with normal body weight were selected as controls. All the patients were postmenopausal. Body plethysmography was performed with MasterScreen Body device, CareFusion, Germany.Results. Asthma is associated with a decrease in forced vital lung capacity and an increase in residual volume. Also, Gensler index and peak expiration flows at 25, 50, and 75% expiration were decreased. Interestingly, specific effective resistance in patients with asthma without obesity was 30 – 40% higher than in the control group. In patients with asthma and obesity, specific effective resistance was 2,5 times higher than in the control group. Residual volume and bronchial resistance were found to have a strong positive correlation.Conclusion. despite of similar spirometric changes, only asthma in obesity was marked by an increase of specific bronchial resistance. This finding can be related to higher energy load of breathing process in obese asthma.

The article presents the results of measurements of the complex dielectric constant of clays saturated with NaCl solution of various concentrations in a wide frequency range. The measurements were carried out at positive temperatures. It was revealed that several relaxation processes are observed in the spectra. A model is proposed that makes it possible to take into account the relaxation processes and their dependence on the concentration of the salt solution. The concentration practically does not affect the parameters of the processes, in contrast to the temperature.

The features of the four-component refractive dielectric model of moist soils are considered. Typical values of the parameters of the Debye model of bound water obtained by processing experimental data using this model are given. The reasons why the parameters of the Debye model of free soil water in this model differ from the true values of these parameters are explained. It is shown that the excess of the static permeability and specific conductivity values relative to the true values is caused by the Maxwell – Wagner relaxation process with a relaxation time of sev-eral nanoseconds.

Experimental data are presented on measuring the complex dielectric permittivity (CDP) of clays completely moistened with distilled water in the frequency range from 1 kHz to 8.5 GHz at temperatures from –15 to +25°C. Modeling of the experimental dependences is carried out by a multirelaxation model that takes into account relaxation of free and bound water, as well as relaxation at the bound water – mineral and bound water–air interfaces. It is shown that at temperatures below –5°C, a relaxation process appears in the CDP spectrum due to polarization at the bound water–ice or ice–mineral interface. The relationship between the parameters of this relaxation process and the petrophysical characteristics of the rock is found.

The results of experimental measurements of the complex dielectric permittivity (CDP) of sand and powders of quartz granules saturated with a saline solution with a conductivity from 0 to 0.77 S/m are presented. The measurements were carried out at the frequencies from 1 kHz to 5 GHz. It is shown that in the frequency range from 10 kHz to 100 MHz, the dielectric characteristics can be modeled by three relaxation processes. The parameters of these processes are described by the Debye and Cole-Cole formulas. For two low-frequency processes, regression equations that relate the parameters of the processes with the specific conductivity of the samples at a frequency of 5 kHz are found. Using the obtained equations and the results of CDP measuring at a frequency of 1 GHz, the calculated CDP spectra of coarse sand samples were obtained. The average deviations of the calculated data from the experimental ones were from 10 to 30 %.

Measuring soil moisture by the dielectric method is considered. It was revealed that the complex dielectric permeability (CDP) affects the readings of sensors using different physical principles in different ways. The results of CDP measurements for six samples are given: river sand, bentonite, three samples of Haplic Chernozem (Loamic) of the Omsk region and a mixture of chernozemic material and river sand. Content of particles less than 0.01 mm in size in the samples varied from 1.7 to 72%; the content of organic carbon ranged from 0 to 4.12%. Measurements of CDP were performed at different values of moisture at the frequencies from 10 kHz to 4–8 GHz in the same cell using the original technique developed by authors. It was noted that at frequencies below 20–30 MHz, the dielectric permittivity is an ambiguous function of moisture owing to the strong influence of the conductivity of the soil solution and of interlayer dielectric relaxation on it. Moisture measurements are best to perform in the frequency range 0.5–3 GHz, where the effect of interlayer relaxation and soil solution conductivity on the CDP is negligible. Measurements of soil moisture and conductivity were performed using a Decagon 5TE capacitive sensor. The calibration dependency that is valid for different soils, considering the conductivity of the soil measured by this sensor was found. The error of moisture measurements using this dependency is 0.035 m3/m3. The use of individual calibration dependencies for each of soils reduces the error to 0.014 m3/m3. Results of the work can be used to improve the accuracy of soil moisture measurement by the dielectric method.

