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The article examines the ecological and biological significance of the action of animal poisons as an evolutionary adaptation that maximizes the adaptation of more than 250,000 species to the conditions of their habitat. It was found that animal poisons have a significant impact on the formation and course of various forms of connections in ecosystems, perform several ecological functions and are important biotic factors of the environment. The best-studied venomous animals have been found to be snakes, of over 3,800 different species, only a small number are highly venomous. The Viperidae family includes 101 species of poisonous snakes. In Europe, Vipera ammodytes, Vipera aspis, Vipera berus, Vipera latastei, Vipera seoanei and Vipera ursinii are the most dangerous species, their bites cause severe poisoning. In Ukraine, the genus Vipera is represented by the steppe viper (Vipera renardi (Cristoph, 1861)) and two subspecies of the common viper (Vipera berus (Linnaeus, 1758)) — Vipera berus berus and Nikolsky’s viper (Vipera berus nikolskii, Vedmederja Grubant et Rudaeva, 1986). The factors that affect the diversity of the composition of snake venom are given. It is noted that snake venoms are complex mixtures of proteins, peptides and low molecular weight substances, among which enzymes and non-enzymatic components are distinguished. The biological properties of snake venom depend significantly on the properties of its components, which have a wide range of effects on the general state of homeostasis of a living organism. A generalization of scientific data on the study of the chemical composition of the venom of Vipera renardi, Vipera berus nikolskii and Vipera berus berus and the effects of these venoms on the functioning of the mammalian body has been carried out. It was found that the venom of Vipera berus nikolskii is the most, and Vipera renardi — the least toxic for mammals (mice). The effect of Vipera berus nikolskii and Vipera berus berus venom on the proteolytic balance of individual organs of rats was evaluated. It is emphasized that viper venom toxins have a great, not yet fully developed potential in many scientific fields, therefore they deserve further practical research.

The nitrogen budgets was modeled on the example of 5 typical Ukrainian livestock farms of different livestock production systems. The relative anthropogenic load of different livestock systems and the efficiency of the use of nutrients in the production of crop and animal products are shown. Input flows of nitrogen (N) — in the fodder for livestock, fertilizers, biofixation, atmospheric deposition, crop residues and output flows with agricultural crop & livestock products were determined. It was established that the efficiency of nitrogen use (NUEfarm) is 21.0–69.9% on the investigated farms, i.e., such amount of soil nutrients and imported feed in nitrogen equivalent was deposited in the sold products, and the rest of N was deposited in by-products (crop residues & manure). The ratio of produced main and by-products in nitrogen equivalent was determined. In crop production, 1.06– 1.11 Mg N of grain is obtained for 1 Mg of N crop residues. In livestock, only 0.15–0.78 Mg N of the main products (milk, meat, wool) are obtained for 1 Mg of manure nitrogen production (nitrogen excretion). According to the level of output of the main products relative to by-products, the livestock systems are in the following ranked order: cattle farming — 0.15 Mg N of milk and live weight gain per 1 Mg manure nitrogen production; pig farming — 0.43 Mg N of live weight gain per 1 Mg N excreted and broiler farming — 0.78 Mg N of live weightgain, respectivel. It was established that the livestock production systems cause a significant anthropogenic load on the surrounding natural environment — intensive soil load (balance from –30.2 to –42.2 kg N/ha/year) and high rates of ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions (NH3, NOx and N2O) from manure management systems and agricultural land (16.3–1456.4 kg/ha/year). It was established that 132.4 kg of NH3, NOx and N2O are emissed for 1 Mg of live weight gain of calves; 7.6 kg of NH3, NOx and N2O per 1 Mg of produced cow’s milk; 30.3 kg of NH3, NOx and N2O per 1 Mg of live weight gain of pigs (on average); 22.2 kg of NH3, NOx and N2O per 1 Mg of live weight gain of broiler chickens; 53.7 kg of NH3, NOx and N2O per 1 Mg of produced live weight and wool of sheep.

The article presents the advantages of vertical greenery to create urban development and improve the ecological condition of urban areas. The possibility of using spicy-aromatic crops in vertical greenery, which is an effective way of urban farming. The classification of vertical landscaping by types of plant placement is given and it is determined that modular phytowalls are the most suitable type of vertical plant placement according to the morphological features of spicy-aromatic plants. It is noted that additional research is needed on the possibility of growing perennial aromatic plants in light and relatively inexpensive hydroponic panels — Vertical garden system technology, developed by French designer Patrick Blanc. The technology of creation and functioning of spicy-aromatic phytowalls with the help of container and modular systems of vertical landscaping such as Cascade Wall and Pixel Garden PG14 is described. Attention is focused on the importance of the correct selection of the species composition of aromatic plants to create vertical compositions. The morphological and ecological features of the most common spicy-aromatic plants of the Lamiaceae family are characterized, which are the key parameters that determine the suitability of the described plants for use in vertical greenery. To create phytowalls outside and indoors, it is recommended to use rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), plants of the genus Thymus, Salvia, Mentha, as well as Cymbopogon citratus family Poaceae, Levisticum officinale Koch family Apiaceae and others. Attention is paid to mineral nutrition and protection of spicy-aromatic plants in closed soil conditions. Improvement of vertical landscaping systems and simultaneous search for adaptation of spicy-aromatic plants to the conditions of modular cultivation are relevant research topics for the further spread of this type of landscaping in temperate climates.

Ukraine ranks the second (out of 123 countries) in the exports of organic products to the EU according to the study of the organic market in 2019 conducted by the Information Center Green Dossier (OrganicInfo.ua), Organic Standard and the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL). The official statistical reviews of IFOAM confirm that in 2018 there were about 510 organic farms in Ukraine, and the total area of the agricultural land on which the organic production is carried out was 429,100 hectares. Among the producers of organic products, more than 4.6% are involved in growing of the legumes. It should be noted that one of the main crops of the Fabaceae family grown in Ukraine is soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). In recent years, there has been a significant increase in sown areas and soybean production, and the issue of its organic production is relevant. The aim of our research was to determine the effect of biological products based on bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Azotobacter, Enterobacter and Enterococcus, on the main physiological groups of soil microorganisms in the cultivation of soybean plants. The research was conducted at the Institute of Agroecology and Environmental Management of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine in the Department of Agrobioresources and Ecologically Safe Technologies in the laboratory and vegetative conditions. The soybean seeds of the Suzir’ya cultivar (selected by the National Research Center of the Institute of Agriculture of the NAAS) and Kent cultivar (selected by SAATBAULINZ, Austria) were treated with biological products produced by BTU Center: Phytocide (Bacillus subtilis, cell titer 1–4·109 CFU) cm3), PhytoHelp (B. subtilis — cell titer not less than 4·109 CFU) cm3), MycoHelp (B. subtilis, Azotobacter, Enterobacter and Enterococcus) according to the recommended doses. The methods prescribed in State Standard 7847:2015 was used to determine of the soil microorganisms and their associations. Statistical data processing was performed using the Microsoft Excel software package. The peculiarities of the influence of biological products based on bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Azotobacter, Enterobacter and Enterococcus on the main physiological groups of soil microorganisms in the cultivation of soybean plants it has been demonstrate. It has been established that in the soybean and Kent soybean agrocenosis, MycoHelp and PhytoHelp biological products effect on the main ecological and trophic groups of soil microbiome, thereby increasing soil microbiological activity; significantly intensify the development of microorganisms that use mainly organic nitrogen compounds (in the system Kent variety — biological product MycoHelp this figure increased in 3.3 times, and at the variety Constellation — biological product PhytoHelp — in 5.3 — 18.8 times compared to the reference and control options, respectively). Root exometabolites of soybean varieties determine the nature and intensity of the impact of microorganisms on plants and lead to changes in the structure of microbial groups of the rhizosphere. In the system soybean variety Kent — biological product PhytoHelp the number of oligonitrophilic bacteria is significantly reduced (by 48.7%), and in the system — soybean variety Constellation — biological products both PhytoHelp and MycoHelp — remains unchanged. By optimizing the functioning of the system, after treatment of seeds with biological products, in the soil, in the system of soybean plants of the Kent variety, the number of inactive spore forms is reduced by 2.9–5.0 times, compared to the control; the processes of organic matter destruction are weakened and its synthesis is intensified in accordance with the values of the coefficients of oligotrophic, mineralization and immobilization of nitrogen and pedotrophic. It is proved that the use of biological products MycoHelp and PhytoHelp increases the efficiency of the plant system soybean — biological products.