Despite a significant decrease in postoperative mortality after pancreatic resections in recent years (5.2-15% after pancreatoduodenectomy and about 5% after distal pancreatectomy), incidence of postoperative complications remains high (30-50% and 22-50%, respectively). Postoperative pancreatic fistula is one of the most common and formidable complications. Currently, most authors use the classification proposed by the International Study Group for Pancreatic Fistula (biochemical failure, fistula type B and C). Prediction of the risk of postoperative fistula is still a complex and unresolved problem of modern surgical pancreatology. According to the literature, the main risk factors of postoperative pancreatic fistulae are obesity and high body mass index, concomitant cardiovascular diseases, no neoadjuvant chemo- and radiotherapy, soft pancreatic texture, narrow pancreatic duct, no fibrotic changes in parenchyma, adipose infiltration of the pancreas, advanced intraoperative blood loss, as well as center experience. Most often, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, ultrasound elastography and various multivariate risk assessment systems are used to estimate the risk of pancreatic fistulae. However, a generally accepted technique does not exist. This manuscript is devoted to analysis of risk factors of postoperative pancreatic fistulae and diagnostic methods for assessment of this risk.Несмотря на существенное снижение в последние годы послеоперационной летальности после резекций поджелудочной железы (5,2—15% при панкреатодуоденальных резекциях и около 5% после дистальных резекций), частота послеоперационных осложнений остается значительной — 30—50 и 22—50% соответственно. Среди наиболее частых и грозных осложнений отмечают развитие послеоперационных панкреатических фистул. В настоящее время большинство авторов используют классификацию, предложенную Международной рабочей группой по изучению панкреатических фистул (биохимическая несостоятельность, фистулы типа В и С). Прогнозирование риска развития послеоперационных фистул — сложная и до конца не решенная проблема современной хирургической панкреатологии. По данным литературы, основными факторами риска возникновения послеоперационных панкреатических фистул являются ожирение и высокий индекс массы тела, сопутствующие сердечно-сосудистые заболевания, отсутствие неоадъювантной химиолучевой терапии, мягкая текстура поджелудочной железы, узкий панкреатический проток, отсутствие фиброзных изменений в паренхиме, жировая инфильтрация ткани поджелудочной железы, большая интраоперационная кровопотеря, а также опыт центра, в котором выполняется оперативное вмешательство. Наиболее часто для оценки риска развития панкреатических фистул используют данные магнитно-резонансной томографии, компьютерной томографии, ультразвуковой эластографии, а также различные мультифакторные системы оценки риска. Однако общепринятой методики не существует.Обзор исследований, изучающих факторы риска развития послеоперационных панкреатических фистул, а также методики диагностики, которые могут применяться для оценки данного риска.

The results of experimental studies of complex dielectric permeability of river sand and powders of granules of fused quartz with narrow distributions of particles in size at the frequencies from 10 kHz to 10 GHz are presented. The granule particles are spheres and the sand particles are irregularly shaped. The samples were moistened with distilled water and NaCl salt solution with conductivity of 0.1 and 0.77 S/m. It has been shown that the shape of the particles affects the complex dielectric permittivity (CDP) in the low frequency part of the range only when proportion of the solution is small and its concentration is weak. At full saturation of the samples with the solution and its high concentration, as well as in all cases at frequencies above 100 MHz, the influence of the particle shape is small. In the mid-frequency part of the range (from units to tens of megahertz) in a sample of quartz granules with small particles, there is a strong relaxation process, leading to a significant increase in the real part of the CDP. A similar, but slight increase is observed in samples of sand with larger particles. In the high-frequency range, the effect of the shape and particle sizes is very weak.