The presented study is based on the need for joint use of chemical and biological products for the effective development of agriculture and cultivation of legumes in particular. The influence of inoculation and chemical pesticides on the processes of growth, development and formation of soybean seed yield has been studied, morphological features of soybean plants have been revealed; the influence of chemical pesticides and bacterial preparations on the development and productivity of soybeans, taking into account hydrothermal conditions, has been researched. The authors have analyzed peculiarities of Kofu soybean productivity formation, depending on inoculation with preparations based on specific nodule bacteria B. japonicum Rizolik Top with Premax protector, HighCot Super + HighCot Super Extender, Optimize and chemical pesticides Sistiva and Gaucho Plus in Polissya area of Chernihiv region. It has been experimentally proventhat the use of Rizolik Top inoculant with Premax protector and additional treatment with Sistiva and Gaucho Plus chemicals, even in the presence of a local population of nodule bacteria, provided an increase in yield, in the number of active nodules and plant height. The influence of lack of sufficient moisture and high air temperatures on the symbiosis of the root system of soybeans with nodule bacteria, which leads to a decrease in grain yield and quality has been determined. The influence of inoculants on increasing the productivity of symbiotic soybean-rhizobial systems under the action of adverse environmental conditions has been proved. The specificity of the soil-climatic zone, varietal characteristics of plants and the level of agriculture inherent in the economy confirm the importance of the research conducted for agroecology. It’s recommended to focus the prospects for further research on the use of higher doses of inoculants in seed treatment to avoidthe risk of reducing the effectiveness of microbial drugs due to the negative effects of chemical pesticides.

The article examines the importance of the forestry complex for maintaining the natural balance and conservation of biodiversity from an ecological point of view, and compliance with international standards and access to international markets from an economic point of view. The areas covered with forest vegetation, as well as the forest cover of the territories of European countries and Ukraine were analyzed. The deviation of the actual average forest cover of the territory from the optimal one in Ukraine (by 4.1%) was revealed. Zonal indicators of Ukraine’s forest cover were considered, and the territories of the country with insufficient afforestation were identified. The importance of forest certification for ensuring economically and ecologically balanced forest management was considered. The positive dynamics according to the area of the certified forests, growth rates of the area, growth rates of the number of forestry certificates, and supply chain certificates among Ukrainian producers was analytically confirmed. Forestry activity in Chernihiv region in 2015–2020 was analyzed according to the area of certified forests, types of forest vegetation, and afforestation areas. The current FSC certified state-owned enterprises of Chernihiv region are also identified: Novhorod-Siversky Forestry, Nizhyn Forestry, Kholmy Forestry and certified products (roundwood logs), wood chips, sawdust, fuel wood, beams, planks, and finished dimensional lumber) and promising areas of certification (twigs, plank flooring, wood wool, pallets, etc.) were identified. The long-term benefit of FSC certification for domestic forests has been proved. It was determined and reasoned that forest certification is a tool to increase the competitiveness of domestic forests and integration into foreign markets.

The article presents an environmental assessment of agrochemical quality of Central Forest-steppe soils near pig farms of different capacities. To assess soils’ agrochemical quality we used results of bioindication research: the presence of plants-indicators of low soil agrochemical quality and the degree of dominance. To carry out an environmental impact assessment of the soil close to pig farms the following pig farms were selected in Kyiv Region: individual entrepreneur «Kedr» with a population of up to 3.000 heads a year (Barahty village, Vasyl’kivs’ki district); limited liability company «Agricultural company» «Fastivets’ke», named «Zelen’ka», with a population of 9.000 heads a year (Fastivets’ village, Fastivs’ki district); limited liability company «Nyva Pereiaslavschyny» with a population of 15.000 heads a year (Nova Orzhytsia village, Zghurivs’ki district). As a control plot there had been taken an area, located 3 km to South-East from Kodaky village, Vasyl’kivs’ki district. The conducted research shows the significant negative impact of pig farms on the environmental condition of surrounding areas and patterns of this influence. We found that bioindication is the informative method of detecting of anthropogenic impact on the environment, and pig farms needs improving their waste management technologies.

Negative impact and consequences of the spread D. gallinae the conditions of production to poultry production and environmental research prospects in Ukraine were analyzed. Systematic position of D. gallinae and its morphological and biological features were presented. It is shown that the environmental assessment of chicken red mite populations is poorly understood in Ukraine today. The rapid development and ability to adapt to different conditions allows D. gallinae rapidly spread to poultry enterprises and cause harm not only to animals but also human causing the dermatitis. The problem of ectoparasites spread in poultry farms are prospective and relevant in turn requires environmental approach to its solution with all the features of population species patterns dynamics, influence of abiotic factors, primarily temperature, which is important in terms of global climate change. It was summarized that optimal environmental parameters are favorable for the development of mite. The data of Ukrainian and foreign researchers on the effect of temperature on the development of populations of D. gallinae phenology and life cycle are given. Any separate mite is a potential concealer several pathogens, is the bearer of transmissible diseases and some viruses (including chickens encephalitis) and can adapt to different acaricides, insecticides and other methods to kill mites. Quick lifecycle D. gallinae gives it the status of a dominant pest industrial poultry. Foreign researchers recommend changing abiotic conditions in poultry houses to reduce populations of D. gallinae. Thus, the environmental assessment of ectoparasites popu- lations for poultry production today requires more in-depth research in the study of synecological and autecological features of their formation.