The dependencies of the loss coefficient on the value of reverse- and zero-sequence current unbalance coefficients are obtained, allowing estimating the energy efficiency of power transformers operation at different unbalance characteristics. The electricity losses were calculated from these dependencies and from data obtained from instrumental measurements at rural substations supplying household consumers. It was obtained that the power transformer with «the star-zigzag with zero» scheme is 6 times more energy efficient than the power transformer with «the star–star with zero» scheme. However, with small values of the currents asymmetry (for five cases studied), the power transformer with «the star-zigzag with zero» scheme has overestimated power losses.

Experimental data of measurement of complex dielectric permittivity of kaolin and bentonite clays are given at moistening with distilled water and saline solution. The measurements were carried out in the frequency range from 10 kHz to 8.5 GHz at temperatures from −15°C to +25°C. Experimental dependences were simulated by a model that takes into account relaxation of bound and free water and relaxation caused by polarization at the interface of bound water-air and the process of low-frequency relaxation. It is shown that the parameters of the model describing relaxation processes in kaolin and bentonite clays differ significantly.

The results of measurements of the complex relative dielectric permittivity of six soils with clay content from 10 to 55%, sand content from 7 to 94% and organic matter content from 0.5 to 4% are presented. To study relaxation processes, a combined model was used, containing refraction and relaxation parts was used. It was found that in soils with a clay content less than 35%, the low-frequency part of the CDP spectra is approximated well by the Cole-Cole model of one relaxation process. The relaxation time little depends on the clay content and decreases with increasing moisture, and most strongly in the low moisture range, where it varies from 300 to 30 $\mu\mathrm{s}$ . In the range of middle and high moisture, the relaxation time averages of 25 $\mu\mathrm{s}$ . The distribution coefficient of relaxation times at this moisture does not exceed 0.2. In the soil with a clay content of 55% the relaxation time at high moisture is smaller than in other soils and it is equal to 20 s. The relaxation strength increases with increasing moisture and clay content. The presence of organic matter leads to a decrease in the relaxation strength.

The article considers the possibilities of using the deep learning convolutional neural network ResNet in computer vision and image classification problems. The interpretation of the ResNet network and the datasets used for its training are presented, as well as a method for training a deep convolutional neural network with stochastic depth, which allows significantly reducing errors in the test sample.

The measuring methods of the complex relative permittivity (CRP) of the sample in the single coaxial cell at frequencies from tens of hertz to several gigahertz are represented. The frequency range is covered by two instruments: by an LCR meter (frequencies up to 5 MHz) and by a vector network analyzer (VNA) (frequencies from 0.3 MHz to several gigahertz). In the high band (0.1–8.5 GHz), the cell is a coaxial line segment filled with the investigated substance. To determine the CRP, the complex transmission coefficient (scattering matrix parameter $S_{12}$ ) of this cell is measured by using a VNA. For measurements in the middle range (0.3–100 MHz), the cell is included into the break of the central conductor of a coaxial line of a large cross section. The admittance of the cell is determined by measuring the scattering matrix parameter $S_{12}$ of the coaxial line of the large cross section. At frequencies below 1 MHz, the cell admittance is measured in the usual way by the LCR meter. Thus, CRP measurements of a substance placed in the same cell are carried out in the whole frequency range from 42 Hz to 8.5 GHz. The examples of CRP measurement of soils with different values of the dielectric constants and loss factors are given. It is shown that the CRP measurement error depends on the values of CRP and frequency. The measurement result error of relative dielectric permittivity obtained with the aid of this method is from 0.4% to 2%.

Проведен анализ историй болезни пациентов мужского пола с ХОБЛ, проходивших лечение в городском пульмонологическом центре ОКБ №4 г. Челябинска. Оценены основные факторы риска развития ХОБЛ, в частности факт табакокурения, стаж и индекс курящего человека (ИКЧ). Всем больным было проведено комплекс-ное клиническое обследование, которое включало клиническую оценку жалоб, анамнеза, физикальное, лабораторное и инструментальные исследования. Проведена пульсоксиметрия; ФВД, общая бодиплетизмография. Проанализированы корреляционные взаимосвязи влияния индекса курящего человека и стажа курения на степень тяжести ХОБЛ и показа-тели ОФВ1 и м ИТ.

The most well-studied, but not single factor of COLD development is smoking. Occupational hazards as organic and inorganic dust are underevaluated risk factor of COLD. Smoking increased unfavorable effects of occupational hazards. Interesting for the study are the patients with combination of pneumoconiosis and COLD, severe concomitant diseases and decompensated complications--chronic cardiac failure and chronic lung failure. These patients have lower life quality, more frequent infectious exacerbations of COLD and pneumonias--that remains a significant medical and social problem. At present, pneumonia occupies 4-5th place in lethal outcomes structure. Pneumo 23--polysaccharide 23-valent vaccine--covers main serotypes of pneumococcus causing diseases of severe clinical course. In the study, the patients were injected with Pneumo 23 along with basic COLD therapy, were observed over 5 years and demonstrated reliable decrease of acute respiratory infections, COLD exacerbations and pneumonias. Those exacerbations and pneumonias had less severe course. Number of the exacerbations requiring hospitalization also decreased.

In the work presented, a method for detecting glomeruli in pictures of histological preparations of the prostate gland is described, the presence of which indicates a malignant neoplasm. Pathological structures at the level of microimages are investigated. The developed method is the result of joint activity of the National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI" and the Moscow State Medical and Stomatological University named after A.I. Evdokimova.

The results of measurements of complex relative permittivity of bentonite and clayey sandstone with different degrees of salinity with low moisture are given in the range of temperatures –20° to +105 °C at frequencies from 25 Hz to 1 GHz. It is shown, that even a small amount of water in sandy and sandy-argillaceous rocks causes an increase of the real part of complex relative permittivity at frequencies below 100 Hz. The explanation by linearly-broken dependence of refractive index on moisture is given at its small values. By a dielectric method it is shown that in the process of water film formation on the surface of a mineral, the water molecules binding energy changes. Big distinctions in low-frequency dielectric relaxation times testify to the change of binding energy of molecules of water on the surface of a mineral. Also dependences of relaxation times on temperature are various. The results of dielectric measurements showed a strong influence of the salt on the dielectric permittivity of the clay and clayey sandstone even at a low moisture level.

The clinical observation of 12-year-old patient with sarcoidosis is described. This disease is extremely rare in children. Initially pneumonia was diagnosed in a boy, then the necessity of conducting of differential diagnostics between sarcoidosis and tuberculosis was appeared. The final diagnosis-sarcoidosis of lungs was diagnosed on the basis of comprehensive clinical and laboratory examination taking into account focus-infiltrative changes in lungs, intoxication, involvement of T-immunity system and also revealing of granulomas by morphological study of biopsy material, having distinctive characteristics typical for sarcoidosis.

The complex clinico-laboratory examination of 92 children aged 3-14 years with the localized form of stomatopharyngeal diphtheria and toxigenic C. diphtheriae (TCD) carrier state was carried out. The children were hospitalized in the clinic of drop infections during the period of 1996-1998. The hydrophobic properties, adhesive, lysozyme, antilysozyme and DNAase activities of 92 TCD strains, as well as the levels of the specific and nonspecific immunity of the macroorganism, were studied. The study revealed that the character of the infectious process in TCD carrier state was determined by the degree of the colonization activity of the infective agent. Direct correlation between the time of the persistence of TCD in the body and their hydrophobic properties, adhesive and antilysozyme activities (with r = 0.89-0.93) was established. The duration of TCD carrier state was found to be inversely related to the electrophysiological state of epithelial cells of the mucosa, the level of humoral specific antibacterial immunity and the content of local antidiphtheria IgA.