Intensive development of the livestock industry causes environmental problems through penetration polluting components into the environment. A special place in these problems takes the problem of quality water. The source of water pollution is the improper storage of manure and wastewater emissions (urine, waste water from washing and disinfection of equipment), the late disposal of dead animals. In the pollution of the environment directly involved also play precipitation that promote faster and better movement of harmful components in the soil profile and move them in the ground water and open waters located nearby. This situation can cause negative effects on the animals' kept, staff and people that are living nearby. The purpose of our study was the environmental assessment of sanitary-chemical state of water reservoirs near pig farms. To study the ecological state of water reservoirs near pig farms was chosen water in the sanitary protection zone (SPZ) of limited liability company (Llc.) "Agricultural company (AC) "Fastivets'ke, named Zelen'ka", with a population of 9,000 heads a year (Fastivets' village, Fastivs'kyj district, Kyiv region.). As a control there had been taken a water reservoir located 3 km to South-East from Kodaky village, Vasyl'kivs'kyj district, Kyiv region. When addressing methodological issues the study was based on methodological recommendations for studying the impact of livestock farms on the environment (MU #2289-81). Sanitary-chemical analysis of water quality conducted on the basis of the following parameters: transparency, pH, suspended solids and losses during the ignition, dissolved oxygen, COD and BOD full . According to conducted research the transparency of water in the pond near pig farms dramatically (almost thrice) decreases compared to the transparency of control water reservoir. Although this indicator is not regulated and we cannot talk about unfit the water for use, but we can say that the water quality is low. The research results indicate that the activity of Llc. "AC "Fastivets'ke, named Zelen'ka" increases the alkalinity of water in the reservoir, which is located about it. Although value of the water’ pH in the reservoir studied slightly higher than corresponding indicator of control reservoir, but it still goes outside pH, that set by SanPiN #4630-88 and GOST 2761-84. So investigated water reservoir becomes unfit or as a source of centralized or decentralized drinking water or bathing, sports or recreation of population. Because Llc. "AC "Fastivets'ke, named Zelen'ka" does not direct discharge of waste water into the reservoir, we cannot judge the danger of its activities. However, we can say that the content of suspended solids in the pond near pig farms significantly (almost twice) higher than the indicator of control variant. Losses during the ignition of suspended solids in the pond water within SPZ of studied farm are high. These indicates that a significant proportion of suspended solids have an organic provenance, the source of which is Llc. "AC "Fastivets'ke, named Zelen'ka". In addition, the indicator is much higher than the corresponding indicator of the control pound. The concentration of dissolved oxygen in both events is according to hygienic requirements. Although the content of dissolved oxygen in the pond within the SPZ of pig farms slightly lower than in the control reservoir. COD value as in the studied reservoir, and the control pound significantly (by a factor of almost 5) exceed the values that satisfy hygiene rules. This demonstrates the high contamination and unfit for any use of both waters, although water near of Llc. "AC "Fastivets'ke, named Zelen'ka" little more dirty. Pig farms seriously contaminate ponds, located nearby; this in turn increases their biological oxygen demand. Although BOD full in the control pond also high and exceed the hygienic requirements for drinking and communal-household water supply, but according to GOST 2761-84 water still consort with the 3rd quality class. The value of BOD full in the studied point significantly exceeds any value of hygiene requirements. So on the basis of the results revealed that the activity of pig farms significantly worsen sanitary-chemical state of water reservoirs located in the SPZ. Almost all indicators of the sanitary-chemical analysis of water in the reservoir studied much (sometimes twice-thrice) higher than the corresponding indicators for water quality of the control pond. Only the content of dissolved oxygen in water completely accords the sanitary requirements. It was established that environmental condition of the reservoir indicates an important role of rainfall in the migration of pollutants because direct discharge of sewage is missing. This in turn confirms the urgent need to provide for pig farms latest technologies of purification, storage and disposal of waste and flawless and timely execution of each of these stages.